50364228 System In Animals And Plants e769

system in humans and animals is called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM ENDOSKELETON

3 types of skeletal systems EXOSKELETON

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

ENDOSKELETON • Inner Frame • Refers to bones or cartilage that is inside the body of vertebrates.

EXOSKELETON • Outer Frame • Consists of one layer of hard skin derived from substances like calcium carbonate

HYDROSTATTIC SKELETON • Formed from fluid pressure in space that is enveloped by a muscular system.

body weight

Protects soft organs inside body

Maintain body shape Provide place for muscles in body to attach themselves

Enable limbs to move

body weight

Protects soft tissues from damage

Maintain body shape Provide surface for muscles to attach themselves

Allow movement

Endoskeleton in humans consists of 206 bones

Backbone mainly ed by Pelvic Girdle

Pelvic Girdle : strongest bone in human body

ANIMALS

Vertebrates

Land

Aquatic

Invertebrates

Exoskeleton

Hydrostatic Skeletal

Entire weight is ed by its endoskeleton. Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that of the aquatic animal vertebrate system.

Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles to their body weight Four-legged animals : Backbone either curve upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to withstand any heavy load acting on the animal.

Pectoral Girdle

Pelvic Girdle

Birds : Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is lighter. Advantages of hollow bones : Lighter Requires less calcium and phosphorous for its formation.

Examples : Whales, dolphins Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than land vertebrates. Pectoral and pelvic that is smaller and lighter. Most of body weight is ed by buoyancy of the water.

The buoyancy of the water allows the size of the aquatic vertebrate animals to be bigger that land vertebrate animals.

ENDOSKELETON

SIMILARITIES PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE

VERTEBRATE BONES ARE FLEXIBLE

IN LAND VERTEBRATES

DIFFERENCES

IN AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

Pectoral and pelvic girdle the body weight



Water buoyancy s the body weight

Big and strong

SKELETON

Small and weak

Big

PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE

Small

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Its body is ed by : External skeletal system (exoskeleton) Body fluids (hydrostatic skeletons)

Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or shell. Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin :  Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions. Examples of invertebrates with hard shell :  Snails, mussels

For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle. Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water) Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.

Leeches, worms and octopus do not have exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft. Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic skeleton system) as system.

The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.

EXOSKELETON

SIMILARITIES

BODY FLUID

IN LAND INVERTEBRATES

DIFFERENCES

IN AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

Soft bodies with external shells



Water buoyancy

SKELETON

Hard and made of calcium carbonate, for example, crabs.

Hard and made of chitin, for example, insects.

system of plants are different based on the type of plant.

PLANTS

Land

Woody

Aquatic

Non-woody (herbaceous)

Examples: rubber tree, durian tree, rambutan tree, and teak tree. ed by woody tissues. Woody tissues – dense, hard on tree trunk. - made up of xylem tissues. Most of the woody plants are tall.

Also ed by special structures : Buttress roots Clasping roots

Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees, and yellow flame trees. Occurs at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the soil.

Examples : money plant, certain wild orchid. Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its .

Examples: roses, bougainvillea. ed by turgid cells.

Water is absorbed by the cells

Pressure is exerted on the cell walls

Stem being turgid

Also ed by special structures : Thorns Tendrils Prop Roots (Adventitious Roots)

IN HERBACEOUS PLANTS

DIFFERENCES

IN WOODY PLANTS

Pectoral and pelvic girdle the body weight



Water buoyancy s the body weight

Big and strong

SKELETON

Small and weak

Big

PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE

Small

Examples: yam, water lily and lotus. ed by water buoyancy. Have soft stems that have air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface. Aquatic plants that live in the water have fine leaves.