Alat Industri Kimia - Introduction - Andi Gustawan 2r4f3x

Peralatan Industri Kimia

 By Andi Gustawan

Sylabus  MKB-312 Peralatan Industri Kimia, 2(2-0 SKS)  Materi : Peralatan transportasi material padat, cair, dan gas. Peralatan pengubah ukuran. Peralatan kontak antar fasa. Peralatan pengadukan (mixer). Peralatan pemompaan. Peralatan pemisah fasa padat dengan fasa cair: pengendap, pemekat, filtrasi, sentrifugasi. Peralatan evaporasi. Peralatan kristalisasi. Peralatan pengeringan. Peralatan distilasi dan fraksionasi, Peralatan pemindah panas, peralatan pengayak, nosel penyebar. Referensi :  Mc Cabe and Smith, 1990, Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill, Singapore.  Perry and Chilton, 2008, Handbook for Chemical Engineer's, Mc Graw-Hill, Singapore

PLANT OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

PROCESS DESIGN Process design establishes the sequence of chemical and physical operations; operating conditions; the duties, major specifications, and materials of construction (where critical) of all process equipment (as distinguished from utilities and building auxiliaries); The process design is summarized by a process flowsheet, a material and energy balance, and a set of individual equipment specifications.

FLOW PROCESS

INTRODUCTION

EQUIPMENT Two main categories of process equipment :  Proprietary equipment is designed by the manufacture manufacturer to meet performance specifications made by the ; these specifications may be regarded as the process design of the equipment. This category includes equipment with moving parts such as pumps, compressors, and drivers as well as cooling towers, dryers, filters, mixers, agitators, piping equipment, and valves, and even the structural aspects of heat exchangers, furnaces, and other equipment. 

Custom design is needed for many aspects of chemical reactors, most vessels, multistage separators such as fractionators, and other special equipment not amenable to complete standardization.

PLANT EQUIPMENT SYMBOL

PLANT EQUIPMENT SYMBOL

PLANT EQUIPMENT SYMBOL

INTRODUCTION

CODES, STANDARDS, AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES  A large body of rules has been developed over the years to ensure the safe and economical design, fabrication and testing of equipment, structures, and materials.

TABLE 1.2. Codes and Standards of Direct Bearing on Chemical Process Design (a Selection) A. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017 1. Standard testing procedures; 21 have been published, for example on centrifuges, filters, mixers, firer heaters B. American Petroleum Institute (API), 2001 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20037 2. Recommended practices for refinery inspections 3. Guide for inspection of refinery equipment 4. Manual on disposal of refinery wastes 5. Recommended practice for design and construction of large, low 6. Recommended practice for design and construction of pressure 7. Recommended practices for safety and fire protection pressure storage tanks relieving devices C. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 345 W. 47th St., New 8. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Sec. VIII, Unfired 9. Code for pressure piping York, NY 10017 Pressure Vessels 10. Scheme for identification of piping systems D. American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103 11. ASTM Standards, 66 volumes in 16 sections, annual, with about E. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New 30% revision each year York, NY 10018 12. Abbreviations, letter symbols, graphical symbols, drawing and drafting room practice

INTRODUCTION

MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES Material and energy balances are based on a conservation law which is stated generally in the form

input + source = output + sink + accumulation. 

Input and output quantities of an entity cross the boundaries



A source is an increase in the amount of the entity that occurs without a crossing of the boundary; for example, an increase in the sensible enthalpy or in the amount of a substance as a consequence of chemical reaction. sinks are decreases without a boundary crossing, as the disappearance of water from a fluid stream by adsorption onto a solid phase within the boundary. Accumulations are time rates of change of the amount of the entities within the boundary, an accumulation occurs when the input and output rates are different. In the steady state, the accumulation is zero.

 

PLANT LAYOUT

PLANT P & ID

INTRODUCTION



SAFETY FACTORS

In all of the factors that influence the performance of equipment and plant there are elements of uncertainty and the possibility of error, including inaccuracy of physical data, basic correlations of behavior such as pipe friction or tray efficiency or gas-liquid distribution, necessary approximations of design methods and calculations, not entirely known behavior of materials of construction,uncertainty of future market demands, and changes in operating performance with time. Safety factors should not be used to mask inadequate or careless design work. The design should be the best that can be made in the time economically justifiable, and the safety factors should be estimated from a careful consideration of all factors entering into the design and the possible future deviations from the design conditions.