Asnt Level 3 Exam Penetrant Test 2y366j

Liquid Penelrant T~ng Methqd

Questions & An.ers Book Second Edition Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SN./T-TC-1A • Book D Levels 1, 11 and 111 Review Questions

J

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

ii

• Copyright © 20 I O by The American Socicty for Nondcst ructive Testing. The American Society for Nondcstruct ive Testing, Inc . (ASNT) is not respon sible for the authenti city or accuracy of information herein. Published op ini ol1s and statcmcnts do not necessarily reflect the ap in ion of ASNT. Products or services that are adverti sed or mcntioned do nol ca rry the endorsement 01' recommcndation of ASNT. No part of thi s publication may be reproduced or tran smitted in any fonn, by means e lcctronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording 01' otherwise, without the expressed prior written

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ASNT Mission Statemellt: ASNT e.'(ists lo create a saJer \Vorld by promoting lile proJessioll and tecl/J1ologies oJ flondestructive testfJlg.

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Contents Acknowledgments

iv

Recommended References

v

Reference Usage

vi

Level I Questions

1

Level 11 Questions

17

Level 111 Questions

27

iv

Acknowledgments ASNT wishes to thank those who assisted with the update 01 this edition 01 the Supplement

to Recommended to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method. The lollowing contributors assisted with the review 01 this book including updating old questions, writing new questions, updating relerences:

Gina Caud ill Karl Fogleman William Milan David Moore Ron Oravec Luis Paya no Robert Plu mstead Sam Robinson

v

Recommended References Liquid Penetrant Testing Method The following references were used in formulating the questions conta ined in this book. The fol lowing references were used in formu lating the questions contained in this book. A. *

Tracy, Noel A., technical editor, Patrick O. Moore, editor, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 2, Liquid Penetrant Testing, COlu mbus, OH, Ameri can Society for Nondestructive Testi ng, Inc., 1999.

B. *

Badger, Duane, Liquid Penetrant Testing Classroom Training Book, COlumbus, OH, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.

C.*

Metals Handbook, ninth ed ition, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control, Volume 17, Metals Park, OH, American Society for Metals. 1989.

* Avai lable from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Each question found in this book is fol lowed by letter(s) and page number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example:

28. The term used to define the tendency of certa in liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is: a. b. c. d.

saturation capi llary action blotting wetting agent C.21

In th is example, the letter "c" refers to Reference C in the list aboye and "21" is the specific page in Reference C where the answer to the question is located.

*

Available frcm The American Society far Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

vi

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Reference Usage Liquid Penetrant Testing Method Reference A: Total = 207 Levell 93 Levelll 60 Levellll 54 Reference B: Levell Level 11 Levellll

Total = 24

15 8 1

Reference C: Levell Level 11 Levellll

Total

=

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Level I Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

Level I Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method l.

Whieh one of the following eonditions will affeet the rate and the extent a liquid penetrant will elller cracks, fissures and other small openings?

4.

a. an ¡ron castiog b. ao aluminum fcrgiog c. a part macle from a porous plastic material d. a part macle from a nonporous material

a. the harclness of the specimen being tested b. the surface condition of the specimen being tested c. the color of the penetrant d. the conductivity of the specimen being tested A.i62

2.

AII of the following parts can be tested by the liquid penetrant method exeept:

A.35

s.

Whieh of the following is a eommonly used classification for penetrant?

Whieh of the following diseontinuities can be found by the penetrant test method? a. b. c. d.

a. post-emulsifiable penetrant

b. nonferrous penetrant

a surface crack a subsurface crack an internal inclusion none of the above

c. chem ical etch penetrant

A.35

d. nonaqueous penetrant A.43

6. 3.

A generally aeeepted method for removing excess nOI1water-washable penetrant is:

Whieh of the following is generaUy the more acceptable method for c1eaning parts prior to penetrant testing? a. b. e. d.

a. repeatedly dipping the test speeimen in a c1eaner

sand blasting wire brushing grinding vapor degreasing

b. soaking the test specimen in hor detergent water c. blowing the excess penetrant off the

A.i67

surfaee of the part with eompressed

7.

aIr

d. wiping and eautiously cleaning the test specimen with a c1eanerdampened cloth A.45

AII of the following methods are commonly used to c1ean parts prior to penetrant testing except: a. b. c. d.

vapor degreasing liquid solvent power wire brushing alka li ne cleaner A.i70

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

8.

Cutting oils may be effectively removed from parts before penetrant testing by: a. b. c. d.

12. Subsurface discontinuities can be best detected by: a. the post-emulsification penetrant method b. the visible dye penetrant method c. the fluorescent) water-washable penetrant method d . none of rhe ahove

preheating vapor degreasing washing with water all of th e above A.170

A.S

9.

The mast common type of contaminant in fluorescent penetrant fluid is: 13.

a. b. c. d.

metal filings oil detergents (from c1eaning) water

Water-washable penetrants may be applied by: a. b. c. d.

A.1.03

brushing spraying dipping all of the above 8 .14

lO.

Ult rav iolet light. with a proper functioning filter in place. used for fluorescent penetrant inspection can

14.

cause permanent damage to: a. b. c. d.

human tissues human eyes hum an blood cells none of the aboye

a. carefully apply th e penetrant over the surface b. completely remave the paint c. thoroughly wash the surface with a detergent d . wire brush the surface to roughen the smooth surface coating of paint

A.78

11.

AII of the following basic inspection princi pIes apply to the vis ible penetrant methods excepl: a. the penetrant must enter the discontinuity in order to form an indication b. indications glow wh en illuminated with an ultraviolet light c. a longer penetration time is required for smaller discontinuities d. if the penet rant is washed out of the discontinuitYl an indicat ion wil! not be formed by that discontinuity

rhe first step in candlleti ng a liquid penetrant test on a sllrface that has been painted is to:

A.174

15.

When using a post-emulsification penetrant, it is necessary to apply the emulsifier: a. b. c. d.

before applying the penetrant after the water-wash operation after the dwell time has e1apsed after the development time has e1apsed A.43

A.36

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Level I Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

16.

When conducting a water-washable ¡iquid penetrant test, the wet developer is applied :

20.

a. imm ediately after the penetrant has been applied b. immediately befare th e penetrant is applied c. after removal of th e penetrant

Usually, the most desirable method of removing excess water-washable penetrant after the dwell time is by lising: a. a low pressure coarse water spray b. water and brush c. a solid stream of water

d. water and clean rags A.49

d. after removal of the emulsifier A.34

2 l. 17.

The term used to describe the action of a particular developer in soaki ng up the penetrant in a discontinuity, so as to cause the maximum bleedo ut o f the

a. b. c. d.

liquid penetrant for increased contrast and sensitiv it y, is known as:

a. b. c. d.

blotti ng capillaryac tion conce ntration attraction

22.

Using an ultraviolet light lamp with a cracked filter or without the filter in place can cause damage to human eyes beca use the lamp emits: a. b. c. d.

brushi ng swabbing dipping spray ing 8 .i8

A.38

18.

When conducting a liquid penetrant test using a pos t-emulsifiable visible dye penetrant, the generally accepted method for applying the wet developer is by:

Which of the following characterist ics does not apply to liqui d penetrant testing? a. thi s metho d ca n accurately measure the depth of a crack or discontinuity b. this method can be used for on-site testing of large parts c. this method can be used to find shaBow surface discontinuities d. this metho d ca n be made mo re or less sensitive by using different penetrant materials

black light ultraviolet light infrared light none of the above A.77

19.

The term used to define the period of ti me in which the test part is covered with penetrant is: a. b. c. d.

8 .24

23.

Which of the fo llow ing discontinuities is most likely to be missed due to improper rinse techniques?

a. b. c. d.

waiting time soak t ime (drain time) penetration time (dwell time) bleed in time A.34

a forging lap deep pitting shallow and broad discontiouities the riose techn ique will not affect the detectio n of discontinuities A.5

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

24.

Which of the following surface conditioos could have a detrimental effeer 011 a liquid penetrant test? a. b. c. d.

28.

a wet surface a rough weld an oily surface all of the above

a. after the required penetrant dwell time has elapsed b. before the application of ao emulsifier if a post-emulsifier penetrant is used c. by means of a steam cleaner d . ooly when water-washable penetrants are used

A.163

25.

Liquid penetrant testing is capable of detecting:

A.49

a. subsurface intergranular stress corros ion cracking discontinuities b. di scontinuities open to the surface c. subsurface discontinuities d. lack of fllsion (subsllrface)

29.

as long as the penetrant dwell time half the penetrant dwell time the same as the developer time only as long as necessary to remove the interfering background

Ultraviolet Iight equipment is required when penetrant testing by: a. b. c. d.

the fluorescent penetrant method the visible dye pe netrant method the nonfluorescent penetrant method all of the above

A.49

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30.

A.45

27.

When using a post-emulsifiable penetrant. the emulsifier time should be: a. b. c. d.

A.34

26.

The ter m used to define the tendency of certain liquids to penetrate into small openings such as cracks or fissures is: a. b. c. d.

t) jo<

Excess penetrant (all penetrant except that which is in discontinuities) is removed from rhe specimen:

saturation capi llaryaction blotting wetting age nt

When an inspector is work ing in a darkened area) he/she should become adjusted to the dark before inspecting parts. The generally accepted minimum time period for becoming accustomed to the dark is: a. b. c. d.

1 min to 5 min 5 min to 10 min 10 min to 15 min no waiting per iod is necessary A.14

3 1.

Liquid penetrant inspection cannot find:

A.B4

a. surface porosity b. surface cracks c. an internal cavity c1. a surface forging lap B.3

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Level l Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

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32.

AII of the follo wing mater ials ean be tested by the usualliquid penet rant tests except:

36.

a. unglazed porous ceramic b. titanium e. high alloy steel d. cast ¡ron

a. the discontinllities may be peened over and closed b. oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuities c. lhe sa nd used in the sa ndblasting operatian may be foreed into the discontinuit y d . the sandblasting operation may introduce discontinuities

A.34.35

33.

Liquid penetrant testing can be used to deteet: a. diseont inuities 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) betaw the surface b. internal discontinuities c. discontinuities open to the surface d. all disconti nuities

Which of the statements below best states the danger of sandblasting (without subsequent chemical etchi ng) for c1eaning sur faces to be penetrant tested?

A.163

37.

The penetrant applied 10 the surface of a test specimen:

A.34

34.

a. seeps into discontinuities b. is absorbed by discontinuities c. is drawn into discontinuities by capillaryaction d. is drawn into discontinuities by gravit y

Which of the following are commo nly accepted methods for applying pe netrant?

a. dipping th e part in penetrant (dipping) b. pouring th e penetrant ayer the test specimen (flowing) c. spraying th e penetrant on th e test specimen (spraying) d. all of the above

A.84

38.

B.1.4

35.

A solvent used to clean the surface of a test specimen must possess all of the fo ll owing characteri stics except that the:

cleaner must be capable of dissolving oils and greases commonly foulld 011 th e surface i! G ~ b. cleaner must not be flammable c. cleaner must be free of excess ive contaminants d. cleaner must leave a minilnal res idue 0 11 th e surface 3.

Which of the foll owing statements concerning liquid penetrant testing is correct? a. fluorescent penetrants will produce red aga inst white discontilluity indications b. nonfluorescent penetrants require the use of ultrav iolet lights c. fluorescent indications will be seen when exposed to ultrav iolet light d. nonfluorescent discontinuities glow in the dark for easy viewing and interpretation A.45

C.38

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-IA (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

39.

When removing excess penetrant from the surface of a test specimen:

42.

Which of the following is an advantage of visible dye penetrants Qver fluorescent penetrants?

a. the penetrant removal operation must a. visible dye penetrants do not require ultraviolet light b. visible dye penetrants are more sensitive than flu orescent penetrants c. visible dye penetrants are superior in penetrating characteristics d. visible dye penetrants are not taxic while fluorescent penetrants are taxic

not remove the penetrant from

discontinuities b. sufficient excess penetrant must be removed to eliminate an interfering backgrou nd c. the use of a solvent-dampened c10th is a common method of penetrant removal d . all of the aboye

8.33

A.87

43. 40.

The most widely accepted method for removing excessive water-washable penetrant from the surface of a test specimen is by:

a. b. c. d.

a. using a wet rag b. using a water spray rinse c. washing the part directly under water running from a tap d . immersing the part in water 8.1.5

4l.

emulsifiers cleaners developers penetrants A.38

44.

The final inspection of a test specimen for discontinuities should take place: a. immediately after the developer has been appl ied b. any time after the developer has been appli ed c. after the develope r has been on the test specirnen for the proper development time d. irnmediately after the rinse operation

The dry. aqueous wet and nonaqueous wet are used to describe three different types of:

Which of the following is not a generally accepted method for applying penetrants? a. b. c. d.

rubbing the penetrant over the surface brushing the penetrant on the part spray ing the penetrant on the part dipping the part in the penetrant 8 .14

45.

8.18

Which of the following is th e most cornmonly llsed method for rernoving nonwater-washable visible dye penetrant from the surface of a test specimen? a. b. c. d.

dipping in a solvent spraying hand wiping blowing 8.1.6

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Level I Questions - Liqu id Penetrant Testing Method

46.

SO.

Which of the following is an acceptable method for applying wet developers? a. application with a soft brush b. application with a hand powder bulb c. rubbing with a saturated doth d. spraying or dipping

Befare conducting a liquid penetrant test, it is important to ensure that the surface of the part is free of: a. oil or grease

b. acids or chromates c. traces of water d. all of the aboye

B.17

A.162-163

47.

When using salvent removable penetrants, the excess penetrant may be removed by:

SI.

a. dipping the part in solvent b. spraying the part with water and a salvent c. rubbing the part with a wet rag d. wiping the part with a rag or doth that has been lightly moistened with

When performing a penetrant test usiog a post-emulsification penetrant, which of the following is the mQst critical with respect to proper timing? a. b. c. d.

dwell time developing time emulsification time drying time

salvent

A.51-52 B.16

52.

48.

While conducting a penetrant test, al! of th e following health precautions should be applied except:

a. washing any excess penetrant from skin using gasoline b. washing any penetrant from skin with soap and water as soon as possible c. keeping penetrant off dothes d . keeping the work area dean

a. a large number of nonrelevant indications could appear on the part b. shallow discontinuity indications could be lost c. excess penetrant cou ld rema in after the wash operation d. the emulsifier could harden, preventing the developer from blotting the penetrant in discontinuities

B.9

49.

Which of the following surface contam inants cannot be removed by cleaning parts in a vapor degreaser?

a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the most likely result of an excessive emulsification time when penetrant testing with postemulsification penetrants?

A.51

grease rust heavy oil soluble oil

53.

A.170

In penetrant testing, developers should be able to perform all of the fo llowing functions except: a. blotting penetrant from discontinuities b. aiding in providing an image of a discontinuity c. adding fluorescence to penetrants d. helping control bleedout A.55

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54.

Which of the fol!owing is the primary limitat ian of liquid penetrant testing?

58.

a. penetrant testing cannot Iacate subsurface discontinuities b. penetrant testing callnot Iacate shallow surface discontinuities c. penetrant testing cannot be used 011 nonmetallic surfaces d . penetrant testing ca nn ot be used on ferromagnetic material

a. b. c. d.

59.

In penetra nt testing, the time period fro m developer application to inspection is often referred to as the: a. b. c. d.

dry aqueo us particulate nonaqueous particulate all of the aboye 8.16

A.8

55.

Which of the following is a type of developer used in penetran t inspection?

When penetrant test ing parts, the temperature of the parts should be near room temperature. If the part is at a low temperature when tested, the: a. penetrant may become viscous b. penetrant may evaporate very rapidly c. color intensity of the penetrant will decrease d. penetrant will tend to ad here to the surface of rhe part

emulsification time development time dwel! time none of the aboye

A.138 A.42

60. 56.

Liquid penetrant testing is a nondestructive test that can be used for: a. locating and eyaluat ing al! types of discontinuities in a test specimen b. locating and determining the length, width, and depth cf discontinuities in a test specimen c. determining the tensile strength of a test specimen d. locating discontinu ities open to the surface A.7

57.

When conducting a penetrant test using fluorescent penetrant, ultraviolet light equipment is requ ired to:

If a part to be penetrant tested is hot, the penetrant: a. b. c. d.

may become viscous may reduce sensitivity to small defects may lose so me of its color brilliance mayevaporate A.1.38

61.

Penetrants may be classified or subdiyided by the method used to remove excess penetrant. Which of the following is a proper classification in accordan ce with th is statement? a. b. c. d.

nonsolvent removable vapor degreased water-washable brush remoyable

a. cause the penetrant to fluoresce b. aid th e normal capillary action characteristics of a penetrant c. neutralize excess penetra nt on the sur face d. decrease the surface tension of the part

A.36-37

A.59

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Level I Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

62.

The problem with retesting a test

65.

Which of lhe following statements is

specimen with fluorescent penetrants that

tfue?

has been previously tested using visible dye liquid penetrant is that:

a. sandblasting is a generally accepted method for cleaning a surface that is to be penetrant tested

a. the penetrant may forro beads 011 the

b. parts should be heated prior to the

surface b. lhe penetrant left in discontinuities

application of a penetrant

may be misleading when the

c. if the dryer is too high. the heat may

specimen is retested

degrade the effect iveness of waterwashable penetrants

c. lhe penetrant willlose a great deal of its color brilliance d. residue can diminish ar destroy fluorescent indication brightness

d. development time should be at least twice the penetration time A.42

A.165

66. 63.

When using a wet developer:

Which of the following co nditions will decrease the life of an ultraviolet light bulb?

a. a thick layer of developer is better

a. ¡ioe voltage fluctuatio ns

b. compressed air should be used to

b. dust on the face of the bu lb c. changes in room temperature d. all of the above

c. a black developer will show better

than a thin layer for showing very fin e cracks remove excess developer co ntrast than a white developer

d. a thin layer of developer is better than a thick layer for showing very fine

A.237-238

cracks

64.

Which of the following statements does not apply to developers used during

A.95

penetrant testing?

67. a. developers are normally highly fluorescent b. developers often furnish a contrasting background during inspec tion

c. developers absorb or blot the penetrant that remains in discontinuities after lhe Tinse

operat ion has been completed d . developers may be either wet or dry

Wh ich of the following statements is false? a. sandblasting is not a recommended method for prepari ng for a penetra nt test b. it is not necessary lo remove a film of oil from a part prior to penetrant testing because the penetrant is

basically an oil

A.55

c. vapor degreasing is a very good

method for removing oil from the surface of the part to be penetrant

tested d. a voltage regulator should be used with an ultraviolet light if the line voltage fluctuates A.162-163

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68.

A red against white background discontinuity ¡mage is mast likely to be seen when:

72.

a. dry developers are used b. visible dye penetrants are used c. fluorescent post-emulsification penetrants are used d. wet developers are used

a. do not apply an excessive amount of emulsifier b. do not apply an excessive amount of solvent c. do not use an insufficient rinse pressure d. be sure to use an ultraviolet light to determine if the excess penetrant has been rinsed away

A.36

69.

Which of the following is generally accepted as the most important precaution when using solvent removable penetrants?

The purpose for using a developer on a test specimen is to:

8.16

a. promote penetratían of the penetrant b. absorb emulsifier residues c. provide a blotting action to draw penetrant from discontinuities and to provide a contrasting background d. help to dry the surface for better observatían

73.

a. subsequent corrosion of the surface b. difficulty in the application of developer c. excessive bleedout d. excessive background fluorescence

A.38

70.

Which one of the following statements is an incorrect use of crack s (blocks)? a. to establish a standard size of crack that can be reproduced as needed b. to determine the relative sensitivities of tWQ different penetrants c. to determine if a penetrant has lost or has reduced brilliance on fluorescent penetrants because of contamination d. to determine the degree or method of cleaning necessary to remove penetrant on the surface without removing it from the cracks

A.52

74.

Which of the following safety precautions does not apply when handling penetrant materials? a. prolonged of penetrant with skin should be avoided beca use the oil or solvent base may cause skin ¡rritation b. excessive amounts of developer powders should not be inhaled c. air line respirators and complete protective clothing must be worn at all times d. beca use the solvents used with the visible penetrant process are flammable, this material should be kept away from open flames

8.67-68

71.

Insufficient rinsing of fluorescent penetrants wi II result in:

Which of the following is generally accepted as the most important precaution when using water-washable penetrants?

A.72,73

a. be sure that the part is washed thoroughly during the rinse operation b. be sure that the recommended dwell time is not exceeded c. avoid over-rinsing the part d. avoid over-application of emulsifier

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Leve) ) Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

75.

Which of the following factors wiJl affect resolution of penetrant indications?

79.

The failu re to completely remove acid mater ials from a part before fluorescent penetrant is applied will result in:

a. the sensitivit y of the penet rant

materials used b. the surface condition of the part

a. contamination of the penetrant materials b. a need to double the penetrating time c. a permanent stain on the part d. all of the above

c. the temperature of rhe part and/or

penetrant d. all of the above A.137,13S

76 .

A serious loss of water in a wet developer

A.1GS

80.

mix ar an excessive overconcentration of

When drying parts during a penetrant test, the parts:

developer powder can cause: a. are normally dried at room temperature b. are normally dried by a circulating hot-a ir dr yer c. should be dried in an oven set at a temperat ure of 54 oC (1 30 °F) d. should be dri ed by cool forced air

a. a 1055 of flu orescence during lhe inspection operation

b. nonrelevant indications c. crack ing of the developer coating du ring the dr ying operation d. none of the above

A.211

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77.

What could happen if a person looks directly ¡nta an ultraviolet light?

81. The contamination of a water-washable penetrant with an excessive amount of water will:

a. it wi ll cause permanent damage to the

a. reduce the penetrating qualit y of the penetrant b. adversely affect the washability of the penetrant c. both a and b are correct d. neither a nor b are correct

eyes b. it will possibly c10ud the vis ion of the perso n looking into the light for a short period of time c. it will cause temporary total blindness d. none of the above A.77

78.

When using dry developer, th e drying

A.l03

82.

operation is perform ed:

Which of th e following penetrant methods is generally used fo r portable field inspections?

a. immediately after removal o f excess

penetrant b. before the inspec tion step c. thoroughly d. all of th e above A.42

a. the water-washable fluorescent penetrant method b. the post-emulsification fluorescent penetra nt method c. the solvent removable penetrant method d. none of the above A.G7

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

83.

When using a fluorescent penetrant, the

87.

actual inspection must be performed:

Whieh of the following is not a property of a developer used in liquid penetrant testing?

a. in a brightly Iighted room b. with the part at a temperature

a. the material must be absorbent b. the material must form a thin and uniform coating over a surface c. the material must be fluorescent if used with fluorescent penetrants d. the material must not contain ingredients harmful or toxic to the operator

between 10 oC and 79 oC (50°F and 175°F) c. immediately afrer the developer has been applied d. in a darkened area under an ultraviolet Iight B.15

A.92

84.

Whieh of the following penetrants can be used when inspection must take place under ordinary lighting conditions?

88.

a. visible dye penetrant b. water-washable fluorescent penetrant

Developer coat ings of excessive thickness: a. may obscure indications

b. may be beneficial while observing

c. post-emulsification fluorescent

smaU ind icat ions for fluorescent penetrants

penetrant d. any of the above

e. may be benefieial while observing small indicat ion s for visible penetrants

A.90

d. do not effeet the inspeetion 85.

Whieh of the following is a disadvantage of using the Iiquid penetrant testing method?

A.55

89.

Color contrast penetrants are

commercially available in whieh of the

a. the liquid penetra nt test method is

adaptable to produetion inspeetion of small parts

following variations?

b. liquid penetrant testing can locate fine

a. normal solvent clean type

cracks c. the liquid penetrant test method is a relatively simple test method d. the Iiquid penetrant test method is

b. water wash type e. post-emulsifieation type d. all of the above A.36

not effective at al! temperatures A.138

90.

Whieh of the following could be a souree of faIse indications on a test specimen?

86.

A good penetrant must do all of the following exeept:

a. residue fram previous liquid penetrant testing

a. be able to readily penetrate very fine openings b. evaporate very rapidly c. be able to remain in relatively coarse openings d. be easily removed from the surface after testing

b. maehining oi! c. scale, rust and co rrasio n

d. all of the above A.151

A.104

P06

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P68

288

OL8

q98

PS8

PE8

t

Level I Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

91.

Cleani ng of the part prior to penetrant inspection is:

95.

a. not required b. important because if the part is 110 t clean, the developer cannot be improperlyapplied c. essential because surface contaminants may prevent penetrant from gaining access to discontinuities d. required to eliminate possibility of showing nonrelevant indications

a. b. c. d.

low flash point high flash point medium flash point flash point is not a fac tor to be considered A.72-73

96.

A.7

92.

A good commercial penetrant should have a:

When using fluorescent water-washable

penetrant , adequate rinsing of the part is assured by:

A material Ihat is applied over the film of the penetrant 0 11 the surface of a part, I mixes with the penetrant, and enables the penetrant to be washed off the surface is called: a. an emulsifier

b. a penetrant a. b. c. d.

timing of finse cycle sc rubbing of part su rface rinsing under ultraviolet light using high pressure air with water

c. a developer d. an ¡somer A.37

A.49

97. The time allowed for the penetrant to enler discontinuities that may be present 93.

What ca n happen if a par! processed by visib le dye penetrant inspection is reprocessed by the fluorescent penetrant method?

is the:

a. developer may remai n 0 11 the surface causing background b. most visible dyes dimi nish or destroy fluo rescence c. penetrants are not compatible d. interpretation will be difficult A.165

94.

a. b. c. d.

emulsification time application time dwell time drai n time A.42

98.

Which of the following penetrant systems is generally considered to be the most se nsitive?

a. water-washable - visible dye b. salvent removable - visible dye

A suitable filter must be used at all times over an ultraviolet light bu lb because:

c. water-washable - fluorescent dye d. post-emulsificat ion - fluorescent dye

a. too much white light will be present if the filter is not in place b. the human eye may be damaged without it c. the f¡!ter filters out undesired wave lengths d. all of the above

A.36-37

A.231

P86

OL6

"96

QS6

P176

QE6

0~6

0'\:6

13

14

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Uquid Penetrant Testing Method

99.

The best choice of a developer for use on a very smooth surface when using a fl uorescent penetrant would be:

104. Which of the following processes would be most sensitive to detecting very fine defects?

~a.

a. b. c. d.

dry - fluffy b. dry - regular

c. wet d. none of the above A.92

oil-and-whiting proeess water-washable process post-emulsification process water emulsifiable visible dye penetrant process A.36,37

100. The purpose of an emulsifier is to: a. combine with the penetrant to make the resultant mixture removable by a water finse b. assist the blotting action of the developer

105. When using the post-emulsification fluorescent process, which of the fo llowing methods cannot be lIsed? a. b. e. d.

c. increase the penetration of the penetrant ¡nto fine discontinuities d. eliminate false indications

dipping the part in the emlllsifier sprayi ng the part with emulsifier pouring emulsifier over the part brush ing emulsifier on the part 8.50

A.52,53

106. Which of the fo llowing would be the most desirable center wavelength for the Olltput of the light sOllrce lIsed in fluorescent proeesses?

101. Developer assists in the detection of visible liquid penetrant indications by:

a. providing a deao surface b. provid ing a contrasting background c. providing a dry surface d. emulsifying the penetrant

a. b. c. d.

A.55

320nm 365 nm 520 nm 565 nm A.231

102. Liquid penetrant exam ination can deteet all of the following types of discontinuities except:

107. Bleedout of penetrant from a cold shut is an example of: a. b. e. d.

a. a forging lap b. a seam c. a surface crack d. subsurface parosity

a true indieation a nonrelevant indication a false indication none of the aboye 8.23,53

A.S

103. What is the mast universally used ultraviolet light? a. b. c. d.

incandescent lamps metallic carbon ares tubular BL fluorescent lamps enclosed mercury-vapor arc lamps A.230

q90T

PSOT

°VOT

PEOT

PGOT

800T

866

Level I Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

110. Which of the items listed below is a disadvantage of using lhe liquid penetrant test method?

108. Liquid penetrants become sluggish at temperatures:

a. above 38 oC (100 °F) b. between la oC and 38 oC (50°F and 100 °F) c. below la oC (50°F) d. below 21°C (70°F) B.60

¡

!

109. Why is it possible to flush a surface with a coarse water spray to which a waterwashable penetrant was app lied, remove the excessive penetrant, and not remove the penetrant that is in the defects?

a. the ¡iquid wi ll not wash the penetrant from the defects because the penetrant has to be drawn out by the developer b. the nature of a water-washable penetrant is such that water will not dissolve the penetrant; it has to push lhe penetrant off the surface. which is whya spray is used c. the water droplets are relatively large and will not enter mast defect openings d. a water spray should not be used; the penetrant should be removed by a c10th dampened wirh water A.4S,49

"OH

°601:

°801

a. the method cannot find discontinuities that are not opened to the surface b. the method is simple in principie and relatively easy to understand c. !he method is essentially simple in application d. there are few Iimitations on the size and shape of the art iele lha! can be treated by this method. A.S

15

16

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

Level II Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

Level 11 Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method 1.

Which of the following physical

4.

properties, more than any other,

determines what makes a material a good penetrant?

Which of the following types of discontinuities cannot be detected by the liquid penetrant test method? a. surface laminations

b. internal forging bursts

a. viscosity b. surface tensiol1 c. wetting ability d. no one single property determines if a material will or will not be a good penetrant A.40, 84-86

2.

c. surface cracks d. surface laps A.8

5.

The speed w ith which a penet rant penetrates a surface Aaw is influenced to the greatest extent by which of the fo llow ing properties?

Which of the following types of discontinuities couId be classified as a primar y processing discontinuity often found in cast material?

a. b. c. d.

a. capillaryaction b. surface tension and wettability

fatigue crack

stress corrosion crack porosity lack of penetration A.i28

c. viscosity d. density A.84

3.

6.

Which of th e statements below applies to the liquid penetrant method of testing?

a. the penetrant test method is less flexible than the eddy current test method b. the penetrant test method is less reliable than the magnetic partide method for finding surface defec ts in ferromagnetic materials c. the penetrant test method will not detect fatigue cracks d. the penetrant test method is more reliable than radiographic testing when attempting to detect minute surface discontinuities

Which of the following discontinuities could be dassified as a finishing processing discontinuity? a. b. c. d.

A.i27

7.

Which of the following discontinuities could be classified as a service induced discontinuity?

a. fatigue crack b. porosity c. machining tear d. lap A.i27

A.9

eL

P9

09

Qv

PE

fatigue crack stress corrosion crack lamination heat-treat crack

1!

e

Pl

17

18

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

8.

AII of the following methods are recornmended to remove grease from the surface of a penetrant test specimen except:

a. b. c. d.

13.

Which of the following is a possible cause for false penetrant indications? a. excessive washing b. inadequate application of developers c. penetrant or part too cold during penetratian time d. ¡int or dirt

vapor degreasing alkaline c1eaning cleaning with salvent type material hot water rinsing

8.20

A.170

14. 9.

Developer assists in the deteetian of penetrants retained in discontinuities by aiding the:

The penetrant indication for a cold shut 011 the surface of a casting will be a: a. b. c. d.

dotted or smooth continuous Hne cluster of small indications rough deep indication large bulbous indication

a. b. V c. d. 8.23

10.

The penetrant indication of a forging lap will normally be a: a. b. c. d.

A.55

15.

round or nearly round indication cluster of indications continuous line dotted line

When conducting a penetrant test, spherical indications on the surface of a part could be indicative of: a. b. c. d.

fatigue cracks porosity \Veld laps hot tears 8.23

12.

Penetrant developer is common ly available in all of the following forms except: a. b. c. d.

Developer assists in the detection of the visible dye penetrant test indications by: a. b. c. d.

8.23

11.

post-cleaning process emulsification process bleedout process drying process

providing a clean surface providing a contrasting background providing a dry surface emulsifying the penetrant bleedout A.55

16.

When lising post-emulsification penetrants, difficulties incurred during the washing operation can be overcome by: a. reapplying a coat ing of emulsifier b. increasing the water pressure used duriog the washing operatían c. completely reprocessing the part from surface preparation 011 and by using a longer emulsifier time, if allowed d. dipping the part in boiling water A.53

dry developer nonaqueous developer wet develop er high viscosity developer A.38

Levelll Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

17.

Whieh of the following methods for applying nonaqueous developer is normally considered the most effective?

a. b. c. d.

2 1.

sprayi ng swabbing brushing dipping

a. squirting salve nt ayer the surface w ith no more than 276 kPa (40 psi)

A.38

18.

pressure b. wiping with a soaking wet cloth, then wiping with a dry cl01h c. wiping with a salvent dampened cloth, then wiping with dry cloths d . wiping with dry paper wipes, then wiping with a salvent dampened cloth, and finally wiping with dry cloth

Of th e methods listed below, the most effective means of precleaning a test ítem to remove organic conta minants such as grease prior lo a penetrant test is:

a. b. c. d.

When performing a liquid penetrant test using solvent removable visible dye penetrant, there are several ways to remove excess penetrant from the surface of the parto Whieh of the methods listed below is generally regarded as most suitable for giving accurate test results?

vapor degreasing detergent cleaning hat water rinse salvent wiping

A.45 A.170

22. 19.

Fluorescent materials used in fluorescent penetrants respond most actively to radiant energy with a wavelcngth of approximately:

Prior to the penetrant testing of a prev iously machined soft metal part, whi eh of the cleaning methods listed below would best remove any smeared metal that couId mask discontinuities?

a. b. e. d.

a. b. c. d.

700 nm

250 kV 365 nm 1 klx (100 fe)

etehing shot peening alkaline cleaning water cleaning with detergents

A.95

20.

A.35

23.

Emulsifier time:

a. is important but not normally critical b. is the time needed to rinse the emulsifier and excess penetrant from th e surface c. is extremely important and will greatly affeet test results d. sho uld be as long as eeonomieally practica l A.51,52

Why is the drying proeess used in penetrant testing?

a. th e dr ying process is used to ensure that al! excess penetrant will evaporate b. the drying process ensures the uniform drying of dry developer app lied over a wet emu lsifier c. the drying process reduces penetration time d. after the applieation of a wet developer, the drying process aids in securing a uniform developer coating A.57

Q

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/

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19

20

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

24.

Which of the following reasons best describes why excessive drying of a part should be avoided?

28.

a. the extra time required is wasted b. the developer may lose its blotting abilit y c. a reduction in fluorescent brilliance

a. the contam inant may be of a composition that attacks the penetrant and reduces the fluorescence or color of the penetrant b. the contaminant may reduce or even prevent capillar y action by the penetrant c. the conta minant may retain the penetrant and thus increase the sensitivity of the inspection d. the conta minant may co mpletely fill the crack and thus prevent the entry of penetrant

may result d. the excess developer may be difficult to remove A.56

25.

Which of the foUowing statements concerning contaminating materials 011 the surface of a penetrant test specimen is fa lse?

Which of th e following variables must be considered to use the time required for an indication to develop as a measure of the extent of the discontinuity?

A.137

a. the type of penetrant and sensit ivit y of technique b. the type of discontinuity c. the temperature of the material bei ng tested d. all of the above

29.

a. more rapid ly drive the penetrant into deep, tight cracks b. react with the surface penetrant to make the penetrant water-washable c. add fluo rescent dye or pigment to the penetrant d. provide a coating to which dry powder developer can ad here

A.135

26.

The fu nction of the emulsifier in the post-emulsification penetrant method is to:

When using a fluorescent, postemulsifiable penet rant, the length of time the emulsifier is allowed to remain 011 the part is critical when detecting shallow

scratchlike discontinuities. The actual length of time should be:

A.43

a. 10 s

b. 5 s

30.

c. 2t03s d. determined by experimentation A.52

27.

Water-washable liquid penetrants differ from post-emulsification penetrants in that water-washable penetrants:

a. can only be used on aluminum tes t specimens b. do not need to be removed from surfaces prior to development c. have a soapy base d . do not need the applicatio n of an emulsifi er before rinsing A.43

Whe n penetrant testing for shallow discontinuities using a postemulsification penetrant, th e emulsification time should be long enough to:

a. mix the emulsifier with the excess surface penetrant only b. mix the emulsifier with all the penetrant on th e surface and in discontinuities c. mix the emulsifier with penetrant in the discontinuities d. allow the emulsifier to dry out lo a white powder A.51

e pgi:

J

)

Level II Questions - Liqu id Penetrant Testing Method

31.

Which of the following practices should be avoided whe n perform ing a penetrant test?

35.

a. applyi ng emulsifier by dipping th e part in emulsifier b. applying developer by spraying the part with developer c. removal of water-washable penetrant

Which of the following characteristics are normally considered when selecting the type of penetrant to be used in a penetrant test.

a. removal characteristics of the penetrant b. sensitivity level c. the cost of the penetrant d. all of the above

\Virh a water spray d. applying emulsifier with a brush

A.9,10 B.50

36. 32.

A commonly used method of checking on the overall performance of a liquid penetrant system is by:

Which materials should be avoided in the penetrant system when testing titanium alloys?

a. b. c. d.

a. determi ni ng rhe viscosity of the penetrant b. measuring the wetability of th e

carbon or oil ha logenated solvents emulsifier or oil fluorescent agents

penetrant c. comparing sections of artificially

A.170

cracked specimens d. all of the above

37. A.259

33.

Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in sand castings?

a. b. c. d.

An important difference between nonwater-washable penetrants and water-

washable penetrants is that:

incomplete penetrat ion undercut pIpe shrinkage A.128

a. water-washable penetrants contain an

emulsifier wh ile nonwater-washable 38.

penetrants do not b. the viscosity of the t\Vo penetrants is different

c. the color of the t\Vo penetrants is different

Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in a welded fabrication? a. shrinkage b. center bead crack, cracks in heataffected zone, or crater cracks c. seams d. laps

d. nonwater-washab le penetrants are more easily removed than water-

washable penetrants A.36

A.130

34.

Which of th e following is a discontinuity that might be found in roUed bar stock?

a. b. c. d.

39.

shrinkage bleedout laps undercut A.129

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Y

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Which of the following is a disco ntinuity that might be found in rolled plate'

a. b. c. d.

laminations shrinkage lack of fusion undercut A.128

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21

22

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

40.

Which of the following contaminants could affect the sensitivity of a penetrant? a. b. c. d.

44.

acid water salts all of the above

a. small indications are more easily seeo b. they can be used on anodized and chromate surfaces c. they make less background on rough surfaces d. no speciallighting is required

A.137

41.

A.46

Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging? a. b. c. d.

45.

shrinkage cracks laps cold shuts insufficient penetration

Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled plate stock? a. b. c. d.

field and remote areas

inclusions shrinkage cracks forging laps blow holes

A.46

A.129

43.

Which of the following is an advantage of salvent wipe methods Qver water wash ing? a. no special lighting is necessary during inspection b. they provide a quicker penetration of small openings c. small indications are more easily seen d. they can easily be canied out in the

A.129

42.

Which of the following is an adva ntage of visible dye penetrants Qver fluorescent penetrants?

46.

Which of the following is an advantage of fluorescent penetrants ayer visible type penetrants? a. the in spection can be carried out in a welllighted area b. small indications are more easily seen c. they can be used where with water is object ionable d. they are less sensitive to contam ination of discontinuities

The tendency of a liquid penetrant to eoter a discontinuity is primarily related to the: a. b. c. d.

viscosity of the penetrant capillary forces chemical inertness of the penetrant specific gravity of the penetrant A.84

47.

The emulsifier is used: a. to wash the penetrant out of discontinuities b. to aid in washi ng off the surface of parts when using either the water or oi l soluble penetrants c. to emulsify the oil sol uble penetrant, thereby mak ing it water washable d . to preclean parts before applying penetrant

A.46

A.37 f'

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I

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PSI>

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W

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Level II Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

r

The prime purpose of the ultraviolet light for fluorescent penetrant inspection is to:

48.

When improper processing causes inspection difficulties, what should the inspector do?

53.

¡;t

magnify indications b. make the indications visible c. develop indications d. speed up inspection

swab parts with a salvent b. use a correct bleedback procedure ~. erase nonrelevant fluorescence d. reprocess the part 3.

A.226

A.151

49.

Why is it adv isable to have an ultrav iolet light installed at the wash station?

54.

a. to check the effec tiveness of the wash cycle b. to speed the bleeding of penetra~'t out of defects c. so inspection can be done without drying parts d. to determine if parts have beeo covered with penetrant

Which of the following is most likely to render the post-emulsification test ineffective? 3.

the penetrant time is too lo ng

b. the developing time is too long c. the em ulsifyin g time is too long d . none of the above A.51

A.223

SS.

50-. Developer powder should always be:

Dry developer should be applied: a. so th at a heavy coat of developer CQvers all sur faces b. so that a light dusting covers all sur faces to be inspected c. with a dry paint brush d. by dipping

a. highly Auoresce nt b. app lied wet c. colorless d. eve nly applied A.55

51.

When viewing parts, fluorescent

A.56

56.

background may indicate: a. poor wash ing b. insufficie nt emulsifyi ng time (postemulsification method ) c. porous material and coating d. all of the above

Which factor would apply in determining the dwell time required for the penetrant to be effective? a. b. c. d.

type of disco ntinu ity sought shape of part size of part surface roughness

A.48

52.

In the absence of a written acceptance criteria, rejection or acceptance of parts sho uld be based on the: a. inspector's educat íon b. design of the part and its intended appl ication c. appropriate penetrant standard d. selection of the penetrant

A.138

57.

The part is an aluminum forging. Description - the indication is sharp, halfmoon shaped, not deep. It is called: a. b. c. d.

alap center ¡ine porosity a heat treat crack a fa lse indication A.147

A.154

e/e)

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23

24

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

58.

The part is a 13 mm (0.5 in.) thick aluminum plate with a V fusian weld . Description - the indicatían appears as a straight lineoThe indicarian is: a. b. c. d.

62.

Which of the following is a disco ntinuity that might be found in rolled bar stock? a. blowhole b. shrinkage lap c. crack or seam d . lack of penetration

shrinkage nonrelevant a quench crack

A.129

lack of fusion A.142

63. 59.

The part is an aluminum cast ing.

Description - rhe casting has a very complex designoIn ene section, there is a

fIat area having a thickness Df 32 mm (1.3 in.). In the center of this area is a round seclion. 51 mm (2 in.) thick and 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter. There are linear indications about one-half rhe distanee around the base where it s ¡nta the thin section. The indicatian is called: a. b. c. d.

a. indications due to part geometry or part design configurations b. nonmagnetic indications c. multiple indications d. nonlinear indications 8.21

64.

dross hot tear microshrinkage porosity

Wh ich of lhe statements below best states the danger of using sandblasting for cleaning surfaces to be penetrant tested?

a. the discontinuities may be closed b. oil contam inants might be sealed in the discontinuities c. the sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced in to the discontinuity d. the sandblast ing operation may introduce discontinuities in the part

8.63

60.

The term nonrelevant indication is used to describe certain types of penetrant testing indications. Which of the following would be a typical nonrelevant indication?

Shrinkage cracks are usually found in what areas of a casting?

a. thín sections only b. heavy sections only c. at abrupt changes in thickness d. no longer a problem

8.13.14 A.128

65.

61.

Which of th e followi ng is a discontinuity that might be found in a forging?

a. b. c. d.

A continuous linear indicatian can be caused by wh ich of the fo llowing discontinuities?

a. b. c. d.

shrinkage crack lap hot tear casting lamination

porosity slag inclusions pitting cracks A.133

A.129

pg9

b

"179

009

Level 11 Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

66.

Which of the following could be a source o f false indications o n a test speci men? a. penetrant

011

a. a forging lap b. a crater crack c. grinding cracks

inspector

c. contamination of dry or wet developer w ith penetrant

d . no nmetallic internal inclusions

d. all of the above

A.7

A.i66

A crack type discontinuity will generally appear as: a. a round indicatio n b. a continuous line, either straight or

jagged c. a straight, single sol id line d. random round or e10ngated holes A.i33,i34

P89

qL9

Which of the following discontinuities would be impossible to detect using a ¡iquid penetrant test?

the test table

b. penetrant on the hands of the

67.

68.

P99

25

26

t

Supplement to Recommended Practíce SNT-TC-IA (Q&A Book): Uquíd Penetrant Testíng Method

Level 111 Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

~

Level 111 Questions Liquid Penetrant Testing Method l.

Chemical cleaners are often used for very dirty, greasy parts. If used:

4.

a. the surface must be subsequently cleaned with a salvent cleaner b. the surface must be thoroughly rinsed free of any residue c. heat must be used to eosure the removal of any detergents fram surface openings d. the surfaces must be subsequently cleaned with a volatile salvent c1eaner

a. b. c. d.

5.

Generally, vapor degreasing is considered to be one of the best methods of preparing a part for liquid penetrant inspection beca use:

A.~69

When penetrant is applied to parts by dipping, the parts should be:

A.205

os

qp

oc

e¡:

A.4S

6.

a. left in the tank during the entire dwell time b. set aside untiI the dwell time is up c. placed on a rack designed to return any excess drainage to the dipping station d. placed in the alkaline solvent rinse tank immediately

P9

The mast desirable objectives governing the cleaning operations when removing surface penetrant are to remove: a. little penetrant from defects and leave a minimal of residual penetrant remaining on the surface b. litlle penetrant from a defect and leave no residual penetrant remaining on the surface c. no penetrant from defects and leave a minimal of residual penetrant on the part surface d. no penetrant from defects and leave no residual penetrant on the part surface

a. the solvent vapor removes all petroleum based materials b. it totally removes all surface contaminants c. the method is easily adapted to virtually any size of the part d. the solvent vapor removes all inorganic soils

3.

low viscos ity high viscosity medium viscosity viscosity is not important A.S6

A.~65

2.

With all other factors the same when removing penetrant from the surface by spray water wash, penetrant in a crack would be harder to remove if it has:

qT

The best method of removing the excess water-washable penetrant is to: a. imrnediately irnmerse the part in the water rinse tank b. use water running directly from a tap c. boH in hot water or steam spray d. use a hose and nozzle with a coarse spray A.42

27

28

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

7.

When removing excess post-emulsifiable penetrant in a production situation involving relatively large irregularly shaped parts, you may use a:

11 : Removal of residual penetrant or

a. coarse spray b. strong wate r blast c. cornmercial salvent d. hot water immersion

a. where it could interfere with subsequent processes or with service b. where it could provide a contrasting background c. where ir could assist in the emulsification of the penetrant bleedout d. where it couId assist in the lattice structure breakdown

A.42

8.

)

developer materials by a suitable postcleaning technique is advantageous in which of the following cases?

The sensitivity of wet developers can be

seriously impaired:

A.180

a. when the developer temperature is greater than the ambient temperature b. when the thickness of the coat ing beco mes too heavy c. if the corrosion inhibitors are added to the developer d. if the surface of the part is polished

12.

a. b. c. d.

A.55

9.

When is a nonaqueous wet developer generally preferred?

false penetrant indications a contrasting background corrosive action proper surface tension A.178

a. when the dryer oven temperatu re is aboye 12 1 °C (250°F) b. when it is essential to use the most sensitive developers c. when using a fluorescent penetrant on an as-cast surface d. when using a fluorescent penetrant on a wire brushed weld

13.

Post-cleaning should be performed: a. as soon as possible if the material is susceptible to corrosion b. afrer several hours because the drier the materials are) the easier they can be wiped off c. with the part warm to enhance th e solubility of penetrant material d. w ith the part chilled to cause the mater ials to lose their cohesion

A.93

10.

Post -cleaning is particularly impo rtant where residual penetrant or developer materials may combine with other materials in ser vice to produce:

The best method of drying after the application of a wet developer is normally:

A.H8

a. blotting the sur face gently with absorptive paper toweling b. all owing the part to dry slowly at or sl ightly below the ambient temperature c. rapid drying with a normal room temperature air blast d. drying with circulating air at a maxi mum of71 oC (160 °F) A.384

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Levellll Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

14.

Ocular fluorescence should be considered when arranging ultraviolet Iights for testing, because direct or reflected ultraviolet light shining ioto the inspector's eyes:

17.

a. the excess penetrant removal is accomplished by water spray .; b. they usually exhibit higher sensitivity to tight cracks c. the overall test time is shortened d. their sensitivity is easier to control

a. couId cause tissue clamage b. is harmless and of no consequence c. even though temporary, can become extremely an noying and may impair inspector effectiveness d. even though annoying. it will not ¡mpair inspector effectiveness

A.36,37

A.6i

15.

18.

Residual acids and chromates are detrimental to the fluorescent processes because: a. the fluorescent dyes may be decomposed, resulting in weak or faint test indications b. acids and oxidizing agents react with the fluorescent dyes only in the presence of water c. acids and oxidizing agents react with the fluorescent dyes only in the presence of emulsifiers which are contained in water-wash penetrants d. emulsifiers neutralize the effects of the acids and chromates

'.

When compared to other methods, which of the ¡tems below are disadvantages of water em ulsifiable visible dye methods? a. degree of sensitivity to acidity and alkalinity b. portability 'c. test time d. requirements of ordinary light A.66,67

19.

The type ofpenetrant to be used on an investment casting should be: a. water-washable visible dye for maximum sensitivity and waterwashability b. solvent removable because of size and shape c. post -emulsifiable fluorescent foc maximum sensitivity and waterwashability d. solvent removable for greater visibility

A.i03,i04

16.

Which of the following is an advantage of post-emulsifiable methods Qver waterwashable methods?

Due to the nature of penetrant material, most methods have which of the followi ng adverse effects on operator health?

A.344,345

a. penetrants are a hazard due to thei r inorganic base b. penetrant methods include materials which can cause dermatitis if proper precautions are not observed c. penetrant materials contain hallucinogens that can cause a sense of drunkenness d. modern penetrants have been improved to be virtuaUy hazard free

20.

A.71.72

There is a variety of equipment available for precleaning parts prior to penetrant application. Of the following, the recommended method for removing the oil phases, if practical, is: a. b. c. d.

sand or grit blasters solvent or chemical tanks vapor degreasers water detergent washing machines A.i70,i7i

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30

Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

2 l.

If modular equipment has been obtained

25.

for a penetrant inspection system using fluorescent post-emulsifiable penetrant

a. able to enter extremely fine surface

openings

and wet developer. the dr yer sho uld be placed: a. b. c. d.

b. highly viscous c. highly volati le d. an inorganic base liqu id

after the developer ta nk before the emulsifie r tank before the developer tank

A.40

after the wash unit A.20S

22.

A good penetrant must be:

26.

Wetting ab ility is measured by the: a. b. c. d.

In a modular equipment system using a water-washable fluorescent penetrant and dr y developer. ultraviolet light should be

specific gravity density cantact angle surface tensio n

available: a. b. c. d.

A.84

al the penetrant station at the wash station

27.

Which of the follow ing functio ns does a

developer perfor m?

al the developer statio n after the oven cycle

a. blots th e penet rant by d rawi ng it o ut

A.203-204

of discontinuities 23.

b. masks out nonrelevant indications c. dries out the surface of the part d. prov ides a noncontrasting backg round

Filters for ult raviolet lights effectively remove:

a. natural white light b. radiation of a wavelength above 300

A.138

11m

c. visible light from the energy given off

28.

by the mercury arc d. fluorescence from the penetrant

When inspecting using fluorescent penetrant methods, an indication will appear as a:

A.112

24.

a. soft white glow aga ins! a gray backg round b. brilliant yellow gree n glolV against a

The use of 100 W spot bulbs with a plai n

fi !ter for color contras t penetrants produces:

wh ite background c. bright yellow green glow against a black backgro und ' d. brill iant yellow green glow against a deep violet blue backg ro und

a. a high intensity narrow beam b. a large amo unt of light over a large

area

A.133

c. does not have a high maximum

intensity in any one area d . is ideal for inspecting large parts A.233

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Level 111 Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

•

29.

33.

A v isible dye indication will usually

Porosity ind ications in ceramics would

appear as a:

appear:

a. bright red glow aga inst a wh ite

a. more intense than porosity indications in metals b. essentially the same as porosity indications in metals c. less intense than porosity indications in metals d. as minute cracks

background b. red color against a gray background

c. red color aga inst a white background d. red color against a glowing white background A.133

A.150

30.

If a n indication rcappears after the original deve loper has bee n rem oved and a nother coat is applied, rhe discontinuity:

34.

When inspecti ng a hard fired ceram ic that is very porous, the best inspection m ethod wOll ld be the:

a. cont.ains a rese rvoir of pe netra nt b. is probably shrinkage c. is most likely porosity d. is most likely a c rack

. a. b. c. d.

A.135

Qp

filtered partide method electrified partide method brinle ena mel method

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emulsifiable color contrast method

X

A.327

31.

If. upon proper reprocessing, a faint

indicatioll fails to reappear, what could be the cause?

35.

A partia lly welded forging lap wOllld probab ly:

a. it \Vas probably a false indicatio n b. the area has bee n overcleaned c. the indicat ion is probably d ue to a small fl aw

give no indication b. appear as a very thin, continuous line c. appear as a broad, continuolls line d. appear as an intermittent Hne

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3.

d. reprocessing has resealed the opening

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A.133 ,134

A.152

36.

32.

A network of interconnecting jagged lines appearing in hard fired, unglazed ceramic

products would be an indication of:

~

A ragged line, of variable width and

num erous branches on castings caused by a difference in cooling rates between thick and thinner sections, wouJd most likely be an indi cat ion of:

a. grinding cracks b. fatigue cracks

a. shr inkage

c. shrinkage cracks d . therm al shock

b. cold shllt c. hot tear d. lap

A.327

B.63

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book); Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

37.

A deep crater crack will frequently appear as a:

41.

a. small tight crack b. rounded indicatían c. fine linear indicatian

A penetrant that will spread over the surface of the test area in a smooth. even film despite a smal! a mou nt of surface co ntamination is sa id to have: a. b. c. d.

d. faint illtermittent line A.142

low viscosity high viscosity wetting ability lowevaporation A.40

38.

The forces generated by capillary attractioll cause a ¡iquid to rise spontaneously in a ca pi ll ary tube. These forces are also involved in the: a. b. c. d.

42.

cntry of a ¡iquid ¡nto a crack sol ubility of a liquid flash point of a Iiquid chemical inertness of a liquid

The sensitivit y of two penetrants for crack detectio n is best compared by: a. using a hydro mete r to measure specific g ravity b. using cracked aluminum blocks c. measuring the angles in a wetting test d. the meniscus test

A.84

A.249

39.

Viscosity has a considerable effeet on sorne of the practical aspects of the use Df a penet rant. It is an important factor in the: a. b. c. d.

43.

solubilit y of contam inants washabil ity of a penetrant deg ree of fluorescence emitted rate with which a penetrant will drain

For post-emu lsifiable penetrants. a good method for establishing emulsify ing time is by: a. b. c. d.

off a sITIaath surface

experimentation (he water drop through test the water tolerance test using published book values

A.86

40.

One of the two mast important properties of a good pene trant is wetting ability. Wetting ability is: a. measured by ang le and is not related to surfacc tension b. a fun ction of viscosity and increases as surface tension decreases c. measured by angle and decreases as surface tension increases d. measured by surface tension and in creases as angle decreases

A.53

44.

A newly mixed batch of wel developer shou ld: a. b. c. d.

be checked by a hydrometer be agitated fo r at least 30 min be checked for evcnness of coat ing all of the aboye A.116

A.84

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Level 111 Questions - Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

•

45.

The test used to measure the sensitivity of a penetra nt to water contamination based 011 the amou nt of wate r is th e:

48.

The ab ili ty of an indication to be see n ca n be assigned a value called the co ntrast ratio. This ratio is based on the amount of:

a. b. c. d.

water drop through test hydrometer test photofluorometer test water tolerance test

a. white light present as opposed to the amount of light absorbed by the dye b. Iight reflected by the backgro und as o pposed to the amo un t of li ght absorbed by the dye c. light absorbed by the backgrou nd as opposed to th e amount of light refl ected by the dye d . light refl ected by the backg round as opposed to the amount of Iight refl ected by the dye

A.i09

46.

A method for eva luati ng quantitative va lues fo r the cmitted Iight of fluorescent materia ls is th e use of a: a. fluoromcter b. filtermeter c. refractomcter d. spec trometer

A.59

A.iii

47.

•

49.

The contrast rat io of a red dye penetrant to a white developer is normally about: a. b. c. d.

W hen performing an evaluation of the flu orescent abi lity of a penetrant, the va lue that Ís normally so ught is the:

a. a mount of actuall ight emitted by indication s b. amount of ultraviolet lig ht necessary to cause the material to fluoresce c. relative amount of light em itted by the nuorescent mater ial compared to other penetrants d. relative a mo ullt of light emitted by the fluorescent material compared to th e light emitted by the background

100 to 1 33 to 1 IOtol - 20tol 9 to 2 A.Si

50.

The test object and standard penetrant materials should be \\Iithin a particular temperature range. One of the reasons an excessively cold penetrant is lIn desirab le is that as the temperature beco mes Imver: a. b. c. d.

A. l l l

the viscosity increases the viscosity decreases fewer volat ile materials \-ViII be lost th e dyes degrade A.i38

51.

•

If the sll rface temperatu re of the test part is excessively hot, the: a. viscos ity of the penetrant may be too high b. surface tensio n of the pe netra nt increases c. penetra nt may lose flllorescent brightness as the dyes are degraded d. angle increases A.i05

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Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-IA (Q&A Book): Liquid Penetrant Testing Method

52.

Wh ich of the foll ow ing is a cri tcr ia n for a good drye r?

54.

a. it has th e ab ility to d ry the surface slowly b. it has the abi lity to heat the part to an optimum tcmperature in a mínimum of tim e so that the part is both dry and wa fm as promptly as poss ible c. it has lh e electrical heating elcmcnts so that there is a g ua rantee that no conta milla nts ca n be introduced ¡nto the inspection process d. it is a warm air blast systcm

Where precleaning is necessary and a res idue free solvent is used , wh ich of the foll ow ing is observed? a. the solvents are not suitable for removing grease b. the solvents are no t suitable for removing oil c. the solvents should never be lIsed for removi ng grease and oils d. the solve nts a re suitable for remov ing g rease a nd oils, but are gene rally not adequate if solids are embedded in void areas A.170

A.204

53.

What are two very importa nt pro perties that determine whether a ¡iquid will have high penetrating abil ity? a. surface tensio n and cosin e of lhe angle b. viscosity a nd cosine of contaet angle

c. cosine of the contaet angle and density d. sur face tens ion and viscosity A.84

55 .

Whe n utilizing the fluoresce nt postemul sifiable penetrant method and perform ing the rinse cyele, whi ch of the follow ing will prevent overrinsing? a. rinse before the penetra nt is completely emulsified b. rin se after the penet ran t is completely em ulsified c. disconti nue the rinse as soo n as the su rface penetrant is removed from th e part d. rinse only with water hotter than 43 oC (1 10°F) A.51

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