“ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING”

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING By AVINASH SHARMA

(1010930013)

DHRUV GUPTA

(1010930017)

GAURAB PAUL

(1010930018)

Under the guidance of Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SRM INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY SRM UNIVERSITY – NCR CAMPUS, GHAZIABAD, U.P., INDIA May, 2013

SRM INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY SRM UNIVERSITY – NCR CAMPUS, GHAZIABAD, U.P., INDIA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled, “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering at SRM Institute of Management and Technology, NCR Campus, Ghaziabad is an authentic work carried out during a period from January, 2013 to May 2013 under the supervision of Mr. Pradeep Singh. The matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

(Avinash Sharma)

(Dhruv Gupta)

(Gaurab Paul)

Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Kumar Pandey

Dr. Vineet Bajaj

Mr. Pradeep Kumar

(Director)

(Head of Department)

(Project Guide)

(Project Co-ordinater)

(External Examiner)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped me to transform an idea into a real application.

I profoundly thank Dr. Vineet Bajaj, Head of the Department, Civil Engineering who has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration to my work.

I would like to thank my guide, Mr. Pradeep Kumar, Asst. Professor, for his technical guidance, constant encouragement and in carrying out my project at college.

I would like to thank Mr. Ashoka Kumar, Staad Pro Expert from Bentley, for his valuable guidance in whenever requirement for the successful fulfillment of my project needs.

I wish to thank Er. Naveen Kumar Singh, Structural Consultant, for his valuable guidance in the practical aspects related to the project.

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their constant guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. In this context I would like to thank my friends who ed me in successfully completing this project.

Thanking You.

AVINASH SHARMA 1010930013 DHRUV GUPTA 1010930017 GAURAB PAUL 1010930018

ABSTRACT

In this growing world, as a Civil Engineering student one needs to be fully aware of the Structural elements and their safety parameters before and during the execution of the project. As a sequel to this an attempt has been made to learn the process of analysis and design of a multistorey Building using Limit State Method (IS 456:2000). The project focuses on „Reinforced Concrete‟ buildings. The design using Limit State Method (of collapse and serviceability) is taken up. In the limit state of collapse, the strength and stability of structure is ensured. The guidelines being followed are as per IS 456:2000 and IS 13920 : 1993. The structural components in a typical multi storey building, consists of floor system which transfers the floor loads to a set of plane frames in one or both directions. The design study comprises of the footing, columns, beams and slabs.

The present project deals with the analysis of a multi-storey residential hostel building of G+9 consisting of 22 rooms in each floor at SRM University, NCR Campus. The loadings are applied and the design for beams, columns, slabs and footings is obtained.

STAAD Pro with its new features sured its predecessors and compotators with its data sharing capabilities with other major software like AutoCAD, and MS Excel.

The conclusion of this study is that the design parameters of a multi-storey building are successfully construed and Staad Pro is a very powerful tool which can save much time and is very accurate in Designs.

CONTENTS List of Tables

i

List of Figures

ii-iii

Assumptions and Notations

iv-v

Symbols

vi-vii

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1-2

CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

3-12

2.1

Elements of Structural Design

4

2.2

Design Philosophies

7-9

2.3

Multi-Storey Building

9-11

2.4

Structural Planning

12

CHAPTER – 3

COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS & DESIGN

13-17

3.1

Staad Pro V8i

14

3.2

Alternatives for Staad Pro

15

3.3

Staad Editor

15

3.4

Staad Foundation V8i

16

3.5

Auto Cad

17

CHAPTER – 4

PLAN & ELEVATION

18-20

4.1

Plan

19

4.2

Elevation

20

CHAPTER – 5

LOADS

21-38

5.1

Load Conditions and Structural System Response

22

5.2

Building Loads Categorized by Orientation

22-23

5.3

Design Load for the Residential Building

24-30

5.4

Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake forces Calculation

31-35

5.4.1

32-33

Seismic Loading in Staad Pro V8i

5.5

Load Combinations

35-36

5.6

Inputs to Staad Editor for Loadings

37-38

CHAPTER – 6

ANALYSIS

39-54

6.1

Methods of Analysis

40-42

6.2

Seismic Analysis Procedure

43

6.3

Analysis using Staad Pro V8i

43

6.4

Analysis Results for Load Cases 1 to 4

44-47

6.5

Analysis Results for Reactions

48-54

CHAPTER – 7

DESIGN

55-105

Input to Staad Editor for Design

56

7.1

Beams

57-63

7.2

Columns

64-71

7.3

Slabs

72-86

7.4

Foundation

87-105

CONCLUSION

106-108

APPENDICES APPENDIX A

109

APPENDIX B

110

REFERENCES

111

LIST OF TABLES Table No.

Title

…

Page No.

5.1

Zone Factor

…

30

7.1

Dimensions of Continuous Strip Footing

…

92

7.2

Design Results of Foundation

…

93

7.3

Applied Loads-Allowable Stress Level

…

95

7.4

Calculated Pressure at Four Corners

…

96

7.5

Check for Stability against Overturning

…

96

i

LIST OF FIGURES Figure No.

Title

…

Page No.

5.1

Dead Load on the Structure

…

25

5.2

Live Load on the Structure

…

27

5.3

Seismic Parameters

…

33

5.4

Seismic Load in X direction (SLX)

…

34

5.5

Seismic Load in Z direction (SLZ)

…

35

7.1

Location of Beam No. 1 in the Structure

…

59

7.2

Beam Reinforcement

…

60

7.3

Beam Web Reinforcement

…

61

7.4

Skeleton Structure showing Column No. 1539

…

68

7.5

Shear Bending for Column No. 1539

…

70

7.6

One Way Slab

…

72

7.7

Load Distribution in a One Way Slab

…

73

7.8

Two Way Slab

…

73

7.9

Load Distribution in a Two Way Slab

…

74

7.10

Load Distribution showing One Way and Two Way

…

74

7.11

Monolithic connection between Slab, Beam & Column

…

75

7.12

Plan showing Slabs

…

76

7.13

Detailing of Slabs

…

86

ii

7.14

Staad Foundation Page showing Foundation

…

89

7.15

Zoom View of Foundation

…

89

7.16

Concrete and Rebar Parameters

…

90

7.17

Cover and Soil Parameters

…

90

7.18

Footings Dimensions

…

91

7.19

Plan of Footings

…

102

7.20

Elevation of Footings

…

102

7.21

Strip Footing, FC1

…

103

7.22

Strip Footing, FC2

…

103

7.23

Strip Footing, FC3

…

104

7.24

Strip Footing, FC4

…

104

7.25

Strip Footing, FC5

…

105

A-1

Plan of the Multistorey SRM Hostel Building

…

109

A-2

Elevation of the Multistorey SRM Hostel Building

…

110

iii

ASSUMPTIONS AND NOTATIONS

The notations adopted throughout the work are same IS-456-2000.

Assumptions in Design: 1.Using partial safety factor for loads in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000 as ϒt=1.5 2.Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2 is IS-456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel. 3.Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000 combination of load.

D.L+L.L.

1.5

D.L+L.L+E.L

1.2

Density of materials used:

MATERIAL: DENSITY i) Plain concrete

24.0KN/m3

ii) Reinforced

25.0KN/m3

iii) Flooring material (c.m)

20.0KN/m3

iv) Brick masonry

19.0KN/m3

v) Fly ash

5.0KN/m3

4.LIVE LOADS: In accordance with IS. 875-86 i) Live load on slabs

20.0KN/m2

ii) Live load on age

4.0KN/m2

iii)Live load on stairs

4.0KN/m2

DESIGN CONSTANTS: Using M30 and Fe 415 grade of concrete and steel for beams, slabs, footings, columns. Therefore:-

iv

fck

Characteristic strength for M30-30N/mm2

fy

Characteristic strength of steel-415N/mm2

Assumptions Regarding Design:

i) Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior and partially fixed on edges, due to monolithic construction and due to construction of walls over it. ii) Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior and they frame in to the column at ends.

Assumptions on design:1) M20 grade is used in deg unless specified. 2) For steel Fe 415 is used for the main reinforcement. 3) For steel Fe 415 and steel is used for the distribution reinforcement. 4) Mild steel Fe 230 is used for shear reinforcement.

v

SYMBOLS

The following symbols have been used in our project and its meaning is clearly mentioned respective to it: A

Area

Ast

Area of steel

b

Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column

D

Overall depth of beam or slab

DL

Dead load

d1

Effective depth of slab or beam

D

Overall depth of beam or slab

Mu,max

Moment of resistance factor

Fck

Characters tic compressive strength

Fy

Characteristic strength of of steel

Ld

Devlopment length

LL

Live load

Lx

Length of shorter side of slab

Ly

Length of longer side of slab

B.M.

Bending moment

Mu

Factored bending moment

Md

Design moment

Mf

Modification factor

Mx

Mid span bending moment along short span

My

Mid span bending moment along longer span

Mx

bending moment along short span

My

bending moment along longer span

pt

Percentage of steel

W

Total design load

Wd

Factored load

Tc max

Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear

Tv

Shear stress in concrete

vi

Tv

Nominal shear stress

ɸ

Diameter of bar

Pu

Factored axial load

Mu,lim

Limiting moment of resistance of a section without compression reinforcement

Mux, Muy

Moment about X and Y axis due to design loads

Mux1, Muy1 Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of pu,bending moment X and Y axis respectively Ac

Area of concrete &

Asc

Area of longitudinal reinforcement for column

SLX

Seismic Load in X direction

SLZ

Seismic Load in Z direction

vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof, food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the times ed as humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated condition houses. Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county. Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average generally one spends his two-third life times in the houses. These are the few reasons which are responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily new techniques are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and fulfilling the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work, planning and layout, etc. of the buildings. Draughtsman is responsible for doing the drawing works of building as for the direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know his job and should be able to follow the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw the required drawing of the building, site plans and layout plans etc., as for the requirements. A building frame consists of number of bays and storey. A multi-storey, multi-ed frame is a complicated statically intermediate structure. A design of R.C building of G+9 storey frame work is taken up. The building in plan consists of columns built monolithically forming a network. It is residential complex. The design is made using software on structural analysis design (STAAD PRO V8i). The building subjected to both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load consists of dead load of structural components such as beams, columns, slabs etc. and live loads. The horizontal load consists of the wind forces thus building is designed for dead load, live load and wind load as per IS 875. The building is designed as two dimensional vertical frame and analyzed for the maximum and minimum bending moments and shear forces by trial and error methods as per IS 456-2000. The help is taken by software available in institute and the computations of loads, moments and shear forces and obtained from this software.

2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

3

BACKGROUND WORK (LITERATURE SURVEY) 2.1

Elements of Structural Design Structures in concrete have become very common in civil engineering construction.

Concrete has established itself to be a universal building material because of its high compressive strength and its adaptability to take any form and shape. Its low tensile strength is compensated by the use of steel reinforcement. Thus, the concrete is strengthened(i.e. reinforced) by steel and the resultant composite mass is known as Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) It is this combination which allows almost unlimited use of reinforced concrete in construction of buildings, bridges, tanks, dams etc., with the result that almost every civil engineer is intimately concerned with reinforced concrete (R.C.) structures. It is therefore, necessary that every civil engineer knows the basic principles involved in design of R.C. structures. So, it will be approximate to begin by reviewing the basic principles of structural design in general and then its application to reinforced concrete structures. 2.1.1. Engineering Structure and Structural Design An engineering structure is an assembly of or elements transferring load (or resisting the external actions) and providing a form, space, an enclose and/or cover to serve the desired function. Structural design is a science and art of deg, with economy and elegance, a durable structure which can safely carry the design forces and can serve the desired function satisfactorily in working environment during its intended service life span. 2.1.2. Objectives and Basic Requirements of Structural Design The objective of the structural design is to plan a structure which meets the basic requirements of structural science and those of the client or the . The basic requirements of the structural design are as follows: i.

Safety: It has been the prime requirement of structural design right from the history of civilization and construction that a structure shall be so designed that it will not collapse in any way during its expected life span. Safety of structure is achieved by adequate

4

ii.

strength and stability. Besides strength, ductility of structure is also nowadays considered to be an additional desired quality from a view point that if at all failure occurs, it should not be sudden but should give prior warning of its probable occurrence so as to enable one to minimize the consequences of collapse and avoid loss of human life. Ductility is thus obtained by providing steel of such quality that it would yield prior to crushing of concrete.

iii.

Serviceability: The structure shall efficiently serve the intended function and also shall give a satisfactory performance throughout the life span. The performance is rated buy the fitness of the structure to maintain deflections, deformations, cracking and vibration effects within acceptable limits. It is achieved by providing adequate stiffness and cracking resistance.

iv.

Durability: The structure shall resist effectively environmental action during its anticipated exposure conditions, such as rain, alternate wetting and drying or freezing, climatic variations in temperature and humidity, chemical actions of salt, abrasion action etc.

v.

Economy: The economy shall be of material by optimum utilization of its strength or it may be the economy of cost which includes cost of construction as well as cost of maintenance and repairs.

vi.

Aesthetics: The structure should be so designed that it should not only be safe, serviceable and durable but should also give a pleasing appearance without affecting the economy to a great extent.

vii.

Feasibility, Practicability and Acceptability: The structure has to be so designed that the proposed solution is feasible, practicable an acceptable.

2.1.3. The Design Process: The entire process of design requires conceptual thinking, sound knowledge of engineering, relevant design codes and byelaws, backed up by experience, imagination and judgment. The codes of practice are compendia of good practice drawn by experienced and competent engineers. They are intended to guide the engineers and should not be allowed to replace their conscience and competence.

5

The design process commences with the planning of the structure primarily to meet its functional requirement and then designed for safety and serviceability. Thus, the design of any structure is categorized into the following two types: 1) Functional Design: The structure to be constructed must primarily serve the basic purpose for which it is to be constructed to satisfy the need of the efficiently. This includes proper arrangement of rooms, halls, good ventilation, and acoustics, unobstructed view in cinema theatre / community halls, proper water supply and drainage arrangements etc. 2) Structural Design: As mentioned earlier Structural design is a science and art of deg, with economy and elegance, a durable structure which can safely carry the design forces and can serve the desired function satisfactorily in working environment during its intended service life span. It consists of the following steps: a) Structural Planning b) Determination of Loads c) Analysis d) Member Design e) Drawing, Detailing and Preparation of Schedule. 2.1.4. Elements of a R.C. Building Frame The principle elements of a R.C. building frame are slab, beam, column and footing. a) Slab: It is two-dimensional or a planar member ing a transverse load and providing a working floor or a covering shelter. The loads are transferred to ing beams or walls in one or both directions. b) Beam: A Beam is a one-dimensional (normally horizontal) flexural member which provides to the slab and the vertical walls. c) Column: It is one dimensional vertical member providing a to beam. Load is transferred primarily by axial compression accompanied by bending and shear.

6

d) Footing: A footing can be considered as a horizontal two way cantilever slab providing a wide base to a column for distributing concentrated column load over a large area of ing soil. Load transfer is affected partly by bending and partly by bearing. 2.1.5. Computer Programming It is important to emphasize that in every field the use of computer prevails. Access to personal computers, due to their affordable cost, has made it possible for almost every engineer and student to be equipped with such tools. The need is more apparent to utilize this powerful tool for simplifying engineering design works. It has now become practically obligatory for structural engineers or students to get conversant with the programming languages and techniques of computer aided design. 2.2.

Design Philosophies

Since the inception of the concept of reinforced concrete in the last twenties of the nineteenth century, the following design philosophies have been evolved for design of R.C. structures: a) Working Stress Method (WSM) b) Ultimate Load Method (ULM) c) Limit State Method (LSM) 2.2.1. Limit State Method (LSM) The limit state method ensures the safety at ultimate load and serviceability at working load rendering the structure fit for its intended use. Thus, it considers the fitness of the structure to perform its function satisfactorily during its life span. The salient features and the merits of the method are briefly given below: 1) It considers the actual behavior of the structure during the entire loading history up to collapse. 2) It adopts the concept of fitness of structure to serve the desired function during the service life span and defines the limiting state of fitness as the „limit state‟. 3) It attempts to define quantitatively the margins of safety or fitness on some scientific mathematical foundations rather than on adhoc basis of experience and judgment.

7

The mathematical basis is derived from classical reliability theory and statistical probability (e.g. the reliability of the fitness of the structure and the probability of attainment of a critical limit state). 4) The method, adopts the idea of probability of the structure becoming unfit, and attempts to achieve the minimum acceptable probability of failure. 5) The method is based on statistical probabilistic principles. The method examines the factors which can be quantified by statistical method (such as loads, material strength) and then they are ed through characteristic loads and characteristic strength on the basis of statistical probabilistic principles and the others which are abstract (such as variation in dimensions, accuracy, variation in loads and material properties etc.) are taken into through partial safety factors. In the limit state method, a structure is essentially designed for safety against collapse (i.e. for ultimate strength to resist ultimate load) and checked for its serviceability at working loads. The first part of design thus incorporates basic principles of ultimate load method. But at the same time, it eliminates the drawbacks of the ultimate load method by introducing the second part of check for serviceability. Since this second part relates to working loads at which the behavior of structure is elastic, the material uses the principles of working stress method to satisfy the requirements of serviceability. The limit state method, thus, makes a judicious combination of the ultimate load method and working stress philosophy avoiding the demerits of both. 2.2.2. Limit State of Collapse (Ultimate Limit State) It is the limit state on attainment of which the structure is likely to collapse. It relates to stability and ultimate strength of the structure. Design to this limit state ensures safety of structure from collapse. The structure failure can be any of the following types: i.

Collapse of one or more occurring as a result of force coming on the member exceeding its strength(Types (a) and (b) given below);

8

ii.

Displacement of the structure bodily due to lack of equilibrium between the external forces and the resisting reactions (Types (c), (d), (e) given below).

The various conditions leading to structural failure are as follows: a) Failure, breakage and hence division into segments of one or more of the structure either due to material failure or on of formation of mechanism by development of plastic hinges at one or more critical sections. b) Buckling; c) Sliding; d) Overturning; e) Sinking. This limit state is attended to by providing resistance greater than the force coming on it and keeping a margin of safety through safety factors. I.S. Code prescribes different safety factors for overturning and sliding without giving any special status to sinking or buckling. 2.2.3 Limit State of Serviceability Limit states of serviceability relate to performance or behavior of structure at working loads and are based on causes affecting serviceability of the structure. They are mainly subdivided into following categories: A. Limit State of Deflection, B. Limit State of Cracking, and C. Other Limit States. 2.3.

MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS

Reinforced concrete buildings consist of floor slabs, beams, girders and columns continuously placed to form a rigid monolithic system. This continuous system leads to greater redundancy, reduced moments and distributes the load more evenly. The floor slab may rest on a system of interconnected beams. A building frame is a three – dimensional structure or a space structure.

9

A wide range of approaches have been used for buildings of varying heights and importance, from simple approximate methods which can be carried out manually, or with the aid of a pocket calculator, to more refined techniques involving computer solutions. Till a few years ago most of the multistory buildings were analyzed by approximate methods such as substitute frame, moment distribution, portal and cantilever methods. The recent advancement of abundance of ready-made computer package programs has reduced the use of approximation methods. This has been induces from analysis to design, to plotting, to detaining, to specification writing, to cost estimating, etc.

2.3.1. Structural Systems

A building is subjected to several loads which are transferred to ground through a system of interconnected structural . In tall buildings, the biggest challenge comes from controlling lateral displacements within the serviceability limit state. The lateral stiffness may be achieved through a permutation and combination of placement of columns and walls in plan. A structural system may be classified as follows:1. Load Bearing wall system: 

Walls provide for all gravity loads as well as resistance to lateral loads.



No columns.



The Walls and partition wall supply in-plane lateral stiffness and stability to resist wind and earthquake loads.



Clause 8.2.1 and 8.4.8 of IS: 4326-1993 restricts the use of such system to 3 storey in seismic zone V and 4 storey in other zone.

2. Building with flexural (shear) wall system: 

Gravity load is carried by frame ed on columns rather than on bearing walls.



The frame provides vertical stability to the building and prevents collapse after damage to flexural wall or braced frames.

10

3. Moment resisting frame system: 

and ts are capable of resisting vertical and lateral loads primarily by flexure.



Relative stiffness of girders and columns is very important.



A frame can be designed using weak column-strong girder proportions or strong column-weak girder proportions.

4. Flexural (shear) wall system: 

Reinforced concrete wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall and detailed to provide ductility as per IS 13920-1993.



The America IBC 2000 permits use of flexural (shear) wall system up to 45m high. However it can be used up to 70m; if and only if, shear walls in any plane do not resist more than 33% of earthquake design force including torsional effects.

5. Dual frame system: 

Moment resisting frame providing for gravity loads.



Resistance to lateral loads by:  Special detailed moment resisting frame (concrete or steel) which is capable of resisting at least 25%of base shear including torsional effects.  Flexural walls i.e. shear walls or braced frames must resist total required lateral loads.

6. Space frame: 

3-Dimensional structural system without shear or bearing walls composed of interconnected laterally ed

11

2.4.

Structural Planning

Salient features:

Utility of building

Residential Hostel Building

No of stories

G+9

No of staircases

1

No. of Rooms/floor

22 rooms on each floor with attached washroom.

No of lifts

1

Type of construction

R.C.C framed structure

Types of walls

Brick wall

Ventilation

Ventilated rooms with window in each room.

Geometric details: Ground floor

2m

Floor to floor height

3.65m.

Height of plinth

2m

Depth of foundation

2m

Materials: Concrete grade

M35 (for footing) & M25 (for all other elements)

All steel grades

Fe415 grade

Bearing capacity of soil:

175KN/m2

Depth of Water Table

4m.

12

CHAPTER 3 COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS & DESIGN

13

COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN This project is mostly based on software and it is essential to know the details about these software‟s. List of software‟s used 1. Staad Pro (V8i) 2. Staad foundations 5(V8i) 3. Auto Cad 2010

STAAD PRO V8i

3.1.

STAAD FOUNDATIONV8i

AUTOCAD 2010

STAAD PRO V8i

Staad Pro V8i is powerful design software licensed by Bentley .Staad stands for structural analysis and design Any object which is stable under a given loading can be considered as structure. So first find the outline of the structure, whereas analysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads that acts on the beam and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under analysis stage. Design phase is deg the type of materials and its dimensions to resist the load. This we do after the analysis. To calculate S.F.D and B.M.D of a complex loading beam it takes about an hour. So when it comes into the building with several it will take a week. Staad pro is a very powerful tool which does this job in just an hour‟s staad is a best alternative for high rise buildings. Nowadays most of the high rise buildings are designed by staad which makes a compulsion for a civil engineer to know about this software. This software can be used to carry RCC, steel, bridge, truss etc. according to various country codes.

14

3.2.

Alternatives for Staad Pro V8i:

STRUDS, ETAB, ROBOT, SAP which gives details very clearly regarding reinforcement and manual calculations. But these software‟s are restricted to some designs only whereas Staad can deal with several types of structure.

3.3.

Staad Editor:

Staad has very great advantage to other software‟s i.e., Staad editor. Staad editor is the programming For the structure we created and loads we taken all details are presented in programming format in Staad editor. This program can be used to analyze other structures also by just making some modifications, but this require some programming skills. So load cases created for a structure can be used for another structure using Staad editor.

Limitations of Staad Pro V8i: 1. Huge output data 2. Even analysis of a small beam creates large output. 3. Unable to show plinth beams.

3.4. Staad foundation: Staad foundation is a powerful tool used to calculate different types of foundations. It is also licensed by Bentley software‟s. All Bentley software‟s cost about 10 lakhs and so all engineers can‟t use it due to heavy cost. Analysis and design carried in Staad and post processing in Staad gives the load at various s. These s are to be imported into this software to calculate the footing details i.e., regarding the geometry and reinforcement details. This software can deal different types of foundations SHALLOW (D
15

DEEP (D>B) �1.Pile Cap �2. Driller Pier 1. Isolated footing is spread footing which is common type of footing. 2. Combined Footing or Strap footing is generally laid when two columns are very near to each other. 3. Mat foundation is generally laid at places where soil has less soil bearing capacity. 4. Pile foundation is laid at places with very loose soils and where deep excavations are required. So depending on the soil at type we have to decide the type of foundation required. Also lot of input data is required regarding safety factors, soil, materials used should be given in respective units. After input data is give software design the details for each and every footing and gives the details regarding 1. Geometry of footing 2. Reinforcement 3. Column layout 4. Graphs 5. Manual calculations These details will be given in detail for each and every column. Another advantage of foundations is even after the design; properties of the can be updated if required. The following properties can be updated �Column Position �Column Shape �Column Size � Load Cases � List It is very easy deal with this software and we don‟t have any best alternative to this.

16

3.5.

AutoCAD:

AutoCAD is powerful software licensed by auto desk. The word auto came from auto Desk Company and cad stands for computer aided design. AutoCAD is used for drawing different layouts, details, plans, elevations, sections and different sections can be shown in auto cad. It is very useful software for civil, mechanical and also electrical engineer. The importance of this software makes every engineer a compulsion to learn this software‟s. We used AutoCAD for drawing the plan, elevation of a residential building. We also used AutoCAD to show the reinforcement details and design details of a stair case. AutoCAD is a very easy software to learn and much friendly for anyone to handle and can be learn quickly. Learning of certain commands is required to draw in AutoCAD.

17

CHAPTER 4 PLAN & ELEVATION

18

4.1.

PLAN

The Annexure A represents the plan of a G+9 hostel building. The plan clearly shows that it is a combination of rooms and attached washrooms of the SRM Hostel building. The Hostel is located at SRM University, NCR Campus, Ghaziabad which is surrounded by other hostel blocks on the three sides except the backside. Every floor consists of 22 rooms along with attached bathroom. It represents a spacious surrounding with huge areas for each room. It is a G+9 proposed building, so for 9 floors we have 9*22=198 rooms. The plan shows the details of dimensions of each and every room. The entire plan area is about 810sq.m. The plan also gives the details of location of stair cases in different blocks. We have 2 stair cases for the building and deg of stair case is shown in AutoCAD plot no.3.

At the left end of the building we have a small construction which consists of two lifts and those who want to fly through lift can use this facility and we know for a building with more than G+4 floors should compulsory have lift and the charges for the facilities is collected by all the . So these represent the plan of our building and detailed explanation of remaining parts like elevations and deg is carried in the next sections.

19

4.2.

Elevation

The Annexure B represents the proposed elevation of building. It shows the elevation of the G+9 building representing the front view which gives the overview of a building block. Each floor consists of height 3m which is taken as per GHMC rules for residential buildings. The building is not designed for increasing the number of floors in future.so the number of floors is fixed for future also for this building due to unavailability of the permissions of respective authorities. Also special materials like fly ash and self-compacted concrete were also used in order to reduce the dead load and increase life of the structure and also improve economy. But these materials were not considered while deg in Staad to reduce the complexity and necessary corrections are made for considering the economy and safety of the structure as it is a very huge building. The construction is going to complete in the month of July 2013 and ready for the occupancy. This is regarding the elevation and details of the site and next section deals with the design part of the building under various loads for which the building is designed.

20

CHAPTER 5 LOADS

21

LOADS 5.1.

Load Conditions and Structural System Response:

The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loads and their effect on the structural response of typical R.C.C structures. As shown in Table, building loads can be divided into types based on the orientation of the structural action or forces that they induce: vertical and horizontal (i.e. lateral) loads. Classification of loads is described in the following sections.

5.2.

Building Loads Categorized by Orientation:

Types of loads on a hypothetical building are as follows. �Vertical Loads �Dead Load (gravity) � Live (gravity) �Snow (gravity) �Wind (uplift on roof) �Seismic and wind (overturning) �Seismic (vertical ground motion)

5.2.1. Horizontal (Lateral) Loads: Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the building. �Wind �Seismic (horizontal ground motion) �Flood (static and dynamic hydraulic forces �Soil (active lateral pressure)

5.2.2. Vertical Loads: Gravity loads act in the same direction as gravity (i.e., downward or vertically) and include dead, live, and snow loads. They are generally static in nature and usually considered a uniformly distributed or concentrated load. Thus, determining a gravity load on a beam or column is a relatively simple exercise that uses the concept of tributary areas to assign loads to structural elements, including the dead load (i.e., weight of the construction) and any applied loads(i.e.,

22

live load). For example, the tributary gravity load on a floor joist would include the uniform floor load (dead and live) applied to the area of floor ed by the individual joist. The structural designer then selects a standard beam or column model to analyze bearing connection forces (i.e., reactions) internal stresses (i.e., bending stresses, shear stresses, and axial stresses) and stability of the structural member or system a for beam equations. The selection of an appropriate analytic model is, however no trivial matter, especially if the structural system departs significantly from traditional engineering assumptions are particularly relevant to the structural systems that comprise many parts of a house, but to varying degrees. Wind uplift forces are generated by negative (suction) pressures acting in an outward direction from the surface of the roof in response to the aerodynamics of wind flowing over and around the building. As with gravity loads, the influence of wind uplift pressures on a structure or assembly (i.e. roof) are analyzed by using the concept of tributary areas and uniformly distributed loads. The major difference is that wind pressures act perpendicular to the building surface (not in the direction of gravity) and that pressures vary according to the size of the tributary area and its location on the building, particularly proximity to changes in geometry (e.g., eaves, corners, and ridges).Even though the wind loads are dynamic and highly variable, the design approach is based on a maximum static load (i.e., pressure) equivalent. Vertical forces are also created by overturning reactions due to wind and seismic lateral loads acting on the overall building and its lateral force resisting systems, Earthquakes also produce vertical ground motions or accelerations which increase the effect of gravity loads. However, Vertical earthquake loads are usually considered to be implicitly addressed in the gravity load analysis of a light-frame building.

5.2.3. Lateral Loads: The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings are attributable to forces associated with wind, seismic ground motion, floods, and soil. Wind and seismic lateral loads apply to the entire building. Lateral forces from wind are generated by positive wind pressures on the windward face of the building and by negative pressures on the leeward face of the building, creating a combined push and-pull effect. Seismic lateral forces are generated by a structure‟s dynamic inertial response to cyclic ground movement. The magnitude of the seismic shear (i.e., lateral) load depends on the

23

magnitude of the ground motion, the buildings mass, and the dynamic structural response characteristics (i.e., dampening, ductility, natural period of vibration, etc.). For houses and other similar low rise structures, a simplified seismic load analysis employs equivalent static forces based on fundamental Newtonian mechanics (F=ma) with somewhat subjective (i.e., experiencebased) adjustments to for inelastic, ductile response characteristics of various building systems. Flood loads are generally minimized by elevating the structure on a properly designed foundation or avoided by not building in a flood plain. Lateral loads from moving flood waters and static hydraulic pressure are substantial. Soil lateral loads apply specifically to foundation wall design, mainly as an “out-of-plane” bending load on the wall. Lateral loads also produce an overturning moment that must be offset by the dead load and connections of the building. Therefore, overturning forces on connections designed to restrain components from rotating or the building from overturning must be considered. Since wind is capable of the generating simultaneous roof uplift and lateral loads, the uplift component of the wind load exacerbates the overturning tension forces due to the lateral component of the wind load. Conversely the dead load may be sufficient to offset the overturning and uplift forces as is the case in lower design wind conditions and in many seismic design conditions.

5.3.

Design loads for the residential building:

General Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they define the nature and magnitude of hazards are external forces that a building must resist to provide a reasonable performance(i.e., safety and serviceability) throughout the structure‟s useful life. The anticipated loads are influenced by a building‟s intended use (occupancy and function); configuration (size and shape) and location (climate and site conditions).Ultimately, the type and magnitude of design loads affect critical decisions such as material collection, construction details and architectural configuration. Since building codes tend to vary in their treatment of design loads the designer should, as a matter of due diligence, identify variances from both local accepted practice and the applicable

24

code relative to design loads as presented in this guide, even though the variances may be considered technically sound.

5.3.1. Dead Loads: Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads compressing the roof, floor, wall, and foundation systems, including claddings, finishes and fixed equipment. Dead load is the total load of all of the components of the components of the building that generally do not change over time, such as the steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc. In staad pro assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property of the member. In load case we have option called self-weight which automatically calculates weights using the properties of material i.e., density and after assignment of dead load the skeletal structure looks red in color as shown in the figure.

Figure 5. 1

25

Example for calculation of dead load: Dead load calculation Weight=Volume x Density Self-weight floor finish=0.12*25+1=3kn/m^2 The above example shows a sample calculation of dead load. Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1

Here for the multistory building we need to define the loads distributed by the masonry brick wall which is shown in the above figure using UNI GY -20.063N/mm.

5.3.2. Imposed Loads

Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include those from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construction and maintenance activities. As required to adequately define the loading condition, loads are presented in of uniform area loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line loads. The uniform and concentrated live loads should not be applied simultaneously n a structural evaluation. Concentrated loads should be applied to a small area or surface consistent with the application and should be located or directed to give the maximum load effect possible in endues conditions. For example, the stair load of 300 pounds should be applied to the center of the stair tread between s. In staad we assign live load in of: 

Floor load = 2.125KN/m2 (as per IS 875 Part 2) (for residential building including floor finish)



Plate/Element Load = 2KN/m2 (Imposed/live load on slab)

We have to create a load case for live load and select all the beams to carry such load. After the assignment of the live load the structure appears as shown below.

26

Figure 5.2 Live loads are calculated as per IS 875 Part 2

5.3.3 Wind loads: In the list of loads we can see wind load is present both in vertical and horizontal loads. This is because wind load causes uplift of the roof by creating a negative (suction) pressure on the top of the roof figure 3 a diagram of wind load. Wind produces non static loads on a structure at highly variable magnitudes. The variation in pressures at different locations on a building is complex to the point that pressures may become too analytically intensive for precise consideration in design. Therefore, wind load specifications attempt to amplify the design problem by considering basic static pressure zones on a building representative of peak loads that are likely to be experienced. The peak pressures in one zone for a given wind direction may not, However, occur simultaneously in other zones. For some pressure zones, the peak pressure depends on an arrow range of wind direction. Therefore, the wind directionality effect must also be factored into determining risk consistent wind loads on buildings.

27

Assignment of wind speed is quite different compared to remaining loads. We have to define a load case prior to assignment. After deg wind load can be assigned in two ways 1. Collecting the standard values of load intensities for particular heights and asg of the loads for respective height. 2. Calculation of wind load as per IS 875 part 3. We designed our structure using second method which involves the calculation of wind load using wind speed. In Delhi we have a wind speed of 47 kmph for 10 m height and this value is used in calculation.

Basic wind speed: It gives the basic wind speed of India, as applicable to 1m height above means ground level for different zones of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak just velocity averaged over a short time interval of about 3 seconds and corresponds to mean heights above ground level in an open terrain.

Design wind speed: The basic wind speed (Vb) for any site shall be obtained the following effects to get design wind velocity at any height (Vz) for the chosen structure. a) Risk level b) Terrain roughness, height and size of the structure and c) Local topography It can be mathematically expressed as follows: Vs. =Vb* K1* K2* K3 Where Vz= design wind speed at any height Z in m/s K1= probability factor (risk coefficient) K2=terrain height and structure size factor and K3=topography factor

28

5.3.4. Earthquake Loads Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral stiffness and mass, and is reversible. Its effect should be considered along both axes of a building taken one at a time. A force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During an earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted by ground disturbances. In order to have a minimum force, the mass of the building should be as low as possible. There can be no control on the ground acceleration as it is an act of God! The point of application of this internal force is the center of gravity of the mass on each floor of the building. Once there is a force, there has to be an equal and opposite reaction to balance the force. The inertial force is resisted by the building and the resisting force acts at the center of rigidity at each floor of the building or shear center of the building at each storey. There are two methods to determine the earthquake force in a building: a) Seismic coefficient method or static method. b) Response spectrum method or modal analysis method or spectral acceleration method or dynamic method. Response Spectra: The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of freedom system having certain period of vibration and damping during a given earthquake is referred to as a response spectrum. In the IS : 1893:2002 code, an elastic response spectrum has been proposed for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) condition.

NOTE: - The wind loads and earthquake loads are assumed not to act simultaneously. A building is designed for the worst of the two loads. The fact is that the design forces for wind are greater than the seismic design forces (i.e. wind governs the design) does not obviate the need for seismic detailing. While wind forces govern, the design must provide at least the type of seismic detailing that corresponds to the seismic forces calculated for that building. But for this structure the seismic loads are predominant than that of the wind loads, therefore, the seismic loads govern the design.

29

Design Spectrum For the purpose of determining seismic forces, the country is classified into four seismic zones as shown in Fig. 1. of IS 1893 The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined by the following expression:

Ah= Z.I.Sa /2.R.g Provided that for any structure with T <0.1 s, the value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2 whatever be the value of I/R, where,

Z = Zone factor given in Table 2 of IS 1893, is for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) and service life of structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) zone factor to the factor for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE). I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the structures, characterized by hazardous consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, or economic importance (Table 6, IS 1893).

R= Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations. However, the ratio (I/R) shall not be greater than 1.0 (Table 7, IS 1893). The values of R for buildings are given in Table 7.

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient for rock or soil sites as given by Fig. 2 and Table 3 of IS 1893, based on appropriate natural periods and damping of the structure. These curves represent free field ground motion. ZONE FACTOR (Z)

Table 5.1

Seismic Zone Seismic Intensity Z

II LOW

0.10

III MODERATE

0.16

IV

V

SEVERE

VERY SEVERE

0.24

0.36

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5.4.

Design Imposed Loads for Earthquakes Force Calculation

For various loading classes as specified in IS 875(Part 2), the earthquake force shall be calculated for the full dead load plus the percentage of imposed load as given in Table 8. For calculating the design seismic forces of the structure, the imposed load on roof need not be considered. The percentage of imposed loads should be 25% for floor loads up to and including 3KN/m2.

Seismic Weight of Floors The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus appropriate amount of imposed load. While computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey.

Seismic Weight of Building The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. Any weight ed in between storeys shall be distributed to the floors above and below in inverse proportion to its distance from the floors.

Design Lateral Force Buildings and portions thereof shall be designed and constructed, to resist the effects of design lateral force. The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic force thus obtained at each floor level, shall then be distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.

Design Seismic Base Shear The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear ( Vb)along any principal direction shall be determined by the following expression: Vb= AhW Where,

31

Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value, using the fundamental natural period T, in the considered direction of vibration, and W = Seismic weight of the building.

5.4.1. Seismic Loading in Staad Pro V8i: Now since we know the basic criterion for earthquake loads, the seismic weights as assigned in Staad Pro V8i software are as follows: 

Defining Seismic parameters, which includes the following:



Earthquake Zone for Delhi is Zone IV (i.e. Zone Factor = 0.24)



Response Reduction Factor = 5, (for Special RC moment-resisting frame (SMRF) as per Table 7, IS 1893.)



Importance Factor = 1.0, ( for All Other Buildings other than Important service and community buildings, such as hospitals; schools; monumental structures; emergency buildings like telephone exchange, television stations, radio stations, railway stations, fire station buildings; large community halls like cinemas, assembly halls and subway stations, power stations for which I = 1.5.)



Response spectra for Rock and Soil Site Type (SS) = 2, (For Medium Type Soil at 5% damping.)



Type of Structure = 1 (for Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure)



Damping Ratio = 5%



Depth of foundation = 2m

32

Figure5.3 The weights are then defined for the structure which includes: SELFWEIGHT (represents the dead weight) FLOOR WEIGHT (represents the live load) PLATE WEIGHT (represents the live load on slab) MEMBER WEIGHT (masonry brick weight )

The load case for seismic loads is then defined in the two directions that are horizontally perpendicular (X and Z) directions. The figure of Staad Editor is shown as below:

33

Figure5.4

Seismic Load in X direction (SLX)

34

Figure5.5 5.5.

Seismic Load in Z direction (SLZ)

LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load combinations as per IS 875 Part 5 are taken into consideration.

A judicious combination of the loads (specified in IS 875 Parts 1 to 4 of this standard and earthquake), keeping in view the probability of: a) Their acting together, and b) Their disposition in relation to other loads and severity of stresses or c) Deformations caused by combinations of the various loads are necessary to ensure the required safety and economy in the design of a structure. Load Combinations - The various loads should, therefore, be combined in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant design codes. In the absence of such recommendations, the following

35

loading combinations, whichever combination produces the most unfavorable effect in the building, foundation or structural member concerned may be adopted ( as a general guidance ). It should also be recognized in load combinations that the simultaneous occurrence of maximum values of wind, earthquake, imposed and snow loads is not likely: -

1) DL + LL 2) DL + LL +SLX 3) DL + LL + SLZ 4) DL + LL –SLX 5) DL + LL –SLZ 6) 1.5 (DL + LL) 7) 1.5 (DL + SLX) 8) 1.5 (DL - SLX) 9) 1.5 (DL + SLZ) 10) 1.5 (DL -SLZ) 11) 0.9DL +1.5SLX 12) 0.9DL -1.5SLX 13) 0.9DL + 1.5SLZ 14) 0.9DL - 1.5SLZ 15) 1.2 (DL +LL +SLX 16) 1.2(DL +LL -SLX ) 17) 1.2(DL+LL+SLZ) 18) 1.2(DL + LL - SLZ) Where, the numerals 1.5, 0.9, 1.2, 1.0 represents the load factors as per IS 875 Part 5. DL = Dead Load LL = Live Load SLX = Seismic load in X direction SLZ = Seismic load in Z direction The negative sign in the above load combinations shows the directions opposite to the defined case.

Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or maximum sea waves. Since the wind velocity in the region is less and less dominant than the seismic zone (Zone IV), therefore wind load is not considered for design.

36

5.7.

INPUT TO STAAD EDITOR FOR LOADING:

37

38

CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS

39

ANALYSIS 6.1

Method Of Analysis

The various methods of analysis of statistically indeterminate portal frames are : 1. Method of flexibility coefficients. 2. Slope displacements methods (iterative methods) 3. Moment distribution method 4. Kane‟s method 5. Cantilever method 6. Portal method 7. Matrix method 8. Using STAAD Pro V8i

6.1.1 Method of flexibility coefficients: The method of analysis is comprises reducing the hyper static structure to a determinate structure form by: Removing the redundant (or) introducing adequate cuts (or) hinges. Limitations: It is not applicable for degree of redundancy>3

6.1.2. Slope displacement equations: It is advantageous when kinematic indeterminacy <static indeterminacy. This procedure was first formulated by axle bender in 1914 based on the applications of compatibility and equilibrium conditions. The method derives its name from the fact that slopes and displacements are explicitly comported. Set up simultaneous equations is formed the solution of these parameters and the t moment in each element or computed from these values. Limitations: A solution of simultaneous equations makes methods tedious for manual computations. This method is not recommended for frames larger than two bays and two storeys. .

40

Iterative methods: These methods involve distributing the known fixed and moments of the structural member to adjacent at the ts in order satisfy the conditions of compatibility. Limitations of hardy cross method: It presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frame especially when the frame is susceptible to side sway. The method cannot be applied to structures with intermediate hinges. 6.1.3 Kani’s method: This method over comes some of the disadvantages of hardy cross method. Kani‟s approach is similar to H.C.M to that extent it also involves repeated distribution of moments at successive ts in frames and continues beams. However there is a major difference in distribution process of two methods. H.C.M distributes only the total t moment at any stage of iteration. The most significant feature of Kani‟s method is that process of iteration is self-corrective. Any error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps consequently skipping a few steps error at any stage of iteration is corrected in subsequent consequently skipping a few steps of iterations either by over sight of by intention does not lead to error in final end moments. Advantages: It is used for side way of frames. Limitations: The rotational of columns of any storey should be functioning a single rotation value of same storey. The beams of storey should not undergo rotation when the column undergoes translation. That is the column should be parallel. Frames with intermediate hinges cannot be analyzed.

6.1.4. Approximate method: Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provides a simple means of obtaining a quick solution for preliminary design. It makes Some simplifying assumptions regarding Structural behavior so to obtain a rapid solution to complex structures. The usual process comprises reducing the given indeterminate configuration to a determine structural system by introducing adequate no of hinges. it is possible to sketch the deflected

41

profile of the structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print inflection. Since each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero moment in the structures. The inflection points can be visualized as hinges for the purpose of analysis. The solution of structures is sundered simple once the inflection points are located. The loading cases are arising in multistoried frames namely horizontal and vertical loading. The analysis carried out separately for these two cases. Horizontal cases: The behavior of a structure subjected to horizontal forces depends upon its heights to width ratio among their factor. It is necessary it differentiate between low rise and high rise frames in this case. Low rise structures: Height < width It is characterized predominately by shear deformation. High rise buildings Height > width It is dominated by bending action

6.1.5. Matrix analysis of frames: The individual elements of frames are oriented in different directions unlike those of continues beams so their analysis is more complex .never the less the rudimentary flexibility and stiffness methods are applied to frames stiffness method is more useful because its adaptability to computer programming stiffness method is used when degree of redundancy is greater than degree of freedom. However stiffness method is used degree of freedom is greater than degree of redundancy especially for computers.

42

6.2.

Seismic Analysis Procedures:

Main features of seismic method of analysis based on Indian Standard 1893(part 1): 2002 are described as follows Equivalent lateral force method: The Equivalent lateral force method is the simplest method of analysis and requires less computational effort because the forces depend on the code based fundamental period of structures with some empirical modifier. The design base shear shall first be computed as a whole, and then be distributed along the height of buildings based on simple formulae appropriate for buildings with regular distribution of mass and stiffness. The design lateral force obtained at each floor level shall be distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending upon floor diaphragm action. The design lateral force or design base shear and the distribution are given by some empirical formulae given in the I.S 1893. Response Spectrum analysis: This method is applicable for those structures where modes other than the fundamental one affect significantly the response of the structure. In this method the response of Multi degree of freedom system is expressed as the superposition of modal response, each modal response being determined from the spectral analysis of Single–degree of freedom system, which is then combined to compute the total response. Elastic Time history analysis: A linear analysis, time history analysis over comes all disadvantages of modal response spectrum provided nonlinear behavior is not involved. The method requires greater computational efforts for calculating the response at discrete times. One interesting advantage of this is that the relative signs of response quantities are preserved in the response histories.

6.3.

Analysis Using Staad Pro V8i:

After asg all the properties of a structural frame only a command is used to analyze the structure and the results are obtained within seconds of time. This is the main advantage of using the software or computer aided analysis.

43

6.4.

Analysis Result For Load Cases 1 To 4

For Load Case 1 (SLX)

44

For Load Case 2 (SLZ)

45

For Load Case 3 (Dead Load)

46

For Load Case 4 (Live Load)

47

6.5.

ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR REACTIONS

48

49

50

51

52

**The above results are displayed from the Staad Output file. **These reaction forces and moments are evaluated for the critical load combinations 5 to 9 as shown above under load combinations. **The ts 69 to 113 show the column positions the ultimate position of reaction s for the RC framed structure.

53

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN

54

INPUT TO STAAD EDITOR FOR DESIGN

55

7.1.

BEAMS

Beams are the horizontal of the RC framed structure. Generally, beam is of two typesi) Singly Reinforced Beam and ii) Doubly Reinforced Beams. Design of beams is done as per Limit State Design of collapse (IS 456: 2000). Using Staad Pro software, the design of beam is simply done by asg the parameters for the structure which includes the clear cover, yield strength of steel, compressive strength of concrete, maximum and minimum size of bars to be used, etc. A reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear stress induced in it by loads on the beam. There are three types of reinforced concrete beams 1.) Single reinforced beams 2.) Double reinforced concrete 3.) Flanged beams Beams transfer loads from slabs to columns and hence are designed for bending. Singly reinforced beams: In singly reinforced simply ed beams steel bars are placed near the bottom of the beam where they are more effective in resisting in the tensile bending stress. I cantilever beams reinforcing bars placed near the top of the beam, for the same reason as in the case of simply ed beam. Doubly reinforced concrete beams: It is reinforced under compression and tension regions. The necessity of steel of compression region arises due to two reasons; when depth of beam is restricted, the strength availability singly reinforced beam is in adequate. At a of continuous beam where bending moment changes sign such as situation may also arise in design of a beam circular in plan.

Figure shows the bottom and top reinforcement details at three different sections. These calculations are interpreted manually. Due to the huge output of Staad Pro V8i, here we only show the design result of a beam.

56

7.1.1. Design Result for Beam No. 1

57

FIGURE 7. 1 Location of Beam 1 in the structure

58

7.1.2. Detailing of Beam Reinforcement as per IS 13920 : 1993

FIGURE 7. 2 Beam Reinforcement

59

FIGURE 7. 3

Beam Web Reinforcement

7.1.3. Check for the design of a Beam No.1:

Given data: Cross section of beam : b x d = 300mm x600 mm Vertical shear force = Vu =145.93 KN τc = 0.29 N/mm2 (from table 19 of IS 456 200)

Minimum Shear Reinforcement: When τv is less than τc , given in Table 19, minimum shear reinforcement shall -be provided Design of Shear Reinforcement: When τv exceeds τc, given in Table 19, shear reinforcement shall be provided in any of the following forms: a) Vertical stirrups, b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups, and c) Inclined stirrups,

60

τv

=

Vu/(b x d) (As per clause 40.1 of IS 456-2000)

=

145.93 x 103/(550x300)

=1.216 N/mm2 τv ≥ τc

Design reinforcement Vus

=

Vu- τc x b x d (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)

=

145.93 x103 -0.29x550x300

=

111100 N

Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to Vu - τc bd The strength of shear reinforcement Vus, shall be calculated as below:

For vertical stirrups: Vus = 0.87 fyAsvd/Sv (As per clause 40.4 of IS 456-2000)

Asv

=

total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance Sv.

Sv

=

spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member,

τv

=

nominal shear stress

τc

=

design shear strength of the concrete,

b

=

breadth of the member which for flanged beams, shall be taken as the breadth of

the web bw, fy

=

characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall not be

taken greater than 415 N/mm2, α

=

angle between the inclined stirrup or bent- up bar and the axis of the member, not

less than 45”, and d

=

effective depth.

111130 N= 0.87 x 415 x 2 x π x 82 x 550/Sv Sv = 140 mm

61

Sv should not be more than the following 1. 0.75xd = 0.75 x 550 = 300 mm 2. 300 mm 3. Minimum shear reinforcement spacing = Sv,min

Minimum shear reinforcement: Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that: Asv/bSv ≥ 0.4/ 0.87fy (As per clause 26.5.1.6 of IS 456-2000)

Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear, Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member, b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam, and fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm* which shall not be taken greater than 415 N/mn2 Sv=2x(π/4)x82x0.87x415/(0.4x300) =

605 mm.

Provided 2 legged 8mm @100 mm stirrups .

Hence matched with Staad output.

62

7.2.

COLUMNS

A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primary to axial compressive loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dimension.

A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of the resultant thrust of loads ed by column is coincident with the line of C.G 0f the column I the longitudinal direction.

Depending upon the architectural requirements and loads to be ed, R.C columns may be cast in various shapes i.e. square, rectangle, and hexagonal, octagonal, circular. Columns of L shaped or T shaped are also sometimes used in multistoried buildings.

The longitudinal bars in columns help to bear the load in the combination with the concrete. The longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral binders.

The binders prevent displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting operation and also check the tendency of their buckling towards under loads.

7.2.1. Positioning of columns: Some of the guiding principles which help the positioning of the columns are as follows:-

A) Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of the building and at the intersection of the wall, but for the columns on the property line as the following requirements some area beyond the column, the column can be shifted inside along a cross wall to provide the required area for the footing with in the property line. alternatively a combined or a strap footing may be provided. B) The spacing between the columns is governed by the lamination on spans of ed beams, as the spanning of the column decides the span of the beam. As the span of the of the beam increases, the depth of the beam, and hence the self-weight of the beam and the total.

63

7.2.2. Effective length: The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the points of contraflexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the effective length for normal usage assuming idealized and conditions shown in appendix D of IS - 456(Table 24) A column may be classified based as follows based on the type of loading: 1) Axially loaded column 2) A column subjected to axial load and uneasily bending 3) A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending.

Axially loaded columns: All compression are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load into principal directions. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare ,if not nonexistent. Therefore, every column should be designed for a minimum eccentricity .clause 22.4 of IS code

E min

=

(L/500) + (D/300), subjected to a minimum of 200 mm.

Where L is the uned length of the column (see 24.1.3 of the code for definition uned length) and D is the lateral dimension of the column in the direction under the consideration.

Axial load and uniaxial bending: A member subjected to axial force and bending shall be designed on the basis of 1) The maximum compressive strength in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002 2) The maximum compressive strength at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to highly compression and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035-0.75 times the strain at least compressed extreme fiber. Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are in the form of intersection diagram in which curves for Pu/fck bD verses Mu/fck bD2 are plotted for different values of p/fck where p is reinforcement percentage.

64

Axial load and biaxial bending: The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be obtained on the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium of load and moment about two weeks.

Alternatively such may be designed by the following equation: (Mux/ Muy)αn +(Muy/ Muy1)αn

<=

1.0

Mux&Muy=moment about x and Y axis due to design loads Mux1&Muy1=maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu bending about x and y axis respectively. αn is related to Pu/puz

Puz

=

0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc

For values of pu/Puz=0.2 to 0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1.0 to 2.0 for values less than 0.2, αn is values greater than 0.8 , αn is 2.0

The main duty of column is to transfer the load to the soil safely. Columns are designed for compression and moment. The cross section of the column generally increases from one floor to another floor due to the addition of both live and dead load from the top floors. Also the amount if load depends on number of beams the columns is connected to. As beam transfer half of the load to each column it is connected.

7.2.3. Column design: A column may be defined as an element used primary to axial compressive loads and with a height of a least three times its lateral dimension. The strength of column depends upon the strength of materials, shape and size of cross section, length and degree of proportional and dedicational restrains at its ends. A column may be classify based on deferent criteria such as

65

1.) Shape of the section 2.) Slenderness ratio (A=L+D) 3.) Type of loading, land 4.) Pattern of lateral reinforcement. The ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is released to as slenderness ratio. In our structure we have 3 types of columns. �Column with beams on two sides �Columns with beams on three sides �Columns with beams on four sides

So we require three types of column sections. So create three types of column sections and assign to the respective columns depending on the connection. But in these structure we adopted same cross section throughout the structure with a rectangular cross section .In foundations we generally do not have circular columns if circular column is given it makes a circle by creating many lines to increase accuracy. The column design is done by selecting the column and from geometry page assigns the dimensions of the columns. Now analyze the column for loads to see the reactions and total loads on the column by seeing the loads design column by giving appropriate parameters like 1. Minimum reinforcement, max, bar sizes, maximum and minimum spicing. 2. Select the appropriate design code and input design column command to all the column. 3. Now run analysis and select any column to collect the reinforcement details The following figure shows the reinforcement details of a beam in staad. The figure represents details regarding 1. Transverse reinforcement 2. Longitudinal reinforcement The type of bars to be used, amount of steel and loading on the column is represented in the below figure.

66

Table 7. 4 Skeleton Structure Showing Column No. 1539

67

68

Figure 7.5 - Shear Bending For Column No. 1539 7.2.4. Check for Column Design: Short axially Loaded columns: Given data

fck = 25 N/mm2 fy = 415N/mm2 puz = 19732.59 N b = 450mm d = 900mm

69

Design of reinforcement Area: (As per clause 39.6 of IS 456 2000)

Puz

=

0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc

19732.59

=

0.45*25*(350*450-Asc) + 0.75*415*Asc

On solving the above equation we get Asc

=

3241.15 Sq.mm.((Matched with Output)

Design of Main(Longitudinal) reinforcement: (As per clause 26.5.3.1 of IS 456-2000 ) 1. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less 0.8% , not more than 6% of the gross cross sectional area of the column. 2. The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter. 3. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300 mm. Provided main reinforcement : 32 – 12mm dia (0.89%, 3619.95 Sq.mm.) Check for Transverse reinforcement : (As per clause 26.5.3.2 of IS 456-2000 ) A) pitch : shall not be more than the least of the following 1) Least lateral dimension of the compression member (350mm). 2) 16 x diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar = 16x 12 = 192 mm 3) 300 mm B) Diameter : 1) Shall not be less than one fourth of the diameter of main reinforcement. 2) Not less than 6 mm.

Provided Tie Reinforcement: Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c.

70

7.3.

SLABS

A slab is a flat two – dimensional, planar structural element having thickness small compared to its other two dimensions. It provides a working flat surface or a covering shelter in buildings. It s mainly transverse loads and transfers them to primarily by bending action in one or more directions. Reinforced concrete slab covers relatively large are compared to beam or column. Therefore volume of concrete and hence, dead load is large in the case of slab. A small reduction in depth of slab therefore, leads to a considerable economy. But care has to be taken to see that its performance (serviceability) is not affected due to excessive deflection and cracking.

Classification of Slab on the basis of spanning direction: a) Spanning in one direction (One Way Slab) 

One way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can be simply ed beam or continuous beam.

FIGURE 7.6

One Way Slab (lb/la > 2)

71

FIGURE 7.7 Load Distribution in a One Way Slab

b) Spanning in two orthogonal direction (Two Way Slab) When slabs are ed to four sides two ways spanning action occurs. Such as slab are simply ed on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and bending moments are considerably reduces as compared to those in one way slab.

72

FIGURE 7.8

Two Way Slab (lb/la > 2)

FIGURE 7.9 Load Distribution in a Two Way Slab Checks: There is no need to check serviceability conditions, because design satisfying the span for depth ratio. a.) Simply ed slab b.) Continuous beam Slabs are designed for deflection. Slabs are designed based on yield theory This diagram shows the distribution of loads in two slabs.

FIGURE 7.10

Load Distribution showing One way & Two waySlabs

73

In order to design a slab we have to create plates by selecting the plate cursor. Now selecting the to form slab and use form slab button. Now give the thickness of plate as 0.125 m. Now similar to the above designs give the parameters based on code and assign design slab command and select the plates and assign commands to it. After analysis is carried out go to advanced slab design page and collect the reinforcement details of the slab.

FIGURE 7. 11 Monolithic connection between Slab, Beam & Column.

7.3.1. Design detail and sample calculation of a typical slab: 6310mm

S1

3584mm

74

FIGURE 7. 12 Plan showing slabs

i.

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:Calculation of thickness of slab using l/D = 26 Therefore, an overall depth of slab is 140 mm. Using 8mm dia bars and providing 20 mm clear cover, dxx= 140-Ø/2-cover=140-8/2-20=116mm dyy=140-Ø/2-cover-8=140-108mm

ii.

CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE SPAN lx

=

3.58+dxx=3.58+.116=3.696

ly

=

6.32+.133=6.456

ly/lx

=

6.456/3.696=1.76<2

Hence it is two-way slab iii.

LOAD CALCULATION Considering width of slab 1m

75

Dead load=DL=1×25×.140

=

3.5kN/m2

Live load=LL

=

2kN/m2

Floor finishing (25mm thick)

=

0.040×24×1=1.0 kN/m2

Plaster (6mm thick)

=

0.006×24×1=0.25 kN/m2

Total load

=

3.5+2+1+0.25=6.75 kN/m2

Factor load = 6.75×factor of safety

=

6.75×1.5=10.125kN/m2

Taking factor of safety 1.5 iv.

CALCULATION FOR MOMENT There will be negative moment at continuous edge and positive Moment at mid span=

v.

Mx

=

αx×Wu×lx2

My

=

αy×Wu×lx2

Where αx

=

short span coefficient

Where αY

=

long span coefficient

Calculation of coefficient according to IS 456,clauses D-1.1 and 24.4.1 Type of = Two adjacent edge continuous. αx (-ve) at 1.76 = 0.084 αx(+ve) at 1.76 = 0.063

vi.

Moment calculation Mux(-ve)

=

0.084×10.125×3.6962=

10.90 kNm

Mux(+ve)

=

0.063×10.125×3.6962=

8.175 kNm

76

vii.

Muy(+ve)

=

0.035×10.125×3.6962=

6.099 kNm

Muy(-ve)

=

0.047×10.125×3.6962=

4.5418kNm

CHECK FOR DEPTH d= √(M/Rb) R = 0.36 Xu max/d (1-0.42Xumax/d)×fck R =0.36×0.48×(1-0.42×0.48)×25 = 3.45 kN/mm2 b = 1000 mm M =Max (10.90, 8.175, 6.099 4.5418 ) = 10.90 kNm dreq = √(10.90×106)/(3.45×103×100) = 72 mm
viii.

CALCULATION OF AREA REQUIRED IN THE MID SPAN Equation for finding Ast Ast = (0.5 fck/fy){1-[√(1-(4.6Mu/fck.b.d2))]}b.d

 Astxx= 273.439mm2 Check Astmin=.12×b×D/100= .12×1000×160/100=192mm2 Hence it is ok.

77

Span Position Short – at

Mu

d

Req. Ast

(KNm)

(mm)

(mm2)

(mm2)

(mm)

10.90

115

274

#8 – 180

279

-At Midspan 8.175

115

202

#8 – 240

309

115

111.18

#8 – 300

168

115

150.24

#8 – 300

168

Long – at

4.5418

-At Midspan 6.099

ix.

Dia – Spacing Provided Ast

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:Deflection=(Lx/d)×Mf , For safe, it should be less than 26. Where, Mf is modification factor.

x.

CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY Req. pt at Shorter Midspan = Ast*100/b.d

=

Since Req. pt < Assumed p t (0.30)

xi.

202*100/100*115

=

Hence SAFE.

CHECK FOR SHEAR a) Long Edge Continuous : Vu,max = 1.2 qu[Lx(e/2e+1)]

{where e = Ly/Lx}

Vu,max = 1.2*10.125[3.58(1.76/2*1.76+1)] = 16.93KN Since, Ast1 = 279mm2;

pt = 100*279/1000*115 = 0.24%

τc = from Table 19 of IS 456 = 0.35 Cl.40.2.1.1 IS 456, k=1.30 for D<150mm Vu = k. τc.b.d =

1.3*0.35*1000*115

=

52.32KN > 16.93KN

Hence SAFE Long Edge Discontinuous: Vu,max = 0.9*(16.93/2) = 12.70KN Therefore, Astx = 202mm2 at midspan. Assuming 50% bent up to resist moment due to partial fixity.

78

0.17%

Ast1 = 101mm2;

pt = 101*100/1000*115 = 0.087%

τc = 0.218n/mm2 k=1.3 Vuc = 1.3*0.218*1000*115/1000 = 32.59 > 12.70 ; Hence OK. b) Short Edge Continuous: Vu,max = 1.2qu.(Lx/3)

=

1.2*10.125*3.58/3

;

Hence OK.

=

14.50KN

Ast1 = 168mm2 Vuc = 50.85 > 14.50

Short Edge Discontinuous: Vu,max = 0.9*(14.50/2) = 12.70KN Therefore, Astx = 168mm2 at midspan. Assuming 50% bent up to resist moment due to partial fixity. Ast1 = 84mm2;

pt = 84*100/1000*115 = 0.07%

τc = 0.22n/mm2 k=1.3 Vuc = 1.3*0.22*1000*115/1000 = 32.89 > 10.875 ; Hence OK.

xii.

CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH a) 1. Long Edge Continuous : Req.

79

For Fe415, M25;

Ld = 64.47*8 = 515.78mm

Ld (available) = L/4 = 3584/4 = 896mm;

Hence OK.

2. Long Edge Discontinuous: Ld = 64.47 * 8 = 515.78mm Assuming 50% bars bent up , M1 = 8.175/2 = 4.08KNm Vu,max = 12.70KN Lex => (Ld-1.3M1/V) = 515.78 – 1.3*4.08/12.70 = 98.14mm Lex => (Ld/3 – bs/2) =

98.14 + 300/2

Lex = 248.14mm from inner face of . Straight Length available inside inner = B =bs-A B = 300-(5*8+25) = 235mm Using 90degree bend, available anchorage length = 8db + 235 = 64 + 235 = 299mm > 235mm Hence OK. b) 1)Short Edge Continuous: Req. Ld = 64.47 * 8 = 515.78mm Available Ld = L/4 = 896mm;

Hence OK

2) Short Edge Discontinuous: Ld = 64.47 * 8 = 515.78mm Assuming 50% bars bent up , M1 = 6.099/2 = 3.049KNm Vu,max = 10.875KN

80

Lex => (Ld-1.3M1/V) = 515.78 – 1.3*3.049/10.875 = 151.30mm Lex => (Ld/3 – bs/2) =

151.30 + 300/2

Lex = 301.30mm from inner face of . Straight Length available inside inner = B =bs-A B = 300-(5*8+25) = 235mm Using 90degree bend, available anchorage length = 8db + 235 = 64 + 235 = 299mm > 235mm Hence OK. xiii.

TORSION STEEL a) At corners near column C127 & C128, Since slab is discontinuous over both edger, Full Torsion Steel = 0.75 Astx = 0.75*202 = 150mm2 ; will be required in both direction at right angles in each of the two meshes, One at the top and the other at the bottom up to the length of: Lx/5 = 3584/5 = 716.8mm b) At corner near column C126, Required area of torsion steel = 1/2(150) = 75mm2

81

7.3.2. STAAD OUTPUT for Element Design:

82

83

84

****************************************************************************

FIGURE 7. 13

85

7.4.

FOUNDATION

Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the building or individual column to the earth .If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning.

7.4.1. General: 1) Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced reactions and to assure that any settlements which may occur will be as nearly uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded. 2) Thickness at the edge of the footing: in reinforced and plain concrete footing at the edge shall be not less than 150 mm for footing on the neither soil nor less than 300mm above the tops of the pile for footing on piles.

7.4.2. Bearing Capacity of Soil: The size foundation depends on permissible bearing capacity of soil. The total load per unit area under the footing must be less than the permissible bearing capacity of soil to the excessive settlements.

7.4.3. Foundation design: Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual column to earth this loads are to be properly transmitted foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement are rotation to minimize differential settlements and to provide adequate safety isolated footings for multi storey buildings. These may be square rectangle are circular in plan that the choice of type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a number of factors. 1.) Bearing capacity of soil 2.) Type of structure 3.) Type of loads 4.) Permissible differential settlements 5.) Economy

86

A footing is the bottom most part of the structure and last member to transfer the load. In order to design footings we used the software named STAAD FOUNDATION V8i. These are the types of foundations the software can deal. 



Shallow (D
Isolated (Spread) Footing

-

Combined (Strip) Footing

-

Mat (Raft) Foundation

Deep (D>B) -

Pile Cap

-

Driller Pier

7.4.4. Criterion for Combined Strip Footing: Heavily loaded column when these are ed on relatively weak or uneven soils having low bearing capacity (which is equal to 175KN/m2) need large bearing area. In such case, Continuous Strip Footing is provided to more than two columns in a row, instead of individual footing. Thus the continuous strip footing runs along the column row. The strip footings have T section and the flange of T section faces downwards. The projection of T-section behaves as a Cantilever. The thickness of the flange is kept constant, when the cantilever projection is of small length. Otherwise, the depth of flange is increased towards the rib. The weight of the footing is not considered in structural design because it is assumed to be carried by the subsoil. It is similar to a floor resting on a system on a system of beams and columns. 7.4.5. Design using STAAD FOUNDATION V8i:

87

-

Import the Staad Pro V8i analyzed file into Staad Foundation V8i using the IMPORT option.

Figure 7. 14 Staad Foundation Page Showing Continuous Strip Footing When the file is imported from the Staad Pro V8i, there is no need to specify the column positions, as it is already specified in the Staad Pro file. The main advantage of this software is that it automatically generated the reaction and moment values at s when the load cases are defined.

FIGURE 7. 15 Zoom View of continuous strip Foundation & Columns

88

-

The load combination or the load cases are generated (selected) for which the foundation is to be designed. Assign Loading: - 1.5(DL + LL)

-

The next step is to create the job for the footing (i.e. Combined Footing.)

-

Now the design parameters are entered which includes: Concrete & Rebar, Cover & Soil, Footing Geometry

FIGURE 7. 16 Concrete & Rebar Parameters

FIGURE 7. 17 Cover & Soil Parameters

89

FIGURE 7. 18 Footing Dimensions

The following input data is required regarding materials, Soil type, Type of foundation, safety factors. �Type of foundation: Combined. �Unit weight of concrete:

25KN/m^3

�Minimum bar spacing:

50mm

�Maximum bar spacing:

500mm

�Strength of concrete:

35N/mm^2

�Yield strength of steel:

415 n/mm^2

�Minimum bar size:

12mm

�Maximum bar size:

60mm

�Bottom clear cover:

50mm

�Unit weight of soil:

22 KN/m^3

�Soil bearing capacity:

175 KN/m^3

�Minimum length:

1000mm

90

�Minimum width:

3500mm

�Minimum thickness:

500mm

�Maximum length:

70000mm

�Maximum width:

40000mm

�Maximum thickness:

2000mm

�Plan dimension:

50mm

�Aspect ratio:

1

�Safety against friction, 0.5; overturning, 1.5; sliding,1.5 Now the last step is to click on DESIGN. After the analysis, detailed calculation of each and every footing is given with plan and elevation. Table 7.1 Footing No.

Left Overhang

Dimensions of the Continuous Strip Footings Right Overhang

Length

Width

Thickness

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

1

3.875

3.875

23.040

9.25

0.700

2

4.975

4.975

62.790

11.450

1.100

3

2.775

2.775

20.840

7.050

0.700

4

6.475

6.475

65.760

14.450

1.300

5

8.225

8.225

55.210

17.950

1.250

91

Table 7.2. Footing No. -

7.4.6.

DESIGN RESULTS Footing Reinforcement

Main Steel

Main Steel

Secondary Steel

Secondary Steel

Top

Bottom

Top

Bottom

1

#12 @ 125mm c/c

#32 @ 75mm c/c

#12 @ 125mm c/c

#16 @50mm c/c

2

#12 @ 75mm c/c

#40 @75mm c/c

#12 @ 75mm c/c

#16 @50mm c/c

3

#12 @ 125mm c/c

#20 @50mm c/c

#12 @ 125mm c/c

#12 @50mm c/c

4

#12 @ 50mm c/c

#40 @50mm c/c

#12 @ 50mm c/c

#20 @75mm c/c

5

#12 @ 50mm c/c

#40 @50mm c/c

#12 @ 75mm c/c

#25 @50mm c/c

Design Calculations for Combined Footing 1 (FC1)

Column Dimensions for Column No. 69, 103, 102 and 101 (Combined Footing No. FC1) Column Shape:

Rectangular

Column Length - X (Pl):

1000mm

Column Width - Z (Pw):

500mm

Length of left overhang :

1.00 m

Length of right overhang :

1.00 m

Is the length of left overhang fixed?

No

Is the length of right overhang fixed?

No

Minimum width of footing (Wb) :

3.50 m

Minimum Thickness of footing (Do) :

500.00 mm

Maximum Width of Footing (Wb) :

40000.00 mm

Maximum Thickness of Footing (Do) :

2000.00 mm

92

Maximum Length of Footing (Lo) :

70000.00 mm

Length Increment :

50.00 mm

Depth Increment :

50.00 mm

Cover and Soil Properties Pedestal Clear Cover :

50.00 mm

Footing Clear Cover :

50.00 mm

Unit Weight of soil :

22.00 kN/m3

Soil Bearing Capacity :

175.00 kN/m2

Soil Surcharge :

44.00 kN/m2

Depth of Soil above Footing :

2.00 m

Depth of Water Table :

-4000mm

Concrete and Rebar Properties Unit Weight of Concrete

25.000 kN/m3

Compressive Strength of Concrete :

35.000 N/mm2

Yield Strength of Steel :

415.000 N/mm2

Minimum Bar Size :

12

Maximum Bar Size :

60

Minimum Bar Spacing :

50.00 mm

Maximum Bar Spacing :

400.00 mm

Design Calculations

93

Footing Size Calculations Reduction of force due to buoyancy =

-0.00

kN

Minimum area required from bearing pressure, Amin = Pcritical / qmax :

123.46 sq m

Area from initial length and width, Ao = L x W:

60.51

sq m

Therefore, Final footing dimensions are: Length of footing, L :

23.04

m

Width of footing, W :

9.25

m

Depth of footing, Do :

0.70

m

Area, A :

213.12

sq m

Length of left overhang, Lleft_overhang :

3.88

m

Length of right overhang, Lright_overhang :

3.88

m

Table 7.3.

94

Table 7.4.

If Au is zero, there is no uplift and no pressure adjustment is necessary. Otherwise, to for uplift, areas of negative pressure will be set to zero and the pressure will be redistributed to remaining corners.

Table 7.5.

Design for Flexure Sagging moment along length Effective Depth =

= 0.63

Governing moment (Mu)

m

=17882.520713 kNm

As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =

= 0.479107

Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =

= 4822.007604 kN/m^2

Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax)=

= 7928.346683 kNm

95

Mu <= Mumax

hence, safe

Hogging moment along length Effective Depth =

= 0.63

m

Governing moment (Mu)

= 3.771009

kNm

As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =

= 0.479107

Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =

= 4822.007604 kN/m^2

Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) =

=18498.368019

Mu <= Mumax

kNm

hence, safe

Transverse direction

Effective Depth =

= 0.64

m

Governing moment (Mu) =

= 6300.321341 kNm

As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G1.1C Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =

= 0.479107

Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =

=4822.007604

Limit Moment Of Resistance

kN/m^2

=45790.132556 kNm

(Mumax) =

96

Mu <= Mumax

hence, safe

Check trial depth for one way shear(along length) Shear Force(S)

= 3538.28

kN

Shear Stress(Tv)

= 0.000000

kN/m^2

Percentage Of Steel(Pt)

= 0.080

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19 Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc)

= 0.35 Tv< Tc

kN/m^2

hence, safe

Check trial depth for two way shear For Column 1 Shear Force(S)

= 2618.45

kN

Shear Stress(Tv)

= 729.18

kN/m^2

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks =

= 1.00

Shear Strength(Tc)=

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2

Ks X Tc

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2 Tv<= Ks X Tc

hence, safe

For Column 2 Shear Force(S)

= 4890.83

kN

Shear Stress(Tv)

= 1361.99

kN/m^2

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks =

= 1.00

97

Shear Strength(Tc)=

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2

Ks X Tc

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2 Tv<= Ks X Tc

hence, safe

For Column 3 Shear Force(S)

= 4996.80

kN

Shear Stress(Tv)

= 1391.50

kN/m^2

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks =

= 1.00

Shear Strength(Tc)=

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2

Ks X Tc

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2 Tv<= Ks X Tc

hence, safe

For Column 4 Shear Force(S)

= 2639.60

kN

Shear Stress(Tv)

= 735.07

kN/m^2

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1 Ks =

= 1.00

Shear Strength(Tc)=

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2

Ks X Tc

= 1479.0199 kN/m^2 Tv<= Ks X Tc

98

hence, safe

Selection of reinforcement Top reinforcement along length As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin)

= 7770.00

mm2

Calculated Area of Steel (Ast)

= 7770.00

mm2

Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided)

= 7770.00

mm2

Astmin<= Ast,Provided

Steel area is accepted

Selected bar Dia

= 32.000

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) =

= 50.00

mm

Selected spacing (S)

= 134.38

mm

Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar

The reinforcement is accepted.

size... Along width As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Provided Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin)

= 19353.57

mm2

Selected bar Dia

= 16.000

mm

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin)

= 50.00

mm

Selected spacing (S)

= 134.08

mm

Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar

The reinforcement is accepted.

size...

99

Bottom reinforcement along length As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin)

= 7770.00

mm2

Calculated Area of Steel (Ast)

= 97241.73

mm2

Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided)

= 97241.73

mm2

Astmin<= Ast,Provided

Steel area is accepted

Selected bar Dia

= 32.000

mm

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) =

= 50.00

mm

Selected spacing (S)

= 75.98

mm

Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar

The reinforcement is accepted.

size... Along width As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin)

= 19353.57

mm2

Calculated Area of Steel (Ast)

= 74809.93

mm2

Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided)

= 74809.93

mm2

Astmin<= Ast,Provided

Steel area is accepted

Selected bar Dia

= 16.000

mm

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) =

= 50.00

mm

Selected spacing (S)

= 61.62

mm

Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size. The reinforcement is accepted.

100

FIGURE 7. 19

FIGURE 7. 20

101

7.4.7. Detail Drawings

FIGURE 7. 21 - Strip Footing FC1

FIGURE 7. 22 - Strip Footing FC2

102

FIGURE 7. 23 - Strip Footing FC3

FIGURE 7. 24 -

Strip Footing FC4

103

FIGURE 7. 25 - Strip Footing FC5 *************************************************************************************

104

CONCLUSION

105

CONCLUSION

STAAD PRO has the capability to calculate the reinforcement needed for any concrete section. The program contains a number of parameters which are designed as per IS: 456 : 2000 and IS 13920 : 1993. Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion.

Design for Flexure: Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging (creating tensile stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each of the above mentioned sections. Each of these sections is designed to resist both of these critical sagging and hogging moments. Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section is tried.

Design for Shear: Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments. Shear capacity calculation at different sections without the shear reinforcement is based on the actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Two-legged stirrups are provided to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections.

Beam Design Output: The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided along the length of the beam.

Column Design: Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the ends. All active load cases are tested to calculate reinforcement. The loading which yield maximum reinforcement is called the critical load. Column design is done for square section. Square columns are designed with reinforcement distributed on each side equally for the sections under biaxial moments and with reinforcement distributed equally in two faces for sections under uni-axial moment. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of in the column design of STAAD.

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Slab Design: Slabs are designed for the load combinations as specified in IS 456:2000. All active load cases are tested to calculate reinforcement. The loading which yield maximum reinforcement is called the critical load. Slabs are designed as two way and one way. This enables to understand the detailing of reinforcement in the slabs. Foundation Design: Footing is decided on the soil type, loading conditions and area available. It is designed to carry the load distributed by the structure through slabs to beams to columns to the footings. Use of Software’s: Use of Staad Pro V8i, Staad Foundation V8i And Auto Cad is well known after the completion of the project. This enables to relate theoretical knowledge to real life practicalities.

107

ANNEXURE A Plan of the Multi-storey Hostel Building at SRM University (Figure A-1):

108

ANNEXURE B Elevation of the Multi-storey Hostel building at SRM University (Figure A-2):

110

REFERENCES

o Dr. S.R. Karve & Dr. V.L. Shah - “Illustrated design of Reinforced concrete Buildings”, Structures Publications. o Dr. Ram Chandra - “Limit State Design”, Standard Book House, New Delhi. o Dr. Ashok K. Jain – “Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design”, New Chand & Bros, Roorkee o S. Ramamrutham, R. Narayana – “Theory of Structures”, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company o “STAAD Pro V8i – Getting started & tutorials” - Published by: R .E. I. o “STAAD Pro 2004 & STAAD FOUNDATION V8i – Technical reference manual” Published by: R.E.I. CODE BOOKS: o IS 875(Part 1,2,3,5) - Bureau Of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 o IS 456 : 2000 - Bureau Of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 o IS 1893 : 2002 - Bureau Of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.

o IS 13920 : 1993 - Bureau Of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.

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