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Construction Surveying and Layout A Field Engineering Methods Manual Third Edition
WESLEY G. CRAWFORD
.CREATIVE CONSTRUCTION Creative Construction Publishing, Inc. 2720 South River Road West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-4347 www.creativeconstruction.com
~ construction surveying and layout
Table of Contents PART ONE - SURVEYING FIELD PRACTICES
CHAPTER 1 Construction Surveying Getting Started and Organized
1-2
Field Engineering Responsibilities
1-7
Preparing Reports and Charts
1-14
Qualified Land Surveyor 1-18 Summary
1-20
CHAPTER 2 Communication The Basics
2-2
Communicating with Signals
2-11
Stakes and Laths
2-17
Marking Line and Grade
2-25
Abbreviations and Symbols
2-30
Summary 2-35
CHAPTER 3 Fieldwork Practices Safety
3-2
Measurement Principles
3-10
Tolerances for Construction Layout
3-14
Field Notekeeping Practices
3-17
General Instrument Care
3-25
Use and Care of Hand Tools
3-33
Leveling an Instrument 3-43
IV
Instrument Setups
3-51
Summary
3-62
construction surveying and layout
@
CHAPTER 4 Distance Measurement - Chaining Introduction
4-2
Chaining a Distance
4-7
Chaining a Traverse
4-15
Analysis of Chaining Errors
4-18
Summary 4-21
CHAPTER 5 Angle Measurement Introduction
5-2
Instruments
5-6
Horizontal Angle Measurement 5 -14 Horizontal Angle Layout 5-24 Vertical or Zenith Angles
5-28
Summary' 5-32
CHAPTER 6 Total Station Introduction Carrying Handle
Horizontal Drive
6-2
Measuring Basics
6 -11
Measuring Details
6-16
Layout of a Point
6-24
Trigonometric Elevations
6-33
Electronic Data Collection
6-40
Summary
6-43
v
~ construction surveying and layout
CHAPTER 7 Leveling Introduction
7-2
Standard Practices
7 -11
Field Notes for Leveling
7-17
Differential Leveling
7-22
Profile Leveling
7-28
Cross-Section Leveling
7-33
Grid Leveling
7-39
Transferring Elevations
7-43
Applied Leveling
7-47
Setting Grade
7-53
Summary 7-57
CHAPTER 8 Lasers Introduction
8-2
Standard Practices
8-7
Applications
8-14
Summary 8-16
CHAPTER 9 GPS Field Procedures
CSo I
Introduction
9-2
Standard Practices
9-7
Summary 9-16
VI
construction surveying and layout
@
CHAPTER 10 Equipment Calibration Vertical Axis
I
Introduction
10-2
Testing of a Chain
10-6
Angle-Measuring Instruments
10-10
Total Station
10-19
Tribrach and Plummets
10-21
Levels
10-24
Laser
10-31
Prism Pole Bubble
10-34
Hand Level
10-40
Summary
10-43
PART TWO - OFFICEWORK AND CALCULATIONS
CHAPTER 11 Office Practices Drafting
11 - 2
Construction Drawings
11-7
Site Plans
11 -11
Contours
11 -1 6
Lift Drawings
11-26
Summary
11-34
CHAPTER 12 Math Essentials Review and Formulas
12-2
Units and Conversions
12-11
Summary
12-17
a
VII
~ construction surveying and layout
CHAPTER 13 Chain Corrections Introduction
13 -2
Length Correction
13-8
Slope Correction
13 -12
Temperature Correction
13 -17
Combined Corrections
13 - 21
Summary
13-27
CHAPTER 14 Traverse Computations Introduction
14-2
Angle Adjustment
14-9
Direction Calculations
14-13
Latitudes and Departures
14-19
Closure and Precision
14-22
Adjustments
14-26
Adjusted Distances and Directions
14-30
Coordinates
14-32
Examples
14-36
I
Summary 14-41
CHAPTER 15 Coordinate Geometry
VIII
Introduction
15 -2
Inversing
15 -7
Intersections
15 -13
Re-Section
15-19
Layout Data
15-24
Areas
15-30
Summary
15-34
construction surveying and layout @
CHAPTER 16 Horizontal Curves Introduction
16- 2
Formulas
16-7
Deflections and Chords
16-14
Layout by Deflections
16-21
Layout by Coo r di n ate s
16-30
Moving Up
16-35
Offset Curves
16-43
Summary
16-49
CHAPTER 17 Vertical Curves Introduction
17-2
Gradient Elevations
17-4
Elements and Properties
17 -9
Cu rve Elevations
17-12
Unequal Length Curves
17 -16
High and Low Points
17- 20
Layout
17-23
Summary
17-26
CHAPTER 18 Quantities Introduction. 18-2 Area
18-4
Average End-Area Method
18-8
G rids and Contours Method
18-11
Summary
18-15
IX
~ construction surveying and layout
PART THREE - APPLlCA TlONS
CHAPTER 19 Layout Techniques
-
- --~
Introduction
19-2
Control
19-9
Methods
19-21
Li ne
19-36
Grade
19-46
Vertical Alignment
19-56
Sticks and Strings
19-61
Summary
19-69
CHAPTER 20 Construction Control Introduction
20-2
Sitework 20-4 Retaining Systems
x
20-8
Caissons
20-11
Footings and Foundation
20-14
Anchor Bolts
20-17
Structural Steel
20-20
Concrete and Metal Decks
20-23
Block-Outs and Embeds
20-26
Concrete Columns
20-29
Elevator and Stair Cores
20-33
Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters
20-38
Summary
20-41
construction surveying and layout
@
CHAPTER 21 One-Person Surveying Introduction
21-2
Distances
21-6
Line
21-10
Elevations
21-16
Layout
21-18
-
:: ". . - - - - - - - - - - =--
--
--
Summary 21-23
CHAPTER 22 Field Observations Introduction
22-2
Tech Tips
22-7
Rules of Thumb
22-11
Common Mistakes
22-14
APPENDICES Appendix A - Glossary
1
Appendix B - Bibliography 7
~:;;<"~·rt,;::~
Appendix C - Additional Problems
10
Index
15
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index
@
Index 3/4/5 3/4/5 Requirements, 19-23 Common Uses of the 3/4/5, 19-23 Multiples of the 3/4/5, 19-22 Using the 3/4/5, 19-22
3/4/5 Layout Square, 19-63 3/4/5, 21-21 Abbreviations and Symbols, 2-35 Common Abbreviations, 2-31 Common Symbols, 2-34
Accuracy Standards, 7-16 Adjusted Distances and Directions, 14-30 Anchor Bolts, 20-17 Angle Adjustment, 14-9 Angle Measurement Horizontal Angle Layout, 5-24 Horizontal Angle Measurement, 5-14 Vertical or Zenith Angles, 5-28 With a Chain, 21-21
Angles Close the Horizon, 5-17 Determine the Average Angle, 5-22 Direct and Reverse, 5-17 Double-Center, 5-17, 5-26 Measuring Traverse Angles, 5-21 Procedure for Reading Angles, 5-17 Turning an Angle, 5-18 Types of Angles, 5-3 Field Angles Measured, 5-4 Horizontal, 5-3 Vertical, 5-3
Angular Closure, 14-5 Applied Leveling, 7-47 Approximate Right Angle, 21-13 Arc Length, 16-15 Area by Coordinates, 15-33 Area, 12-16, 18-4 Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6 Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7
Areas, 15-30 Procedure for area by coordinates, 15-33 Procedure for area by geometry, 15-31
Arm Signals Arm Signals for Numbers, 2-12 One-Hand Signals for Numbers, 2-13 Field Operations Signals, 2-14 Signals to crane operators, 2-16 Stakes and Laths, 2-17
Arm Signals Marking Basic Principles of Chalking Lines, 2-27 Communicating the Meaning of Marks, 2-27 Marking Line and Grade, 2-25 Principles of Marking, 2-26
As-BuiIts, 20-13 Average End-Area Method, 18-10, 18-8 Azimuths, 14-14 Backsight (BS), 7-3 Backsights, 21-11 Baseline, 19-30 Procedure for Baseline Offset, 19-31
Batter Boards, 19-63 Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65 Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66 Types of Batter Boards, 19-64 Uses of Batter Boards, 19-64
Bearings, 14-14 Benchmark (BM), 7-3 Benchmarks, 19-16 Block-Outs and Embeds, 20-26 Borrow Pit, 18-12 Bucking In, 19-39 Procedure for Bucking In On Line, 19-40
Bucking In (Elevation), 7-51 Building Benchmarks, 7-48 CAD,11-6 Caissons, 20-11 Calculating Coordinates on a Traverse, 14-33 Calculating Directions, 14-16 Calculating L.E.O.c., 14-24 Calculating Latitudes and Departures, 14-20 Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 Know Your Tools, 3-34 The Importance of Maintenance, 3-34
Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 General Rules of Use, 3-34 Do Not Force Equipment Keep the Equipment Clean, 3-34 Know How to Operate the Equipment, 3-34 Parts, 3-34 Use a Protective Case, 3-34 General Surveying Equipment, 3-35 Brusl1 Clearing Equipment, 3-37 Chaining Pins, 3-36 <=:loth Tape, 3-39
INDEX - 15
~ construction surveying and layout
Gammon Reel, 3-36 Hammers, 3-38 Level Rods, 3-40 Plumb Bob, 3-35 Prism Poles, 3-37 Range Poles, 3-36 Rock Chisel, 3-38 Sight Level, 3-35 Steel Chain, 3-38 Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 Instrument Handling Guidelines, 3-42 Carpenter's Level, 19-58 Centerlines, 20-9 Chain Corrections Combined Corrections, 13-21 Length Correction, 13-8 Measuring Conditions, 13-3 Slope Correction, 13-12 Temperature Correction, 13-17 Chalk Lines and Plumb Lines, 19-68 Chalk Lines, 21-4 Change Technology, 19-7 Check Equipment, 20-21 Checking Grade, 21-17 Checking Layout, 19-7 Checking Plumb, 21-15 Chord, 16-16 Chord Calculations, 16-15 Long Chords, 16-19 Short Chords, 16-19 Climatize, 3-29, 8-10 Closed Loop, 7-3 Closed Traverse, 14-3 Closure and Precision, 14-22 Color Code, 20-5 Color Coding, 22-8 Column Dowel Layout, 20-30 Combined Corrections, 13-21 Common Mistakes, 22-14 Communicating with Signals, 2-11 See Arm Signals Communication Dealing with People, 2-8 Giving and Receiving Criticism, 2-9 Meetings, 2-7 Radio Communication, 2-6 Recognizing Communication Barriers, 2-10 Structuring Written Documents, 2-7 Telephone Communication, 2-5 Writing an Effective Letter, 2-6 Communicating on Stakes, 2-20 Com rule, 14-27 Concrete and Metal Decks, 20-23 Concrete Columns, 20-29 , Construction Control, 20-1
16 - INDEX
Construction Drawings, 11-7 Drawing Types, 11-9 Reading Drawings, 11-10 Site Plans, 11-11 Standard Practices, 11-8 Construction Staking, 2-18 Cut or Fill Stakes, 2-21 Principles of Communicating on Stakes, 2-20 Color Code the Flagging, 2-19 Face Stakes in the Correct Direction, 2-18 Offset Stakes for Protection, 2-18 Use the Proper Size Stake, 2-18 Setting Stakes on the Site, 2-21 Types of Construction Stakes Control, 2-24 Curb and Gutter, 2-23 Fine Grade, 2-22 Minor Structures, 2-24 Pipe, 2-23 Rough Grade, 2-22 Site-Clearing Limits, 2-22 Slope, 2-23 Consult with Subcontractors, 22-6 Contour Areas Method, 18-14 Contour Characteristics, 11-19 Contour Intervals, 11-17 Contours, 11-16 Contouring Rules, 11-21 Defined, 11-17 Drawing Contours, 11-21 Representations by Contours, 11-17 Depression, 11-18 Highway Cut, 11-18 Highway Fill, 11-18 Hill, 11-17 Control, 19-9 Coordinate Geometry, 15-1 Coordinates, 14-32 Coordinates in Construction, 15-5 Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6 Where to Use Coordinates, 15-4 Correction Calculations, 13-4 Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6 Cross-Section Leveling, 7-33 GPS Cross-Sectioning, 7-37 Cross-Section Interval, 7-34 Total Station Cross-Sectioning, 7-37 Curb and Gutter Construction, 20-39 Curve Layout Data, 16-20 DD to DMS, 12-15 Data Sheet, 15-26 Deflection Angles, 14-5 Deflection Increment, 16-15 Deflection per Foot of Arc, 16-15 Deflection, 16-16
index
Deflections and Chords, 16-14 Degree of Curve, 16-6 Degree of Curve, Da, 16-11 Departure, 14-20 Departure Correction, 14-29 Differential Leveling, 7-22 Digitizer, 18-5 Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12 Direction Calculations, 14-13 Comparison Between Azimuths and Bearings, 14-14 Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15 Chaining Analysis of Chaining Errors, 4-18 Analysis of Common Chaining Errors, 4-20 Breaking Chain, 4-5 Chaining a Distance, 4-7 Chaining a Traverse, 4-15 Chaining Basics, 4-3 Reading a Metric Chain, 4-4 Reading an Engineering Chain, 4-4 Chaining Equipment, 4-3 Properly Care for Chains & Chaining Equipment, 4-6 Sources of Error in Chaining, 4-19 Instrumental, 4-19 Natural, 4-19 Personal, 4-19 Traverse Chaining Field Notes, 4-17 . Types of Errors, 4-19 Random, 4-19 Systematic, 4-19 ~MS to DD, 12-15 Double-Centering, 19-43 Double-Check Grade Sheets, 7-55 Drafting, 11-2 CAD, 11-6 Equipment, 11-3 Graphical Scale, 11-13 Legend of Symbols, 11-13 Principles of Lettering, 11-5 Techniques, 11-4 Earthwork, 20-6 Electronic Data Collection, 6-40 Electronic Instruments, 3-29 Elevation, 7-3 Elevations, 8-15 Elevator and Stair Cores, 20-33 Engineering Layout, 1-9 Equipment Equipment Checklists, 1-4 Personal Equipment, 1-3 Equipment Calibration Angle-Measuring Instruments, 10-10 Basic Principles, 10-3
@
Development of a Test Area, 10-4 Hand Level, 10-40 Procedure for Calibration of a Hand Level, 10-41 Laser, 10-31 Procedure for laser calibration, 10-32 Laser Plummets, 10-23 Levels, 10-24 Levels, 10-24 Quick-Peg by One Person, 10-29 Review of the Geometry of a Level, 10-25 The Principal Lines on a Level, 10-25 Two-Peg or Quick-Peg Test, 10-26 Optical Plummet in a Tribrach, 10-22 Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34 Using a Door Frame, 10-38 Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37 Using Tables, 10-35 Testing of a Chain, 10-6 Testing Requirements, 10-4 The Circular Level, 10-22 Total Station, 10-19 Total Station, 10-19 Horizontal Collimation, 10-20 Vertical Index Error, 10-20 Tribrach and Plummets, 10-21 Laser Plummets, 10-23 Review of Instrument Geometry, 10-11 The Circular Level, 10-22 The Optical Plummet, 10-22 Principle Lines Angle-Measuring Instr., 10-11 Establishing a Line, 21-12 Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65 Existing Objects as Benchmarks, 7-48 External E, 16-10
Field Book, 1-15 Field Engineering Field Duties, 1-9 Getting Started and Organized, 1-2 Office Duties, 1-11 Responsibilities, 1-7 Success Characteristics, 1-8 Field Notekeeping, 3-17 Basic Practices, 3-18 Keep Field Book Safe, 3-18 Leave No Room for Interpretation, 3-18 Make References, 3-18 Record Data Exactly, 3-18 Use a Hard Pencil, 3-18 Do Not Erase, 3-21 Guidelines, 3-21 Layout, 3-18 Methods of Notekeeping, 3-23 Sample Combination, 3-24 Sample Description, 3-24
INDEX -17
...
~ construction surveying and layout
Sample Sketch, 3-23 Sample Tabulation, 3-23 Record Everything, 3-21 Use Standard Drafting Techniques, 3-22 Use Standard Lettering Techniques, 3-22 Field Notes Arithmetic Check, 7-20 Field Note Samples Field Notes for Profile Leveling, 7-31 Field Notes for Referencing, 19-20 Field Notes for Bucking In, 19-42 Field Notes for Chaining, 4-14 Field :Notes for Cross-Sectioning, 7-38 Field Notes for Differential Leveling, 7-27 Field Notes for Distances Between Control Points, 6-23 Field Notes for Grid Leveling, 7-42 Field Notes for Horizontal Control Layout, 6-15 Field Notes for Level Loop, 7-19 Field Notes for Leveling, 7-17 Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles with a Chain, 21-22 Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles, 5-23 Field Notes for Radial Layout, 6-32 Field Notes for Slope Stake, 19-55 Field Notes for Transferring an Elevation Up a Structure, 7-46 Field Notes for Traverse Chaining, 4-17 Field Notes for Traverse Computation, 14-11 Field Notes for Traverse Data, 14-6 Field Notes for Trigonometric Leveling, 6-39 Rules Related to Field Book Use, 7-21 Field observations, 22-1 Field Work Tips, 22-8 Footings and Foundation, 20-14 Foresight (FS), 7-3 Formulas, 12-2 Foundations, 8-15
GPS, 19-46, 21-5 Calibrate, 9-12 GPS equipment care, 9-12 GPS Project Planning, 9-9 Iobsite Applications, 9-5 Recording log sheets, 9-14 Satellites, 9-11 Standard Practices, 9-7 Advantages, 9-4 Disadvantages, 9-4 Gradient or Grade, 17-5 Calculating Elevations on the~ Gradient, 17-7 Gradient Elevations, 17-4 Negative Gradient, 17-6 Positive Gradient, 17-5 Zero Gradient, 17-6
18 - INDEX
Grading with a Laser, 20-25 Grid Leveling, 7-39 Grids and Contours Method, 18-11 Height of Instrument (ID), 7-3 ID From Two BM's, 7-54 High and Low Points of a Vertical Curve, 17-20 Equation for the High or Low Point, 17-21 Procedure for Calculating a Low Point, 17-21 Horizontal Control, 19-14,20-3 Horizontal Control and Layout, 20-30 Horizontal Curves Formulas, 16-7 Layout by Coordinates, 16-30 Procedure for Coordinate Calculations, 16-32 Procedure for Radial Lines, 16-28 Layout by Deflections, 16-21 Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17 Curve Layout Data, 16-20 Deflection Increment, 16-15 Procedure for Long Chord Layout, 16-26 Procedure for Short Chord Layout, 16-22 Parts of a Horizontal Curve, 16-4 Arc Length, 16-15 Deflections and Chords, 16-14 Degree of Curve, 16-6 External E, 16-10 Length of Curve L, 16-9 Long chord LC, 16-8 Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10 Station Interval, 16-15 Stationing, 16-12 Tangent T, 16-8 Types of Curves, 16-3 Broken-Back, 16-4 Compound Curve, 16-3 Reverse Curve, 16-3 Simple Curve, 16-3 Spiral Curves, 16-4 Index Contour, 11-19 Instrument Angle Error, 19-38 Instrument Care, 3-25 General Instrument Care and Use, 3-27 Attach Instrument Snugly to the Tripod, 3-27 Do Not Touch the Lenses, 3-27 Establish a Wide Foundation, 3-28 Grasp the Instrument Firmly, 3-27 Keep Equipment Dry, 3-28 Keep it Clean, 3-28 Never Leave the Instrument Unattended, 3-28 Silicone Lubricant, 3-31 Transporting Surveying Instruments, 3-26 Carrying the Instrument, 3-27 Keep an Empty Case Closed, 3-27 Transport the Instrument in its Case, 3-27
index
Instrument Setups, 3-51 Procedure for Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52 Procedure for Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54 Procedure for Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57 Instruments Digital Theodolite, 5-9 For Working Alone, 21-5 Geometry of Angle-Measuring Instruments, 5-10 Optical Theodolite, 5-8 Components of Theodolites & Total Stations, 5-12 Total Stations, 5-10 Transit, 5-7 Angle-turning Clamping (Motion) Systems, 5-12 Components of a Transit, 5-11 Use of an Instrument, 20-36 Interior Angles, 14-4 Interpolation, 11-22 Procedure for Interpolation, 11-22 Intersections, 15-13, 19-33 Direction / Direction Intersection, 15-17 Distance / Direction Intersection, 15-16 Distance / Distance Intersection, 15-14 Procedure for Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Inversing, 15-7 Inverse Direction, 15-8 Inverse Distance, 15-11 Land Surveyor Lasers, 21-5 Applications, 8-14 Benefits of using a Laser, 8-3 Calibration, 8-13 Classes of Lasers, 8-5 Fixed,8-5 Rotating, 8-5 Utility, 8-6 Standard Practices, 8-7 Types of Lasers, 8-4 Electronic Level, 8-4 Visible Light Laser, 8-4 Use of the, 20-35 Latitude Correction, 14-28 Latitude, 14-20 Latitudes and Departures, 14-19 Laying Out Distances, 21-9 Layout, 20-28 Baseline, 19-30 Change Technology, 19-7 Checking Layout, 19-7 Intersections, 19-33 Methods, 19-21 Radial Layout, 19-26 Rules of Layout, 19-5 Select the Layout Method, 19-11 Schedule, 1-6
@
Layout Data, 15-24 Procedure to Calculate Layout Data, 15-28 Legend of Symbols, 11-13 Length Correction, 13-8 Length of Curve L, 16-9 Level Rods, 7-8 Rod Levels, 7-10 Rod Use, 7-14 Leveling Differential Leveling Basics, 7-3 Leveling an Instrument, 3-43 Procedure for Electronic Leveling System, 3-49 Procedure for Four-Screw Leveling Head, 3-45 Procedure for Three-Screw LeveJing Head, 3-47 Leveling Instruments, 7-6 Automatic Levels, 7-7 Digital Levels, 7-8 Dumpy Levels, 7-6 Hand Levels, 7-7 Leveling Process Bala.'1ce Backsights and Foresights, 7-16 Carrying a Level, 7-13 Check the Compensator, 7-13 Close the Loop, 7-16 Focusing, 7-13 Setting up, 7-12 Standard Practices, 7-11 Lift Drawings, 11-26 Basics, 11-28 Example Lift Drawings, 11-31 Lift Drawing Checklist, 11-30 Lift-Drawing Preparation and Use, 20-27 Line, 19-36 Linear Error of Closure, 14-23 Location of Embeds, Block-Outs, etc., 20-37 Long BS and Short FS, 19-37 Long chord, LC, 16-8 Long Chords, 16-19 Math Review Algebra, 12-3 Formulas, 12-2 Plane Geometry, 12-4 Trigonometry, 12-5 Measurement Principles, 3-10 Accuracy vs. Precision, 3-13 Accuracy, 3-13 Errors, 3-11 Mistakes vs. Errors, 3-11 Mistakes, 3-11 Precision, 3-13 Measuring a Distance, 21-9 Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10
INDEX - 19
~ construction surveying and layout
Monumentation, 19-13 Moving Up on a Horizontal Curve, 16-35 Procedure for Moving Up, 16-36 Natural Backsights, 19-38 Natural or Quick Foresights, 19-39 Notekeeping for Three-Wire Leveling, 7-50 Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15 Office Work Tips, 22-10 Offset Curves, 16-43 Offset Chord Equations, 16-45 Offset Curve Layout Data, 16-46 Procedure for Offset Chord Layout, 16-47 Offset, 20-9, 20-12 One-Person Surveying, 21-1 3/4/5, 21-21 Approximate Right Angle, 21-13 Distances, 21-6 Chaining, 21-9 Elevations, 21-16 Layout, 21-18 Line, 21-10 Establishing a Line, 21-12 Obtaining a Backsight, 21-11 One-Person 90's, 21-19 Procedure for One-Person Radial, 21-19 Open Traverse, 14-3 Pacing, 21-7 Determine Pace Length, 21-8 Pegging a Level, 21-17 Permanent Backsight, 21-17 Pipelines, 19-48 Planimeter, 18-5 Planning, 1-3 Plumb Bob Plumbing with, 20-31 Use of the, 20-35 Plumbing and Erection, 20-22 Plumbing the Column, 20-31 Plumbing with an Instrument, 20-32 Pocket Laser, 19-58 Precision Calculation and Analysis, 14-24 Preserving Points, 19-17 Primary Control, 19-14 Primary, 19-14 Secondary, 19-14 Working, 19-15 Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34 Procedures for Adjusting Angles, 14-11 Area by Coordinates, 15-33 Area by Geometry, 15-31 Baseline Offset, 19-31
20 -INDEX
Bucking In On Line, 19-40 Calculate Layout Data, 15-28 Calculating Directions, 14-16 Calculating L.E.O.C., 14-24 Calculating Low Point, 17-21 Calculating Unequal Length Curve, 17-17 Calibration, 10-8 Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17 Coordinate Calculations, 16-33 Cross-Sectioning, 7-35 Differential Leveling, 7-23 Direct and Reverse Angles, 5-18 Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12 Double-Centering, 19-43 Electronic Leveling System Establishing a Perpendicular Line, 21-14 Four-Screw Leveling Head, 3-45 Grid Leveling, 7-40 Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Laying Out and Staking a Vertical Curve, 17-24 Laying-Out a Point with a Total Station, 6-25 Layout Data, 15-28 Layout of an Angle, 5-26 Long Chord Layout, 16-26 Measuring a Distance with a Chain, 4-8 Measuring Distance & Angle with Total Station, 6-12 Measuring with a Total Station, 6-17 Moving Up On a Horizontal Curve, 16-36 Offset Curve Layout, 16-47 One-Person Radial, 21-19 Profile Leveling, 7-29 Quick-Peg, 10-27 Radial Lines, 16-28 Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53 Setting Grade, 7-55 Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57 Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52 Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54 Short Chord Layout, 16-22 Three-Screw Leveling Head, 3-47 Transferring Elevations, 7-44 Traverse Computations, 14-7 Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36 Using a Door Frame, 10-38 Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37 Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Using Tables, 10-35 Wingding Right Angle, 21-13 Zenith Angle Measurement, 5-30 Professional Surveyor, 19-11 Profile Leveling, 7-28 Project Documentation, 1-11 Pythagorean Theorem, 19-23
index @
Quality Control, 1-11 Quantities Determining Area, 18-5 Geometric Formula, 18-5 Radial Layout, 19-26 Rectangular Coordinate System, 15-3 Reference to Primary Control, 20-9 Referencing, 19-18 Re-Section, 15-19 Angle Re-Section, 15-21 Distance Re-Section, 15-20 Retaining Systems, 20-8 Review Tolerances, 22-5 Roadways, 19-47 Robotic Total Station, 21-5 Rules of Layout, 19-5 Rules of Thumb, 22-11 Safety Construction-Site Hazards, 3-8 Crew Protective Equipment, 3-4 Hand Tool Hazards, 3-5 Highway hazards, 3-7 Natural Hazards, 3-6 Personal Protective Equipment, 3-3 Planning for Safety, 1-12 Safety is for life!, 1-12 Safety, 20-5 Sample Site Plans, 11-15 Satellites, 9-11 Signal Reception, 9-12 Schedule, 22-6 Scheduling Daily Scheduling, 1-5 Maintaining the Schedule, 1-13 Sample Layout Schedule, 1-6 Secondary Control, 19-14 Select the Layout Method, 19-11 Setting a Backsight, 21-11 Setting a Slope Stake, 19-53 Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66 Setting Benchmarks, 7-48 Setting Grade, 7-53 Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6 Short Chords, 16-19 Sidewalk Construction, 20-40 Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters, 20-38 Significant Figures, 12-3 Site Plans, 11-11 Information on Site Plans, 11-12 Description of Benchmarks, 11-15 Description of Monuments, 11-14 Road Names, 11-15 Sitework, 8-15, 20-4 Slope, 17-5
Slope Correction, 13-12 Slope Staking, 19-50 Building Site, 19-52 Highway Project, 19-52 Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53 and Definitions, 19-51 Software and Computers, 1-4 Stakes, 22-8 Staking, 20-7 Stationing, 16-12 Station Interval, 16-15 Sticks and Strings, 19-61 Story Poles, 19-62 String Lines, 19-66 Characteristics, 19-67 Fastening Techniques, 19-67 Principles and Applications, 19-68 Types of stringlines, 19-66 Structural Steel, 20-20 Structures, 8-15 Symbols See Abbreviations and Symbols Tangent T, 16-8 Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5 Targets, 21-12 Tech Tips, 22-7 Temperature Correction, 13-17 Templates, 21-13 Tension and Sag, 13-6 The Theory of Differential Leveling, 7-4 Three-Wire Leveling, 7-49 Title Block, 11-13 Tolerances, 20-19, 20-22 Common Tolerances for Construction Layout, 3-15 Total Station Layout of a Point, 6-24 Measuring Basics, 6-11 Measuring Details, 6-16 Procedure for Measuring with a Total Station, 6-17 Standard Practices, 6-7 Trigonometric Elevations, 6-33 Types of Total Stations, 6-5 Basic Total Stations, 6-6 Full-Featured Total Stations, 6-6 Reflectorless Total Stations, 6-6 Robotic or Automatic Tracking Total Stations, 6-6 Transferring Elevations, 7-43 Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7 Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25 Traverse Adjustments, 14-26 Com Rule, 14-27 Departure Correction, 14-29 Latitude Correction, 14-28 Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25
INDEX - 21
~ construction surveying and layout
Traverse Analysis, 14-24 Traverse Angles, 14-4 Adjustment Options, 14-10 Angle Adjustment, 14-9 Angular Closure, 14-5 Deflection Angles, 14-5 Interior Angles, 14-4 When to Adjust Angles, 14-10 Traverse Computation Sheet, 15-35 Traverse Computations Closed Traverse, 14-3 Open Traverse, 14-3 Traverses, 14-3 Procedure for Traverse Computations, 14-7 Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36 Tripods and Bipods, 21-4 Tripods, 3-29 Position Tripod Legs Properly, 3-30 Keep it Horizontal, 3-30 Keep it Tight, 3-30 Tripods, 3-29 Ensure a Solid Setup, 3-30 Check all Screws and Bolts, 3-31 Maintain Proper Tension, 3-31 Secure Adjustable Legs, 3-31 Tripods, 3-29 Transport Carefully, 3-31 Turnbuckles and Cables, 20-22 Tumbuckles, 21-3 Turning Point (TP), 7-3, 7-14 Turning Point Pin, 7-15 Unequal Length Vertical Curves, 17-16 Procedure for Calculating an Unequal Length Curve, 17-17 Units and Conversions, 12-11 DD to DMS, 12-15 DMS to DD, 12-15 Feet and Inches to Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths, 12-12 Feet to Meters, 12-13 Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths to Feet and Inches, 12-13 Meters to Feet, 12-13 Units of Length, 12-12 Utilities, 20-5 Utility Laser, 19-58 Vertical Alignment, 19-56 Methods, 19-57 Carpenter's Level, 19.58 Plumb Bobs, 19-57 Pocket Laser, 19-58 TransitlTheodolitelTotal Station, 19-60 Utility Laser, 19-58 Zenith Plu=et,19-60
22 -INDEX
Vertical Alignment, 20-35 Vertical Control, 19-15,20-3 Vertical Curves Calculation of the Gradient from PVI to PVI, 17-6 Definitions, 17-5 Equations of the Vertical Curve, 17-13 Gradient or Grade, 17-5 Laying Out and Staking Vertical Curve, 17-24 Parts of the Vertical Curve, 17-10 Point of Vertical Intersection, 17-6 Properties of the Vertical Curve, 17-11 Crest Curve, 17-11 Sag Curve, 17-11 Sy=etry, 17-11 Vertical Curve Layout, 17-23 Vertical, 8-15 Vicinity Map, 11-13 Volume, 12-15 Volumes Average End-Area Method, 18-8 Borrow Pit, 18-12 Contour Areas Method, 18-14 Grids and Contours Method, 18-11 Working Control, 19-15 Working-Alone Tools, 21-3 Carpenter's Tools, 21-3 GPS,21-5 Instruments for Working Alone, 21-5 Lasers, 21-5 Robotic Total Station, 21-5 Sticks and Strings, 21-4 Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5 Tripods and Bipods, 21-4 Zenith Plummet, 19-60
WESLEY G. CRAWFORD
.CREATIVE CONSTRUCTION Creative Construction Publishing, Inc. 2720 South River Road West Lafayette, Indiana 47906-4347 www.creativeconstruction.com
~ construction surveying and layout
Table of Contents PART ONE - SURVEYING FIELD PRACTICES
CHAPTER 1 Construction Surveying Getting Started and Organized
1-2
Field Engineering Responsibilities
1-7
Preparing Reports and Charts
1-14
Qualified Land Surveyor 1-18 Summary
1-20
CHAPTER 2 Communication The Basics
2-2
Communicating with Signals
2-11
Stakes and Laths
2-17
Marking Line and Grade
2-25
Abbreviations and Symbols
2-30
Summary 2-35
CHAPTER 3 Fieldwork Practices Safety
3-2
Measurement Principles
3-10
Tolerances for Construction Layout
3-14
Field Notekeeping Practices
3-17
General Instrument Care
3-25
Use and Care of Hand Tools
3-33
Leveling an Instrument 3-43
IV
Instrument Setups
3-51
Summary
3-62
construction surveying and layout
@
CHAPTER 4 Distance Measurement - Chaining Introduction
4-2
Chaining a Distance
4-7
Chaining a Traverse
4-15
Analysis of Chaining Errors
4-18
Summary 4-21
CHAPTER 5 Angle Measurement Introduction
5-2
Instruments
5-6
Horizontal Angle Measurement 5 -14 Horizontal Angle Layout 5-24 Vertical or Zenith Angles
5-28
Summary' 5-32
CHAPTER 6 Total Station Introduction Carrying Handle
Horizontal Drive
6-2
Measuring Basics
6 -11
Measuring Details
6-16
Layout of a Point
6-24
Trigonometric Elevations
6-33
Electronic Data Collection
6-40
Summary
6-43
v
~ construction surveying and layout
CHAPTER 7 Leveling Introduction
7-2
Standard Practices
7 -11
Field Notes for Leveling
7-17
Differential Leveling
7-22
Profile Leveling
7-28
Cross-Section Leveling
7-33
Grid Leveling
7-39
Transferring Elevations
7-43
Applied Leveling
7-47
Setting Grade
7-53
Summary 7-57
CHAPTER 8 Lasers Introduction
8-2
Standard Practices
8-7
Applications
8-14
Summary 8-16
CHAPTER 9 GPS Field Procedures
CSo I
Introduction
9-2
Standard Practices
9-7
Summary 9-16
VI
construction surveying and layout
@
CHAPTER 10 Equipment Calibration Vertical Axis
I
Introduction
10-2
Testing of a Chain
10-6
Angle-Measuring Instruments
10-10
Total Station
10-19
Tribrach and Plummets
10-21
Levels
10-24
Laser
10-31
Prism Pole Bubble
10-34
Hand Level
10-40
Summary
10-43
PART TWO - OFFICEWORK AND CALCULATIONS
CHAPTER 11 Office Practices Drafting
11 - 2
Construction Drawings
11-7
Site Plans
11 -11
Contours
11 -1 6
Lift Drawings
11-26
Summary
11-34
CHAPTER 12 Math Essentials Review and Formulas
12-2
Units and Conversions
12-11
Summary
12-17
a
VII
~ construction surveying and layout
CHAPTER 13 Chain Corrections Introduction
13 -2
Length Correction
13-8
Slope Correction
13 -12
Temperature Correction
13 -17
Combined Corrections
13 - 21
Summary
13-27
CHAPTER 14 Traverse Computations Introduction
14-2
Angle Adjustment
14-9
Direction Calculations
14-13
Latitudes and Departures
14-19
Closure and Precision
14-22
Adjustments
14-26
Adjusted Distances and Directions
14-30
Coordinates
14-32
Examples
14-36
I
Summary 14-41
CHAPTER 15 Coordinate Geometry
VIII
Introduction
15 -2
Inversing
15 -7
Intersections
15 -13
Re-Section
15-19
Layout Data
15-24
Areas
15-30
Summary
15-34
construction surveying and layout @
CHAPTER 16 Horizontal Curves Introduction
16- 2
Formulas
16-7
Deflections and Chords
16-14
Layout by Deflections
16-21
Layout by Coo r di n ate s
16-30
Moving Up
16-35
Offset Curves
16-43
Summary
16-49
CHAPTER 17 Vertical Curves Introduction
17-2
Gradient Elevations
17-4
Elements and Properties
17 -9
Cu rve Elevations
17-12
Unequal Length Curves
17 -16
High and Low Points
17- 20
Layout
17-23
Summary
17-26
CHAPTER 18 Quantities Introduction. 18-2 Area
18-4
Average End-Area Method
18-8
G rids and Contours Method
18-11
Summary
18-15
IX
~ construction surveying and layout
PART THREE - APPLlCA TlONS
CHAPTER 19 Layout Techniques
-
- --~
Introduction
19-2
Control
19-9
Methods
19-21
Li ne
19-36
Grade
19-46
Vertical Alignment
19-56
Sticks and Strings
19-61
Summary
19-69
CHAPTER 20 Construction Control Introduction
20-2
Sitework 20-4 Retaining Systems
x
20-8
Caissons
20-11
Footings and Foundation
20-14
Anchor Bolts
20-17
Structural Steel
20-20
Concrete and Metal Decks
20-23
Block-Outs and Embeds
20-26
Concrete Columns
20-29
Elevator and Stair Cores
20-33
Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters
20-38
Summary
20-41
construction surveying and layout
@
CHAPTER 21 One-Person Surveying Introduction
21-2
Distances
21-6
Line
21-10
Elevations
21-16
Layout
21-18
-
:: ". . - - - - - - - - - - =--
--
--
Summary 21-23
CHAPTER 22 Field Observations Introduction
22-2
Tech Tips
22-7
Rules of Thumb
22-11
Common Mistakes
22-14
APPENDICES Appendix A - Glossary
1
Appendix B - Bibliography 7
~:;;<"~·rt,;::~
Appendix C - Additional Problems
10
Index
15
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index
@
Index 3/4/5 3/4/5 Requirements, 19-23 Common Uses of the 3/4/5, 19-23 Multiples of the 3/4/5, 19-22 Using the 3/4/5, 19-22
3/4/5 Layout Square, 19-63 3/4/5, 21-21 Abbreviations and Symbols, 2-35 Common Abbreviations, 2-31 Common Symbols, 2-34
Accuracy Standards, 7-16 Adjusted Distances and Directions, 14-30 Anchor Bolts, 20-17 Angle Adjustment, 14-9 Angle Measurement Horizontal Angle Layout, 5-24 Horizontal Angle Measurement, 5-14 Vertical or Zenith Angles, 5-28 With a Chain, 21-21
Angles Close the Horizon, 5-17 Determine the Average Angle, 5-22 Direct and Reverse, 5-17 Double-Center, 5-17, 5-26 Measuring Traverse Angles, 5-21 Procedure for Reading Angles, 5-17 Turning an Angle, 5-18 Types of Angles, 5-3 Field Angles Measured, 5-4 Horizontal, 5-3 Vertical, 5-3
Angular Closure, 14-5 Applied Leveling, 7-47 Approximate Right Angle, 21-13 Arc Length, 16-15 Area by Coordinates, 15-33 Area, 12-16, 18-4 Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6 Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7
Areas, 15-30 Procedure for area by coordinates, 15-33 Procedure for area by geometry, 15-31
Arm Signals Arm Signals for Numbers, 2-12 One-Hand Signals for Numbers, 2-13 Field Operations Signals, 2-14 Signals to crane operators, 2-16 Stakes and Laths, 2-17
Arm Signals Marking Basic Principles of Chalking Lines, 2-27 Communicating the Meaning of Marks, 2-27 Marking Line and Grade, 2-25 Principles of Marking, 2-26
As-BuiIts, 20-13 Average End-Area Method, 18-10, 18-8 Azimuths, 14-14 Backsight (BS), 7-3 Backsights, 21-11 Baseline, 19-30 Procedure for Baseline Offset, 19-31
Batter Boards, 19-63 Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65 Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66 Types of Batter Boards, 19-64 Uses of Batter Boards, 19-64
Bearings, 14-14 Benchmark (BM), 7-3 Benchmarks, 19-16 Block-Outs and Embeds, 20-26 Borrow Pit, 18-12 Bucking In, 19-39 Procedure for Bucking In On Line, 19-40
Bucking In (Elevation), 7-51 Building Benchmarks, 7-48 CAD,11-6 Caissons, 20-11 Calculating Coordinates on a Traverse, 14-33 Calculating Directions, 14-16 Calculating L.E.O.c., 14-24 Calculating Latitudes and Departures, 14-20 Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 Know Your Tools, 3-34 The Importance of Maintenance, 3-34
Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 General Rules of Use, 3-34 Do Not Force Equipment Keep the Equipment Clean, 3-34 Know How to Operate the Equipment, 3-34 Parts, 3-34 Use a Protective Case, 3-34 General Surveying Equipment, 3-35 Brusl1 Clearing Equipment, 3-37 Chaining Pins, 3-36 <=:loth Tape, 3-39
INDEX - 15
~ construction surveying and layout
Gammon Reel, 3-36 Hammers, 3-38 Level Rods, 3-40 Plumb Bob, 3-35 Prism Poles, 3-37 Range Poles, 3-36 Rock Chisel, 3-38 Sight Level, 3-35 Steel Chain, 3-38 Care of Hand Tools, 3-33 Instrument Handling Guidelines, 3-42 Carpenter's Level, 19-58 Centerlines, 20-9 Chain Corrections Combined Corrections, 13-21 Length Correction, 13-8 Measuring Conditions, 13-3 Slope Correction, 13-12 Temperature Correction, 13-17 Chalk Lines and Plumb Lines, 19-68 Chalk Lines, 21-4 Change Technology, 19-7 Check Equipment, 20-21 Checking Grade, 21-17 Checking Layout, 19-7 Checking Plumb, 21-15 Chord, 16-16 Chord Calculations, 16-15 Long Chords, 16-19 Short Chords, 16-19 Climatize, 3-29, 8-10 Closed Loop, 7-3 Closed Traverse, 14-3 Closure and Precision, 14-22 Color Code, 20-5 Color Coding, 22-8 Column Dowel Layout, 20-30 Combined Corrections, 13-21 Common Mistakes, 22-14 Communicating with Signals, 2-11 See Arm Signals Communication Dealing with People, 2-8 Giving and Receiving Criticism, 2-9 Meetings, 2-7 Radio Communication, 2-6 Recognizing Communication Barriers, 2-10 Structuring Written Documents, 2-7 Telephone Communication, 2-5 Writing an Effective Letter, 2-6 Communicating on Stakes, 2-20 Com rule, 14-27 Concrete and Metal Decks, 20-23 Concrete Columns, 20-29 , Construction Control, 20-1
16 - INDEX
Construction Drawings, 11-7 Drawing Types, 11-9 Reading Drawings, 11-10 Site Plans, 11-11 Standard Practices, 11-8 Construction Staking, 2-18 Cut or Fill Stakes, 2-21 Principles of Communicating on Stakes, 2-20 Color Code the Flagging, 2-19 Face Stakes in the Correct Direction, 2-18 Offset Stakes for Protection, 2-18 Use the Proper Size Stake, 2-18 Setting Stakes on the Site, 2-21 Types of Construction Stakes Control, 2-24 Curb and Gutter, 2-23 Fine Grade, 2-22 Minor Structures, 2-24 Pipe, 2-23 Rough Grade, 2-22 Site-Clearing Limits, 2-22 Slope, 2-23 Consult with Subcontractors, 22-6 Contour Areas Method, 18-14 Contour Characteristics, 11-19 Contour Intervals, 11-17 Contours, 11-16 Contouring Rules, 11-21 Defined, 11-17 Drawing Contours, 11-21 Representations by Contours, 11-17 Depression, 11-18 Highway Cut, 11-18 Highway Fill, 11-18 Hill, 11-17 Control, 19-9 Coordinate Geometry, 15-1 Coordinates, 14-32 Coordinates in Construction, 15-5 Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6 Where to Use Coordinates, 15-4 Correction Calculations, 13-4 Cross-Section Coordinates, 18-6 Cross-Section Leveling, 7-33 GPS Cross-Sectioning, 7-37 Cross-Section Interval, 7-34 Total Station Cross-Sectioning, 7-37 Curb and Gutter Construction, 20-39 Curve Layout Data, 16-20 DD to DMS, 12-15 Data Sheet, 15-26 Deflection Angles, 14-5 Deflection Increment, 16-15 Deflection per Foot of Arc, 16-15 Deflection, 16-16
index
Deflections and Chords, 16-14 Degree of Curve, 16-6 Degree of Curve, Da, 16-11 Departure, 14-20 Departure Correction, 14-29 Differential Leveling, 7-22 Digitizer, 18-5 Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12 Direction Calculations, 14-13 Comparison Between Azimuths and Bearings, 14-14 Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15 Chaining Analysis of Chaining Errors, 4-18 Analysis of Common Chaining Errors, 4-20 Breaking Chain, 4-5 Chaining a Distance, 4-7 Chaining a Traverse, 4-15 Chaining Basics, 4-3 Reading a Metric Chain, 4-4 Reading an Engineering Chain, 4-4 Chaining Equipment, 4-3 Properly Care for Chains & Chaining Equipment, 4-6 Sources of Error in Chaining, 4-19 Instrumental, 4-19 Natural, 4-19 Personal, 4-19 Traverse Chaining Field Notes, 4-17 . Types of Errors, 4-19 Random, 4-19 Systematic, 4-19 ~MS to DD, 12-15 Double-Centering, 19-43 Double-Check Grade Sheets, 7-55 Drafting, 11-2 CAD, 11-6 Equipment, 11-3 Graphical Scale, 11-13 Legend of Symbols, 11-13 Principles of Lettering, 11-5 Techniques, 11-4 Earthwork, 20-6 Electronic Data Collection, 6-40 Electronic Instruments, 3-29 Elevation, 7-3 Elevations, 8-15 Elevator and Stair Cores, 20-33 Engineering Layout, 1-9 Equipment Equipment Checklists, 1-4 Personal Equipment, 1-3 Equipment Calibration Angle-Measuring Instruments, 10-10 Basic Principles, 10-3
@
Development of a Test Area, 10-4 Hand Level, 10-40 Procedure for Calibration of a Hand Level, 10-41 Laser, 10-31 Procedure for laser calibration, 10-32 Laser Plummets, 10-23 Levels, 10-24 Levels, 10-24 Quick-Peg by One Person, 10-29 Review of the Geometry of a Level, 10-25 The Principal Lines on a Level, 10-25 Two-Peg or Quick-Peg Test, 10-26 Optical Plummet in a Tribrach, 10-22 Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34 Using a Door Frame, 10-38 Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37 Using Tables, 10-35 Testing of a Chain, 10-6 Testing Requirements, 10-4 The Circular Level, 10-22 Total Station, 10-19 Total Station, 10-19 Horizontal Collimation, 10-20 Vertical Index Error, 10-20 Tribrach and Plummets, 10-21 Laser Plummets, 10-23 Review of Instrument Geometry, 10-11 The Circular Level, 10-22 The Optical Plummet, 10-22 Principle Lines Angle-Measuring Instr., 10-11 Establishing a Line, 21-12 Establishing Line on Batter Boards, 19-65 Existing Objects as Benchmarks, 7-48 External E, 16-10
Field Book, 1-15 Field Engineering Field Duties, 1-9 Getting Started and Organized, 1-2 Office Duties, 1-11 Responsibilities, 1-7 Success Characteristics, 1-8 Field Notekeeping, 3-17 Basic Practices, 3-18 Keep Field Book Safe, 3-18 Leave No Room for Interpretation, 3-18 Make References, 3-18 Record Data Exactly, 3-18 Use a Hard Pencil, 3-18 Do Not Erase, 3-21 Guidelines, 3-21 Layout, 3-18 Methods of Notekeeping, 3-23 Sample Combination, 3-24 Sample Description, 3-24
INDEX -17
...
~ construction surveying and layout
Sample Sketch, 3-23 Sample Tabulation, 3-23 Record Everything, 3-21 Use Standard Drafting Techniques, 3-22 Use Standard Lettering Techniques, 3-22 Field Notes Arithmetic Check, 7-20 Field Note Samples Field Notes for Profile Leveling, 7-31 Field Notes for Referencing, 19-20 Field Notes for Bucking In, 19-42 Field Notes for Chaining, 4-14 Field :Notes for Cross-Sectioning, 7-38 Field Notes for Differential Leveling, 7-27 Field Notes for Distances Between Control Points, 6-23 Field Notes for Grid Leveling, 7-42 Field Notes for Horizontal Control Layout, 6-15 Field Notes for Level Loop, 7-19 Field Notes for Leveling, 7-17 Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles with a Chain, 21-22 Field Notes for Measuring Traverse Angles, 5-23 Field Notes for Radial Layout, 6-32 Field Notes for Slope Stake, 19-55 Field Notes for Transferring an Elevation Up a Structure, 7-46 Field Notes for Traverse Chaining, 4-17 Field Notes for Traverse Computation, 14-11 Field Notes for Traverse Data, 14-6 Field Notes for Trigonometric Leveling, 6-39 Rules Related to Field Book Use, 7-21 Field observations, 22-1 Field Work Tips, 22-8 Footings and Foundation, 20-14 Foresight (FS), 7-3 Formulas, 12-2 Foundations, 8-15
GPS, 19-46, 21-5 Calibrate, 9-12 GPS equipment care, 9-12 GPS Project Planning, 9-9 Iobsite Applications, 9-5 Recording log sheets, 9-14 Satellites, 9-11 Standard Practices, 9-7 Advantages, 9-4 Disadvantages, 9-4 Gradient or Grade, 17-5 Calculating Elevations on the~ Gradient, 17-7 Gradient Elevations, 17-4 Negative Gradient, 17-6 Positive Gradient, 17-5 Zero Gradient, 17-6
18 - INDEX
Grading with a Laser, 20-25 Grid Leveling, 7-39 Grids and Contours Method, 18-11 Height of Instrument (ID), 7-3 ID From Two BM's, 7-54 High and Low Points of a Vertical Curve, 17-20 Equation for the High or Low Point, 17-21 Procedure for Calculating a Low Point, 17-21 Horizontal Control, 19-14,20-3 Horizontal Control and Layout, 20-30 Horizontal Curves Formulas, 16-7 Layout by Coordinates, 16-30 Procedure for Coordinate Calculations, 16-32 Procedure for Radial Lines, 16-28 Layout by Deflections, 16-21 Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17 Curve Layout Data, 16-20 Deflection Increment, 16-15 Procedure for Long Chord Layout, 16-26 Procedure for Short Chord Layout, 16-22 Parts of a Horizontal Curve, 16-4 Arc Length, 16-15 Deflections and Chords, 16-14 Degree of Curve, 16-6 External E, 16-10 Length of Curve L, 16-9 Long chord LC, 16-8 Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10 Station Interval, 16-15 Stationing, 16-12 Tangent T, 16-8 Types of Curves, 16-3 Broken-Back, 16-4 Compound Curve, 16-3 Reverse Curve, 16-3 Simple Curve, 16-3 Spiral Curves, 16-4 Index Contour, 11-19 Instrument Angle Error, 19-38 Instrument Care, 3-25 General Instrument Care and Use, 3-27 Attach Instrument Snugly to the Tripod, 3-27 Do Not Touch the Lenses, 3-27 Establish a Wide Foundation, 3-28 Grasp the Instrument Firmly, 3-27 Keep Equipment Dry, 3-28 Keep it Clean, 3-28 Never Leave the Instrument Unattended, 3-28 Silicone Lubricant, 3-31 Transporting Surveying Instruments, 3-26 Carrying the Instrument, 3-27 Keep an Empty Case Closed, 3-27 Transport the Instrument in its Case, 3-27
index
Instrument Setups, 3-51 Procedure for Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52 Procedure for Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54 Procedure for Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57 Instruments Digital Theodolite, 5-9 For Working Alone, 21-5 Geometry of Angle-Measuring Instruments, 5-10 Optical Theodolite, 5-8 Components of Theodolites & Total Stations, 5-12 Total Stations, 5-10 Transit, 5-7 Angle-turning Clamping (Motion) Systems, 5-12 Components of a Transit, 5-11 Use of an Instrument, 20-36 Interior Angles, 14-4 Interpolation, 11-22 Procedure for Interpolation, 11-22 Intersections, 15-13, 19-33 Direction / Direction Intersection, 15-17 Distance / Direction Intersection, 15-16 Distance / Distance Intersection, 15-14 Procedure for Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Inversing, 15-7 Inverse Direction, 15-8 Inverse Distance, 15-11 Land Surveyor Lasers, 21-5 Applications, 8-14 Benefits of using a Laser, 8-3 Calibration, 8-13 Classes of Lasers, 8-5 Fixed,8-5 Rotating, 8-5 Utility, 8-6 Standard Practices, 8-7 Types of Lasers, 8-4 Electronic Level, 8-4 Visible Light Laser, 8-4 Use of the, 20-35 Latitude Correction, 14-28 Latitude, 14-20 Latitudes and Departures, 14-19 Laying Out Distances, 21-9 Layout, 20-28 Baseline, 19-30 Change Technology, 19-7 Checking Layout, 19-7 Intersections, 19-33 Methods, 19-21 Radial Layout, 19-26 Rules of Layout, 19-5 Select the Layout Method, 19-11 Schedule, 1-6
@
Layout Data, 15-24 Procedure to Calculate Layout Data, 15-28 Legend of Symbols, 11-13 Length Correction, 13-8 Length of Curve L, 16-9 Level Rods, 7-8 Rod Levels, 7-10 Rod Use, 7-14 Leveling Differential Leveling Basics, 7-3 Leveling an Instrument, 3-43 Procedure for Electronic Leveling System, 3-49 Procedure for Four-Screw Leveling Head, 3-45 Procedure for Three-Screw LeveJing Head, 3-47 Leveling Instruments, 7-6 Automatic Levels, 7-7 Digital Levels, 7-8 Dumpy Levels, 7-6 Hand Levels, 7-7 Leveling Process Bala.'1ce Backsights and Foresights, 7-16 Carrying a Level, 7-13 Check the Compensator, 7-13 Close the Loop, 7-16 Focusing, 7-13 Setting up, 7-12 Standard Practices, 7-11 Lift Drawings, 11-26 Basics, 11-28 Example Lift Drawings, 11-31 Lift Drawing Checklist, 11-30 Lift-Drawing Preparation and Use, 20-27 Line, 19-36 Linear Error of Closure, 14-23 Location of Embeds, Block-Outs, etc., 20-37 Long BS and Short FS, 19-37 Long chord, LC, 16-8 Long Chords, 16-19 Math Review Algebra, 12-3 Formulas, 12-2 Plane Geometry, 12-4 Trigonometry, 12-5 Measurement Principles, 3-10 Accuracy vs. Precision, 3-13 Accuracy, 3-13 Errors, 3-11 Mistakes vs. Errors, 3-11 Mistakes, 3-11 Precision, 3-13 Measuring a Distance, 21-9 Middle Ordinate MO, 16-10
INDEX - 19
~ construction surveying and layout
Monumentation, 19-13 Moving Up on a Horizontal Curve, 16-35 Procedure for Moving Up, 16-36 Natural Backsights, 19-38 Natural or Quick Foresights, 19-39 Notekeeping for Three-Wire Leveling, 7-50 Obtaining a Back Azimuth, 14-15 Office Work Tips, 22-10 Offset Curves, 16-43 Offset Chord Equations, 16-45 Offset Curve Layout Data, 16-46 Procedure for Offset Chord Layout, 16-47 Offset, 20-9, 20-12 One-Person Surveying, 21-1 3/4/5, 21-21 Approximate Right Angle, 21-13 Distances, 21-6 Chaining, 21-9 Elevations, 21-16 Layout, 21-18 Line, 21-10 Establishing a Line, 21-12 Obtaining a Backsight, 21-11 One-Person 90's, 21-19 Procedure for One-Person Radial, 21-19 Open Traverse, 14-3 Pacing, 21-7 Determine Pace Length, 21-8 Pegging a Level, 21-17 Permanent Backsight, 21-17 Pipelines, 19-48 Planimeter, 18-5 Planning, 1-3 Plumb Bob Plumbing with, 20-31 Use of the, 20-35 Plumbing and Erection, 20-22 Plumbing the Column, 20-31 Plumbing with an Instrument, 20-32 Pocket Laser, 19-58 Precision Calculation and Analysis, 14-24 Preserving Points, 19-17 Primary Control, 19-14 Primary, 19-14 Secondary, 19-14 Working, 19-15 Prism Pole Bubble, 10-34 Procedures for Adjusting Angles, 14-11 Area by Coordinates, 15-33 Area by Geometry, 15-31 Baseline Offset, 19-31
20 -INDEX
Bucking In On Line, 19-40 Calculate Layout Data, 15-28 Calculating Directions, 14-16 Calculating L.E.O.C., 14-24 Calculating Low Point, 17-21 Calculating Unequal Length Curve, 17-17 Calibration, 10-8 Computing Deflections and Chords, 16-17 Coordinate Calculations, 16-33 Cross-Sectioning, 7-35 Differential Leveling, 7-23 Direct and Reverse Angles, 5-18 Direct-Elevation Rod, 8-12 Double-Centering, 19-43 Electronic Leveling System Establishing a Perpendicular Line, 21-14 Four-Screw Leveling Head, 3-45 Grid Leveling, 7-40 Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Laying Out and Staking a Vertical Curve, 17-24 Laying-Out a Point with a Total Station, 6-25 Layout Data, 15-28 Layout of an Angle, 5-26 Long Chord Layout, 16-26 Measuring a Distance with a Chain, 4-8 Measuring Distance & Angle with Total Station, 6-12 Measuring with a Total Station, 6-17 Moving Up On a Horizontal Curve, 16-36 Offset Curve Layout, 16-47 One-Person Radial, 21-19 Profile Leveling, 7-29 Quick-Peg, 10-27 Radial Lines, 16-28 Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53 Setting Grade, 7-55 Setup with a Laser Plummet, 3-57 Setup with a Plumb Bob, 3-52 Setup with an Optical Plummet, 3-54 Short Chord Layout, 16-22 Three-Screw Leveling Head, 3-47 Transferring Elevations, 7-44 Traverse Computations, 14-7 Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36 Using a Door Frame, 10-38 Using a Wall Bracket, 10-37 Using Intersecting Lines, 19-34 Using Tables, 10-35 Wingding Right Angle, 21-13 Zenith Angle Measurement, 5-30 Professional Surveyor, 19-11 Profile Leveling, 7-28 Project Documentation, 1-11 Pythagorean Theorem, 19-23
index @
Quality Control, 1-11 Quantities Determining Area, 18-5 Geometric Formula, 18-5 Radial Layout, 19-26 Rectangular Coordinate System, 15-3 Reference to Primary Control, 20-9 Referencing, 19-18 Re-Section, 15-19 Angle Re-Section, 15-21 Distance Re-Section, 15-20 Retaining Systems, 20-8 Review Tolerances, 22-5 Roadways, 19-47 Robotic Total Station, 21-5 Rules of Layout, 19-5 Rules of Thumb, 22-11 Safety Construction-Site Hazards, 3-8 Crew Protective Equipment, 3-4 Hand Tool Hazards, 3-5 Highway hazards, 3-7 Natural Hazards, 3-6 Personal Protective Equipment, 3-3 Planning for Safety, 1-12 Safety is for life!, 1-12 Safety, 20-5 Sample Site Plans, 11-15 Satellites, 9-11 Signal Reception, 9-12 Schedule, 22-6 Scheduling Daily Scheduling, 1-5 Maintaining the Schedule, 1-13 Sample Layout Schedule, 1-6 Secondary Control, 19-14 Select the Layout Method, 19-11 Setting a Backsight, 21-11 Setting a Slope Stake, 19-53 Setting an Elevation on Batter Boards, 19-66 Setting Benchmarks, 7-48 Setting Grade, 7-53 Setup of a Coordinate System, 15-6 Short Chords, 16-19 Sidewalk Construction, 20-40 Sidewalks, Curbs, and Gutters, 20-38 Significant Figures, 12-3 Site Plans, 11-11 Information on Site Plans, 11-12 Description of Benchmarks, 11-15 Description of Monuments, 11-14 Road Names, 11-15 Sitework, 8-15, 20-4 Slope, 17-5
Slope Correction, 13-12 Slope Staking, 19-50 Building Site, 19-52 Highway Project, 19-52 Setting a Highway Slope Stake, 19-53 and Definitions, 19-51 Software and Computers, 1-4 Stakes, 22-8 Staking, 20-7 Stationing, 16-12 Station Interval, 16-15 Sticks and Strings, 19-61 Story Poles, 19-62 String Lines, 19-66 Characteristics, 19-67 Fastening Techniques, 19-67 Principles and Applications, 19-68 Types of stringlines, 19-66 Structural Steel, 20-20 Structures, 8-15 Symbols See Abbreviations and Symbols Tangent T, 16-8 Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5 Targets, 21-12 Tech Tips, 22-7 Temperature Correction, 13-17 Templates, 21-13 Tension and Sag, 13-6 The Theory of Differential Leveling, 7-4 Three-Wire Leveling, 7-49 Title Block, 11-13 Tolerances, 20-19, 20-22 Common Tolerances for Construction Layout, 3-15 Total Station Layout of a Point, 6-24 Measuring Basics, 6-11 Measuring Details, 6-16 Procedure for Measuring with a Total Station, 6-17 Standard Practices, 6-7 Trigonometric Elevations, 6-33 Types of Total Stations, 6-5 Basic Total Stations, 6-6 Full-Featured Total Stations, 6-6 Reflectorless Total Stations, 6-6 Robotic or Automatic Tracking Total Stations, 6-6 Transferring Elevations, 7-43 Trapezoidal Rule, 18-7 Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25 Traverse Adjustments, 14-26 Com Rule, 14-27 Departure Correction, 14-29 Latitude Correction, 14-28 Traverse Accuracy Standards, 14-25
INDEX - 21
~ construction surveying and layout
Traverse Analysis, 14-24 Traverse Angles, 14-4 Adjustment Options, 14-10 Angle Adjustment, 14-9 Angular Closure, 14-5 Deflection Angles, 14-5 Interior Angles, 14-4 When to Adjust Angles, 14-10 Traverse Computation Sheet, 15-35 Traverse Computations Closed Traverse, 14-3 Open Traverse, 14-3 Traverses, 14-3 Procedure for Traverse Computations, 14-7 Trigonometric Leveling, 6-36 Tripods and Bipods, 21-4 Tripods, 3-29 Position Tripod Legs Properly, 3-30 Keep it Horizontal, 3-30 Keep it Tight, 3-30 Tripods, 3-29 Ensure a Solid Setup, 3-30 Check all Screws and Bolts, 3-31 Maintain Proper Tension, 3-31 Secure Adjustable Legs, 3-31 Tripods, 3-29 Transport Carefully, 3-31 Turnbuckles and Cables, 20-22 Tumbuckles, 21-3 Turning Point (TP), 7-3, 7-14 Turning Point Pin, 7-15 Unequal Length Vertical Curves, 17-16 Procedure for Calculating an Unequal Length Curve, 17-17 Units and Conversions, 12-11 DD to DMS, 12-15 DMS to DD, 12-15 Feet and Inches to Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths, 12-12 Feet to Meters, 12-13 Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths to Feet and Inches, 12-13 Meters to Feet, 12-13 Units of Length, 12-12 Utilities, 20-5 Utility Laser, 19-58 Vertical Alignment, 19-56 Methods, 19-57 Carpenter's Level, 19.58 Plumb Bobs, 19-57 Pocket Laser, 19-58 TransitlTheodolitelTotal Station, 19-60 Utility Laser, 19-58 Zenith Plu=et,19-60
22 -INDEX
Vertical Alignment, 20-35 Vertical Control, 19-15,20-3 Vertical Curves Calculation of the Gradient from PVI to PVI, 17-6 Definitions, 17-5 Equations of the Vertical Curve, 17-13 Gradient or Grade, 17-5 Laying Out and Staking Vertical Curve, 17-24 Parts of the Vertical Curve, 17-10 Point of Vertical Intersection, 17-6 Properties of the Vertical Curve, 17-11 Crest Curve, 17-11 Sag Curve, 17-11 Sy=etry, 17-11 Vertical Curve Layout, 17-23 Vertical, 8-15 Vicinity Map, 11-13 Volume, 12-15 Volumes Average End-Area Method, 18-8 Borrow Pit, 18-12 Contour Areas Method, 18-14 Grids and Contours Method, 18-11 Working Control, 19-15 Working-Alone Tools, 21-3 Carpenter's Tools, 21-3 GPS,21-5 Instruments for Working Alone, 21-5 Lasers, 21-5 Robotic Total Station, 21-5 Sticks and Strings, 21-4 Tape and Tie Wire, 21-5 Tripods and Bipods, 21-4 Zenith Plummet, 19-60
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