300 Vocabulary Words dn68

abhorrence

abdicate2.

300 ASVAB Vocabulary Words

A1.

A

abdicate

abhorrence

v. to formally take over high power, office or responsibility n. horror; disgust His kingdom was abdicated this year. Approximately 150

It was strange, but the thought of her sister marrying one

monarchists gathered in the centre of Bucharest and an

of those terrible Feltons no longer filled her with

estimated 300 more at the capital's Otopen airport on

abhorrence; far better that than bring a child into the

April 12 shouting slogans denouncing the government

world that wasn't wanted and whom her mother had

and ing the King, who had been forced to

already thrown off for adoption.

abdicate in 1947.

acme

abscond4.

3.

Forms: abdicated; abdicating; abdicates

Forms: no plural

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– abscond

acme

v. to leave quickly and secretly and hide, especially to

n. high attainment; peak of achievement

avoid prosecution A petition cannot be heard until at least fourteen days

My wife reached her professional acme when she was

have elapsed since the petition was served on the debtor appointed CEO of one of the largest IT companies in the and the supervisor of a voluntary arrangement unless it

UK. The great Continental stations, Paris, Stuttgart,

appears that the debtor has absconded or the court

Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest, Constantinople, have been

thinks it a proper case for an expedited hearing, or the

the beginning and ending and en route stopping-places in

debtor consents.

the wealth of literature inspired by that acme of railway luxury, the Orient Express, the train on which James Bond once shot a man for ordering red wine with his fish.

adamant

acrid6.

5.

Forms: absconded; absconding; absconds

Forms: no plural

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– acrid

adamant

adj. describing a sharp taste or smell (e.g. odor); caustic

adj. unyielding; very firm position or opinion

in language or tone The soup was acrid. I followed the sound of voices

She was adamant about going shopping.

coming from the bluebell wood, there was the acrid smell of wood-smoke and an orange glow lit my way through the wild garlic. Forms: acrid; acrider; acridest

Forms: more adamant; most adamant; less adamant;

adroit

adept8.

7.

least adamant ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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A


adept

adroit

adj. highly skilled; proficient; expert

adj. skillful and adept in stressful conditions; deft

He was adept at finding solutions in electronic problems.

On the other hand, Stanley Morison, responsible for the

He is a media manipulator of genius, so adept at the

typographical identity of The Times in the 1930s, was not

mechanics of mass communication that he pauses mid-

an adroit penman -- he simply had an unerring eye for

sentence when he sees that my cassette recorder has

good typefaces and strong composition.

run out of tape, waiting patiently until I have inserted a new cassette before carrying on with what he was saying from exactly where he stopped.

agile

aesthetic10.

9.

Forms: adept; adapter; adept est

Forms: more adroit; most adroit; less adroit; least adroit

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– aesthetic

agile

adj. having to do with beauty; pertaining to beautiful

adj. nimble; able to move in a quick and easy way

appearances The school had an aesthetic appeal to it. If art is no

Children are usually more agile than adults.

longer to be considered as of a different order than life, then the idea of aesthetic avant-gardes is questioned. Forms: more aesthetic; most aesthetic; less aesthetic;

Forms: agile; agiler; agilest

amenable

ambidextrous12.

11.

least aesthetic –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ambidextrous

amenable

adj. equally skilled at using both hands

adj. disposed to follow (e.g. advice); able; follows authority

He has been ambidextrous his whole life. Few of us are

Military training strives to create amenable individuals.

naturally ambidextrous but in of karate technique

apt

amiable14.

13.

this can be achieved through training. Forms: more ambidextrous; most ambidextrous; less

Forms: more amenable; most amenable; less amenable;

ambidextrous; least ambidextrous

least amenable

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– amiable

apt

adj. having a pleasant disposition; friendly; good-natured

adj. suitable or quick to learn and attentive

They are amiable people. He had not a handsome face,

The Combat Lifesaver class was full of apt pupils. In

but it was better than handsome: being extremely

British political life of the previous twenty years, latent

amiable and cheerful. He was perfectly amiable to her on anti-Jewish feeling had been apt to surface in response the few occasions when they did meet, sometimes she

to particular events.

even felt that he liked her. Forms: more amiable; most amiable; less amiable; least

Forms: apter; aptest: less apt; least apt

ardent

aquatic16.

15.

amiable ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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aquatic

ardent

adj. living, growing or practicing in or on water

adj. ionate

Divers work in an aquatic environment. Inorganic

He was an ardent student of classic literature. Max

pollution is not harmful to aquatic life to the same extent,

Weber was an ardent nationalist whose political sociology

unless it happens to be toxic; thus its consequences are

was guided by the principle of the "primacy of the

frequently less evident.

interests of the nation state", which he enunciated vigorously in his inaugural lecture at Freiburg in 1895; but he did not set himself to examine with any thoroughness

articulate

arrogant18.

17.

the grounds of such "primacy". Forms: more aquatic; most aquatic; less aquatic; least

Forms: more ardent; most ardent; less ardent; least

aquatic

ardent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– arrogant

articulate

adj. overly proud

adj. able to express oneself clearly (e.g. a person)

His arrogant tones relating his accomplishments

The woman was a very articulate speaker on almost any

infuriated his peers.

subject.

Forms: more arrogant; most arrogant; less arrogant; least Forms: more articulate; most articulate; less articulate;

aural

astute20.

19.

arrogant

least articulate

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– astute

aural

adj. shrewd

adj. regarding the perceptions of the ear

Policemen are often astute judges of character.

His aural abilities were great. Although the British profession has not adopted a multi-media outlook with the celerity that many would wish, there are plenty of examples of public libraries with visual and aural collections, and the counties of Wiltshire, Somerset and Leicestershire have in recent years been offering significant audio-visual services to teachers and schools.

austere

auspicious22.

21.

Forms: more astute; most astute; less astute; least astute Forms: more aural; most aural; less aural; least aural ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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auspicious

austere

adj. favorable (e. g. circumstances)

adj. harsh

The merger, when looked at carefully, was in fact

The old woman looked quite unapproachable for she had

auspicious for both parties. Although the numerous rivers a very austere look about her. flowing from the Carpathian Mountains offered Conrad abundant lines of defense against any Russian invasion, it seemed to him that the sooner the Austrians attacked, the more auspicious the prospects, since they would

auxiliary

authentic24.

23.

shortly be heavily outnumbered. Forms: more auspicious; most auspicious; less

Forms: more austere; most austere; less austere; least

auspicious; least auspicious

austere

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– authentic

auxiliary

adj. genuine

adj. helping

The boy was happy when his father bought him an

The auxiliary pump enabled the main pump to function

authentic Willy Mays baseball card for Christmas. Finally, longer with less stress. the transvestite challenge to masculinity and sexual difference works in of transgressive inversion and reinscription, not of transcendence, or the recovery of authentic selfhood. Forms: more authentic; most authentic; less authentic;

Forms: more auxiliary; most auxiliary; less auxiliary; least

least authentic

auxiliary

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benevolent

barren2.


B1.

B

barren

benevolent

adj. unfruitful

adj. regarding kind or charitable acts; organizing benefits for charities

Despite the farmer's work; he could not grow anything on He was always a generous; benevolent man. The subject of this first version of the poem is the mainly benevolent

the barren soil.

influence of Nature in forming the imagination of the poet

bland

bizarre4.

3.

in childhood and early youth. Forms: more barren; most barren; less barren; least

Forms: more benevolent; most benevolent; less

barren

benevolent; least benevolent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– bizarre

bland

adj. strange

adj. gentle; lacking distinctive qualities

Foreign countries often have traditions that seem bizarre

Gene felt her host should have added more spices to the

to a tourist. Huntington Castle, an early seventeenth-

food; as it was quite bland.

century mansion, is bizarre even in a country that takes pride in the eccentric. Forms: more bizarre; most bizarre; less bizarre; least

Forms: bland; blander; blandest; less bland; least bland

boisterous

blatant6.

5.

bizarre –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– blatant

boisterous

adj. overly loud or offensively conspicuous

adj. rambunctious; energetic

That is a blatant lie! The existence of one education and

The Wilkins didn't want the next door neighbor's son over

one health service for the whole country reduces the

because he was too boisterous for their taste. Part of his

obvious and blatant forms of inequality even if social

spare time was taken up with the marching band of the

class differences in opportunity survive substantially

university, but much of it was given to boisterous

within it.

evenings drinking and singing with his companion --

buttress

brusque8.

7.

always with a view to winning the girls' eyes and hearts. Forms: blatant; more blatant; most blatant; less blatant;

Forms: more boisterous; most boisterous; less

least blatant

boisterous; least boisterous

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B


brusque

buttress

adj. rudely brief

n. usually a brick or stone structure constructed for or reinforcement

The man had an irritatingly brusque manner to him. At

The buttress kept the old building from collapsing.

first she could meet his eyes, but what she saw confused Because of the flying buttress system, it became possible her and she looked at the floor, color creeping into her

to construct thinner walls as time ed instead of

cheeks, reacting against the tenderness surprised in

increasing the thickness to offset the large windows and

herself with a sense of shock that made her brusque and

higher vaults.

suspicious. Forms: brusquer; brusquest; less brusque; least brusque

Forms: plural: buttresses

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casual

callous2.


C1.

C

callous

casual

adj. cold; hard; or unfeeling

adj. nonchalant; showing little interest; lack of ceremony

She wondered how he could be so callous about

The party was to be in casual dress. If you arc prepared

something that meant so much to her.

to invest a lot of time and money in your new kitchen you might consider making a sort of kitchen/living or family room; a real "heart of the home" area, more casual than a

charlatan

cathode4.

3.

living room, more cozy than a working kitchen. Forms: more callous; most callous; less callous; least

Forms: more casual; most casual; less casual; least

callous

casual

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– cathode

charlatan

n. a negatively charged electrode in a storage battery or

n. a person who acts like he or she has knowledge or

cell; the positive charge or a cell supplying an electric

high skill but does not

current A storage cell consists of one cathode and one anode in

Every year, a distinct charlatan saunters into his office. A

an electrolyte.

vivid portrait of a successful charlatan exploiting the second-century Christians is given by Lucian in his Peregrinus.

chronic

chic6.

5.

Forms: plural: cathodes

Forms: plural: charlatans

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– chic

chronic

adj. stylish

adj. continuing over a long period of time

It is considered very chic to leave the bottom button of a

The man was beginning to believe he had chronic

sport coat unbuttoned by some. As a new graduate, she

bronchitis he's coughed for a month. The prevention of ill-

blew the chance to work for Yves Saint Laurent when she health and the successful treatment of chronic and acute clashed with a fearsomely chic woman while visiting a

illness in older people could result if they felt more

textile company.

positive about their potential for good health in old age, and had access to relevant information. The depression of the late 1920s and chronic unemployment appeared to confirm Malthusian pessimism.

Forms: chicer; chicest; less chic; least chic

Forms: more chronic; most chronic; less chronic; least

civil

civic8.

7.

chronic ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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coherent

cogent10.

9.

C


civic

civil

adj. municipal; pertaining to citizens or township

adj. courteous

The man asked if the trial was going to be civic or

The couple promised to remain civil during their divorce.

corporate. Civic leaders from all parts of North Yorkshire

The guerrillas are embroiled in a civil war against an

including the High Sheriff, Sir Richard Storey, will be

alliance of rival Tamil groups, the Tamil National Army, in

attending the county council's civic service at Melsonby,

areas from which the Indian Peace-keeping Force has

near Richmond, tomorrow.

withdrawn.

Forms: more civic; most civic; less civic; least civic

Forms: more civil; most civil; less civic; least civic

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– cogent

coherent

adj. convincing (e.g. argument)

adj. clearly holding together

The lawyer made a cogent argument to the judge that he

Despite the fact she had much to drink she was still able

was correct in his procedure. Physical demonstrations

to speak in a coherent manner. Partnerships were based

and protests, designed to secure much more widespread on the assumption that reasonable people working in a media coverage for a cause than is ever available for a

multitude of organizations could devise an agreed

cogent argument, are an increasingly frequent means of

strategy for parts of urban Britain: local and central

political communication and the House of Commons has

government would work in harness and would

not been exempt.

incorporate other interests -- the police, the business community, voluntary groups, and so on, into a coherent

colossal

colloquial12.

11.

istrative whole. Forms: more cogent; most cogent; less cogent; least

Forms: more coherent; most coherent; less coherent;

cogent

least coherent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– colloquial

colossal

adj. conversational

adj. huge

He had spent years honing his colloquial skills. It may be

The whale was colossal. The very year when Mary

that when we express our opinions, we only have

offered her kingdom to saw the death of the Holy

available to us ready-made sets of ideas, "discourses",

Roman Emperor Charles V, that colossal and most

other people's words which we choose from, string

ired figure of the sixteenth century, who had

together in different ways and think (mistakenly) to be our achieved the impossible by holding together an own; these include 'expert' ideas and the colloquial,

inheritance which sprawled across Europe.

common-sense versions of them absorbed by ordinary

complacent

compatible14.

13.

people in one way or another. Forms: more colloquial; most colloquial; less colloquial;

Forms: more colossal; most colossal; less colossal; least

least colloquial

colossal

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compatible

complacent

adj. capable of getting along together

adj. satisfied with oneself

On their first date; they found each other quite

The man was complacent when it came to his job. I think

compatible. Unix International said last week that it has

it's really quite heartening to see so many aspects that

finalised its systems and network management

the City Council are already taking notice of, and really

requirements, focused on a single object-based model,

are already putting it into their policies to view the

copious

concise16.

15.

making them compatible and interoperable with the Open environment as something precious, something we've got Software Foundation's Distributed Management

to look after, but you're warning us not to be too

Environment (DME).

complacent aren't you?

Forms: more compatible; most compatible; less colossal;

Forms: more complacent; most complacent; less

least colossal

complacent; least complacent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– concise

copious

adj. brief but complete

adj. plentiful; large in supply

The teacher wanted his students to be concise in their

The water came over the dam in copious amounts. There

writing style.

is no need to write copious notes that repeat what is clearly and carefully published in print. We expect you to take copious notes at the conference so you can report

crafty

countenance18.

17.

back to us with what you learned. Forms: more concise; most concise; less concise; least

Forms: more copious; most copious; less copious; least

concise

copious

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– countenance

crafty

n. appearance especially facial expressions; the face and adj. sly its features His countenance showed fear. She was a tall, muscly

The policemen wasn't sure he would catch the burglar;

woman, of handsome countenance, her faded blonde

for the criminal had proved quite crafty.

hair held up with an array of jewelled combs.

credulous

credible20. cursory

cumbersome22.

21.

19.

Forms: plural: countenances

Forms: crafty; craftier; craftiest; less crafty; least crafty

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– credible

credulous

adj. believable

adj. given to believing anything too easily

The man was proved not to be guilty due to a credible

The man would not be a good detective, he was much

alibi.

too credulous in character.

Forms: credible; more credible; most credible; less

Forms: more credulous; most credulous; less credulous;

credible; least credible

least credulous

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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cumbersome

cursory

adj. bulky

adj. done quickly but only on the surface (e.g. an examination)

It was hard to fit the cumbersome couch through the front The man was cursory in his installation of the electrical system. We're going to need more than cursory research

door.

to provide the client with a detailed report on the new

curt

23.

situation. Forms: cumbersome; more cumbersome; most

Forms: cursory; more cursory; most cursory; less

cumbersome; less cumbersome; least cumbersome

cumbersome; least cumbersome

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– curt adj. rudely brief The military is made up of many curt individuals; according to some. Scientists who have been preparing commissioned material for publication in Western journals and books are having their manuscripts frozen, often without notification and, at best, with a curt note from the publishers. Forms: curt; curter; curtest; less curt; least curt ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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deft

defame2.


D1.

D

defame

deft

v. to attack a name or reputation through libel or

adj. skillful

delve

defunct4.

3.

slanderous acts He tried to defame the family's name. I think that a case

The magician was quite deft at his performance. Forget

might arise in which the reputation of a local authority

all preconceptions of a wise-cracking booby whose

might be damaged, so as to impair its function for the

lifestyle resembles a cross between Hugh Hefner and

public good, in which no private individual was defamed;

Ghostbusters -- here is the first Bond book (no sequel

and in which the public interest would be served by the

was planned) that s with expert plotting, deft

taking of proceedings for libel by the local authority in

characterization and breathtaking cruelty Fleming's claim

order to determine the falsity of the charge.

to be a major exponent of the spy novel genre.

Forms: defamed; defaming; defames

Forms: defter; deftest; less deft; least deft

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– defunct

delve

adj. dead

v. to investigate

The generator was defunct again. It would be unfair and

He decided to delve into the matter further. Palaeography

inaccurate to suggest that PageMaker was the first

is a very inexact science, and should the researcher wish

desktop publishing program, that honour probably goes

to delve a little deeper an excellent starting point is The

to the now defunct Studio Software's DO-it which actually Handwriting of English Documents by H.C. ran on a PC rather than a Macintosh and, of course, there had been electronic publishing systems based on workstations and mainframes available for several years. Forms: more defunct; most defunct; less defunct; least

Forms: delved; delving; delves

deplete

demure6.

5.

defunct –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– demure

deplete

adj. overly modest

v. to use up

The woman was demure when complimented in public.

If we deplete the rainforest for more farm land; eventually

Dinner was an unvarying weekly round in which boiled

there will be none left.

beef and mutton figured largely, and it was little compensation to several hundred hungry schoolboys that they took their meals in the school's magnificent hall, overlooked by the demure and decorative paintings of Antonio Verrio. Forms: more demure; most demure; less demure; least

Forms: depleted; depleting; depletes

deprive

deplore8.

7.

demure ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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D


deplore

deprive

v. to be sorry about

v. to keep someone from having or getting something

He will deplore his decision someday. In many parts of

Boot camp will deprive someone of his or her freedom for

the country, leading Tories were not far behind the Whigs a short time. Whatever the nature of protection provided in sending in loyal addresses deploring the threat which

by registration, it is also a wise precaution for a chargee

the rebellion posed to their religion and liberties.

to deprive a company of the title deeds to its properties --; this is another advantage of having trustees who can take possession of the deeds.

derogatory

derive10.

9.

Forms: deplored; deploring; deplores

Forms: deprived; depriving; deprives

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– derive

derogatory

v. to obtain from a source; to reason; to infer; to deduce

adj. belittling

He derived the solution by looking at all of the facts. A

The derogatory marks about his campaign were

subject as vulnerable within the curriculum as art

beginning to anger the politician.

education needs to be seen by pupils, teachers, headteachers and s to be functioning in a healthy state and that judgment is likely to be made in derived from educational theory and include the results of assessment procedures and examination performance whether art teachers consent or not. Forms: derived; deriving; derives

Forms: more derogatory; most derogatory; less

despise

desolate12.

11.

derogatory; least derogatory –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– desolate

despise

adj. lonely; sometimes barren

v. to scorn; to hate

The desolate lands of the desert seem to go on for an

"I despise you!" said the fed-up woman.

eternity. The railway in Glen Spean is the popular West Highland line between Glasgow and Fort William, a triumph of railway engineering through difficult terrain and completed only after incredible hardships and repeated problems in laying the line across the bogs of the desolate Moor of Rannoch. Forms: desolate; more desolate; most desolate; less

Forms: despised; despising; despises

destitute

despondent14.

13.

desolate; least desolate ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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despondent

destitute

adj. depressed

adj. poverty-stricken

Sergeant Meeks was worried about his troops being so

Many people found themselves destitute during the Great

despondent.

Depression. The charity, run by Pat Kerr, cares for destitute and deprived children, rescuing them from the unending poverty that is the lot for many people in these Third World countries and from broken and inadequate

detect

detain16.

15.

homes. Forms: more despondent; most despondent; less

Forms: more destitute; most destitute; less destitute;

despondent; least despondent

least destitute

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– detain

detect

v. to delay temporarily

v. to uncover something that is not obvious

The police may detain a person before that person's trial. The police use dogs to detect drugs in vehicles.

detergent

deter18.

17.

Forms: detained; detaining; detains

Forms: detected; detecting; detects

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– deter

detergent

v. to keep someone from doing something

n. cleaning product or agent

tried to deter America from going to war with Iraq. Having a good detergent is necessary when your clothes are stained by oil. When originally introduced it was thought that the availability of a detergent with inherent bactericidal characteristics would solve many of the problems associated with both cleaning and disinfection.

detract

detest20. devoid

devious22.

21.

19.

Forms: deterred; deterring; deters

Forms: plural: detergents

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– detest

detract

v. to hate strongly

v. to take away from

I detest politicians and their lying, said the college

Bad make-up will detract from a woman's beauty. There

student. I don't like not having enough money and I don't

are plenty of occasions when the High Court exercises a

like not having enough sex and I detest the way the

supervisory jurisdiction over tribunals or bodies whose

children dress and I detest going to your mother's every

procedures allow for a more relaxed approach to the

week and I loathe the way you clench your teeth and I

rules of evidence, but this does not detract from the fact

loathe the way you never help and I hate the way you

that the High Court is performing the functions of the High

never ask but I love you.

Court when it exercises this jurisdiction.

Forms: detested; detesting; detests

Forms: detracted; detracting; detracts

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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D


devious

devoid

adj. indirect; sly

adj. completely free of (e.g. feeling)

No one could trust Ted. He seemed too devious about

The man was devoid of thoughts as he watched

everything he did. Some researchers had become so

television. China was so remote from Europe that when

daunted by the devious nature of the virus, which can

silk first became available for the wealthier classes in

hide within the cells of the body, that they felt a vaccine

Imperial Rome no one knew where it came from, but the

would be impossible.

fact that it reached Rome shows that these two civilizations were not totally devoid of with each

devout

devour24.

23.

other. Forms: more devious; most devious; less devious; least

Forms: more devoid; most devoid: less devoid; least

devious

devoid

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– devour

devout

v. to eat up greedily

adj. very religious

I am so hungry I could devour a whole cow.

The parents had been devout Catholics all their lives.

Forms: devoured; devouring; devours

Forms: more devout; most devout; less devout; least

digress

diffident26.

25.

devout –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– diffident

digress

adj. shy

v. to depart from the subject under consideration

He seemed overly diffident to his boss at his promotion

His difference of opinion caused the politician to digress

party. He was diffident, seemingly vague, declaring a lack from his party and its platform. of knowledge and ignorance of education and of teaching, and that he knew only what he had learned through his own work as a painter. Forms: more diffident; most diffident; less diffident; least

Forms: digressed; digressing; digresses

disburse

dilute28.

27.

diffident –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– dilute

disburse

v. to weaken by adding something less strong to the

v. to pay out; to give away, usually funds

disdain

discern30.

29.

original (e.g. a mixture) Bartenders often dilute drinks with water to save money

A judgment against the defendant will cause him to

on ingredients.

disperse the last of his savings to the other party.

Forms: diluted; diluting; dilutes

Forms: disbursed; disbursing; disburses

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D


discern

disdain

v. to make out clearly (e.g. a pattern)

v. to look down on with scorn

It is sometimes hard to discern why people do what they

The woman gave him a look of disdain when he asked

do. As they stood there looking east they were able to

her for a date. Often disdaining to wear a left-hand glove,

discern a small buzzing winged shape heading towards

he tore into the bowling to such effect that he scored

them over the immense Capability Brown park.

around 62 runs per hour, a rate beaten by no "proper" batsman in cricket history except Jessop.

dismay

disintegrate32.

31.

Forms: discerned; discerning; discerns

Forms: disdained; disdaining; disdains

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– disintegrate

dismay

v. to fall apart

v. to dishearten

Oil can cause rubber to disintegrate. More shamefully,

He looked at her in dismay when she said she would

some owners of newly acquired imposing homes delight

leave him for the fireman down the street. Since the war

in "libraries" which, seen in the gloom or at a distance,

began, Russian military commanders, including senior

bestow a pretty glow of opulence and erudition but which, serving officers, have been expressing dismay at seeing at close quarters, disintegrate into a heterogeneous

Iraq's army, most of whose tanks and aircraft they

muddle of worthless books, sometimes bought in bulk.

supplied, pounded so relentlessly and effectively.

Equally important for vulnerable areas is the availability of safety glass -- toughened or laminated: toughened glass - resists some impact, and shatters into harmless fragments when broken; laminated glass is much more difficult to break, and is held together by clear plastic film between the layers of glass, so won't disintegrate.

disperse

dispel34.

33.

Forms: disintegrated; disintegrating; disintegrates

Forms: dismayed; dismaying; dismays

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– dispel

disperse

v. to drive away

v. to scatter; to spread around

The king can dispel unwanted groups whenever he sees

The farmer will disperse his seed on two of his fields

fit. By the end of a week she was little more than a living

today.

skeleton: her hand lay all day long in Jennifer's, and from time to time she would open her eyes, staring pathetically up, with a mute pleading in her expression that no words of comfort or whispered prayers could dispel.

dissect

disrupt36.

35.

Forms: dispelled; dispelling; dispels

Forms: dispersed; dispersing; disperses

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

15

PHOTOCOPIABLE


D


disrupt

dissect

v. to break up

v. to cut or take apart, especially in biology or anatomy

A loud drunk can disrupt any social gathering. The

The students are expected to dissect a frog in science

crowds, eventually numbering in the thousands, evolved

class.

into a spontaneous anti-war demonstration and headed across town, disrupting traffic while shouting "No blood for oil" and finally rallying at the United Nations building.

diverge

distort38.

37.

Forms: disrupted; disrupting; disrupts

Forms: dissected; dissecting; dissects

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– distort

diverge

v. to present incorrectly (e.g. facts)

v. to go in different directions

The newspaper is known to distort facts people that

I decided to diverge from the group because they wanted

in their paper. Much of the anxiety among

to go shopping instead of go swimming.

, particularly the opponents of televising, arose from fears that the broadcasters would not preserve a proper balance in their selection of matter to be covered and that they would, in their desire to present newsworthy stories, distort the public presentation of the House.

divulge

divert40.

39.

Forms: distorted; distorting; distorts

Forms: diverged; diverging; diverges

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– divert

divulge

v. to turn from a course (e.g. a stream)

v. to reveal

A dam, if placed properly, can divert a river to a desired

He couldn't make the man divulge any more information.

destination.

Our manager replied that it was not company policy to divulge personal details of employees and that if she wanted to take it further, she should write in.

don

41.

Forms: diverted; diverting; diverts

Forms: divulged; divulging; divulges

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– don v. to put on (e.g. clothing); to wear something Don your protective suits, said the commander. Tim donned the Father Christmas outfit to in the festive fun and give everyone another teaser. Forms: donned; donning; dons ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

16

PHOTOCOPIABLE


effect

efface2.


E1.

E

efface

effect

v. to blot out; to erase; to remove

v. to bring about; to cause; to influence someone or

elate

eject4.

3.

something The official decided to efface the evidence.

He was not sure what the effect of his actions would be.

Forms: effaced; effacing; effaces

Forms: effected; effecting; effects

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– eject

elate

v. to throw out; to remove from something

v. to make happy; to cause good feelings

The litterbug decided; once again; to eject the trash from

He tried to elate her spirits but it was to no avail. The

his vehicle onto the side of the road.

poem's language has also advanced from the darkness and dullness in which it began to a more pleasant and brighter world with words like, "white", "light" and "elate", bringing forth a totally new mood.

evoke

enamored6.

5.

Forms: ejected; ejecting; ejects

Forms: elated; elating; elates

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– enamored

evoke

adj. inspired through love; captivated by someone or

v. to bring out; to summon; to recall to memory; to create

something

new thoughts

He was enamored with the beautiful mountainous

The scenery evoked old memories. A desire that Tony

surroundings.

had never evoked in her floated through her veins like liquid fire, and she found herself responding eagerly, wantonly, to his caresses.

Forms: more enamored; most enamored; less enamored; Forms: evoked; evoking; evokes least enamored ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

17

PHOTOCOPIABLE


famish

fallible2.


F1.

F

fallible

famish

adj. likely to error; describing the chance of making a

v. to starve; to endure severe hunger; to starve to death

mistake His fallible nature is not what the police department is

Famished people exist all over the world. "The hotel bar

looking for.

was closed and we were all famished so it seemed like a good idea to trek down to the local pub to search out a few sarnies", says Mike.

Forms: more fallible; most fallible; less fallible; least

Forms: famished; famishing; famishes

fallible ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

18

PHOTOCOPIABLE


ghastly

germane2.


G1.

G

germane

ghastly

adj. having an important part of the issue at hand;

adj. frightful (e.g. appearance); unpleasant

pertinent The germane topic was all they wanted to discuss. If the

The sick man had a ghastly appearance; as if he had

public were schooled to discriminate between the

come straight out of a horror movie.

germane and the irrelevant, the authentic and the phony, and the reality and the appearance, nine-tenths at least

glib

gigantic4.

3.

of the advertising industry would be out of work. Forms: more germane; most germane; less germane;

Forms: more ghastly; most ghastly; less ghastly; least

least germane

ghastly

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– gigantic

glib

adj. huge

adj. fluent but insincere; smooth

The whale they had caught was gigantic. The kind of

The politician was glib about his goals he would achieve

non-randomness that we see in living systems, on the

while in office.

other hand, is equivalent to a gigantic combination lock with an almost uncountable number of dials. Forms: more gigantic; most gigantic; less gigantic; least

Forms: glibber; glibbest; less glib; least glib

gory

glum6.

5.

gigantic –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– glum

gory

adj. gloomy

adj. bloody; disgusting

The baseball player was glum after the game was

The battlefield was gory in appearance. In my first week

canceled. Try coping with a party of underprivileged

at work there occurred an extremely gory accident at the

schoolchildren from a housing estate in Manchester with

College crossing, a point where the main line of the

a near-hysterical social worker, a ghetto blaster and

railway crosses the motor road to Regina just east of the

some crisp bags to sniff glue, two glum shaven-headed

city.

squaddies with flatulence, and a computer programmer from Maidstone who wants to tell you about why his promotion fell through, and then with one eye twitching, accuses you of having stolen his processed cheese.

gratis

graphic8.

7.

Forms: glummer; glummest; less glum; least glum

Forms: gorier; goriest; less gory; least gory

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

19

PHOTOCOPIABLE


G


graphic

gratis

adj. vividly realistic

adj. free

The movie was to graphic for small children. The

The service was gratis as it was part of the package deal.

exhibition includes posters borrowed from the Imperial

The closure notice was peremptory and we made the

War Museum in London, and book illustrations, but

most of the fact that a poor, struggling little community

concentrates on the quintessential Expressionist graphic

service radio station, without benefit of commercial

technique, the woodcut.

revenue, serving the southern and central parts of the province from gratis studios and operated by a completely voluntary staff, was being victimized by a powerful political federal body without regard to the expressed wishes of the people.

Forms: more graphic; most graphic; less graphic; least

grim

grievous10.

9.

graphic –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– grievous

grim

adj. causing sorrow

adj. sternly forbidding (e.g. future)

The telegram was grievous in nature. If the point of

It looked grim for the outnumbered soldiers.

distinguishing murder from manslaughter is to mark out the most heinous group of killings for the extra stigma of a murder conviction, it can be argued that the "grievous bodily harm" rule draws the line too low. Forms: more grievous; most grievous; less grievous;

Forms: grimmer; grimmest; less grim; least grim

grotesque

gross12.

11.

least grievous –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– gross

grotesque

adj. glaringly bad (e.g. injustice)

adj. distorted in appearance; hideous

The drunken truck driver was sued for his gross

The image of the traffic accident was quite grotesque to

negligence of duty.

the ers by. She looked grotesque, a little ridiculous, with thin clumps of hair sticking out of her mouth as if she was munching.

Forms: grosser; grossest; less gross; least gross

Forms: more grotesque; most grotesque; less grotesque;

gruesome

grotto14.

13.

least grotesque ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

20

PHOTOCOPIABLE


G


grotto

gruesome

n. a little cavern; small cave

adj. horrifying; terrible

The natural grotto was just what the kids wanted to find.

The accident scene was quite gruesome; even to the

In spite of the local Comune's siting of a modern

seasoned policemen.

aqueduct through the grounds of the former villa, (leaving the oddity of a twentieth-century industrial ruin within a sixteenth-century one) a grotto, three fountain niches with inscriptions, and a tabernacle formerly frescoed by Allori all survive. Forms: plural: grottoes or grottos

Forms: more gruesome; most gruesome; less gruesome;

guttural

gullible16.

15.

least gruesome –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– gullible

guttural

adj. easily fooled; naive

adj. throaty (e.g. sound); harsh

The guy proved to be quite gullible in the area of

Bears make guttural sounds when mad. He sat down and

business. Someone once told him that horse manure in

talked very naturally and freely, with a mixture of the clear

his wellington boots would make him grow taller, but the

gushing accents in his voice, a deep guttural intonation,

boys at school had made fun of him and Mr Sunderland,

and a strong tincture of the northern burr like the crust on

the heaster, had called him a stupid gullible boy and

wine.

made him scrape his boots and wash them clean in the outside drain and scrub his feet in hot water and carbolic soap. Forms: more gullible; most gullible; less gullible; least

Forms: more guttural; most guttural; less guttural; least

gullible

guttural

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

21

PHOTOCOPIABLE


hale

haggard2.


H1.

H

haggard

hale

adj. worn-looking; faded; exhausted

adj. healthy

After staying up all night; the college student looked quite She looked quite hale despite her eighty years of age. haggard. Forms: more haggard; most haggard; less haggard; least Forms: haler; halest; less hale; least hale

hardy

haphazard4.

3.

haggard –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– haphazard

hardy

adj. random; chance

adj. resilient; having endurance

He always had a haphazard style one had never seen

Young men have to be hardy to be in the Armed Forces.

him make a plan.

Other than their requirement for clean water, the Siamese Tigers are quite hardy fish, resilient to most infections -except one.

Forms: more haphazard; most haphazard; less

Forms: hardier; hardiest; less hardy; least hardy

haughty

harsh6.

5.

haphazard; least haphazard –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– harsh

haughty

adj. disagreeably rough; stark

adj. arrogant; overly proud

The boy disliked his father's harsh ways.

He was haughty about his minor achievements which earned him no friends.

heedless

hectic8.

7.

Forms: harsher; harshest; less harsh; least harsh

Forms: haughtier; haughtiest; less haughty; least haughty

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– hectic

heedless

adj. very busy; feverish

adj. thoughtless; paying little attention

The stock traders' office worked at a hectic pace. He

He was heedless at the best of times. She clutched his

itted that he thought electors were sick of what

arm at one point, bringing him to a halt in the middle of

seemed like endless campaigning, but for the last two

the pavement, heedless of the ers-by as she pointed

weeks his home has been the headquarters for a hectic

to a tall column at the end of the street.

campaign office. Forms: more hectic; most hectic; less hectic; least hectic

Forms: more heedless; most heedless; less heedless;

hideous

heinous10.

9.

least heedless –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– heinous

hideous

adj. outrageous (e.g. crime); shocking

adj. extremely ugly; scary

The jury gave him the death penalty for his heinous

He had a hideous scar across his cheek.

homogenous

hilarious12.

11.

crimes. Forms: more heinous; most heinous; less heinous; least

Forms: more hideous; most hideous; less hideous; least

heinous

hideous

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

22

PHOTOCOPIABLE


H


hilarious

homogenous

adj. very funny; humorous

adj. of like kind (e.g. group); similar in nature

The man was hilarious at the party. There were the

The birds were all of a homogeneous species. In contrast

boyfriend troubles, the wedding arrangements, the

to the monasteries of the Middle Ages and the Baroque

curtains for the new flat, tales of hilarious drinks parties

period as well as the 1930's concept originally intended

when everyone was "out of their trees", arguments with

for execution the new abbey is not designed as an

girlfriends, mothers-in-law and baby sitters.

enclosed, homogeneous complex.

Forms: more hilarious; most hilarious; less hilarious; least Forms: more homogenous; most homogenous; less

hostile

horrendous14.

13.

hilarious

homogenous; least homogenous

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– horrendous

hostile

adj. horrible; dreadful

adj. unfriendly (e.g. unwelcome)

Popping a tire out in the middle of nowhere is often a

The tribe was hostile to all intruders. Many of the animals

horrendous experience.

are hostile to humans: for example, poisonous snakes

humble

humane16.

15.

and fierce mountain cats. Forms: more horrendous; most horrendous; less

Forms: more hostile; most hostile; less hostile; least

horrendous; least horrendous

hostile

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– humane

humble

adj. merciful

adj. modest; meek

Doctors are said to be a very humane breed of humanity. She was humble when complimented on her The government has provided the resources in the way of achievements. Since its humble beginnings as a the allowance and in the way of an istrative service; photocopier distributor working out of a garage, the voluntary effort has controlled the plan and the policy,

company expanded rapidly and diversified into computers

including the detailed negotiations with manufacturers,

and telecommunications, accumulating 16 subsidiaries

bankers, insurance companies and the like, and all these and spawning foreign subsidiaries in Poland, Bulgaria bodies have made a generous contribution to a humane

and the Czech and Slovak Republics in the process.

humid

17.

cause of powerful appeal. Forms: more humane; most humane; less humane; least

Forms: more humble; most humble; less humble; least

humane

humble

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– humid adj. damp; muggy; wet It is quite humid during summer in parts of Asia. Forms: more humid; most humid; less humid; least humid ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

23

PHOTOCOPIABLE


immaculate

illicit2.


I1.

I

illicit

immaculate

adj. illegal; unlawful

adj. very tidy; spotlessly clean

She got caught receiving illicit funds and her career is

The apartment was immaculate after the tenants moved

over.

out. Ellie understood this to be an office, because there were young men in dark blue suits and white shirts, and young women stenographers in dark blue dresses with white collars sitting at mahogany desks carefully checking perfectly arranged papers, or moving silently across the deeply carpeted floor to file immaculate folders away in mahogany bureaus.

Forms: more illicit; most illicit; less illicit; least illicit

Forms: more immaculate; most immaculate; less

imminent

immense4.

3.

immaculate; least immaculate –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– immense

imminent

adj. very large; enormous

adj. looming; about to happen (e.g. storm)

The cave was immense in size.

If someone didn't move a crash would be imminent. Senior policemen have also queued up in numbers to deliver their judgments against the decline in public morals, and to warn of the imminent eclipse of the old

imperative

impartial6.

5.

standards and traditions. Forms: more immense; most immense; less immense;

Forms: more imminent; most imminent; less imminent;

least immense

least imminent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– impartial

imperative

adj. unbiased; neutral; fair

adj. vital; necessary

Newspapers and other types of the media are supposed

It is imperative that a fire be put out in an apartment

to be impartial in their reporting. What you can and must

building immediately. As it becomes increasingly

do, however, is ensure that all the investigators are

unacceptable for the man to remove himself to the

expert in every sense in the techniques of investigation

predominantly adult male preserve of the pub, leaving

and au fait with all aspects of operating modern aircraft,

wife and children at home, it becomes imperative for

particularly the large public transport types, but they must outlets to be found which can cater to the demands of the also have access to reliable and impartial specialists in

whole family.

impetuous

impertinent8.

7.

the type of aircraft concerned. Forms: more impartial; most impartial; less impartial;

Forms: more imperative; most imperative; less

least impartial

imperative; least imperative

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

24

PHOTOCOPIABLE


I


impertinent

impetuous

adj. impolite; cheeky; rude

adj. rash; hasty; acting on impulse

The boy got detention for being impertinent to his

Young men and women are often impetuous in their

teacher. He had met the press at a cocktail party and had decision making. Highly nervous, he rushed into combat stood there answering impertinent questions with

like a wound-up spring, diving on his foe in the impetuous

disconcerting honesty, a glass of ginger ale in one hand

manner that cost the life of many an inexperienced young

and a canapé in the other; when he could not

aviator.

immediately think of an answer he nibbled the canapé

impromptu

implicit10.

9.

and viewed the questioner with cold button eyes. Forms: more impertinent; most impertinent; less

Forms: more impetuous; most impetuous; less

impertinent; least impertinent

impetuous; least impetuous

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– implicit

impromptu

adj. implied; understood

adj. without any preparation (e.g. remarks); unrehearsed

It was implicit that once he ed the Mafia, he would not He gave a nice impromptu speech at his buddy's

inane

impudent12.

11.

talk about their activities to anyone. Implicit information is wedding. No after action reports seem to have been filed held in the organizational memory (for example, the

for any of these early raids, which is not surprising

description of office routine) and is rarely recorded or

considering the impromptu nature of their planning and

preserved.

execution.

Forms: more implicit; most implicit; less implicit; least

Forms: more impromptu; most impromptu; less

implicit

impromptu; least impromptu

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– impudent

inane

adj. rudely bold; overly confident

adj. silly; foolish

Their boss made them angry at his impudent manner.

She was known for her inane small talk; so people gave

Underneath his impudent and occasionally violent

her a wide berth at parties.

behavior lay a fundamentally nice, simple, easy-going, exceptionally warm-hearted character, in whom Minton took much pleasure. Forms: more impudent; most impudent; less impudent;

Forms: more inane; most inane; less inane; least inane

incessant

incendiary14.

13.

least impudent ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

25

PHOTOCOPIABLE


I


incendiary

incessant

adj. causing fire (e.g. bomb); easily combustible

adj. uninterrupted; continuous

It was obviously arson; an incendiary device was found at He let out an incessant stream of bad language at his the scene. An old car which had been driven across in

underlings.

front of the shooting targets was ideal, so we attached fifteen kilos of the explosive to it in different places, fixed up the detonators, trailed fuse wire back several yards and clipped on the incendiary devices which would activate the firing process. Forms: more incendiary; most incendiary; less incendiary; Forms: more incessant; most incessant; less incessant;

incognito

inclement16.

15.

least incendiary

least incessant

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– inclement

incognito

adj. rough (e.g. weather); harsh

adj. with real identity hidden; in disguise

People couldn't wait for the end of the inclement weather. James Bond had to stay incognito so his cover would not be blown. Incognito, he worked as a ferryman and lived in Biddick boat-house for over twenty years, when a terrible flood robbed him of his possessions and his proof of identification. The gesture conveys gratitude for the kindness, and allegedly commemorates an emperor who, curious to taste the life of his common people, stayed

indelible

incoherent18.

17.

incognito at an inn with two companions. Forms: more inclement; most inclement; less inclement;

Forms: more incognito; most incognito; less incognito;

least inclement

least incognito

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– incoherent

indelible

adj. not clearly connected; showing no patterns

adj. unable to be erased; permanent

The drunk was almost incoherent when he spoke.

You should use an indelible pen to mark clothing. The strange experiences no doubt left an indelible mark on the memories of the three electricians who would never

indigent

indifferent20.

19.

forget the malevolent power of that old wooden box. Forms: more incoherent; most incoherent; less

Forms: more indelible; most indelible; less indelible; least

incoherent; least incoherent

indelible

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

26

PHOTOCOPIABLE


indispensable

indignant22.

21.

I


indifferent

indigent

adj. showing no interest; having no feelings

adj. poor; humble

He was indifferent about buying new dishes. The way in

The population of that country is mostly made up of

which a municipality legislates and the way in which it

indigent farmers. Europe was first to industrialize and

isters the legislation it enacts and conducts itself in

thereby throw up the indigent urban proletariat, who in

relation to activities which it lawfully undertakes cannot

their turn founded the first labour organisations which

but create a municipal reputation, be it good, bad or

spawned Marxism and fascism, both truly European

indifferent.

ideologies.

Forms: more indifferent; most indifferent; less indifferent;

Forms: more indigent; most indigent; less indigent; least

least indifferent

indigent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– indignant

indispensable

adj. very angry, showing strong feelings

adj. absolutely necessary; of importance

She was indignant at the accusations. I was gone for

He was an absolutely indispensable member of the team.

about three hours: scrambling through hedges;

Electricity is an indispensable source of energy which we

rummaging in undergrowth; wrestling with tangled nets;

take for granted in our everyday lives.

and throwing into a box the indignant ferrets, who after all had done all the work and only wanted to wring the

inept

industrious24.

23.

rabbits' necks. Forms: more indignant; most indignant; less indignant;

Forms: more indispensable; most indispensable; less

least indignant

indispensable; least indispensable

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– industrious

inept

adj. hard-working; productive

adj. ineffective; not skilled

She had to be industrious to stay with the firm as they

The new worker was fired because he was inept at all

expected 110% effort at all times.

areas of his job.

Forms: more industrious; most industrious; less

Forms: inepter; ineptest; less inept; least inept

infamous

infallible26.

25.

industrious; least industrious ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

27

PHOTOCOPIABLE


I


infallible

infamous

adj. unable to make a mistake or error

adj. having a bad reputation; well-known for something

A computer's advice is said to be completely infallible. If

The politician was infamous for his gambling and

there were a check, one need not require it to be an

adulterous practices. Chinese ladies used perfume from

infallible one; the fact that we might always be wrong

plants for their hair, the Romans used herbs of all kinds,

about how the original sensation was (a sort of memory

especially lavender, for bathing -- even the ancient

scepticism) is not a part of the argument at all.

Britons used a plant for colouring their skins, the infamous woad, Isatis tinctoria, whose leaves, made into

infinitesimal

infinite28.

27.

a paste, supplied a blue dye. Forms: more infallible; most infallible; less infallible; least

Forms: more infamous; most infamous; less infamous;

infallible

least infamous

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– infinite

infinitesimal

adj. endless; vast

adj. very small; minute

The universe has infinite possibilities for exploration.

Subatomic particles are infinitesimal compared to atomic

Colors can of course be mixed together for an infinite

particles.

ingenious

inflexible30.

29.

variety of results. Forms: more infinite; most infinite; less infinite; least

Forms: more infinitesimal; most infinitesimal; less

infinite

infinitesimal; least infinitesimal

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– inflexible

ingenious

adj. unbending; unwilling to compromise

adj. clever; intelligent

She was inflexible about her rules on drinking and

The manager got a raise since he always came up with

driving. In this functional bureaucracy, Ford's top-down

an ingenious solution to problems that arose. Microsoft

management style made decision-making slow and

Corp chairman Bill Gates reportedly came up with an

inflexible with a heavy emphasis on short-term financial

ingenious solution when he was romancing venture

criteria.

capitalist Ann Winblad: observing that the same movies are usually playing at the same time all over America, they came up with the Virtual Date -- they'd each go alone to the same movie at the same time, and discuss it

inherent

ingenuous32.

31.

afterwards on their car phones. Forms: more inflexible; most inflexible; less inflexible;

Forms: more ingenious; most ingenious; less ingenious;

least inflexible

least ingenious

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

28

PHOTOCOPIABLE


I


ingenuous

inherent

adj. naturally simple; not complicated

adj. existing in someone or something

Her life on the farm was ingenuous compared to her

Some religions believe in the inherent goodness off all

cousin's in the city. She ran her tongue nervously over

people. A problem inherent in tests to determine the

her lips, tasting the honey-coral lipgloss she'd applied

effect of light on products is that of quantifying the extent

carefully in an effort to banish her image as the

of the exposure that samples have received.

innocuous

innate34.

33.

ingenuous young art student, fresh from college. Forms: more ingenuous; most ingenuous; less

Forms: more inherent; most inherent; less inherent; least

ingenuous; least ingenuous

inherent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– innate

innocuous

adj. inborn; natural

adj. safe; harmless

Her innate tenacity always made her parents proud.

Some snakes are innocuous while others are deadly.

Forms: more innate; most innate; less innate; least innate Forms: more innocuous; most innocuous; less innocuous;

insolent

insipid36.

35.

least innocuous –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– insipid

insolent

adj. uninteresting (e.g. conversation); bland

adj. disrespectful; boldly rude in an abrasive manner

The girl's insipid small talk caused annoyance to the rest

An insolent private can get into a lot of trouble in the

of the group.

Army. Stung by the complete absence of regard for her the insolent words betrayed, Maria rammed her key into the lock with violently shaking fingers, anger stoking and

integral

instill38.

37.

stirring a seething cauldron of other emotions. Forms: more insipid; most insipid; less insipid; least

Forms: more insolent; most insolent; less insolent; least

insipid

insolent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– instill

integral

v. to slowly inject ideas into the mind

adj. essential to the whole; central

She tried to instill honest qualities in her children. No

A good motor is integral when rebuilding a car. It is an

woman can take her personal safety for granted and

integral part of modern culture that it is simply not

every parent must instill into their children the need to be

possible to envisage a model of freedom, including that

vigilant and sensible. Elected or unelected public officials abstraction needed for the achievement of equality, which can normally maintain and strengthen their in

would not have as one of its component parts the

society, alter the attitudes of opponents, and neutralize,

tendency towards alienation.

weaken or instill uncertainty amongst their enemies. Forms: instilled; instilling; instills

Forms: more integral; most integral; less integral; least

intermittent

intensive40.

39.

integral ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

29

PHOTOCOPIABLE


I


intensive

intermittent

adj. thorough; exhaustingly complete (e.g. study)

adj. sporadic; starting and stopping (e.g. rain)

Nuclear physics is an intensive course of study. Intensive The intermittent snow allowed people to still work and uncontrolled fishing in Russia's Far Eastern seas

outdoors. Although Britain has been occupied by man for

may soon lead to the total exhaustion of fish stocks,

more than 25,000 years, in a form of intermittent visits

according to the Russian procurator-general's office.

over long periods between glaciations, it is only for the last 12,000 years or so that the country has been continuously occupied, with people moving into Britain

intricate

intolerant42.

41.

permanently to exploit what resources were available. Forms: more intensive; most intensive; less intensive;

Forms: more intermittent; most intermittent; less

least intensive

intermittent; least intermittent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– intolerant

intricate

adj. narrow-minded; unwilling or unable to respect others

adj. delicate; complicated; having many connecting

or their beliefs

factors

He was intolerant of any ideas that conflicted with his

Atomic engines are quite intricate in design.

own. In times of social upheaval we guard against anything that might make society fragment too precipitately and dangerously, and we try to take care

irate

invincible44.

43.

that racist or intolerant literature is suppressed. Forms: more intolerant; most intolerant; less intolerant;

Forms: more intricate; most intricate; less intricate; least

least intolerant

intricate

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– invincible

irate

adj. unable to be conquered; impregnable; unbeatable

adj. extremely angry; having very strong feelings

The castle was invincible to all attempts to conquer it.

He was irate when he wife said she was leaving him for the postman. A number of previous attempts to penetrate this male club had been unsuccessful, with the raiding parties being driven back by irate men.

Forms: more invincible; most invincible; less invincible;

Forms: more irate; most irate; less irate; least irate

irrational

45.

least invincible ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

30

PHOTOCOPIABLE


I


irrational adj. unreasonable; illogical; groundless People can be irrational when they get emotional. The thread which runs through these sorry tales is that they are all examples of irrational over-reaction by a government which is, by the standards of the region, honest, able and secure. Forms: more irrational; most irrational; less irrational; least irrational ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

31

PHOTOCOPIABLE


jubilant

jovial2.


J1.

J

jovial

jubilant

adj. good-humored in a good natured way

adj. joyous; ecstatic

If it weren't for her jovial nature; the rest of the team

He was jubilant when he got a Christmas bonus from

would have been demoralized.

work.

Forms: more jovial; most jovial; less jovial; least jovial

Forms: more jubilant; most jubilant; less jubilant; least

judicious

3.

jubilant –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– judicious adj. showing good judgment (e.g. decision) A good leader must be a judicious thinker. A moody silence descended between brother and sister, and after a judicious interval, Belinda painted a smile on her face and ed them, hoping her cheeks were not as flushed as they felt. Forms: more judicious; most judicious; less judicious; least judicious ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

32

PHOTOCOPIABLE


lanky

laborious2.


L1.

L

laborious

lanky

adj. demanding a lot of work; often lengthy

adj. tall and thin

Construction can be a laborious job. Harvesting by simple He was lanky in build until he got out of his teens. The tall methods, and drying crops on tripods and fences, may

lanky figure of Billy Tolboys was slouched in the comer

seem, at first sight, a wastefully laborious business.

seat by the fire.

Water supply to the fields may be high on the list, although it is generally possible, if laborious, to carry water or move stock to it. Forms: more laborious; most laborious; less laborious;

Forms: lankier; lankiest; less lanky; least lanky

laudable

latent4.

3.

least laborious –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– latent

laudable

adj. hidden (e.g. talent)

adj. worthy of praise

It wasn't until his thirties when the latent talent of being

His efforts toward the mission were laudable. Her

able to sing emerged. What can be seen is that the

determination to succeed and getting what she wants out

attempt to correlate black youth and crime is a latent but

of her career and life makes her a laudable influence.

definite element in the law and order debate. Forms: more latent; most latent; less latent; least latent

Forms: more laudable; most laudable; less laudable;

lax

lavish6. legitimate

legible8.

7.

5.

least laudable –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– lavish

lax

adj. extremely generous (e.g. praise)

adj. loose; tolerant or lenient (e.g. discipline)

He was lavish with his money when he won the lottery.

The privates liked Sergeant Wolf because of her lax

Ruth sipped her drink and gazed across at Steve who

leadership style. Women who have had children will know

was happily engrossed in their latest project, a

that their vaginal muscles are slightly more relaxed after

presentation for one of the largest computer software

delivery, but they should that many men prefer

companies in the UK, offering their salesmen lavish

space to move in and that sufferers of premature

holidays in lavish Majorca in exchange for lavish rises in

ejaculation will benefit from the more subtle stimulation of

sales.

lax vaginal walls.

Forms: more lavish; most lavish; less lavish; least lavish

Forms: more lax; most lax; less lax; least lax

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

33

PHOTOCOPIABLE


L


legible

legitimate

adj. easily read (e.g. print)

adj. lawful (e.g. claim)

His legible handwriting made the job of reading the

Since his claim was legitimate he was eligible for

manuscript quite a bit easier. There is no evidence to

disability pay. We accept that both the Unionist and

show that a particular typeface is generally more legible

Nationalist traditions are valid and legitimate; that

for pupils with visual impairments than any other; it is the

Northern Ireland should remain a part of the UK until the

layout and contrast that require attention.

free consent of the majority of its people is given to change; that the Republic of Ireland has a legitimate interest in the future of Northern Ireland; and that a partnership in government which allows both communities to participate is the only practical way in

listless

lethal10.

9.

which to make progress. Forms: more legible; most legible; less legible; least

Forms: more legitimate; most legitimate; less legitimate;

legible

least legitimate

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– lethal

listless

adj. fatal; deadly

adj. lacking in spirit

A car crash at 80 MPH is often lethal for everyone in the

After doing the same minuscule job for a week she was

vehicle.

getting listless. The contrast between the two American girls was almost painful; Ellen was so healthy and strong, while the waif-like Robin-Anne was pathetically wan and listless.

Forms: more lethal; most lethal; less lethal; least lethal

Forms: more listless; most listless; less listless; least

literate

literal12.

11.

listless –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– literal

literate

adj. following the exact words or intended meaning of the adj. educated to the point of being able to read and write original (e.g. translation)

(e.g. person)

Stenographers take literal recordings of court trials.

American society has the goal of making sure all children will be literate by the time they are teenagers.

Forms: more literal; most literal; less literal; least literal

Forms: more literate; most literate; less literate; least

loath

livid14. lofty

15.

13.

literate –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– livid

loath

adj. discolored by a bruise; extremely angry (e.g. flesh)

adj. averse; unwilling; extremely reluctant

He had a livid scar on his forehead that could be seen

He was loath to take out the trash since he knew it would

from a good distance away.

leak on his clothing.

Forms: more livid; most livid; less livid; least livid

Forms: more loath; most loath; less loath; least loath

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

34

PHOTOCOPIABLE


L


lofty adj. very high; grand He sets lofty goals, but doesn't work towards them. We were taken to the main hall, a long lofty chamber dominated by a hammer-beamed roof with an oriel window at one end depicting the Lamb of God carrying a standard. Forms: lofty; loftier; loftiest; less lofty; least lofty ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

35

PHOTOCOPIABLE


malicious

majestic2.


M1.

M

majestic

malicious

adj. grandeur; extravagant and luxurious

adj. with harmful intent; spiteful

The majestic castle was more than I expected. Whether

He was malicious during the divorce proceedings. Laws

you choose a chateau hotel or stay in stately homes

used to specify offences such as loitering with intent or

where families take in guests, splendour is the word and

malicious wounding, so that it was up to the prosecutor to

we found it at the majestic Chateau de Noirieux in

prove the evil character of an act that might be more or

Briollay, Anjou.

less culpable. The men, who are claiming damages for false imprisonment, assault and malicious prosecution, were arrested in the early hours of the morning by

mammoth

malignant4.

3.

officers of the Operational Division. Forms: majestic; more majestic; most majestic; less

Forms: malicious; more malicious; most malicious; less

majestic; least majestic

malicious; least malicious

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– malignant

mammoth

adj. cancerous or harmful (usually a growth)

adj. very large; huge

The malignant tumor was growing. In humans, malignant

The mammoth structure blocked the sun's rays. They

melanoma -- a cancer of the cells containing skin pigment looked up and the mammoth wave of all time, a titan among giants, a lumbering dinosaur of a wave, had

-- is a particular hazard of excess sunbathing.

manual

mandatory6. martial

marine8.

7.

5.

rubbed out the sky. Forms: malignant; more malignant; most malignant; less

Forms: mammoth; more mammoth; most mammoth; less

malignant; least malignant

mammoth; least mammoth

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– mandatory

manual

adj. expected; required; describing a duty

adj. describing a feat or process performed by hand

Serving in the army is mandatory in some countries. It

Manual cars have gear shifters and clutches in them. In

goes without saying that testing of the urine for glucose

official publications types of manual job are usually

and ketones should be mandatory for all patients

distinguished according to levels of skill, with separate

itted with infarction and this should be continually

categories being used for the unskilled, semi-skilled and

charted for those found to be diabetic.

skilled manual worker.

Forms: mandatory; more mandatory; most mandatory;

Forms: manual; more manual; most manual; less manual;

less mandatory; least mandatory

least manual

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

36

PHOTOCOPIABLE


M


marine

martial

adj. referring to the ocean or sea

adj. refers to war; warlike

The marine life seemed happy in the aquarium.

Martial arts contain discipline and fighting skills. Staff Sergeant Michael Tilghman, a security officer at Bentwaters air base in Suffolk, was convicted at a court martial of the rape of his British girlfriend against the conditions of the Visiting Forces Act which states that cases of murder and rape must be tried by domestic

meager

massive10.

9.

civilian courts. Forms: marine; more marine; most marine; less marine;

Forms: martial; more martial; most martial; less martial;

least marine

least martial

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– massive

meager

adj. very heavy and large

adj. small in amount; scanty

Two men lifted the massive box. has become

The meager amounts of food were not enough to sustain

increasingly concerned about the danger of importing

them.

inflation through an undervalued currency despite a massive balance of payments surplus, particularly within

mercenary

menial12. militant

meticulous14.

13.

11.

the EU. Forms: massive; more massive; most massive; less

Forms: meager; more meager; most meager; less

massive; least massive

meager; least meager

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– menial

mercenary

adj. low level (usually refers to tasks or positions)

adj. making efforts only for financial advantages or gain

The menial job was all he could do for now.

He was a true mercenary and his employees knew it.

Forms: menial; more menial; most menial; less menial;

Forms: mercenary; more mercenary; most mercenary;

least menial

less mercenary; least mercenary

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– meticulous

militant

adj. detailed work; very careful

adj. aggressive; often very structured

The meticulous work was more than most could handle. I The group was more militant than he expected. particularly enjoyed long evening discussions with Lance, Culturally, the most militant gangs who beat up whose meticulous methods and ambitions in

immigrants in the name of the nation belong to the

broadcasting were explained in his book "The Stuff of

international youth culture and reflect its modes and

Radio", which he sent me on his return to London,

fashions, jeans, punk-rock, junk food and all.

mobile

15.

together with a copy of his novel, "The Perfect Witch". Forms: meticulous; more meticulous; most meticulous;

Forms: militant; more militant; most militant; less militant;

less meticulous; least meticulous

least militant

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

37

PHOTOCOPIABLE


M


mobile adj. having the ability to move; portable The mobile camper allowed them to comfortably enjoy the outdoors. Forms: mobile; more mobile; most mobile; less mobile; least mobile ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

38

PHOTOCOPIABLE


nocturnal

nimble2.


N1.

N

nimble

nocturnal

adj. moving quickly and easily

adj. having a preference for the evening; of the night

The nimble assassin made no noise as he entered. Some Bats, being nocturnal, are only seen during the day if sick large firms have demonstrated a preference for female

or injured.

workers, often on the grounds of their supposed nimble fingers though, in reality, usually because they can be paid less and are less likely to unionize and form any

nonchalant

nominal4.

3.

opposition to management. Forms: nimble; more nimble; most nimble; less nimble;

Forms: nocturnal; more nocturnal; most nocturnal; less

least nimble

nocturnal; least nocturnal

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– nominal

nonchalant

adj. describing a small amount paid for a greater service

adj. not excitable; very casual

or value For a nominal charge, chocolate sauce is available with

The man was nonchalant even after hearing that his

the ice cream. Over the past decade productivity in

brother had died. She begins to describe, in the most

Singapore has risen fast, but not nearly as fast as

nonchalant tone of voice, the variety of hard and soft

nominal wages.

drugs: "I'm beginning to become familiar with them all,

notorious

notable6.

5.

hashish, cannabis, heroin". Forms: nominal; more nominal; most nominal; less

Forms: nonchalant; more nonchalant; most nonchalant;

nominal; least nominal

less nonchalant; least nonchalant

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– notable

notorious

adj. important; significant meaning

adj. well known in a negative way

The leader of a country is always a notable person.

Billie the Kid is a notorious villain in classic literature.

Forms: notable; more notable; most notable; less notable; Forms: notorious; more notorious; most notorious; less

null

7.

least notable

notorious; least notorious

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– null adj. having no effect; devoid of effects; void The man was thrown in jail leaving his employment contract null and void. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

39

PHOTOCOPIABLE


objective

obese2.


O1.

O

obese

objective

adj. very fat

adj. having no prejudice; impartial; fair

obsolete

oblique4.

3.

Many Americans are becoming obese. You often find, for Newspapers are supposed to be an objective source of example, that teenage girls who are just slightly

information. It's difficult to be objective about a match that

overweight see themselves as massively obese.

was as one-sided as a two-headed coin.

Forms: obese; more obese; most obese; less obese;

Forms: objective; more objective; most objective; less

least obese

objective; least objective

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– oblique

obsolete

adj. indicated in an indirect way

adj. no longer used; out-of-date

He mentioned in an oblique way that the man may want

Computers made five years ago are quite obsolete now.

to rethink his course of action. Forms: oblique; more oblique; most oblique; less oblique; Forms: obsolete; more obsolete; most obsolete; less

ominous

obstinate6.

5.

least oblique

obsolete; least obsolete

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– obstinate

ominous

adj. not easy to persuade; stubborn

adj. threatening; often frightening

The man was obstinate about coming in from the rain.

The sky looks very ominous before a tornado. He was cutting his journey fine and it was only by actually jogging from Friedrichstrasse, and feeling a fool for doing so, apart from almost breaking his neck by slipping on the icy pavement, that he arrived at his office before the ominous red line was drawn. Nowadays in Hungary, when the dismantling of red stars -- from public buildings, from railway engines, and perhaps even from the gravestones of party --; has become a minor industry,

opportune

onerous8.

7.

nobody worries about ominous knocks on the door. Forms: obstinate; more obstinate; most obstinate; less

Forms: ominous; more ominous; most ominous; less

obstinate; least obstinate

ominous; least ominous

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

40

PHOTOCOPIABLE


O


onerous

opportune

adj. extra work; burdensome

adj. referring to good timing; timely

Formatting text can be an onerous experience.

The money came in at an opportune time. Now that updated guidelines on the prevention of infection in the mortuary and post-mortem rooms are available, it would seem an opportune time to review local current arrangements, and if necessary, take appropriate action that will demonstrate a true commitment to staff safety

ornate

opulent10.

9.

and welfare. Forms: onerous; more onerous; most onerous; less

Forms: opportune; more opportune; most opportune; less

onerous; least onerous

opportune; least opportune

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– opulent

ornate

adj. describing riches; wealthy

adj. elaborate; often referring to decorations

His bedroom was quite opulent in its furnishings. Life on

The vase had many ornate details about it. It seemed to

board these opulent ships was claimed by one tourist to

Maggie that the whole place was almost hanging in the

be "the perfection of human existence": electric light,

air because it seemed impossible that such slender

carpets, libraries, ladies' saloons, gleaming brass, and

columns could hold such intricate, lacy arches and ornate

white-robed servants with red tarbooshes to provide

ceilings.

excellent service. Forms: opulent; more opulent; most opulent; less opulent; Forms: ornate; more ornate; most ornate; less ornate;

ostensible

orthodox12.

11.

least opulent

least ornate

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– orthodox

ostensible

adj. describing rules and beliefs which are approved,

adj. very clear; apparent

especially by religion The policeman followed the book in a very orthodox

It was ostensible to see that the proposition was a scam.

manner.

The sad fact is that although the ostensible reason for the dolphin kills was that dolphins were stealing and eating the commercial fish species, examination of their stomach contents showed that only the false killer whales

overt

outright14.

13.

were actually feeding on yellowtail. Forms: orthodox; more orthodox; most orthodox; less

Forms: ostensible; more ostensible; most ostensible; less

orthodox; least orthodox

ostensible; least ostensible

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

41

PHOTOCOPIABLE


O


outright

overt

adj. thorough; complete

adj. not hiding anything; open

He was always outright with his information.

He conducted his campaign in an overt manner whenever possible. Treatment of parental mental illnesses may also be seen as potential preventive approaches for childhood disturbance, as can efforts to help disadvantaged families find ways of resolving their multiple problems, and strategies to reduce overt marital discord.

Forms: outright; more outright; most outright; less

Forms: overt; more overt; most overt; less overt; least

outright; least outright

overt

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

42

PHOTOCOPIABLE


paramount

paltry2.


P1.

P

paltry

paramount

adj. insignificant; referring to a small amount

adj. chief; highly important

He looked in his satchel and saw what food he had was

The mission was of paramount importance to the good of

in paltry amounts. Despite the huge number of potential

Bulgaria.

customers (just short of a million) and the fact that all copies of Gudok were delivered free on the railways, the

patent

ive4.

3.

circulation was a paltry 30,000 in June. Forms: paltry; more paltry; most paltry; less paltry; least

Forms: paramount; more paramount; most paramount;

paltry

less paramount; least paramount

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ive

patent

adj. not active; usually not aggressive

adj. very easy to see; obvious

He is more ive than his brother. Behavioural

It was a patent attempt of extortion from his work. The

precursors of schizophrenia included a poor emotional

right coronary artery is a little irregular and not quite

rapport in the psychiatric interview, and parental

normal, but it is certainly patent and no surgeon would

observations that he or she had been a ive baby,

operate if shown that picture.

with a short attention span in childhood, and often impolite behaviour, while school reports often noted that the child was isolated, uneasy about criticism, easily

pedestrian

pathetic6. penitent

peevish8.

7.

5.

upset, and disturbed the class. Forms: ive; more ive; most ive; less

Forms: patent; more patent; most patent; less patent;

ive; least ive

least patent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– pathetic

pedestrian

adj. sad-looking; pitiful

adj. lacking ideas; unimaginative

The boy looked pathetic standing in the rain with no

His pedestrian views on sales would not get him far in the

umbrella.

firm.

Forms: pathetic; more pathetic; most pathetic; less

Forms: pedestrian; more pedestrian; most pedestrian;

pathetic; least pathetic

less pathetic; least pathetic

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– peevish

penitent

adj. annoyed; irritable

adj. to show remorse; repentant

He was peevish to his employees after being called into

One must appear to be penitent when one goes to court if

his boss's office. The remark had been intended to put

he or she is obviously guilty.

him in his place, but it had come out sounding peevish and sensitive, as though she actually gave a damn about

perennial

pensive10.

9.

what he thought of her. Forms: peevish; more peevish; most peevish; less

Forms: penitent; more penitent; most penitent; less

peevish; least peevish

penitent; least penitent

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

43

PHOTOCOPIABLE


P


pensive

perennial

adj. thinking of others; thoughtful

adj. long time effects; lasts for a longer period of time

The pensive man always sent his daughter a birthday

The perennial stream was a great source of fish for the

card early. While indulging his melancholy thoughts he

local tribe.

had taken care to position himself in a nobly pensive attitude, with the candle at his side lending a glistening

pertinent

perilous12. picayune

petty14.

13.

11.

aureole to his dark profile. Forms: pensive; more pensive; most pensive; less

Forms: perennial; more perennial; most perennial; less

pensive; least pensive

perennial; least perennial

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– perilous

pertinent

adj. describing a high level of danger

adj. of importance; relevant

The path was quite perilous, the loose soil could send

Lawyers are trained to only relay pertinent information to

you to your death easily.

the courtroom.

Forms: perilous; more perilous; most perilous; less

Forms: pertinent; more pertinent; most pertinent; less

perilous; least perilous

pertinent; least pertinent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– petty

picayune

adj. small or of no importance

adj. not important; petty

The man received one year in jail for petty theft. The

The picayune complaint did little to enhance his

disagreements between Charman and Allison were

popularity at the firm.

amplified in the airtight atmosphere of the studio, but they

placid

pious16.

15.

were always petty and did not run to bitterness. Forms: petty; more petty; most petty; less petty; least

Forms: picayune; more picayune; most picayune; less

petty

picayune; least picayune

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– pious

placid

adj. very religious; devout

adj. still and calm

One would hope that a pastor of a church would have a

The placid sky made the day great for a game of soccer.

pious disposition. In early sixteenth-century London it

ittedly, this was a placid residential district, but there

pliable

plausible18.

17.

was customary for the most pious lay people to rush from should be some exterior noise: occasional traffic, water church to church in order to be present at as many

dripping from the eaves, distant carol singers, murmuring

elevations of the host as possible in a single day.

electrical appliances.

Forms: pious; more pious; most pious; less pious; least

Forms: placid; more placid; most placid; less placid; least

pious

placid

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

44

PHOTOCOPIABLE


P


plausible

pliable

adj. seeming to be the truth; apparently true

adj. movable; flexible

pompous

poignant20. posthumous

portable22.

21.

19.

Since he had a plausible excuse, his wife did not get mad The pliable clay was great for sculpture art. Linen, when for his being late for the party. The government gave a

new, had a certain quantity of starch applied, thereby

series of reasons for its decision, some of them more

making it slightly stiff whilst remaining pliable; wrapped in

plausible than others; but the main aim seemed to be to

such material a body would be given a neat, crisp

acquire cash or foreign credit for the rehabilitation of its

appearance and presentable for viewing, the shroud

industries.

being drawn away from the features for this purpose.

Forms: plausible; more plausible; most plausible; less

Forms: pliable; more pliable; most pliable; less pliable;

plausible; least plausible

least pliable

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– poignant

pompous

adj. keen to the senses and emotions

adj. to think highly of oneself; self-important

The poignant smell of skunk made everyone want to get

The pompous senator quickly annoyed the crowd he was

out of the car as soon as possible.

speaking to.

Forms: poignant; more poignant; most poignant; less

Forms: pompous; more pompous; most pompous; less

poignant; least poignant

pompous; least pompous

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– portable

posthumous

adj. movable and capable of being carried

adj. describing actions after a person's death

Minidisk players are portable and don't skip; making them The posthumous medal was awarded to the man's wife great for use in exercising.

for valor in war. The sister of Derek Bentley, executed for his alleged role in the killing of a policeman forty years ago, has been given leave to take court action to secure a posthumous pardon.

Forms: portable; more portable; most portable; less

potential

potent24. pragmatic

practicable26.

25.

23.

portable; least portable –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– potent

potential

adj. strong; powerful

adj. high possibility

The potent brew had the cowboys drunk after a very

He had the potential at one time to be the best anyone

short time had ed.

had ever seen.

Forms: potent; more potent; most potent; less potent;

Forms: potential; more potential; most potential; less

least potent

potential; least potential

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

45

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practicable

pragmatic

adj. capable of doing something; describing something

adj. realistic; practical

that can be done The idea was practicable, so they began work the very

The woman looked only for pragmatic solutions that

next day. When it comes to sharing development and

gained her respect from her colleagues. Successive

production with our European partners, we have the

generations of politicians, civil servants, judges and

common aims of all middle powers: protecting our own

philosophers reared on a meagre intellectual diet of

national armament industries; and preserving the

pragmatic utilitarianism and positivism had firmly rejected

greatest practicable measure of military independence.

these ideas as a basis for ensuring constitutional

precise

precarious28.

27.

government and citizens' rights. Forms: practicable; more practicable; most practicable;

Forms: pragmatic; more pragmatic; most pragmatic; less

less practicable; least practicable

pragmatic; least pragmatic

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– precarious

precise

adj. possible danger; risky

adj. detailed; exact

The precarious bridge had already claimed two peoples'

One has to be precise when installing explosives in

lives that year.

buildings. As a concise and precise international language like that longed for by the natural philosophers of the seventeenth century, where symbols would stand for things and not words, engineering drawing was

predominate

precocious30.

29.

valuable in opening machinery to scientific study. Forms: precarious; more precarious; most precarious;

Forms: precise; more precise; most precise; less precise;

less precarious; least precarious

least precise

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– precocious

predominate

adj. advanced to a higher level than expected

adj. leading; prevailing

Tommy was quite a precocious child; he could read at the The predominate party was now in power for four years.

prevalent

preposterous32.

31.

age of four. Forms: precocious; more precocious; most precocious;

Forms: predominate; more predominate; most

less precocious; least precocious

predominate; less predominate; least predominate

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

46

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preposterous

prevalent

adj. very silly; ridiculous

adj. broad and widespread

The plan was so preposterous that the board would not

The prevalent theory of black holes and their existence

bother discussing it. Now Freud, in trying to the explain

was finally proved last month. Since the introduction of

the origins of ambivalence about incest, suggests the

computer-based indexing systems, alphabetical indexing

apparently preposterous and farfetched idea, that in the

languages have become more prevalent and UDC has

beginning, human beings lived in these kinds of primal

suffered a reduction in use.

prime

primary34.

33.

hoards, and er, there was no incest prohibition as such. Forms: preposterous; more preposterous; most

Forms: prevalent; more prevalent; most prevalent; less

preposterous; less preposterous; least preposterous

prevalent; least prevalent

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– primary

prime

adj. referring to the base level; fundamental; main

adj. top in importance or quality; first

The primary source of diamonds in the world is Africa.

The prime choice in steak is filet mignon. He disliked the

This is because the mouth is a primary erotic zone of the

way clubs were compelled to concern themselves with

body, and dentistry can trigger off hidden memories of

points at the cost of skill, the restrictions imposed on

sexual abuse.

development of young players by the prime importance of the first team, and the premature blooding of young

prior

primitive36.

35.

players in the first team. Forms: primary; more primary; most primary; less

Forms: prime; more prime; most prime; less prime; least

primary; least primary

prime

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– primitive

prior

adj. not civilized; crude

adj. previous; before

Racism is considered primitive thinking.

She couldn't make the date because she ed that she had a prior engagement. Prior to the nineteenth century children were dressed as miniature adults, complete with all the external manifestations of masculinity and femininity; exposed to the social aspects of adult sexuality earlier than modern children, they probably had much less difficulty in coping with their own biological changes.

Forms: primitive; more primitive; most primitive; less

Forms: prior; more prior; most prior; less prior; least prior

proficient

prodigious38.

37.

primitive; least primitive ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

47

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prodigious

proficient

adj. describing a very large size or amount

adj. skilled and effective

There is a prodigious amount of undiscovered species of

She was found to be quite proficient in her law career.

insects in this world. Forms: prodigious; more prodigious; most prodigious;

Forms: proficient; more proficient; most proficient; less

less prodigious; least prodigious

proficient; least proficient

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

48

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singular

simultaneous2.


S1.

S

simultaneous

singular

adj. taking place at the same time

adj. hard to believe; strange; remarkable

Lightning and the crash of thunder seems simultaneous

His singular take on the issue left no room for discussion.

but is not. A simultaneous thinning and shrinking of the

In his social criticism Eliot assumes an idea of England

sea ice lessens its albedo, or reflectivity, thereby allowing which never existed and proposes an England which could not exist: in the same way, his own vision of the

the oceans to absorb more heat from the sun.

world was too singular for him to be able to invest his social dramas with the emblematic or representative significance to which he aspired. Forms: singular; more singular; most singular; less

skeptical

sinister4.

3.

singular; least singular –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– sinister

skeptical

adj. threatening and referring to evil and darkness

adj. not believing in something; showing doubt

The best horror movies include an actor that actually

She was skeptical of his alibi but decided to say nothing

looks sinister. We, the democracies, will still be faced by

until later.

totalitarianism, in a form less clumsy but no less aggressive, and even more sinister in its ruthless

sleek

slack6.

5.

unexhausted might. Forms: sinister; more sinister; most sinister; less sinister;

Forms: skeptical; more skeptical; most skeptical; less

least sinister

skeptical; least skeptical

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– slack

sleek

adj. not busy; loose

adj. often shiny; smooth and glossy

There was slack time every Monday; so he knew Monday The new Ford Mustang has a nice sleek look to it. would be an easy day at work. The public spectacle of culture, the adoption of culture by the media, the standardization of culture, the cultural discourse, cultural self-satisfaction, a slack cultural conformism, the recuperation of culture never has so much apparently been done for culture, never have the results (another word that deserves some elaboration) been so

slovenly

slender8.

7.

disappointing. Forms: slack; more slack; most slack; less slack; least

Forms: sleek; more sleek; most sleek; less sleek; least

slack

sleek

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

49

PHOTOCOPIABLE


S


slender

slovenly

adj. small in size or amount

adj. unkempt; not clean and untidy

Her slender waist and striking face got her many looks

Bachelors have a stereotype for having slovenly

from the college football team.

dwellings. He was dull, untidy in his books, arrogant and morose, with slovenly characteristics that hardly endeared him to his perfectionist mother.

Forms: slender; more slender; most slender; less slender; Forms: slovenly; more slovenly; most slovenly; less

smug

sluggish10.

9.

least slender

slovenly; least slovenly

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– sluggish

smug

adj. slow moving

adj. happy with oneself; self-satisfied

Tanner felt sluggish when he woke up and decided to

She had a smug look on her face when he itted that

make coffee.

he was wrong. If you want the whole rumbustious, arrogant, self-satisfied, smug, righteous, courageous, opinionated, dedicated, class-ridden, adventure-seeking, patriotic life of an era in full technicolour, you can do no

sober

snug12. solitary

solemn14.

13.

11.

better than collect Victorian bindings. Forms: sluggish; more sluggish; most sluggish; less

Forms: smug; more smug; most smug; less smug; least

sluggish; least sluggish

smug

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– snug

sober

adj. feeling comfortable

adj. serious

The pants were her favorite due to their snug fit and

His wife's typical smiling face held a sober look and he

atypical color.

wondered what she had heard on the telephone.

Forms: snug; more snug; most snug; less snug; least

Forms: sober; more sober; most sober; less sober; least

snug

sober

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– solemn

solitary

adj. grave; mournful

adj. alone; lonely

The solemn funeral left no one with dry eyes. He

His self-enforced solitary lifestyle made people think of

hesitated before her a moment, and then he took her

him as strange. In his survey of all incidents involving a

hands and bent his head, and gave her the solemn kiss

solitary offender recorded by the police as rapes or

of kinship; and before she could draw breath and touch

attempted rapes between 2007 and 2011 in six English

her astonished fingers to her lips, he was out of the

counties, he found that 204 men were arrested for rape

paddock and away across the clearing into the trees.

or attempted rape.

Forms: solemn; more solemn; most solemn; less solemn; Forms: solitary; more solitary; most solitary; less solitary;

sophisticated

somber16.

15.

least solemn

least solitary

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

50

PHOTOCOPIABLE


S


somber

sophisticated

adj. gloomy and dark

adj. cultured; wise about the world

The song had a somber, mournful tone that touched

The gentlemen looked quite sophisticated in their new

many people in the audience.

suits at the wedding. Because of the increasing use of complex machinery and sophisticated farming methods, many of those engaged in agriculture require managerial and supervisory skills and it is to this area of provision that the agricultural colleges should be turning in the next

sparse

sordid18.

17.

few years. Forms: somber; more somber; most somber; less

Forms: sophisticated; more sophisticated; most

somber; least somber

sophisticated; less sophisticated; least sophisticated

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– sordid

sparse

adj. wretched; often referring to terrible conditions

adj. scattered thin or small amounts

To some people, rock stars are stereotypically sordid

The sparse shade offered no respite from the heat. The

characters. Yet, considering the sordid life to which the

European settlers gradually increased in numbers and

modern underclass is committed, and especially when

additionally brought over slaves from the Guinea Coast

their life is compared with that of the contented majority, it thus bringing pressure to bear on the already sparse is an occasion for wonder that the discontent and its

natural vegetation.

more violent and aggressive manifestations are not

spiritual

spirited20.

19.

greater than they are. Forms: sordid; more sordid; most sordid; less sordid;

Forms: sparse; more sparse; most sparse; less sparse;

least sordid

least sparse

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– spirited

spiritual

adj. joyous and lively

adj. referring to the soul; having no body, form, or substance

She was a spirited individual that constantly helped the

The pastor was there for spiritual matters, he tried to help

moral of her teammates.

with other things but was not adept at it.

Forms: spirited; more spirited; most spirited; less spirited; Forms: spiritual; more spiritual; most spiritual; less

sporadic

spontaneous22.

21.

least spirited

spiritual; least spiritual

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

51

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spontaneous

sporadic

adj. happening due to a natural reason; no planning

adj. irregular; occasional; infrequent

He liked her spontaneous nature as he was never bored

It rained in a sporadic fashion all evening and into the

around her. It is from the chaos of spontaneous

next day. Maria's husband finds whatever work he can,

analogizing that creativity breaks into the ordered by

his income is at best, sporadic, so the couple frequently

closed realm of analytic thinking.

relies on her meagre income to feed and clothe 8 year

staccato

spry24.

23.

old Luis and 9 year old Eveline. Forms: spontaneous; more spontaneous; most

Forms: sporadic; more sporadic; most sporadic; less

spontaneous; less spontaneous; least spontaneous

sporadic; least sporadic

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– spry

staccato

adj. moving easily; nimble

adj. describing the breaks between successive sounds

He was amazingly spry for an eighty-year-old man.

The staccato gunfire was present every night in their neighborhood. Gleaming French cars nosed along the cluttered roadway bearing corpulent Chinese and their bejewelled wives or concubines in their curtained interiors, and the staccato, unmelodious babble of the Cantonese dialect had entirely replaced the softer, sibilant tones of the Annamese language.

stalwart

stagnant26.

25.

Forms: spry; more spry; most spry; less spry; least spry –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– stagnant

stalwart

adj. unclean due to a lack of movement

adj. strong and robust

Stagnant water is a home to many kinds of bacteria.

The stalwart captain marched with his troops for two straight days.

Forms: stagnant; more stagnant; most stagnant; less

Forms: stalwart; more stalwart; most stalwart; less

stagnant; least stagnant

stalwart; least stalwart

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

52

PHOTOCOPIABLE


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