Bal Gangadhar Tilak.pdf 6y4k31

Bal Gangadhar Tilak For other people named Bal Gangadhar Tilak, see Bal After graduating, Tilak started teaching mathematics at Gangadhar Tilak (disambiguation). a private school in Pune. Later due to ideological differ“Lokmanya Tilak” redirects here. For other uses, see ences with the colleagues in the new school, he withdrew Lokmanya Tilak (disambiguation). and became a journalist later. Tilak actively participated in public affairs.[4] He stated: Bal Gangadhar Tilak (or Lokmanya Tilak, “Religion and practical life are not different. pronunciation ; 23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920), born To take Sanyasa (renunciation) is not to abanas Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, don life. The real spirit is to make the country journalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an indeyour family work together instead of working pendence activist. He was the first leader of the Indian Inonly for your own. The step beyond is to serve dependence Movement. The British colonial authorities humanity and the next step is to serve God.” called him “Father of the Indian unrest.” He was also conferred with the honorary title of “Lokmanya”, which literally means “accepted by the people (as their leader)".[2] He organised the Deccan Education Society with a few Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of of his college friends, including Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, "Swaraj" (self-rule) and a strong radical in Indian con- Mahadev Ballal Namjoshi and Vishnushastri Chiplunkar. sciousness. He is known for his quote in Marathi, Their goal was to improve the quality of education for "स्वराज्य हा माझा जन्मसिद्ध हक्क आहे आणि ते मी India’s youth. The Deccan Education Society was set मिळवणारच" (“Swarajya is my birthright, and I shall have up to create a new system that taught young Indians na[5] it!") in India. He formed a close alliance with many In- tionalist ideas through an emphasis on Indian culture. dian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra The Society established the New English School for seal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose and Muhammad ondary education and Fergusson College in 1885 for postAli Jinnah. Tilak being a strong vocal advocate of Swaraj, secondary studies. Tilak taught mathematics at Fergusson did not see eye to eye with Mahatma Gandhi on the means College. He began a mass movement towards indepen[6] of achieving independence. He was against Gandhi’s pol- dence by an emphasis on a religious and cultural revival. icy of Total-ahimsa and advocated to use force wherever necessary.

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2 Political career

Early life

2.1 Indian National Congress Tilak ed the Indian National Congress in 1890. He opposed its moderate attitude, especially towards the fight for self-government. He was one of the most-eminent radicals at the time. Despite being personally opposed to early marriage, Tilak was against the 1891 Age of Consent bill, seeing it as interference with Hinduism and a dangerous precedent. The act raised the age at which a girl could get married from 10 to 12 years. During late 1896, a Bubonic plague spread from Bombay to Pune, and by January 1897, it reached epidemic proportions. British troops were brought in to deal with the emergency and harsh measures were employed including forced entry into private houses, examination of occupants, evacuation to hospitals and segregation camps, removing and destroying personal possessions, and preventing patients from entering or leaving the city. By the end of May, the epidemic was under control.

Tilak was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family in Ratnagiri, headquarters of the eponymous district of present day Maharashtra (then British India) on 23 July 1856.[1] His ancestral village was Chikhali. His father, Gangadhar Tilak was a school teacher and a Sanskrit scholar who died when Tilak was sixteen. Tilak graduated from Deccan College, Pune in 1877. Tilak was amongst one of the first generation of Indians to receive a college education. In 1871 Tilak was married to Tapibai (a women belonging to Bal family) when he was sixteen before few months of his father’s death. After marriage, her name was changed to Satyabhamabai. He obtained his matriculation in 1872. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts in first class in Mathematics from Deccan College of Pune in 1877. In 1879 he obtained his LL.B degree from Government Law College of University of Mumbai.[3] Despite two attempts he did not succeed in qualifying in his M. A.

Even if, though the British authorities’ measures were 1

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2 POLITICAL CAREER

well-meant, they were widely regarded as acts of tyranny and oppression. Tilak took up this issue by publishing inflammatory articles in his paper Kesari (Kesari was written in Marathi, and Mahratta was written in English), quoting the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita, to say that no blame could be attached to anyone who killed an oppressor without any thought of reward. Following this, on 22 June 1897, Commissioner Rand and another British officer, Lt. Ayerst were shot and killed by the Chapekar brothers and their other associates. According to Barbara and Thomas R. Metcalf, Tilak “almost surely concealed the identities of the perpetrators”.[7]:154 Tilak was charged with incitement to murder and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. When he emerged from prison in present-day Mumbai, he was revered as a martyr and a national hero. He adopted a new slogan coined by his associate Kaka Baptista,[8] "Swaraj (selfrule) is my birthright and I shall have it.”

thing to say, Tilak said: All that I wish to say is that, in spite of the verdict of the jury, I still maintain that I am innocent. There are higher powers that rule the destinies of men and nations; and I think, it may be the will of Providence that the cause I represent may be benefited more by my suffering than by my pen and tongue. In ing sentence, the judge indulged in some scathing strictures against Tilak’s conduct. He threw off the judicial restraint which, to some extent, was observable in his charge to the jury. He condemned the articles as “seething with sedition”, as preaching violence, speaking of murders with approval. “You hail the advent of the bomb in India as if something had come to India for its good. I say, such journalism is a curse to the country”. Tilak was sent to Mandalay, Burma from 1908 to 1914.[12] While imprisoned, he continued to read and write, further developing his ideas on the Indian nationalist movement. While in the prison he wrote the Gita Rahasya. Many copies of which were sold, and the money was donated for the Indian Independence movement..

Following the Partition of Bengal, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the Swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement.[9] The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there was a gap which had to be filled by the production of those goods in India it- 2.3 Life after prison self. Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. Tilak had mellowed after his release on 16 June 1914, Tilak opposed the moderate views of Gopal Krishna because of having diabetes and also the ordeals faced Gokhale, and was ed by fellow Indian national- in Mandalay prison. When World War I started in Auists Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai gust, Tilak cabled the King-Emperor in Britain of his supin Punjab. They were referred to as the "Lal-Bal-Pal port and turned his oratory to find new recruits for war triumvirate". In 1907, the annual session of the Congress efforts. He welcomed The Indian Councils Act, popuParty was held at Surat, Gujarat. Trouble broke out over larly known as Minto-Morley Reforms, which had been the selection of the new president of the Congress be- ed by British Parliament in May 1909, terming it as tween the moderate and the radical sections of the party . “a marked increase of confidence between the Rulers and The party split into the radicals faction, led by Tilak, Pal the Ruled”. Acts of violence actually retarded, than hasand Lajpat Rai, and the moderate faction. Nationalists tened, the pace of political reforms, he felt. He was ealike Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai were ger for reconciliation with Congress and had abandoned his demand for direct action and settled for agitations Tilak ers.[10] “strictly by constitutional means” – a line advocated by his rival Gokhale.

2.2

Imprisonment in Mandalay

Tilak tried to convince Mohandas Gandhi to leave the On 30 April 1908, two Bengali youths, Prafulla Chaki idea of Total non-violence (“Total Ahimsa”) and try to and Khudiram Bose, threw a bomb on a carriage at get Selfrule (“Swarajya”) by all means. Gandhi, though Muzzafarpur, to kill the Chief Presidency Magistrate respected him as his guru, did not change his mind. Douglas Kingsford of Calcutta fame, but erroneously killed two women travelling in it. While Chaki commit2.4 All India Home Rule League ted suicide when caught, Bose was hanged. Tilak, in his paper Kesari, defended the revolutionaries and called for immediate Swaraj or self-rule. The Government swiftly Main article: All India Home Rule League arrested him for sedition. But a special jury convicted him, and the judge Dinshaw D. Davar[11] gave him the Later, Tilak re-united with his fellow nationalists and recontroversial sentence of six years’ transportation and a ed the Indian National Congress in 1916. He also fine of Rs 1,000. The jury by a majority of 7:2 convicted helped found the All India Home Rule League in 1916– him. On being asked by the judge whether he had any- 18, with G. S. Khaparde and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and

3 Annie Besant. After years of trying to reunite the moderate and radical factions, he gave up and focused on the Home Rule League, which sought self-rule. Tilak travelled from village to village for from farmers and locals to the movement towards self-rule.[12] Tilak was impressed by the Russian Revolution, and expressed his iration for Vladimir Lenin.[13] There were total of 1400 in April 1916 and in 1917 there were approximately of about 32,000 in the league. Tilak started his Home Rule League in Maharashtra, Central Provinces, and Karnataka and Berar region. Besant’s League was active in the rest part of India.[14] Tilak, who started his political life as a Maratha propagandist, progressed into a prominent nationalist after his close association with Indian nationalists following the partition of Bengal. When asked in Calcutta whether he envisioned a Maratha-type of government for independent India, Tilak replied that the Maratha-dominated governments of 17th and 18th centuries were outmoded in the 20th century, and he wanted a genuine federal system for Free India where every religion and race was an equal partner. He added that only such a form of government would be able to safeguard India’s freedom. He was the first Congress leader to suggest that Hindi written in the Devanagari script be accepted as the sole national language of India.[15]

3

Social contributions and legacy

were used by Tilak to build a national spirit beyond the circle of educated elite in opposition to colonial rule. But it also exacerbated Hindu-Muslim differences. The festival organizers would urge Hindus to protect cows and boycott the Muharram celebrations organized by Shi'a Muslims, in which Hindus had formerly often participated. Thus, although the celebrations were meant to be a way to oppose colonial rule, they also contributed to religious tensions.[7]:152 Contemporary Marathi Hindu nationalist parties like the Shivsena took up his reverence for Shivaji. The Deccan Education Society that Tilak founded with others in the 1880s still runs Institutions in Pune like the Fergusson College. The Swadeshi movement started by Tilak at the beginning of the 20th century became part of the Independence movement until that goal was achieved in 1947. One can even say Swadeshi remained part of Indian Government policy until the 1990s when the Congress Government liberalised the economy.[17] Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir, a theatre auditorium in Pune is dedicated to him. In 2007, the Government of India released a coin to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Tilak.[18][19] Tilak said, “I regard India as my Motherland and my Goddess, the people in India are my kith and kin, and loyal and steadfast work for their political and social emancipation is my highest religion and duty”.[20]

Swami Vivekananda reached Pune by train during Further information: Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav and Kesari September 1892. Tilak happened to be his fellow en(newspaper) ger. Vivekananda stayed in his house “Vinchurkar Wada” in Pune.[21] Tilak started two weeklies, Kesari (“The Lion”) in Lokmanya: Ek Yug Purush is a film released on January Marathi and Mahratta in English[16] in 1880–81 with 2, 2015 based on his life. Directed by Om Raut, Tilak is Gopal Ganesh Agarkar as the first editor. By this he was played by actor Subodh Bhave. recognized as 'awakener of India'. As Kesari later became a daily and continues publication to this day. In 1894, Tilak transformed the household worshipping of Ganesha into a grand public event (Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav) in that house. The celebrations consisted of several days of processions, music and food. They were organized by the means of subscriptions by neighbourhood, caste, or occupation. Students often would celebrate Hindu and national glory and address political issues; including patronage of Swadeshi goods.[7]:152 In 1895, Tilak founded the Shri Shivaji Fund Committee for celebration of "Shiv Jayanti", the birth anniversary of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of 17th century Maratha Empire. The project also had the objective of funding the reconstruction of the tomb (Samadhi) of Shivaji at Raigad Fort. For this second objective, Tilak established the Shri Shivaji Raigad Smarak Mandal along with Senapati Khanderao Dabhade II of Talegaon Dabhade, who became the founder President of the Mandal. The events like the Ganapati festival and Shiv Jayanti

4 Books • In 1903, he wrote the book The Arctic Home in the Vedas. In it, he argued that the Vedas could only have been composed in the Arctics, and the Aryan bards brought them south after the onset of the last ice age. He proposed a new way to determine the exact time of the Vedas.[22] He tried to calculate the time of Vedas by using the position of different Nakshatras. Positions of Nakshtras were described in different Vedas. • Tilak authored "Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya" in prison at Mandalay – the analysis of 'Karma Yoga' in the Bhagavad Gita, which is known to be gift of the Vedas and the Upanishads. • Being a devotee of Gajanan Maharaj of Shegaon, many reference texts of his are available in the epic.

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5 [1]

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References • Maharashtra Gazetteer

EXTERNAL LINKS

[20] Minor Robert (1986). Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita. State University of NY press. ISBN 088706-298-9

• Official Ratnagiri website

[21] http://www.rkmpune.org/rkm_pune/history.html

• Lokmanya Tilak – A Biography

[22] Bal Gangadhar Thilak, “Orion, or Researches into the Antiquities of the Vedas”, 1893

• Britannica [2] D. V. Tahmankar (1956). Lokamany Tilak: Father of Indian Unrest and Maker of Modern India. John Murray; 1st Edition (1956). Retrieved 5 February 2013.

6 Further reading

[3] Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak - N R. Inamdar

• Lokmanya Tilak: A Biography, by A K Bhagwat and G P Pradhan (Publisher JAICO)

[4] “The Political Thought of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak”, By K. S. Bharathi, page 38

• Shrimad Bhagwat Geeta: Geeta Rahasya by Lokmanya Tilak (Sharda Prakashan)

[5] D. D. Karve, “The Deccan Education Society” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, 1961), 206–207.

• Parimala V. Rao (2011). Foundations of Tilak’s Nationalism: Discrimination, Education and Hindutva. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-4268-6.

[6] Michael Edwardes, A History of India (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1961), 322. [7] Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2006). A Concise History of India (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521682251. [8] “Kaka Baptista”. East Indian Community. Retrieved 19 October 2014. [9] Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 1997), 120 [10] Stanley A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India (1962) p 67 [11] “Remove portrait of judge who sentenced Bal Gangadhar Tilak”. Mumbai: Indian Express. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2013. [12] Encyclopedia of Asian History. “Tilak, Bal Gangadhar” (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons and Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988), 98. [13] M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 82 [14] Mohammad Tarique. Modern Indian History. Tata McGraw Hill. [15] Prof R.P. Chaturvedi. "Great Personalities" , Upkar’s, p. 144R [16] The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Solovyov - Truck, Volume 11. p. 772. [17] [18] “Tilak family awaits 3 lakh coins”. Pune: Indian Express. 5 August 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2013. [19] “Flawed 'Tilak coin' upsets many”. Pune: Zee News. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2013.

7 External links • Bal Gangadhar Tilak materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) • Full and authentic report of the Tilak trial (1908) being the only authorised verbatim of the whole proceedings with introduction and character sketch of Bal Gangadhar Tikak: Together with press opinion, 1908, Narsinha Chintaman Kelkar • Antiquity of the Hindu Calendar, an interactive aid to understanding “The Orion” by Bal Gangadhar Thilak by Kishore S Kumar • "Tilak, Bal Gangadhar". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.

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