27 Succession-s-rennel Burgos 71541k
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RENNEL BURGOS
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
Succession How do ecosystems develop over time?
Why? On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens in the state of Washington erupted with the force of a hydrogen bomb. The volcano had been dormant for over 120 years, but now 57 people were dead and forests and lakes were totally destroyed, including nearby Spirit Lake, which became a mud hole. The blast leveled trees in areas over 10 miles from the crater and ash deposits suffocated life on the mountain. However, within weeks, mammals that had taken shelter underground started to reappear in the area, and now, over thirty years later, many areas of the mountain are colonized with a large variety of plant and animal life. How does an area move from a sterile, barren wilderness to one full of life?
Succession
1
Model 1 – Primary Succession
1. Refer to Model 1. a. On what type of land does primary succession first begin to occur? Barren land b. Does there appear to be any life on the land when primary succession begins? No c. Why would most plants such as shrubs and trees find it difficult to grow here? There is no soil but rock, roots are not able to take hold and nutrients are loss. 2. Refer to diagram B in Model 1. 2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
a. What are the first organisms (colonizers) on this land? Small ferns, mosses and lichens. b. Suggest the mechanisms by which the first colonizers arrived on the land. Seeds are blown by the wind or the seeds are dropped by other birds.
Read This! The first colonizers are referred to as the pioneer community. These can include lichens, mosses, ferns, and bacteria—all organisms with low nutrient requirements. As they colonize, they break the weathered rock surface, which helps to create the first thin layer of soil. Without soil other plant life cannot be sustained and without plants no animal life can exist. 3. Refer to Model 1. a. Which diagram illustrates a pioneer community? Diagram B illustrates a pioneer community. b. What are some of the features of the pioneer community? Some features are low nutrient requirements, small or low roots systems grow. 4. Notice the colonizers in diagrams C and D are taller and require more nutrients than those in the pioneer community. Considering what you already know about plants and photosynthesis, why might it be a competitive advantage for a plant to be taller? Plants that are taller tend to receive more sunlight and because of that they shade or prevent other small plants from sunlight and in this case competition is decreased since the main source plants use to make their food is sunlight through photosynthesis. 5. What happens to the pioneer organisms once the new colonizers become established? The pioneer organism decreases because they are actually struggling to survive.
Succession
3
Read This! As the newer colonizers begin to take over, animals will also begin to appear so they can feed on the more diverse food source. The pioneer plants die and decompose and the animals leave behind manure. Both add to the thin soil layer.
6. What effect will the addition of animal waste and decayed plant matter have on the soil and land? Dead plants which decay and enrich the soil with humus and nutrients.
7. How will grazing animals help plants to become established? The foot prints left behind are used to set the seeds when dispersed, the manure fertilizes the seed.
8. How will the grazing animals prevent or control further colonization by other plants? The level animals can prevent or control further colonization by other plants by the level impact of grazing which impacts any further succession by eating the shoots of the young or developing plants.
9. Using the diagrams in Model 1 as a guide to develop a definition with your group for the term primary succession, as it relates to the colonizing of barren land. Is the growth and reduction of a plants population since the beginning consisting of barren rocks that has no initial soil layer.
Read This! As soil quality and quantity improves, the life forms present in the area undergo a series of changes, each referred to as a seral stage. Eventually a stable climax community is formed.
4
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
10. Label the pictures in Model 1 as pioneer community, seral stages, and climax community. A. pioneer community B. pioneer community C. seral stages D. seral stages E. climax community 11. Most climax communities are mature forests. What features of mature forest species, such as oak trees, make them able to dominate and compete in the ecosystem? Taller trees tend to cover smaller trees from sunlight, the taller trees benefit meaning that they out compete the small trees since they receive all the sunlight required to produce their own food.
12. What environmental factors may affect the type of climax community that develops in an ecosystem? Temperature, humidity/ rain availability and sunlight availability.
Succession
5
a. What stage of development does diagram A represent? Climax community b. What appears to have happened in diagram B? A forest has been burned by fire c. What could be two causes of this event? Fire caused by man, and also could be caused by lightning hitting a tree. d. What process will begin again after this event has occurred? The succession process. 14. Can the ecosystem totally recover from this set-back? What evidence is given in Model 2? 6
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
Diagram F displays an evidence in which the ecosystem is recovered 15. What effect does an existing soil presence have on the seral stages of secondary succession and the time it takes to return to the climax community compared to primary succession? Give your answer in complete sentences and justify your reasoning. - there is no colonizing by lichens and mosses; soil is present and it speeds up the recovery time from hundreds of years to tens of years.
16. Why is the title of Model 2 Secondary Succession rather than Primary Succession? -the climax community was set on fire and as a result make an area of soil rather than a barren land.
17.
Consider each event below and determine if the recovery
process for the environment will happen by primary succession or secondary succession.
a. Melting, receding glaciers.- primary
b Logging a wooded area.- secondary
c. Major fl ooding of a creek bed.- secondary d. Volcanic eruption with lava flow.- primary 18. Are these destructive methods always natural? Explain your answer.- no, man tends to cause deforestation for land development or lumber.
Succession
7
19. Human activity may alter or “defl ect” the natural course of
succession, which leads to a change in the climax community. An example of a human activity that defl ects succession would be grass mowing. The climax community that develops from a defl ected succession is called a plagioclimax community. Suggest some other human actions that may lead to plagioclimax communities. - control burning, animal grazing, harvesting, and planting.
Extension Question 20. Large canopy trees in rainforests reduce light penetration to the forest floor and slow down the growth of tree saplings. In a dense forest, selective logging is often used as a means of conservation, rather than clear cutting large sections of land. Why might selective logging be considered preferable to clear cutting? It will clear small areas for sunlight to reach in the forest floor and allowing other saplings to increase their growth and eventually cover the gap again. If large areas are cut it will take longer to fill in the gap.
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
Succession
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
9
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
Succession How do ecosystems develop over time?
Why? On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens in the state of Washington erupted with the force of a hydrogen bomb. The volcano had been dormant for over 120 years, but now 57 people were dead and forests and lakes were totally destroyed, including nearby Spirit Lake, which became a mud hole. The blast leveled trees in areas over 10 miles from the crater and ash deposits suffocated life on the mountain. However, within weeks, mammals that had taken shelter underground started to reappear in the area, and now, over thirty years later, many areas of the mountain are colonized with a large variety of plant and animal life. How does an area move from a sterile, barren wilderness to one full of life?
Succession
1
Model 1 – Primary Succession
1. Refer to Model 1. a. On what type of land does primary succession first begin to occur? Barren land b. Does there appear to be any life on the land when primary succession begins? No c. Why would most plants such as shrubs and trees find it difficult to grow here? There is no soil but rock, roots are not able to take hold and nutrients are loss. 2. Refer to diagram B in Model 1. 2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
a. What are the first organisms (colonizers) on this land? Small ferns, mosses and lichens. b. Suggest the mechanisms by which the first colonizers arrived on the land. Seeds are blown by the wind or the seeds are dropped by other birds.
Read This! The first colonizers are referred to as the pioneer community. These can include lichens, mosses, ferns, and bacteria—all organisms with low nutrient requirements. As they colonize, they break the weathered rock surface, which helps to create the first thin layer of soil. Without soil other plant life cannot be sustained and without plants no animal life can exist. 3. Refer to Model 1. a. Which diagram illustrates a pioneer community? Diagram B illustrates a pioneer community. b. What are some of the features of the pioneer community? Some features are low nutrient requirements, small or low roots systems grow. 4. Notice the colonizers in diagrams C and D are taller and require more nutrients than those in the pioneer community. Considering what you already know about plants and photosynthesis, why might it be a competitive advantage for a plant to be taller? Plants that are taller tend to receive more sunlight and because of that they shade or prevent other small plants from sunlight and in this case competition is decreased since the main source plants use to make their food is sunlight through photosynthesis. 5. What happens to the pioneer organisms once the new colonizers become established? The pioneer organism decreases because they are actually struggling to survive.
Succession
3
Read This! As the newer colonizers begin to take over, animals will also begin to appear so they can feed on the more diverse food source. The pioneer plants die and decompose and the animals leave behind manure. Both add to the thin soil layer.
6. What effect will the addition of animal waste and decayed plant matter have on the soil and land? Dead plants which decay and enrich the soil with humus and nutrients.
7. How will grazing animals help plants to become established? The foot prints left behind are used to set the seeds when dispersed, the manure fertilizes the seed.
8. How will the grazing animals prevent or control further colonization by other plants? The level animals can prevent or control further colonization by other plants by the level impact of grazing which impacts any further succession by eating the shoots of the young or developing plants.
9. Using the diagrams in Model 1 as a guide to develop a definition with your group for the term primary succession, as it relates to the colonizing of barren land. Is the growth and reduction of a plants population since the beginning consisting of barren rocks that has no initial soil layer.
Read This! As soil quality and quantity improves, the life forms present in the area undergo a series of changes, each referred to as a seral stage. Eventually a stable climax community is formed.
4
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
10. Label the pictures in Model 1 as pioneer community, seral stages, and climax community. A. pioneer community B. pioneer community C. seral stages D. seral stages E. climax community 11. Most climax communities are mature forests. What features of mature forest species, such as oak trees, make them able to dominate and compete in the ecosystem? Taller trees tend to cover smaller trees from sunlight, the taller trees benefit meaning that they out compete the small trees since they receive all the sunlight required to produce their own food.
12. What environmental factors may affect the type of climax community that develops in an ecosystem? Temperature, humidity/ rain availability and sunlight availability.
Succession
5
a. What stage of development does diagram A represent? Climax community b. What appears to have happened in diagram B? A forest has been burned by fire c. What could be two causes of this event? Fire caused by man, and also could be caused by lightning hitting a tree. d. What process will begin again after this event has occurred? The succession process. 14. Can the ecosystem totally recover from this set-back? What evidence is given in Model 2? 6
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
Diagram F displays an evidence in which the ecosystem is recovered 15. What effect does an existing soil presence have on the seral stages of secondary succession and the time it takes to return to the climax community compared to primary succession? Give your answer in complete sentences and justify your reasoning. - there is no colonizing by lichens and mosses; soil is present and it speeds up the recovery time from hundreds of years to tens of years.
16. Why is the title of Model 2 Secondary Succession rather than Primary Succession? -the climax community was set on fire and as a result make an area of soil rather than a barren land.
17.
Consider each event below and determine if the recovery
process for the environment will happen by primary succession or secondary succession.
a. Melting, receding glaciers.- primary
b Logging a wooded area.- secondary
c. Major fl ooding of a creek bed.- secondary d. Volcanic eruption with lava flow.- primary 18. Are these destructive methods always natural? Explain your answer.- no, man tends to cause deforestation for land development or lumber.
Succession
7
19. Human activity may alter or “defl ect” the natural course of
succession, which leads to a change in the climax community. An example of a human activity that defl ects succession would be grass mowing. The climax community that develops from a defl ected succession is called a plagioclimax community. Suggest some other human actions that may lead to plagioclimax communities. - control burning, animal grazing, harvesting, and planting.
Extension Question 20. Large canopy trees in rainforests reduce light penetration to the forest floor and slow down the growth of tree saplings. In a dense forest, selective logging is often used as a means of conservation, rather than clear cutting large sections of land. Why might selective logging be considered preferable to clear cutting? It will clear small areas for sunlight to reach in the forest floor and allowing other saplings to increase their growth and eventually cover the gap again. If large areas are cut it will take longer to fill in the gap.
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
RENNEL BURGOS
Succession
ECOLOGY
07/21/2016
9
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