125617332 Hybrid Rice Breeding Seed Production Ppt 4g5h5o

Hybrid Rice Breeding & Seed Production FANGMING XIE International Rice Research Institute DAPO BOX 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines [email protected]

What is Hybrid Rice?

The first generation offspring of a rice cross between two genetically diverse parents

How Hybrid Rice?

Normal Rice Spikelet (self pollinated crop)

Sterile Rice Spikelet

Hybrid Seed Production

(Male Sterility)

(Male Sterile x Normal Rice)

Why Hybrid Rice?  Heterosis (Hybrid vigor) Application to Increase: • Productivity (yield/unit/time, 15-20% of yield advantage), and • Economic returns

 Heterosis  A universal phenomenon that F1 generation shows superiority to both parents in agronomic traits or yield  It presents in all biological systems and has been exploited commercially in many agricultural crops.

How to Measure heterosis? Mid-Parent (MP) heterosis (F1 performs better than mean of two parents):

F1-MP X100 MP

Better Parent (BP) heterosis (F1 performs better than better parent):

F1-BP X100 BP

Standard heterosis* (F1 performs better than the check variety):

F1-CK X100 CK

* Standard heterosis is the most useful term in commercial crop production

Male Sterility Systems in Rice  Male sterility: a condition in which the pollen grain is unviable or cannot germinate and fertilize normally to set seeds.  Male Sterility Systems (genetic and non-genetic):  Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS) Male sterility is controlled by the interaction of a genetic factor (S) present in the cytoplasm and nuclear gene (s).  Environment-sensitive genic male sterility (EGMS) Male sterility system is controlled by nuclear gene expression, which is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature (TGMS), daylength (PGMS), or both (TPGMS).  Chemically induced male sterility Male sterility is induced by some chemicals (gametocides)

Brief history of hybrid rice  1926 - Heterosis in rice reported  1964 - China started hybrid rice research  1970 - China discovered a commercially usable genetic tool for hybrid rice (male sterility in a wild rice = Wide Abortive )  1973 - PTGMS rice was found in China  1974 - First commercial three-line rice hybrid released in China  1976 - Large scale hybrid rice commercialization began in China  1979 - IRRI revived research on hybrid rice  1981 - PTGMS rice genetics and application was confirmed  1982 - Yield superiority of rice hybrids in the tropics confirmed (IRRI)  1990s - India and Vietnam started hybrid rice programs with IRRI  1991 - More than 50% of China’s riceland planted to hybrids  1994 - First commercial two-line rice hybrid released in China  1994 - 1998 - Commercial rice hybrids released in India, Philippines Vietnam

5

8

0

0

Year Total R ice Area

Hybrid Rice Area

% of Hybrid rice Area

% of hybrid rice area

16

2002

10

2000

24

1998

15

1996

32

1994

20

1992

40

1990

25

1988

48

1986

30

1984

56

1982

35

1980

64

1978

40

1976

Area (million ha)

Rice and Hybrid Rice Production in China

Rice Grain Yield in China Rice Grain Yield in China 7500 7000

6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500

Year Hybrid rice

Inbred rice

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1978

3000 1976

Grain yield (kg/ha)

6500

Hybrid Rice Area in other Asia Countries Country

Hybrid Rice Area (1,000 ha) 1997

Bangladesh India

100

2001

2004

2005

2006

15

50

90

150 (Exp)

200

560

NA

10

NA

Indonesia Myanmar

2

42

NA

Philippines

13

189

367 NA

Vietnam

188

480

650

Total

288

710

1,445

300(DS)

100

3.8

0

3.2

Yield (t/ha)

4.4

2003

200

2002

5.0

2001

300

2000

5.6

1999

400

1998

6.2

1997

500

1996

6.8

1995

600

1994

7.4

1993

700

1992

Area (1,000 ha)

Hybrid Rice Production in Vietnam

Year Are a (1000 ha )

Hybrid Rice Yie ld (t/ha )

Na tiona l a ve ra ge rice yirld (t/ha )

Two Commercial Systems for Hybrid Rice

Requirements for 3 Lines in CMS System  A-line  Stable Sterility  Well developed floral traits for outcrossing  Easily, wide-spectum, & strongly to be restored  B-line  Well developed floral traits with large pollen load  Good combining ability  R-line  Strong restore ability  Good combining ability  Taller than A-line  Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing

TGMS and two-line hybrid Temperature Reproductive Upper Limit

high

 Based on the discovery of P(T)GMS mutant

Sterile F1 Seed Production

Critical Sterility Point

 Male sterility controlled by 1 or 2 pairs of recessive gene(s)

Partial Sterility

Critical Fertility Point Fertile S-line Multiplication

low

Reproductive Lower Limit

Model of Sterility / Fertility Expression for TGMS Rice

Flow chart of 3-Line H ybrid R ice E valuation and S eed P roduction Elite C M S line

SO UR C E NU RS ERY T o evaluate parents and m ake testcross

Elite lines from different sources B & R line B reeding Program P line Breeding Progam

CM S B AC KCR O SS N UR SERY

TESTCRO S S NUR SERY

BC2- BC4, C MS Evaluation

T o identify B, R & P lines

R & P Line

Backcross C M S pairs (BC 1) Prem arily heterosis evaluation, 2 rows w/ parent

H ybrid Seed Production for O YT Isolation B ags or hand-crossing

AxB Paircross B reeder Seeds

RETE STCR O SS N U RSE RY (O YT) Re-evaluate F1 hybrids S tage 1, 1 rep, 3 rows

Hybrid Seed Production for PY T Isloated Net or bags

AxB Increase Core Seeds

Prelim inary Yield Trial (PY T) Stage 2, 1 rep, plot Hybrid S eed Production for AYT & N Y T

AxB Seed Production

Advanced Y ield Trial (AYT)

Foundation Seeds

Stage 3, 3 reps, plot

AxB Seed Production

N ational Yield Trial

Certified Seeds A & B Line Release

Stage 4, 3-4 reps, m uti-location, 2-years O n-Farm Trial (S trip Trial)

Isolation B lock

H ybrid P ilot Seed Production Isolation B lock Hybrid and R line R elease

F lo w c ha rt o f 2 -L in e H yb rid R ice E va lu a tio n an d S eed P ro d u ctio n SO URCE NURSERY TG M S L in e B reed in g

T o e valua te paren ts and m ak e testcross

E lite lines from d ifferent source s B & R lin e B reed ing P rog ram P ollinato r lin e B ree ding P rog am

B re eder S ee ds

TE S TC R O S S N U R S E R Y T o identify T G M S & P lines

C o re S e eds F ound ation S ee d

P re m arily heterosis evaluation , 2 row s w / parent

TG M S Lin e R elease

Isolatio n B ag s o r han d-cro ssing

R E TE S TC R O S S N U R S E R Y (O Y T) R e-evaluate F1 hybrids

C ertified S eed s

H yb rid S eed P rodu ctio n for O Y T

S tag e 1, 1 rep, 3 row s

H ybrid S eed P rod uction fo r P Y T Isloated N et or bag s

P relim ina ry Y ield Trial (P Y T) S tag e 2 , 1 rep, plot

H yb rid S eed P ro duction for AY T & N Y T Isolation B lock

Advan ced Y ield Trial (AY T) S ta g e 3, 3 reps, plo t H ybrid P ilot S eed P ro d uc tion N atio nal Y ield Tria l

Isolation B lock

S tag e 4, 3-4 re ps, m uti-location, 2-years H yb rid an d R lin e R eleas e O n -Farm Tria l (S trip Trial)

Advantage & Disadvantage of 3-line hybrid rice system  Advantages  Stable male sterility  Disadvantages  Limit germplasm source (CMS, Restorer)  Dominant CMS cytoplasm in large area (WA)  One more step for parental seed production  Time consuming of CMS breeding

Advantage & Disadvantage of 2-line hybrid rice system  Advantages  Simplified procedure of hybrid seed production  Multiple and diverse germplasm available as parents  Any line could be bred as female  97% (2-line) vs 5% (3-line) of germplasm as male  Increased chance of developing desirable & heterotic hybrids  Multiple cytoplasm courses as female parents  Disadvantages  Environmental effect on sterility could cause seed purity problem

Two-line hybrid production in China

600

6600

400

6400

200

6200

0 1998

1996

Year 2-line Hybrid Yield

A ll Hybrid Yield

Area

Area (1000 ha)

6800

2003

800

2002

7000

2001

1000

2000

7200

1999

1200

1997

7400

1995

1400

1994

7600

1993

1600

1992

7800

1991

Yield (kg/ha)

Tw o Line Hy brid Rice In China

Hybrid Rice Seed Standard H y b r id R ic e S e e d S ta n d a r d (G B 4 4 0 4 .1 - 1 9 9 6 , C h in a )

Seed

C la s s

S t e r ile L in e

C o re

P u r it y C le a n lin e sGs e r m in a t io n M o is tu r e ( > %) ( > %) ( > %) ( < %) 9 9 .9

M a ia n t a ie r R e s to re H y b r id

8 5 .0 F o u n d a tio n9 9 .0 1st

9 8 .0

2nd

9 6 .0

9 8 .0

8 0 .0

1 3 .0 ( in d ic a ) 1 4 .5 ( ja p o n ic a )

1 3 .0

Mission of IRRI Hybrid Rice Program  Developing germplasm, parents and hybrids as internationally public goods  Research new technology for breeding and seed production  Collaboration with NARS and private sectors in hybrid rice research and production  Promotion of exchange of information, technology, scientist and germplasm

Strategy of IRRI Hybrid Rice Program  Focusing on conventional tools and integrate them with proven non-conventional methods to develop the technology  Developing parental lines, especially female parents with high outcrossing and high quality, to promote hybrid rice spreading  Facilitating development of close partnership between public and private sectors in national programs  Intensifying agronomic research to get maximized manifestation of heterosis in hybrids

Release of IRRI Hybrids in Different Countries (1994-2005) IRRI Hybrid

Released as

Country

Year released

IR64610H

MGR-1

India

1994

IR64611H

KRH-1

India

1994

IR64616H

Magat

Philippines

1994

IR65489H

DRRH-1

India

1996

IR68284H

Mestizo 1

Philippines

1997

IR69690H

Sahyadri

India

1998

IR69690H

HYT-57

Vietnam

1999

IR69690H

BRRI Dhan Hybrid 1

Bangladesh

2001

IR69690H

Rokan

Indonesia

2002

IR75207H

Mestizo 2

Philippines

2002

IR75217H

Mestizo 3

Philippines

2002

IR78386H

Mestizo 7

Philippines

2005

Release of Hybrids by using IRRI Germplasm in Different Countries (1994-2004) Hybrids released by NARS using IRRIbred CMS lines Hybrid name

Country

Year released

APHR-1

India

1994

APHR-2

India

1994

CNRH-3

India

1995

KRH-2

India

1996

Pant Sankar Dhan-1

India

1997

ADTRH-1

India

1998

CORH-2

India

1998

Narendra Sankar Dhan-2

India

1998

Rokan

Indonesia

2002

Maro

Indonesia

2002

Hipa 3

Indonesia

2004

Hipa 4

Indonesia

2004

Hybrids derived from IRRI-bred parental lines and commercialized by private sector Hybrid name

Country

Year released

Biganti

Philippines

2004

Intani 1

Indonesia

2001

Intani 2

Indonesia

2001

PHB-71

India

1997

Proagro 6201

India

2000

HR 120 (6444)

India

2001

Germplasm Shared

“Super high-yielding” hybrid rice breeding in China P ro g r e s s o f " S u p e r H ig h -Y ie ld in g " H y b rid R ic e P r o g ra m in C h in a G o a l (s in g le -s e a s o n ) S ta g e

Y ie ld (t/h a )

Y e a rs

P r o g r e s s (2 0 0 6 ) B r e e d in g

C o m m e r c ia liz a tio n

L a r g e a r e a e x te n s io n

S ta rt

8 .2 5

Phase I

1 0 .5

1996 - 2000

F in is h e d

P h a s e II

1 2 .0

2000 - 2005

F in is h e d

P h a s e III

1 3 .5

2005 - 2010

S ta r te d

1997

S ta r te d

Morphological Model of Super High-yielding Hybrid Rice  Plant height = 100 cm, with culm length = 70 cm  Uppermost three leaves:  Flag leaf, long, 50 cm, higher than the panicle top 20 cm. The 2nd leaf from the top: 10% longer than the flag leaf, and over the top of the panicle. The 3rd leaf = the middle position of the panicle  Erect: the leaf angles of the flag, 2nd and 3rd leaves are around 5, 10, 20 degrees, till mature  Narrow, V-shape and thick: narrow with 2 cm when flattened.  Plant type: moderate compact with moderate tillering capacity; drooping panicles after filled, above ground ~ 60 cm, erect-leaved canopy without appearance of the panicles  Panicle weight and number: grain weight per panicle = 5 g, 2.7 million panicles per hectare.  Leaf area index (LAI) and ratio of leaf area to grains: the LAI is ~ 6.5 based on the uppermost three leaves, the ratio of leaf area to grain weight is 100 : 2.2-2.3, meaning that to produce 2.2-2.3 grams of rice, 100 cm2 of the upper three functional leaves are needed.  Harvest index > 0.55

Hybrid Heterosis in Rice

Indica x japonica Indica x javanica japonica x javanica indica x indica japonica x japonica

Inter-subspecific hybrid rice breeding  Difficult in breeding inter-subspecific hybrid rice  Low seed set  Tall plant height  Poor grain-filling  Late maturity  Grain quality market  Solution for breeding of inter-subspecific hybrid rice  wide compatibility (WC) genes  allelic dwarf gene  indica/javanica hybrids in indica rice growing region  japonica/javanica hybrids in japonica rice growing

Future Opportunity: Enhance yield heterosis  Exploiting subspecies heterosis  Applying biotechnology for parent selection (heterotic groups and/or heterotic gene blocks Enhanced yield heterosis in indica / NPT hybrids compared to indica / indica hybrids (retestcross, IRRI, 2004WS) Hybrid

# of heterotic hybrids

Total # of hybrids

% of heterotic hybrids

Yield advantage (%) over best inbred check Range

Mean

indica / indica

34

85

40

1-80

29

Indica / NPT

20

40

50

6-131

42

Future Opportunity: Increase yield of hybrid seed production Performance of hybrid seed production in tropical countries (2003-2004)

Yield (kg/ha) Country

Mean

Range

India

1,600

1,000 – 4,500

Vietnam

2,000

1,500 – 3,500

Philippines

810 (04DS)

600 – 2,000

Bangladesh

800

600 – 2,000

Indonesia

500

300 – 1,600

2,750

1,500 – 6,000

China

 Developing high outcrossing parents  Improving seed production technology  Training seed growers  Selecting adequate location / season

Hybrid Rice Seed Production in China 350

3000

300

2500

250

2000

200

1500

150

1000

100

500

50

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

0 1978

0

Year Yield

Area

Linear (Yield)

Linear (Area)

Area (1000 ha)

3500

1976

Yield (kg/ha)

Hybrid Rice Seed Production in China

Hybrid Rice Seed Production In Asia

In United Sates

Future Opportunity: Improve hybrid rice grain quality Measurements of Rice Grain Quality:  Milling yield  Total milling yield  Whole milling yield  Chalk  Amylose content  Gel Temperature (ASV)  Length, width, L/W  Protein  Aroma

Future Opportunity: Improve hybrid rice grain quality Rice grain quality of inbreds and hybrids*

Trait

Inbred

Hybrid

Total Milling (%)

69.1

68.2

Whole Milling (%)

48.7

45.4

Chalk (%)

13.5

20.6

Amylose (%

19.8

20.6

GT

4.3

5.5

Length

6.9

7.1

L/W

3.2

3.3

Data from National Cooperative Testing (NCT), Philippines, 2004-2005

Difference of Whole Milling Yield and Chalk between Inbreds and Hybrids Whole Milling Yield and Chalk in Hybrids and Inbreds (NCT, 2004-2005, Philippines) 60

Average Whole Milling (%)

Average Chalk (%)

40

Chalk (%)

Hybrid = 45.4 Inbred = 48.7

50

30

20

Hybrid = 20.6 Inbred = 13.5

10

0 20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Whole Milling Yield (%) Hybrid

Inbred

55

60

65

Difference of Whole Milling Yield and Chalk between Inbreds and Hybrids D i s tr i b u ti o n o f C h a l k

D is tr ib u ti o n o f W h o l e M i ll i n g Y ie l d

45

35

40

30

35

25

30

20

% of Entries

% of Entries

40

15 10

20 15 10

5 0 <30

25

5

30-35

H y b r id ( n = 1 1 3 ) 0 35 -4 0

40 -4 5

4 5 -5 0

M illin g Y ie ld R a n g e

In b r e d ( n = 1 6 ) 50-55

>55

Data source: 2004 and 2005 NCT, Philippines

<5

H y b r id ( n = 8 0 ) 5 -1 0

10 -1 5

15-20

C h a lk R a n g e

In b r e d ( n = 1 4 ) 20-25

>25

Future Opportunity: Develop hybrids for unfavorable environments Hybrids Have Substantially Improved Yield under Severe Lowland Stress (ca. 1 t/ha). (IRRI, G. Atlin, 2005) IRRI DS 2004-5 8000

5000

18.1%

7000

IRRI DS 2005

Yield advantage

4500

10.5% 4000

5000 4000

2000

78.6% 100% 100%

83%

43% 89%

29%

Grain Yield (kg/ha)

Grain Yield (kg/ha)

6000

3000

1.9%

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

1000 Full

A lternate Wetting & drying Ir r igation M e thod Hybrid (n=2) Inbred (n=6)

Drought

49.8%

100%

67% 46%

100%

1000 Non-stress

Stress Environm e nt

Hybrid (n=3)

Inbred (n=7)

Future Opportunity: Improve agronomic management and deployment strategy Unhealthy

Healthy canopy

ShanYou 63 grown under different nitrogen management (S. Peng, IRRI)