Animal Ecology Ppt 10 2r6x2

ANIMAL ECOLOGY

GROUP 4: LATIFA VITA VELA NEFRISA RASYID NURUL HIZA PUTRI RIDHA KHAIRINI

A. Fish Ecology Fish are of the Poikilotermic (cold-blooded) Vertebrate that live in water and breathe with gills. Fish are the most diverse group of vertebrates with more than 27,000 species worldwide.

Fish Habitats: Fresh water Stagnant Water for example lakes, ponds, swamp or floating sand

Water Flow for example springs, water flows (brook-creek) or rivers.

Sea Water Epipelagik 100 meters depth

Mesopelagik Depth of 100 meters to 2000 meters Batial Pelagik

Depth of 2000 meters to 4000 meters

Brackish water

Brackish water (estuarin) is water bodies where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the sea. Estuarin is formed when the river flows into the sea.

B. Ecology of Benthic Animals Benthos is an organism that lives near a river bed or is known as a benthic zone. They live near sediments both rock, mud, sand and others and adapt to the pressure of deep water and heavy water currents. part or all of the benthos life cycle is in the bottom of the water, both sessile, crawling and digging holes. besides that the movement of benthos is relatively limited. Bentos classification:  Base on the size : size smaller than 0.1 mm. For Micro Fauna example, bacteria, diatoms

Meio Fauna

Macro Fauna

has a size between o.1 mm to 1.0 mm. For example, nematodes, cepepoda, and foraminifera has a size of more than 1 mm (0.04 inch). Examples are worms, annelida, molucca, sponge, and crustaceans.

 Base on the place of the life : Epifauna Is an animal whose life is above the surface of the ocean floor. For example, crabs, sea slugs and starfish.

Infauna

Is an animal whose life is by digging a hole in the ocean floor. For example worms, oysters.

Environmental factors that affect benthos

As with other biota lives, the distribution of species and populations of benthic communities is determined by the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the waters. Physical properties of waters such as tides, depth, current velocity, turbidity or brightness, base substrate and water temperature. Chemical properties include oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide, pH, organic matter, and nutrient content affecting benthic animals. The physical-chemical properties of water have a direct or indirect effect on the life of benthos. Changes in the physical-chemical conditions of a waters can cause adverse effects on benthic populations that live in aquatic ecosystems.

C. Insect ecology Insects are cold-blooded creatures (poikiloterm). insects are the most widespread group of animals. These animals can live everywhere from dry areas to wet areas, ranging from hot areas to polar regions. Insect benefits: • Insects are responsible for breaking down plant and animal ingredients in the food chain. • They also serve as decomposers which describe fallen wood, twigs, fallen leaves, and dead animals and animal waste. • The amount that dominates the earth, makes insects play a role in enriching the diversity of biodiversity. • Insects work in the process of pollinating plants. • In ecosystems and habitats, insects play a role as indicator species to predict the extinction of other species and changes in those ecosystems / habitats.

D. Reptiles Ecology Reptiles are a group of animals ectothermic, which is an animal whose body temperature greatly depends on the temperature of the environment at surrounding areas (Ario A, 2010). Indonesia is one of seven mega countries biodiversity known as the center concentration of world biodiversity (Santosa et al. 2008). Various types of animals that exist are one of its own natural resources Indonesian country. But human nature the more destructive the forest is harm. So that needs more attention to animals in their natural habitat (Maulana, 2014). Knowledge about reptile and attention to reptiles at Indonesia is still lacking. This can be seen from there is not much information and research on Indonesia which specifically studies reptiles (Yusuf, 2008).

Benefits of Reptiles  As a pet  Handycrafts  Food Source  Exterminator of plant pests and rice fields  Control of Insects and Rodents

E. Amphiby Ecology The word amphibi comes from Greek which consists of two words, namely "Amphi“ (duplicate) and "bios" (live). Or it can be interpreted as vertebrate animals with high skin moisture, not covered by hair that lives in two realms; namely in water and on land. Therefore amphibians are interpreted as animals that have two life forms, namely on land and in water. Amphibians are generally semi-aquatic creatures, which live on land in areas that have calm and shallow fresh water. But there are also amphibians that live in trees from birth to death, and there are also those who live in water throughout their lives. Amphibians are commonly found in paddy fields, areas around rivers, swamps, ponds, even in residential areas can be found.

The role of amphibians is as follows: a. Used for treatment especially in China b. Made as cosmetic ingredients c. Made as material for scientific research d. Used as fish bait e. One amphibian class is Bufo melanosticus as a pregnancy test f. Used as food ingredients g. Made as a pet

F. Bird Ecology

According to (Sujatnika et al. 1995) Indonesia is estimated to have around 17% of bird species in the world. Alikodra (2002) states that the high composition and diversity of bird species in a region is ed by the high diversity of habitat for wildlife which generally functions as a place to live (looking for food, drink, rest, and breed). Based on this function, the diversity of bird species is also closely related to the diversity of habitat types and the variety of functions of each type of habitat that exists in the types of Green Open Space.

Benefits of birds  Food Source  Craft Material

 Pest Control  Indicator of environmental conditions

G. Mammals Ecology Indonesia occupies seven countries that have the largest wealth of biodiversity in the world. Indonesia ranks first in mammalian species diversity, that is, as many as 436 mammal species, of which 51% are endemic mammals (Bappenas, 2003). The form of human activity that threatens the habitat of large mammals is in the form of activities to clear agricultural land which causes forest land to become narrow so that forest resources as habitat for large mammals become limited.

Bennefits of Mammalia  Natural enemies of agricultural pests  Food ingredients  Take care of the house  Transportation equipment  Handicraft items  Home decoration  Entertainment facilities

 Natural fertilizer  Part of the ceremonial custom