An Analysis Of The Contribution Of Herbert Simon 2x2y64

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF HERBERT SIMON THE ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES Summary Studies by Herbert A. Simon in the field of organizational theory had as main motivation concern about real human behavior along the organizations. Among his major contributions in the organizational field, to which earned greater recognition was defending the thesis of bounded rationality. Given the relevance of the work of Simon, the purpose of this article is to map the contributions more important this author in organizational studies. To achieve the proposed goal, we proceeded to an analysis of his publications, which totaled approximately 845 original works (including articles and books), published between 1937 to February 2001. Besides this study and reflection on the major publications author, we conducted a content analysis of the titles of their publications, seeking identify the trajectory of topics of interest to Simon. The results indicated that, even presenting a multidisciplinary, research by Simon were guided by a fundamental concern: to seek a better understanding of the real human behavior in decision-making and problem solving

within organizations. Keywords: Herbert A. Simon; Organizational Theories; Bounded Rationality; Behavioral Theory; Decision Making. 1 Introduction The istration in the social sciences has been recognized mainly the contribution of thinkers who, through tireless research and studies, improved understanding of organizational phenomena. Many of these researchers absolute truths challenged and fought against prevailing currents, with the ideal of bringing organizational studies to a much more reliable real environment organizational. One of these thinkers was Herbert A. Simon, who had recognized its importance in the field of organizational studies from the significant relevance of their theses. His greatest recognition came from the refutation of some of the basic assumptions neoclassical economics, a fact that earned him the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978. More specifically, in the area of management studies, Simon is known as the father of behaviorism. The purpose of this article is to map and retrieve the key contributions of

Simon in the context of organizational studies. However, it is worth noting that the importance his work transcends the boundaries of the social sciences, creating impact in several areas of scientific knowledge. To achieve the goal proposed here, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of its publications, totaling approximately 845 original works (including articles and books) published from 1937 to February 2001. The search strategy used consisted of two stages: the first included a study of the major publications of the author and the second consisted of a content analysis of the titles of all your original publications. The text is structured as follows: section 2, will be presented main concerns and contributions of Simon for the various areas of knowledge; in section 3, we present the results of the analysis of their publications, and finally in section 4, some concluding remarks will be given. 2 Concerns and Contributions to Organizational Theory Simon studies have traversed the fields of economics, psychology,

istration, philosophy and computer science. It is noted, however, that all Your line of thinking is focused on understanding and decision-making process problem solving in organizations. For over 40 years, Simon used intensively the computer as a tool, especially for the simulation of human thought through artificial intelligence systems. This section will examine major concerns and contributions of Simon the diverse perspectives of organizational theory. Importantly, their incursions in economics, computer science and psychology occurred to better understand the actual behavior of individuals in decision making and problem solving organizations together. 2.1 The central thesis of the studies of Simon In 1947, with the publication of inistrative behavior, Simon promotes the theory istrative behavior. His ideas mark a new era in social science, whose focus of attention falls on concern about human behavior in the process decision-making and problem-solving organization. His theory z fa strong criticism of some of the basic principles of neoclassical economics and istration classic. One should draw attention to the fact that, from a young age, Simon preocupavase

with human behavior in decision-making in organizations. Since the first studies in 1936, the undergraduate political science University of Chicago, focused on this theme. In the early period of his work at Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949 sought, along with other researchers, studying the resolution process problems in organizations. Simon (1978) states the need for more adequate theories on solving problems for people in the organizational field. By 1954, defended the idea that the most appropriate way to study the problem solving was simulate this situation with computer programs. Gradually, the simulation of human cognition has become one of their topics of interest in research. Given this vision Simom preliminary work, it is likely that the reader is reflecting on the following questions: what would a researcher to spend more 60 years studying how humans solve problems and make decisions? These issues deserve such an interest in the organizational? To elucidate such questions, we must understand what the motivation inherent concern for Simon with such issues. For him, these are central issues in organizational studies since the work of managers, scientists, engineers, lawyers - in short, the work that guide the course of society and its economic and governmental organizations - is working,

largely problem-solving and decision-making. This involves: a) choose matters requiring the establishment of goals, b) deg courses of action satisfactory and c) evaluate and choose among alternative actions. The first of these three activities is usually called problem solving, and the third is called making decision (Simon, 1986). Before Barnard, with the publication of The functions of the executive in 1938, and Simon, with the publication of istrative Behavior in 1947, had been given little importance to the process of decision making. So while the entire organization is permeated by decisions and actions, dispensed a greater attention to the latter than the former. Behaviorism fills this theoretical gap, emphasizing the process of making decision, which considers central activity of management. The decision process involves the selection of certain conscious or unconscious actions between those that are physically possible for the agent and for those on which he has influence and authority. So there are a large number of shares alternatives which are reduced by the individual to what is actually taken effect.

Simon says the , and make decisions in the best way possible, you should ensure that everyone in your organization to also take effectively. According to the author, the last 40 years, the techniques of decision making have advanced considerably depending on the development of a large number of tools - in particular, the tools of operations research, science management technologies and expert systems (Simon, 1987). Worried about providing knowledge the decision maker, Simon grants special attention to computer information systems. For the author, historically, information was a scarce factor in the decision-making process, but at the moment current, are being made available large amounts of information and this provided a lack of time for people to process this information. Consequently, the process of information requires computational systems (expert systems or intelligence artificial) that allow the process to work efficiently informational (Simon, 1998). These systems provide each member of the group a substantial part of information, assumptions, goals and attitudes that are part of the process decision. It should be noted that the importance given to information systems can be related to the concept that, according to Simon, defines the organization: complex communications system and inter-relationships that exist in a human group

(Simon, 1947). 2.2 Contribution of Simon to Economics Simon won the Nobel Prize in Economics for helping to "push" the economy conventional theory of supply and demand to the complexity of the real world of psychology and behavioral science. He introduced the theory of bounded rationality, in which contrasted the classical view that s always make decisions that maximize profits and that individuals always make the best choice among several alternatives. Simon noted that information processing is limited by the people and generally seek to a satisfactory approximation of the results (March and Simon, 1958). Lambasting the economy, Simon (1999, p. 94) argues as follows: "People should consider that decision makers possess skills Limited to evaluate all possible alternatives of a decision, as well as handle the uncertain consequences of its decision. One theory, to come into existence, should be firmly based on knowledge about the process of decision making and current real human beings. The lesson that the economy is just beginning to learn is that a theory can not be built in the comfort of an armchair without foundations

Empirical strong. If we relied on a Popperian view that the function of evidence contest is incorrect theories, then we can give the neoclassical economics, without delay, a verdict of proven failure. " Following his critique of classical economics Nobel in his text, Simon (1979, p. 500) notes: "We have seen that the classical theory always leads to the same conclusions and that principles of perfect rationality are contrary to the facts that actually occur in actual process of decision making. We now understand much of the mechanism of choice rational human. We know how the system works in information processing called man, given the complexity. Besides his perception, ability to use process information to look for alternatives to calculate consequences, to resolve uncertainties and thus - sometimes, not always - find the way of action is sufficiently satisfactory. " It is observed then that the "istrative man" promoted by Simon in replacing the "economic man" of classical theory is limited in the knowledge of all alternatives and unable to establish criteria to optimize their decisions, so seeks to make decisions that meet the minimum standards of satisfaction and never

optimization. In his view, Simon argues that an alternative is good only if: (1) A set of criteria that enable all alternatives are compared and (2) the alternative is chosen according to these criteria. Moreover, an alternative is satisfactory when: (1) there is a set of criteria that describes a minimum satisfaction of the alternatives and (2) the chosen alternative meets these criteria (March and Simon, 1958). 2.3 Contribution to istrative Theories In his book istrative behavior, Simon makes some harsh criticism of the theory classical management, especially with regard to istrative principles. According to the author, most known principles of istration are as sayings, i.e., in pairs and for each principle, there is another which is contradictory. Simon also indicates that studies suffer from istrative superficiality, oversimplification and lack of objectivity. He argues that a generally has been left out of studying the actual location of decision-making functions, content to speak of like authority, centralization, span of control and function without trying, however, to define them operationally. The author cites, for example, the case of mismatch principle

specialization with the principle of the control unit, both being presented Originally by Fayol in 1916. If the decisions of an individual at any point in istrative hierarchy, always subject to the influence of a single channel authority (control unit) requires a broader knowledge about the organization, which is restricted by the principle of specialization. Another criticism made by Simon is in relation to the appearance of authority, too emphasized the aspect of persuasion and arbitrariness by the authors of the theory classic. Simon (1947) has the authority as one of various ways of influencing the behavior of individuals, and its main feature persuasion and agreement of the subordinate. For Simon (1947), the social sciences suffered from acute schizophrenia, especially in relation to the importance given to rationality. At one extreme, were economists who attributed the rational economic man an omniscience absurd, and other extreme would be the trends of social psychology, that reduced the knowledge of and affection showed that people are not as rational as think. With the proposition of behavioral theory addressing aspects of rational ity Limited, Simon sought a balance between the two previous approaches based on

premise that, in fact, human behavior is intentional, although boundedly rational. At this point, there are the greatest possibilities for development of a genuine theory of organization and istration (Simon, 1947). Referring to the field of general theory of istration, Simon emphasizes that istrative theory is, in essence, the theory of purposive rationality and limited behavior of humans seeking behaviors satisfactory. Furthermore, says that the main concern of management theory lies at the boundary between the rational and irrational aspects of human social behavior (Simon, 1947). Incursion 2.4 of Simon in Computational Science Interviewed by Doug Stewart about his relationship with computer science, Simon (1994, p. 3) responds: "I had with computers early on when they were invented, and they me fascinated. Computers are able to manipulate symbol and it seemed to me very with thought. The idea that they could be used in solving problems general purposes, fell as a 'trovão'para me. " For Simon, the computer is the most important technology that emerged from the machine steam, perhaps since the invention of writing. Emphasizes that all computer scientists

should have a responsibility to think deeply about the implications and features of this technology to the wider community. Due to the increase in computing resources (hardware and software), Simon makes use of artificial intelligence systems, both to understand how to increase capacity of human thought - extend the boundary of limited rations ity. Those technologies have been used extensively in psychology to simulate the cognitive process human. Now also have been used in facing problems of philosophy of nature human knowledge. Thus, it is believed that the skills that determine the quality of decision decision making and problem solving, and are stored in people's minds, can be stored on machines and, especially today, these machines are called Computer (Simon, 1987). Simon also has used computer technology to apply their techniques operational research in modeling complex systems. For the author, the modeling is main - perhaps the first - technique to study the behavior of systems complex, being used to predict, analyze and prescribe something about these systems (Simon, 1990). What becomes evident is that the most recent research interest for Simon

in the field of computer science rested on the following topics: intelligence Artificial human-computer interaction, information processing systems, use of computers in the study (modeling) of philosophical problems relating to intelligence and epistemology, social impact assessment of computer technology on people and organizations. However, all these studies attempt to examine the issue of how humans make decisions and solve organizational problems. 05.02 Simon and behaviorism The doctoral research of Simon on decision making in organizations - and later, on istrative behavior - led him to the field of psychology. According to the author, in the mid 50's, his research interest was greater use computer simulations to develop theories of human behavior (Simon, 1960). Cognitive psychology has built and tested empirical models similar to how humans solve problems. Many of these models take the form computer programs that simulate human behavior. The top searches Recent Simon, together with other researchers, show how the central focus construction of computer programs that can learn new skills through examining real examples of problem solving by individuals.

For Simon, much of the research in cognitive science aimed understand how intelligent systems perform the work. Only in the last five years, attention turns to the question of how systems are intelligent - as they learn. Learning is crucial for adaptation in environments constant change. Therefore, any research on decision-making that includes adaptation and learning would be welcome (Simon, 1987). Currently, one of the important goals of basic scientific research is to understand how the human mind, with or without the use of the computer, solves problems and makes decisions. Psychology, economics, statistics, mathematics, research operational, political science, management science, artificial intelligence and science had significant gains in cognitive research, especially in the last century by seek to understand how humans solve problems and make decisions (Simon, 1987). Another concentration of research for Simon, more focused questions epistemological, was the study of the process of scientific discovery. This research sought to examine in depth evidence (laboratory records, papers published, books, etc.). occurred as of great scientific discoveries throughout history humanity. Thus, there would be the possibility of building a simulation

these computational processes and subsequently conducting experiments in laboratory about the behavior of individuals in the processes of scientific discovery. To perform such research, it has been necessary to develop new modeling languages and new computational techniques to collect empirical data (Kulkarni and Simon, 1988). 3 The Trajectory of Research and Publications of Simon To better understand the research trajectory of Simon in studies organizational as well as an extensive study and reflection of its major publications, became necessary further analysis in order to cover their total publications. Therefore, we followed the following steps: a) access of references all publications of Simon, available on its official website (Http://psy.cmu.edu/psy/faculty/hsimon/hsimon:html), b) selection of original titles its publications, totaling a total of 845 titles (in English and some co-authored) published in the period between 1937 (Simon 21 years old and recently graduated in political science from the University of Chicago) to February 2001 (Simon, now 84 years old, was in full activity of research and teaching at Carnegie-Mellon

University), c) with the aid of statistical software SPHINX, we proceeded to an analysis lexical in 845 securities, seeking to identify the frequency of keywords. It should be considers that this analysis showed strong limitations, especially for being held only in the titles of publications, yet became useful to demonstrate the main topics of interest to Simon during its 60 years of research and publications. The following (Figure 1) shows the results of lexical analysis of 845 bonds, thus allowing to identify the frequency of keywords in the titles of publications (the number in parentheses indicates the frequency of the word in the titles). Figure 1. Frequency of keywords in the titles of publications of Simon. In view of this result and in conjunction with the study in his major works, work must make some comments on the frequency of keywords and what they represented in the trajectory of research and studies of Simon. Science ¨ (61); theory (58); scientific (33); istration / istrativ and (29): the high frequency of these keywords denoting the constant concern of Simon in his research with the proposition, analysis and theory development. Such words

also indicate attention to the scientific aspects of their studies, predominantly in the field of management science. ¨-Solving problem (51), human (51), behavior / behavioral (44) decision (36); makingdecision (26): These keywords indicate the theme, sometimes implicit, sometimes explicitly, were present in much of the research and publications Simon - human behavior in the process of problem solving and decision decision. ¨ Computers (45), simulation (21), technology (21); artificail-intelligence (18): it clarify here that these keywords appear frequently because Simon seeking resources in information technology (software and hardware) important tools and resources to conduct their research. Through systems artificial intelligence, he sought to simulate human behavior in the process decision-making and organizational problem solving. Cognitive ¨ (38); psychology (23); chess (18): these words indicate one of the Recent research topics of Simon - cognitive psychology - and the attempt to understand how intelligent systems learn. The term chess indicated various Sometimes, as in some polls Simon studied the behavior of chess players before the decision-making process.

¨ Rationality (16), reasoning (14) rational (12); heuristic (9): the frequency of these words in their publications resulting from the theme of the text presented in the Nobel 1978, in which Simon proposed the theory of bounded rationality, indicating that being human makes decisions that meet the minimum standards of satisfaction and never optimization. ¨ Organization (46), public (17), municipal (11): the occurrence of these demonstrates the Simon's concern with the study of the problems of public organizations and private. One must consider that the fragility inherent lexical analysis technique (at fact just point the frequency of pala Vras out of context), the considerations Science (61); theory (58); solving (problem) (51), human (51) information (48); organization (46); computers (45); model (45); behavior / behavioral (44); cognitive (38); decision (36); system (34); Scientific (33), economic (31); istration / istrative (29); social (29) discovering (27); making (decision) (26); psychology (23); simulation (21) technology (21); chess (18); artificialintelligence

(18); management (17); public (17); complex (15); rationality (16); reasoning (14); modeling (12); rational (12); municipal (11); heuristic (9), mathematical (9); planning (9); expert presented above have a high degree of bias, if the author of this article had not a priori depth study and understanding of classical works of Simon. Table 1 presents the publications of Simon not for decades, but in periods in which they highlighted some issues of greatest importance. Chart 1. Frequencies of keywords in different publications Simon periods. PERIOD FREQUENCY KEY WORDS 1937 - 1946 istration (10), municipal (10), city (7), public (3) Local (3) urban (2); behavior (1); decision (1) human (1). 1947 - 1956 Theories (14); organization (12), human (11) istration (11); behavior (8); decision (7), economic (5); science (5); rational (4), public (3), problem-solving (2). 1957 - 1966 Computer (14); decision (14), human (14), problem-solving (12); theory (11); simulation (10); heuristic (7) information (7); behavior (6).

1967 - 1979 Information (27); organization (16), problem-solving (15); science (13); system (14); theories (13); model (8); computer (7), human (7); artificial-intelligence (6); behavior (6); decision (5). 1980 - 2001 Science (37); cognitive (30);-scientific discovering (27); mode l (24), problem-solving (22), economic (20); theories (19), human (18); rationality (16); system (15); computer (14) information (14); artificial-intelligence (13); behavior (13); decision (9). Period between 1937 and 1946: still very young, during his graduation, Simon concerned with the process of decision making in organizations. This theme was presented in a paper that earned him a scholarship to assist researcher beside researcher Clarence E. Ridley in the field of municipal istration. Such was the importance attached to this subject, which was the main focus of studies in his thesis doctorate. All these years of research earned him several publications of books and articles about the process of decision making in public organizations (in this period, published

44 articles and 4 books). Period between 1947 and 1956: This period begins with the publication of his work Classical, istrative behavior, one of the greatest contributions to the theories of Simon organizational. The words most frequently indicated in the titles of their publications in this period show the importance that Simon attributed to the theories, the organization, istration and human behavior in decisiondecision (this period he published 83 articles and 5 books). Period between 1957 and 1966: this period is marked by the appearance of computers and the possibility of identifying these machines being used as important aids in the process of decision making and problem solving Organizational, for example, by modeling and computer simulation of complex problems (that period, he published 128 articles and 6 books). Period between 1967 and 1979: This period is marked by increasing research artificial intelligence systems. Simon made use of such technology in their research to understand more clearly the behavior of the human mind in solving problems and decision making. Information systems in organizations are also Simon focus of study (in this period, he published 179 articles and 6 books). Between 1980 and 2001: Simon devotes special attention to cognitive psychology,

aiming to understand how learning occurs in intelligent systems and behavior of scientists in major scientific discoveries (through experiments, using computer simulation). According to Simon (1978), understand the process that scientists use to discover new laws and tested hypotheses has been an activity dominant model of cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence for decades and one of its main areas of research activities (in this period, he published 383 articles and 7 books). According to Table 1, we can see that some keywords (decision, human, problem-solving, behavior) occur at different periods of their publications, reaffirming thus the main concern of Simon throughout the course of their research: the human behavior in decision-making and problem solving. According to this finding, it should counteract a certain fallacy that Simon would changed its main focus of concern during the period of their research and publications. The fields of computational science, artificial intelligence and simulation computing been studied to be important that the fe rramentas assisted in their research and better understanding of human behavior, but were not in the center of their concerns.

Table 2 lists all the books published by Simon (Individually and in co-authorship) in the period from 1937 to 2001. This presentation is relevant because it enables the reader to better understand the concerns and contributions this theory to science in general. Table 2. Books published by Simon (individually and in co-authorship) between 1937 and 2001. TITLE TIME 1937 to 1946 Ridley, C.E., & Simon, H. A. (1938). MEASURING MUNICIPAL ACTIVITIES. Simon, HA, Divine, WR, Cooper, EM, & Chernin, M. (1941). Determining WORK LOADS FOR PROFESSIONAL STAFF IN A PUBLIC WELFARE AGENCY. Simon,

H.

A.

(1943).

ASPECTS

OF

FISCAL

CONSOLIDATION

METROPOLITAN. Simon, HA, Shephard, RW & Sharp, FW (1943). Losses FIRE AND FIRE RISKS. 1947 to 1956 Simon, H. A. (1947). TECHNIQUE OF MUNICIPAL ISTRATION.

Simon, H. A. (1947). ISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR. Simon, H.A. (Ed.). (1948). LOCAL PLANNING ISTRATION. Simon,

H.A.,

Smithburg,

D.W.,

& Thompson, V.A.

(1950). PUBLIC

ISTRATION. Simon, HA, Kozometsky, G., Guetzkow, H., & Tyndall, G. (1954). Centralization VS. Decentralization IN THE CONTROLLER'S DEPARTMENT Organizing 1957 to 1966 Simon, H. A. (1957). MODELS OF MAN. March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). ORGANIZATIONS. Simon, H. A. (1960). THE NEW SCIENCE OF MANAGEMENT DECISION. Holt, CC, Modigliani, Muth, J., & Simon, HA (1960). PRODUCTION PLANNING, INVENTORIES, AND WORK FORCE. Ando, A., Fisher, C., & Simon, H. A. (1963). ESSAYS ON THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE MODELS. Simon, H. A. (1965). THE SHAPE OF AUTOMATION. 1967 to 1979 Simon, H. A. (1969). THE SCIENCES OF THE ARTIFICIAL.

Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). HUMAN PROBLEM SOLVING. Simon,

H.

A.,

&

Siklossy,

L.

(Eds.).

(1972).

MEANING

AND

REPRESENTATION: Experiments WITH INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS. Ijiri, Y., and Simon, H. A. (1977). SKEW DISTRIBUTIONS AND THE SIZES OF BUSINESS FIRMS. Simon, H. A. (1977). MODELS OF DISCOVERY. Simon, H. A. (1979). MODELS OF THOUGHT (Vol. I). 1980 to 2001 Simon, H. A. (1982). MODELS OF bounded rationality (Vols. 1 & 2). Simon, H. A. (1983). REASON IN HUMAN AFFAIRS. Ericsson, K.A., & Simon, H. A. (1984). PROTOCOL ANALYSIS: VERBAL REPORTS AS DATE. Langley, P. Simon, HA, Bradshaw, GL & Zytkow, JM (1987). SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: COMPUTATIONAL EXPLORATIONS OF THE CREATIVE PROCESSES. Simon, H. A. (1989). MODELS OF THOUGHT (Vol. II). Simon, H. A. (1991). MODELS OF MY LIFE. Simon, H. A. (1997). MODELS OF bounded rationality (Vol. 3). Looking at Table 2, it is observed that the works that contributed most to the

organizational theories were published in the period from 1947 to 1960, highlighting: istrative Behavior (1947), Public istration (1950), Organizations (1958) and The New Science of Management Decision (1960). 4th. Final Thoughts After the analysis of the scientific production of Simon, one can better understand how This author has contributed to organizational theories. Surely, istrative science, economics, computer science and psychology have gained a lot from studies and theories of Simon. The contribution to these areas is due, fundamentally, the central concern throughout his life: to study the behavior human in the process of decision making and solving organizational problems. As much as it may seem that Simon has changed his focus of research or area of knowledge throughout their research, one can conclude, after a consistent analysis in his work, which it did not. The author's engagement in research in the field computer science, artificial intelligence systems, modeling and simulations computational occurred only to assist the research he performed around the

human behavior. The relevance of the ideas of Simon to organizational theory stands out as much for greatness of his propositions as the principles that led his work. According to the author, their activities related to science have always had two principles Guiding: first, to work for the hardening of social science, so that it could be better equipped with the tools they need for the difficult tasks research, and second, to work to improve relations between natural scientists and social scientists, so that they could contribute together with the knowledge and skills in the many complex issues of public policy that require both types of knowledge (Simon, 1978). Mentioning their practical experiences in organizations, said that in his work always tried to apply their knowledge scientific decision making in organizations and, conversely, use these practical experiences to gain ideas for new research (Simon, 1978). In order to disseminate their ideas, Simon worked in various institutions participated in numerous Congress finally had an academic and professional life quite intense. Finally, it is worth noting that Simon, along with others, helped better understanding of organizational phenomena. Many of the "fads" recent

especially in the field of istration, are slightly forgotten because of inconsistency of their proposals. Moreover, to further investigate the work authors such as Simon notes that consistency and originality of their theorizing should cherish for a long time, debates and studies in the field of organizational theory. References Kulkarni, D, Simon, H. A. The processes of scientific discovery: the strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science. v.12, p.139-176, 1988. March, J. G.; SIMON, H.A. Organizations. New York, NY: Wiley, 1958. SIMON, H.A. istrative Behavior. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1947. SIMON, HA The New Science Of Management Decision. New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1960. SIMON, H. A. On How to Decide What to Do. The Rand Journal of Economics, v.9, n.2, 1978. SIMON, HA Rational decision making in business organizations. American Economic Review, v.69, p. 493-513, 1979. SIMON, H. Alternative Visions of Rationality. In: ARKES, H.; Hammonds, K. (Eds.) Judgement and Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

SIMON, HA management Making Decisions: The role of intuition and emotion. Academy of Management Executive, p.57-64, feb. 1987. SIMON, H.A. et al. Decision making and problem solving. Management science. v.17, n.5, p.11-21, 1987. SIMON, HA Prediction and prescription in systems modeling. Operations Research, v.38, p.7-14, 1990. SIMON, H. A. Information 101: It's not what you know, it's how you know it. The Journal for Quality and Participation, v.21, n.4, p. 30-33, 1998. SIMON, H.A. public istration Why? Journal of Public istration Research and Theory, v.8, n.1, p.1-11, 1998. SIMON, H.A. Rationality Gone Awry? Decision making Inconsistent with Economic and Financial Theory. Business Economics. v.34, n.3, p.93-94, 1999. SIMON, H. A. Interviewed by Doug Stewart - Omni Publications International. June, 1994. Available from: http://www.omnimag.com/archives/interviews/simon.html. Accessed March 2001. SIMON, H. A. Decision Making and Problem Solving, 1986. Available from: http://dieoff.com/page163.htm. Accessed March 2001.

SIMON, H. A. Autobiography. The official web site of the Nobel Foundation. 1978. Available from: http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1978/simon.autobio.html.

Accessed

March 2001. SIMON, H. A. Official site with full bibliography of the author, his research interests in recent area

of

psychology.

Available

at:

http://psy.cmu.edu/psy/faculty/hsimon/hsimon:html. Accessed March 2001. SIMON, H. A. Official site with other author information. Available from: http://psy.cmu.edu/psy/faculty/hsimon/. Accessed March 2001. SIMON, H. A. Recent research interests in computer science. Available from: http://www.psy.cmu.edu/psy/faculty/hsimon/comp-sci.html. Accessed March 2001. SIMON, H. A. Recent research interests in philosophy. Available from: http://hss.cmu.edu/html/departaments/philosophi/people/directory/herbert_simon.h tml. Accessed in March 2001. SIMON, H. A. Recent research interests include economics and management. Available from: http://www.gsia.cmu.edu/afs/andrew/gsia/workproc/roster/ful.time/simon/html. Accessed March

2001. SIMON, H. A. Recent research interests in computer science. Available from: http://psy.cmu.edu/psy/faculty/hsimon/hsimon:html. Accessed March 2001.