Iq Partial Discharge Presentation 4c5518
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An Introduction to On-line Partial Discharge Surveys
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Services
PARTIAL DISCHARGE When high voltage insulating material breaks down Partial Discharges are created, measured in units of charge known as pico-Coulombs or millivolts.
IQ
Services
WHAT IS PARTIAL DISCHARGE? • Electrical discharges occurring inside medium and high voltage insulation (flaws, cracks, voids, irregularities). • These imperfections create voltage stresses and cause eventual failure of the insulation. • Insulation failures begin with and are characterized by small but detectable releases of energy or Partial Discharge.
IQ
PARTIAL DISCHARGE TESTING USED FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
Services
• For many years partial discharge testing has been an IEEE/ANSI standard to identify insulation problems in electrical apparatus before it leaves the factory floor. • Many U.S. and International standards have been developed for partial discharge testing. • Until recently Partial Discharge testing was limited to testing at manufacturer’s laboratories. • Now computers and sophisticated equipment can isolate and detect Partial Discharge occurrences in the field.
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
NO OUTAGE EVALUATION These proven technologies exist today to evaluate medium or high voltage systems while the system is energized.
1. Oil testing/DGA – limited to oil transformers 2. Infrared testing – visible loose connections only 3. Visual inspections – problems may not be visible
4. Power Quality – cannot detect insulation failures 5. Vibration – limited to motors and transformers 6. Partial Discharge Testing – single best all-around test
IQ
Services
PARTIAL DISCHARGE VS. INFRARED
How are Partial Discharge Inspections different from Infrared Inspections? • Infrared identifies electrical current problems (loose connections) that result in heat. The specimen must be visible to the naked eye for the infrared camera to detect a problem.
• Partial Discharge identifies voltage problems that result in insulation breakdown and generation of Partial Discharges. The specimen does not need to be visible for Partial Discharges to be detected.
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
INSULATION BREAKDOWN
Why should we be concerned with insulation breakdown and Partial Discharges?
IQ
Services
INSULATION BREAKDOWN • NFPA 70B states that insulation breakdown is the number one cause of electrical failures. • In medium and high voltage equipment, partial discharges are the first indication of insulation breakdown.
IQ
Services
Total Failures due to Insulation Breakdown Component Transformers Circuit Breakers Disconnect Switches Insulated Switchgear Bus Bus duct Cable Cable ts (splices) Cable Terminations
Based on IEEE Gold Book Table 36
Percentage of insulation failure 84% 21% 15% 95% 90% 89% 91% 87%
IQ
Services
WHAT TYPE OF FACILITES ARE AFFECTED? • INDUSTRIAL - Large Manufacturing, Cogeneration • COMMERCIAL - Research Parks, High Rises • INSTITUTIONAL - Campuses, Hospitals • GOVERNMENTAL - Military Bases, Large Office Complexes • UTILITY - Investor Owned, Municipalities
IQ
Services
WHERE DO PARTIAL DISCHARGES OCCUR? • Electrical Systems > 600V (2.4KV, 4.16 KV, 12KV, etc.)
• Types of Equipment Subject to Partial Discharge -Cables -Circuit Breakers -Switchgear -Insulators -Generators -Surge Arrestors
-Transformers - Instrument Transformers (CT’s, PT’s)
- Bushings - Motors - Capacitors
IQ
Services
ADVANTAGES OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE SURVEYS • PREDICTIVE - failures can be prevented. • NO OUTAGE NECESSARY - does not interrupt operations. • NON-DESTRUCTIVE - no damage to electrical system. • TRENDING - comparison to previous tests possible • PRIORITIZE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES determine which equipment to service first. • PLANNING - allows time to schedule repairs. • FINANCIAL CONTROL – repairs can be budgeted.
IQ
Services
TYPICAL MEDIUM VOLTAGE POWER CABLE CONSTRUCTION
IQ
Services
TYPICAL HIGH VOLTAGE UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM Load Unit Substation
Source Switchgear
Visible Cable Terminations
Visible Cable Terminations
Ground Level
Underground Cable in Conduit (not visible)
IQ
Services
3 STAGES OF CABLE INSULATION FAILURE
IQ
Services
STAGE 1 No problems, minor voids therefore minor partial discharges Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
INSULATION
Imperfections and voids
/ / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION
voids
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
IQ
Services
STAGE 2 Tracking begins Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
INSULATION
/ / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
IQ
Services
STAGE 3 CABLE FAILURE!
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
INSULATION
Blow-up Phase-to-ground
/ / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
IQ
Services
HOW CAN PARTIAL DISCHARGES BE DETECTED? Discharges are detected by special signal processing equipment designed to eliminate outside interference. Capacitive Methods - For Unshielded Components - Dry Type Transformers - Instrument Transformers - Switchgear Inductive Methods - metal enclosed components - Shielded Cables and Components - Oil Filled Transformers - Rotating Apparatus Acoustic Emission Methods - Dry & Oil Transformers - Switchgear - Unshielded Cables
IQ
Services
Test Equipment & Sensors
IQ
Services
Partial Discharge detection of a flaw in a dry type transformer using capacitive coupling Transformer Coil flaw
Detector
Capacitive sensor
IQ
Services
Propagation of Transient Earth Voltages (TEV) in Switchgear High Voltage Bus
Partial discharge site (inside)
Metallic Switchgear cover (signal detected outside)
IQ
Services
Measurements using Capacitive PD sensors
IQ
Services
Switchgear failure due to internal tracking
IQ
Services
Tracking on epoxy resin busbar
IQ
Services
Start of tracking on insulation
IQ
Services
Failed Switchgear Insulation
IQ
Services
Detecting PD Using Airborne Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Sensors
Busbar
Sensor Insulator
IQ
Services
Airborne Acoustic Sensor
IQ
Services
Insulator Failure Prevented
IQ
Services
Partial Discharge detection of a void in a shielded cable using inductive coupling. Insulation Conductor Shield (grounded)
Void
+ Detector
Inductive Sensor
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
High Frequency Current Transformer Used to Test Cable in High Voltage Substation
IQ
Services
Failing Terminations
IQ
Services
Molded Cable Accessory Failure
IQ
Services
Splice Void
IQ
Services
Shield Delamination Causing Partial Discharge
IQ
Services
Poor Workmanship Causing Partial Discharge
IQ
Services
Case Study
Testing 15kV cables
On-line testing of cables
PD damage to termination
Services
Identifying & Prioritising Circuits Most at Risk Using On-Line PD Survey L IV E L IN E P A R T IA L D IS C H A R G E S U R V E Y R E S U L T S O F 629 HV FE E D E RS
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
A C TIO N 200
FEEDERS
610
589
568
547
526
484
463
442
421
400
379
358
337
316
295
274
253
232
211
190
168
147
126
105
84
63
42
21
0
505
CONCE RN
100
1
m V D i s c h a rg e
IQ
IQ
Services
PD Survey - Worst 30 Results
IQ
Services
PERFORMING A PARTIAL DISCHARGE SURVEY
• Analyze the single line drawing to develop plan • Onsite Measurement – Removal of equipment covers. – Record field data. – Obtain signatures of atypical components.
• Offsite Data Analysis – – – –
Correlate measurements to single line drawing. Compare atypical results to like insulation from database. Analyze signatures. Trend Results.
• Report Generation
– Recognize immediate failure possibilities. – Recommend possible repairs. – Recommend possible resurvey frequency.
IQ
Services
SUMMARY • Electric Insulation will fail. • Predicting failures is now possible through Partial Discharge Analysis. • No outage is required to survey the equipment. • Results can be prioritized and trended. • Partial Discharge Surveys should be performed annually.
IQ
Services
We apologize to every electrical professional for taking 252 years to prevent your failures.
Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity in 1752. This year we launched an easy to use, cost effective “no-outage” electrical inspection technology that detects medium and high voltage equipment problems before they fail!
Services
An Introduction to On-line Partial Discharge Surveys
IQ
Services
PARTIAL DISCHARGE When high voltage insulating material breaks down Partial Discharges are created, measured in units of charge known as pico-Coulombs or millivolts.
IQ
Services
WHAT IS PARTIAL DISCHARGE? • Electrical discharges occurring inside medium and high voltage insulation (flaws, cracks, voids, irregularities). • These imperfections create voltage stresses and cause eventual failure of the insulation. • Insulation failures begin with and are characterized by small but detectable releases of energy or Partial Discharge.
IQ
PARTIAL DISCHARGE TESTING USED FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
Services
• For many years partial discharge testing has been an IEEE/ANSI standard to identify insulation problems in electrical apparatus before it leaves the factory floor. • Many U.S. and International standards have been developed for partial discharge testing. • Until recently Partial Discharge testing was limited to testing at manufacturer’s laboratories. • Now computers and sophisticated equipment can isolate and detect Partial Discharge occurrences in the field.
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
NO OUTAGE EVALUATION These proven technologies exist today to evaluate medium or high voltage systems while the system is energized.
1. Oil testing/DGA – limited to oil transformers 2. Infrared testing – visible loose connections only 3. Visual inspections – problems may not be visible
4. Power Quality – cannot detect insulation failures 5. Vibration – limited to motors and transformers 6. Partial Discharge Testing – single best all-around test
IQ
Services
PARTIAL DISCHARGE VS. INFRARED
How are Partial Discharge Inspections different from Infrared Inspections? • Infrared identifies electrical current problems (loose connections) that result in heat. The specimen must be visible to the naked eye for the infrared camera to detect a problem.
• Partial Discharge identifies voltage problems that result in insulation breakdown and generation of Partial Discharges. The specimen does not need to be visible for Partial Discharges to be detected.
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
INSULATION BREAKDOWN
Why should we be concerned with insulation breakdown and Partial Discharges?
IQ
Services
INSULATION BREAKDOWN • NFPA 70B states that insulation breakdown is the number one cause of electrical failures. • In medium and high voltage equipment, partial discharges are the first indication of insulation breakdown.
IQ
Services
Total Failures due to Insulation Breakdown Component Transformers Circuit Breakers Disconnect Switches Insulated Switchgear Bus Bus duct Cable Cable ts (splices) Cable Terminations
Based on IEEE Gold Book Table 36
Percentage of insulation failure 84% 21% 15% 95% 90% 89% 91% 87%
IQ
Services
WHAT TYPE OF FACILITES ARE AFFECTED? • INDUSTRIAL - Large Manufacturing, Cogeneration • COMMERCIAL - Research Parks, High Rises • INSTITUTIONAL - Campuses, Hospitals • GOVERNMENTAL - Military Bases, Large Office Complexes • UTILITY - Investor Owned, Municipalities
IQ
Services
WHERE DO PARTIAL DISCHARGES OCCUR? • Electrical Systems > 600V (2.4KV, 4.16 KV, 12KV, etc.)
• Types of Equipment Subject to Partial Discharge -Cables -Circuit Breakers -Switchgear -Insulators -Generators -Surge Arrestors
-Transformers - Instrument Transformers (CT’s, PT’s)
- Bushings - Motors - Capacitors
IQ
Services
ADVANTAGES OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE SURVEYS • PREDICTIVE - failures can be prevented. • NO OUTAGE NECESSARY - does not interrupt operations. • NON-DESTRUCTIVE - no damage to electrical system. • TRENDING - comparison to previous tests possible • PRIORITIZE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES determine which equipment to service first. • PLANNING - allows time to schedule repairs. • FINANCIAL CONTROL – repairs can be budgeted.
IQ
Services
TYPICAL MEDIUM VOLTAGE POWER CABLE CONSTRUCTION
IQ
Services
TYPICAL HIGH VOLTAGE UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM Load Unit Substation
Source Switchgear
Visible Cable Terminations
Visible Cable Terminations
Ground Level
Underground Cable in Conduit (not visible)
IQ
Services
3 STAGES OF CABLE INSULATION FAILURE
IQ
Services
STAGE 1 No problems, minor voids therefore minor partial discharges Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
INSULATION
Imperfections and voids
/ / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION
voids
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
IQ
Services
STAGE 2 Tracking begins Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
INSULATION
/ / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
IQ
Services
STAGE 3 CABLE FAILURE!
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
INSULATION
Blow-up Phase-to-ground
/ / / /CONDUCTOR / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / INSULATION
Jacket, Shield, Semi-conducting shield
IQ
Services
HOW CAN PARTIAL DISCHARGES BE DETECTED? Discharges are detected by special signal processing equipment designed to eliminate outside interference. Capacitive Methods - For Unshielded Components - Dry Type Transformers - Instrument Transformers - Switchgear Inductive Methods - metal enclosed components - Shielded Cables and Components - Oil Filled Transformers - Rotating Apparatus Acoustic Emission Methods - Dry & Oil Transformers - Switchgear - Unshielded Cables
IQ
Services
Test Equipment & Sensors
IQ
Services
Partial Discharge detection of a flaw in a dry type transformer using capacitive coupling Transformer Coil flaw
Detector
Capacitive sensor
IQ
Services
Propagation of Transient Earth Voltages (TEV) in Switchgear High Voltage Bus
Partial discharge site (inside)
Metallic Switchgear cover (signal detected outside)
IQ
Services
Measurements using Capacitive PD sensors
IQ
Services
Switchgear failure due to internal tracking
IQ
Services
Tracking on epoxy resin busbar
IQ
Services
Start of tracking on insulation
IQ
Services
Failed Switchgear Insulation
IQ
Services
Detecting PD Using Airborne Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Sensors
Busbar
Sensor Insulator
IQ
Services
Airborne Acoustic Sensor
IQ
Services
Insulator Failure Prevented
IQ
Services
Partial Discharge detection of a void in a shielded cable using inductive coupling. Insulation Conductor Shield (grounded)
Void
+ Detector
Inductive Sensor
IQ
Services
IQ
Services
High Frequency Current Transformer Used to Test Cable in High Voltage Substation
IQ
Services
Failing Terminations
IQ
Services
Molded Cable Accessory Failure
IQ
Services
Splice Void
IQ
Services
Shield Delamination Causing Partial Discharge
IQ
Services
Poor Workmanship Causing Partial Discharge
IQ
Services
Case Study
Testing 15kV cables
On-line testing of cables
PD damage to termination
Services
Identifying & Prioritising Circuits Most at Risk Using On-Line PD Survey L IV E L IN E P A R T IA L D IS C H A R G E S U R V E Y R E S U L T S O F 629 HV FE E D E RS
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
A C TIO N 200
FEEDERS
610
589
568
547
526
484
463
442
421
400
379
358
337
316
295
274
253
232
211
190
168
147
126
105
84
63
42
21
0
505
CONCE RN
100
1
m V D i s c h a rg e
IQ
IQ
Services
PD Survey - Worst 30 Results
IQ
Services
PERFORMING A PARTIAL DISCHARGE SURVEY
• Analyze the single line drawing to develop plan • Onsite Measurement – Removal of equipment covers. – Record field data. – Obtain signatures of atypical components.
• Offsite Data Analysis – – – –
Correlate measurements to single line drawing. Compare atypical results to like insulation from database. Analyze signatures. Trend Results.
• Report Generation
– Recognize immediate failure possibilities. – Recommend possible repairs. – Recommend possible resurvey frequency.
IQ
Services
SUMMARY • Electric Insulation will fail. • Predicting failures is now possible through Partial Discharge Analysis. • No outage is required to survey the equipment. • Results can be prioritized and trended. • Partial Discharge Surveys should be performed annually.
IQ
Services
We apologize to every electrical professional for taking 252 years to prevent your failures.
Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity in 1752. This year we launched an easy to use, cost effective “no-outage” electrical inspection technology that detects medium and high voltage equipment problems before they fail!
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