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ASM Handbook, Volume 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High Performance Alloys Section: Specialty Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels STAINLESS STEELS are widely used at elevated temperatures when carbon and low-alloy steels do not provide adequate corrosion resistance and/or sufficient strength at these temperatures. Carbon and low-alloy steels are generally more economical than stainless steels and are often used in applications with temperatures below about 370 qC (700 qF). Several low-alloy steels with moderate chromium contents (between 1 and 10%) and improved high-temperature strength are also widely used at elevated temperatures above 370 qC (700 qF). These steels include the creep-resistant chromium-molybdenum ferritic steels discussed in the article"Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels" in this Volume. Carbon steels may even be suitable for temperatures above 370 qC (700 qF), if high strength and oxidation are not concerns. This article deals with the wrought stainless steels used for high-temperature applications (see the article "Cast Stainless Steels" in this Volume for the elevated-temperature properties of cast stainless steels). Corrosion resistance is often the first criterion used to select stainless steel for a particular application. However, strength is also a significant factor in a majority of elevated-temperature applications and may even be the key factor governing the choice of a stainless steel. The stainless steels used in applications in which high-temperature strength is important are sometimes referred to as heat-resistant steels. Table 1 gives some typical compositions of wrought heat-resistant stainless steels, which are grouped into ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, and precipitation-hardening grades. Of these steels, the austenitic grades offer the highest strength at high temperatures (Fig. 1 ). The precipitation-hardening steels have the highest strength at lower temperatures (Fig. 1 ), but they weaken considerably at temperatures above about 425 qC (800 qF). Table 1 Nominal compositions of wrought iron-base heat-resistant alloys Designation
UNS number
Composition, % C
Cr
Ni
Mo
N
Nb
Ti
Other
Ferritic stainless steels 405
S40500
0.15 max
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
0.2 Al
406
...
0.15 max
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
4.0 Al
409
S40900
0.08 max
11.0
0.5 max
...
...
...
6 u C min
...
429
S42900
0.12 max
15
...
...
...
...
...
...
430
S43000
0.12 max
16.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
434
S43400
0.12 max
17.0
...
1.0
...
...
...
...
439
S43035
0.07 max
18.25
...
...
...
...
12 u C min
1.10 Ti max
...
0.05
18.0
...
...
...
...
0.40 max
2.0 Al max
18 SR 18Cr-2Mo
S44400
...
18.5
...
2.0
...
(a)
(a)
446
S44600
0.20 max
25.0
...
...
0.25
...
...
0.8 (Ti + Nb) max ...
E-Brite 26-1
S44627
0.01 max
26.0
...
1.0
0.015 max
0.1
...
...
26-1Ti
S44626
0.04
26.0
...
1.0
...
...
10 u C min
...
29Cr-4Mo
S44700
0.01 max
29.0
...
4.0
0.02 max
...
...
...
Quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steels
403
S40300
0.15 max
12.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
410
S41000
0.15 max
12.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
410Cb
S41040
0.15 max
12.5
...
...
...
0.12
...
...
416
S41600
0.15 max
13.0
...
0.6(b)
...
...
...
0.15 min S
422
S42200
0.20
12.5
0.75
1.0
...
...
...
1.0 W, 0.22 V
H-46
...
0.12
10.75
0.50
0.85
0.07
0.30
...
0.20 V
Moly Ascoloy
...
0.14
12.0
2.4
1.80
0.05
...
...
0.35 V
Greek Ascoloy
S41800
0.15
13.0
2.0
...
...
...
...
3.0 W
Jethete M-152
...
0.12
12.0
2.5
1.7
...
...
...
0.30 V
...
0.05
11.5
4.5
...
...
...
10 u C min
...
431
S43100
0.20 max
16.0
2.0
...
...
...
...
...
Lapelloy
S42300
0.30
11.5
...
2.75
...
...
...
0.25 V
0.75
...
8 u C min
...
1.5 Cu
Almar 363
Precipitation-hardening martensitic stainless steels Custom 450 Custom 455 15-5 PH
...
0.05 max
15.5
6.0
...
0.03
11.75
8.5
...
...
0.30
1.2
2.25 Cu
S15500
0.07
15.0
4.5
...
...
0.30
...
3.5 Cu
17-4PH
S17400
0.04
16.5
4.25
...
...
0.25
...
3.6 Cu
PH 13-8 Mo
S13800
0.05
12.5
8.0
2.25
...
...
...
1.1 Al
...
...
Precipitation-hardening semiaustenitic stainless steels AM-350
S35000
0.10
16.5
4.25
2.75
0.10
...
AM-355
S35500
0.13
15.5
4.25
2.75
0.10
...
...
17-7 PH
S17700
0.07
17.0
7.0
...
...
...
...
1.15 Al
PH 15-7 Mo
S15700
0.07
15.0
7.0
2.25
...
...
...
1.15 Al
...
Austenitic stainless steels 304
S30400
0.08 max
19.0
10.0
...
...
...
...
...
304H
S30409
0.040. 10
19.0
10.0
...
...
...
...
...
304L
S30403
0.03 max
19.0
10.0
...
...
...
...
...
304N
S30451
0.08 max
19.0
9.25
...
0.13
...
...
...
309
S30900
0.30 max
23.0
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
309H
S30909
0.040. 10
23.0
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
310
S31000
0.25 max
25.0
20.0
...
...
...
...
...
310H
S31009
0.040. 10
25.0
20.0
...
...
...
...
...
316
S31600
0.08 max
17.0
12.0
2.5
...
...
...
...
316L
S31603
0.03 max
17.0
12.0
2.5
...
...
...
...
316N
S31651
0.08 max
17.0
12.0
2.5
0.13
...
...
...
316H
S31609
0.040. 10
17.0
12.0
2.5
...
...
...
...
UNS number
Composition, % C
Cr
Ni
Mo
N
Nb
Ti
Other
Ferritic stainless steels 405
S40500
0.15 max
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
0.2 Al
406
...
0.15 max
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
4.0 Al
409
S40900
0.08 max
11.0
0.5 max
...
...
...
6 u C min
...
429
S42900
0.12 max
15
...
...
...
...
...
...
430
S43000
0.12 max
16.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
434
S43400
0.12 max
17.0
...
1.0
...
...
...
...
439
S43035
0.07 max
18.25
...
...
...
...
12 u C min
1.10 Ti max
...
0.05
18.0
...
...
...
...
0.40 max
2.0 Al max
18 SR 18Cr-2Mo
S44400
...
18.5
...
2.0
...
(a)
(a)
446
S44600
0.20 max
25.0
...
...
0.25
...
...
0.8 (Ti + Nb) max ...
E-Brite 26-1
S44627
0.01 max
26.0
...
1.0
0.015 max
0.1
...
...
26-1Ti
S44626
0.04
26.0
...
1.0
...
...
10 u C min
...
29Cr-4Mo
S44700
0.01 max
29.0
...
4.0
0.02 max
...
...
...
Quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steels
403
S40300
0.15 max
12.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
410
S41000
0.15 max
12.5
...
...
...
...
...
...
410Cb
S41040
0.15 max
12.5
...
...
...
0.12
...
...
416
S41600
0.15 max
13.0
...
0.6(b)
...
...
...
0.15 min S
422
S42200
0.20
12.5
0.75
1.0
...
...
...
1.0 W, 0.22 V
H-46
...
0.12
10.75
0.50
0.85
0.07
0.30
...
0.20 V
Moly Ascoloy
...
0.14
12.0
2.4
1.80
0.05
...
...
0.35 V
Greek Ascoloy
S41800
0.15
13.0
2.0
...
...
...
...
3.0 W
Jethete M-152
...
0.12
12.0
2.5
1.7
...
...
...
0.30 V
...
0.05
11.5
4.5
...
...
...
10 u C min
...
431
S43100
0.20 max
16.0
2.0
...
...
...
...
...
Lapelloy
S42300
0.30
11.5
...
2.75
...
...
...
0.25 V
0.75
...
8 u C min
...
1.5 Cu
Almar 363
Precipitation-hardening martensitic stainless steels Custom 450 Custom 455 15-5 PH
...
0.05 max
15.5
6.0
...
0.03
11.75
8.5
...
...
0.30
1.2
2.25 Cu
S15500
0.07
15.0
4.5
...
...
0.30
...
3.5 Cu
17-4PH
S17400
0.04
16.5
4.25
...
...
0.25
...
3.6 Cu
PH 13-8 Mo
S13800
0.05
12.5
8.0
2.25
...
...
...
1.1 Al
...
...
Precipitation-hardening semiaustenitic stainless steels AM-350
S35000
0.10
16.5
4.25
2.75
0.10
...
AM-355
S35500
0.13
15.5
4.25
2.75
0.10
...
...
17-7 PH
S17700
0.07
17.0
7.0
...
...
...
...
1.15 Al
PH 15-7 Mo
S15700
0.07
15.0
7.0
2.25
...
...
...
1.15 Al
...
Austenitic stainless steels 304
S30400
0.08 max
19.0
10.0
...
...
...
...
...
304H
S30409
0.040. 10
19.0
10.0
...
...
...
...
...
304L
S30403
0.03 max
19.0
10.0
...
...
...
...
...
304N
S30451
0.08 max
19.0
9.25
...
0.13
...
...
...
309
S30900
0.30 max
23.0
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
309H
S30909
0.040. 10
23.0
13.0
...
...
...
...
...
310
S31000
0.25 max
25.0
20.0
...
...
...
...
...
310H
S31009
0.040. 10
25.0
20.0
...
...
...
...
...
316
S31600
0.08 max
17.0
12.0
2.5
...
...
...
...
316L
S31603
0.03 max
17.0
12.0
2.5
...
...
...
...
316N
S31651
0.08 max
17.0
12.0
2.5
0.13
...
...
...
316H
S31609
0.040. 10
17.0
12.0
2.5
...
...
...
...
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