Cdu Harvard Referencing 603x47
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Referencing Guide: Harvard Style The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. In the Harvard Style each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers. You may come across many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system • • •
Your references should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by author (or by title if there is no author). Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with your lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style they prefer. Your references should identify an item (book, journal article, web page) in sufficient detail so that others may identify and consult it.
Secondary citation
If you wish to cite from a work quoted in another source, you need to give the details of the source that you found the reference in e.g. Chu, according to Burgmann, found .... The reference list would then only refer to Burgmann's publication.E.g. Burgmann, P 1998, 'Referencing: a critical issue facing students today', Journal of academic writing , no. 27, pp. 18-9, viewed 22 July 2009, in Business Source Premier.
EndNote s please see notes in red throughout the document indicating which EndNote reference type to use in your EndNote Library
How to reference books A book with one author Citing example: In text citations Mikolaj (2005) examines the phenomena of stress and critical incident stress in the emergency services professions. Environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals (Mikolaj 2005).
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Mikolaj (2005, p.47) states that; “Simply being exposed to a traumatic event is not enough to trigger PTSD”. Note: when using a direct quote from the text, you must include page numbers in your citation as shown above.
Reference List Mikolaj, AA 2005, Stress management for the emergency care provider, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
A book published in a subsequent edition
Citing example: In text citation Houghton (2004) examines the scientific basis of global warming and the likely impacts of climate change on human society… Reference List Houghton, JT 2004, Global warming: the complete briefing, 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
A book by two or three authors Citing example: White and Perrone (1997) describe the ways in which society responds to crime in the Australian context. There are many ways in which crime is dealt with in society including formal and informal methods (White & Perrone 1997). Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they appear as part of a sentence. Reference List White, R & Perrone, S 1997, Crime and social control: an introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
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A book by four or more authors
Citing example: The authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis et al. 1987). Note: et al. (and others) may be used in place of additional authors names in the text of your essay, but all the names must be written in the reference citation list.
Reference List Gillis, M, Perkins, D, Roemer, M & Snodgrass, D 1987, Economics of development, 2nd edn, WW Norton & Company, New York. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
An edited book Citing example: The volume edited by Swingland (2003) includes chapters examining the concept of capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity. Reference List Swingland, IR (ed.) 2003, Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: the market approach, Earthscan Publications, London. Markandya, A & Halsnaes, K (eds.) 2002, Climate change and
sustainable development: prospects for developing countries,
Earthscan Publications, London. EndNote Ref Type; use Edited Book
One volume of a multi-volume work
Citing example: Vincent advises us to adapt the system “by adding on decimals when subclassifications are needed” (1997, vol. 2, p.72). Reference List Vincent, F 1997, ‘Financial management’, vol. 2, 2 vols., in Manual of practical management, Intermediate Technology Systems, London.
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EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section A book with no author given Citing example: Methods of citation are dealt with in chapter 12 (Style Manual for authors editors and printers 1998). Note: the title is used in both the reference list and citation Reference List
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1998, 6th edn,
John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
A book or work by an association or institution
Citing example: Chapter 5 discusses the nature of a workable global emissions trading system (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007). Reference List Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007, Report of the task group on emissions trading, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra. EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Citing more than one author at one point in the text
Citing example: Other studies focus on the role of multilateral approaches to the issue of carbon emissions trading (Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007; Swingland,IR (ed.) 2003). Note: it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets. Use a semicolon to separate the works cited inside the brackets.
Reference List Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007, Report of
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the task group on emissions trading, Department of the Prime
Minister and Cabinet, Canberra. EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Swingland, IR (ed.) 2003, Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: the market approach, Earthscan Publications, London. EndNote Ref Type; use Edited Book
A chapter in a book Citing example: Indeed, as Cook et al. (2009 p.317) states “The twenty first century is no time for parochialism in an information based profession like the law”
Cook, C, Creyke, R, Geddes, R & Hamer, D 2009, 'Legal research - how to start', in Laying down the law, 7th edn, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, NSW. EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section
A chapter in an edited book
Citing example: Hannah (2002) examines the significance of education and training in the lives of refugees. "When a country is moving from war to peace, demobilization and reintegration issues should be addressed at the earliest stages of the peace negotiation process" (Colletta et al. 2004 p. 171). Reference list Hannah, J 2002, ‘Education, training and adult refugees in the UK and Australia’, in J Field and M Leicester (eds.), Lifelong learning; education across the lifespan, Routledge Falmer, London. Colletta J, Kostna M & Wiederhofer I, 'Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration; Lessons and Liabilities in Reconstruction', in R Rotberg (ed.), When states fail; causes and consequences, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Note: the initials of the editors can precede their surname, as this is not crucial to the order of the item in the reference list.
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EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section
How to reference journal articles Print version articles Citing example: Sansom (2006) establishes that Herbert’s authorial practice makes him the very semblance of an anthropologist. He,likewise is a looter of the Dreamings. Reference list Sansom, B 2006, ‘Looter of the dreamings: Xavier Herbert and the taking of Kaijek’s newsong story’, Oceania, vol. 76, no.1, pp. 83-104. Note: Capitalise only the first word of the article title and subtitle.
EndNote Ref Type; use Journal Article Accessed from a journal database in the same format as the original (PDF)
Citing example: The author argues that liberal institutions (freedom of speech or religious worship) will naturally be ed by liberals, and then poses the question; what arguments can be addressed to non-liberals? (Barry 1990). Reference list Barry, B 1990, ‘How not to defend liberal institutions’, British Journal of Political Science, vol.20, no.1, pp. 1-14, viewed 30 October 2007, via JSTOR. or Cheese, P 2008 ‘Talent: a critical issue facing managers today’, Manager: British Journal of istrative Management, no. 62, pp.18-9, viewed 22 July 2008, via Business Source Premier.
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Accessed from a journal database or website with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) assigned Citing example: “The findings reveal that Americans generally favour getting tough on corporate illegality” (Unnever, Benson & Cullen 2008 p.163). Note: A digital object identifier is a permanent identifier given to an electronic document, regardless of whether the URL changes.
Reference list Unnever, J, Benson, M & Cullen, F 2008, ‘Public for getting tough on corporate crime’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 163-190, DOI: 10.1177/0022427807313707. Note: Capitalise only the first word of the article title and subtitle.
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
Accessed from a website in the same format as the original (PDF) Citing example: The author outlines the difference between the MICE sector in tourism, in that business communication, not leisure is the underlying motivation (Johnson 1999). Reference list Johnson, L 1999, ‘MICE, size of the meeting sector’, Journal of the Bureau of Tourism Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-18, viewed 30 October 2007, http://www.tra.australia.com/content/documents/. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
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Accessed from an electronic only version of a journal
Citing example: The author discusses parallel levels of development in both the evolving information horizon and the human being (Kari 2006). Reference list Kari, J 2006, ‘Evolutionary information seeking: A case study of personal development and Internet searching’, First Monday, vol. 11, no. 1, viewed 30 October 2007, http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_1/kari/index.html. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article Or Oppermann, F, Jescheniak, JP & Schriefers, H 2008, 'Conceptual Coherence Affects Phonological Activation of Context Objects During Object Naming', Journal of Experimental Psychology / Learning, Memory & Cognition, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 587-601, viewed 11 November 2008, via Business Source Premier. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article Accessed from an electronic database in HTML format Citing example: This article presents a model of how social influence processes affect individuals' attitudes toward communication media and media use behaviour (Fulk et al. 1987). Reference list Fulk, J, Steinfeld, C, Schmitz, J & Power, J 1987, ‘A social information processing model of media use in organizations’, Communication Research, vol. 14, no. 5, viewed 30 December 2007, via Sage Journals Online. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
How to reference newspaper articles
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Citing example: Delaney and Vara (2007) report on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and its implications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list Delaney, K & Vara, V 2007, ‘Google to peddle free parking for your computer files’, The Australian, November 28, p.40. EndNote Ref Type; use Newspaper Article
Author not known Citing example: The Australian (28 November 2007, p.40) reports on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and its implications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list If the newspaper article does not have an author, do not provide details in the Reference list. Give a citation only.
Newspaper article accessed from a database – format not identical to print version
Citing example: “Startnextweek” is an innovative new service for booking and buying training courses online, reports Josh Robertson (2007). Reference list Robertson, J 2007, ‘Online boost for training options’, The Courier Mail, 22 October, viewed 14 December 2007 via Newsbank.
How to reference conference papers Published paper Citing example: Coates (1996) addresses the cost of natural disasters in of lives lost from the
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early 1800s onwards. Reference list Coates, L 1996, ‘An overview of fatalities from some natural hazards in Australia,’NDR6 Conference on natural disaster reduction, Gold Coast, 29 September to 2 October. EndNote Ref Type; use Conference Paper
Unpublished paper
Citing example: “Developing countries are relying increasingly on leapfrog communication technologies to narrow the gap between themselves and developed countries”. (Banerjee 2007, p.1). Reference list Banerjee, A 2007, ‘Fixed mobile substitution and lessons for broadband’, paper presented to the ACCC 2007 Regulatory Conference, Queensland, 26 to 27 July. EndNote Ref Type; use Conference Paper
How to reference government publications
Document produced by a government agency with no obvious author Citing example: “39% of agencies have reported facing at least one challenge in regards to the employment of people with a disability” (APSC 2006, p.107). Note: If you choose to use an abbreviation or acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list. Reference list Australian Public Service Commission 2006, State of the service report 2005-06, Australian Public Service Commission, Canberra. See reference APSC – see Australian Public Service Commission
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Main entry under full name as above EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Document produced by a government agency, with personal author/s acknowledged on title page
Citing example: This report highlights the public perception towards smoking in the workplace during the years 1985-95 (DHFS 1998). Note: Your citation refers only to the agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list.
Reference list Department of Health and Family Services 1998, Public opinion towards drug policies in Australia 1985-95, prepared by T Makkai & I McAllister, Department of Health and Family Services, Canberra. Note: The name of the Commonwealth department responsible for health and family services may have changed since 1998, but the citation details should be those on the title page of the source document.
Document produced by a branch or division of a government agency Citing example: The report stated that only 28% of Indigenous women lived in major urban areas (including Darwin and Alice Springs) compared with 84% of non-Indigenous women (DHCS 2005). Note: Your citation refers only to the main agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list. Reference list Department of Health and Community Services 2005, Northern Territory women: from the desert to the sea, Health Gains Planning Branch, Department of Health and Community Services, Darwin. Note: Details of the branch or division appear before the publication details.
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EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Document produced by a state or territory agency
Citing example: A recent telephone survey collected comprehensive information on non-Indigenous children complementing information on NT Indigenous children collected in the Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (DHCS 2006). Note: Your citation refers only to the main agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list. Reference list Department of Health and Community Services 2006, From infancy
to young adulthood: health status in the Northern Territory 2006, Department of Health and Community Services, Darwin. EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Document known by short title i) report known by the name of the chairman or person responsible for the inquiry
Citing example: Not all major recommendations of the Burdekin report (1989) have been implemented by Commonwealth and State governments. Note: Include a see reference in your reference list, in addition to the main entry. Reference list Burdekin report – see Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1989). Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1989, Our
homeless children: report of the national inquiry into homeless children, (Brian Burdekin, chairman), AGPS, Canberra.
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ii) document known by its title rather than by its authors
Citing example: The Little children are sacred (2007) report made several important points, including the belief that there is not enough coordination and communication between government departments and agencies, and this is causing a breakdown in services and poor crisis intervention. Reference list
Chief Minister's Department, Rex Wild QC & Patricia Anderson 2007, Report of the Northern Territory board of inquiry in to
the protection of Aboriginal children from sexual abuse 2007, "Little children are sacred", Northern Territory Government,
Darwin.
EndNote Ref Type; use Report
How to reference Legislation and legal authorities (cases)
Citing examples Acts For Acts include – Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction) Aboriginal Land Act 2004 (NT) Bills For Bills include – Name of Bill Year (Legislative Body) (no italics) Health Legislation Amendment Bill 2005 (House of Representatives) Cases Include the name of the case and reference details Postiglione v. The Queen (1997) 189 CLR 295 Bahadori v. Permanent Mortgages Pty Ltd (2008) 72 NSWLR 44 AGLS is the recommended style guide for students studying Law. Notes Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work (preferably in a separate list under the subheading ‘Legislation’)
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The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should be altered to suit the referencing style Even if viewed electronically, legislation is generally referenced as if in print (unless only available electronically) Legal authorities (cases) are only included in a list of references if they are important to the understanding of the work under the subheading ‘Legal authorities’
How to reference an image of an artwork or an artwork Image from a book or a website Citing example: Ada Bird Petyarre’s Sacred grasses, with its simultaneous perspectives …. (Australian National Gallery 1991). Donatello’s David, a bronze rendering of ….(Bargello Museum 2009). Reference List Wallace, D, Desmond, M & Caruana, W 1991, Flash Pictures, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, exhibition catalogue.
EndNote Ref Type; use Brochure Bargello Museum, David, Florence, Italy, viewed 16 January 2009, http://www.firenzemusei.it/00_english/img/bargello/davdona.jpg
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page Artwork Note: If you have viewed the original artwork and wish to refer to it.
Citing example: (Petyarre 1989) and (Donatello 1430) Reference List Petyarre, AB 1989, Sacred Grasses, painting, Australian National Gallery. Donato di Niccolô di Betto Bardi (Donatello), 1430, David, Bargello Museum, Florence, Italy, Sculpture.
EndNote Ref Type; use Artwork
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How to reference statistics from the ABS
Citing example: The ABS reported in Migration Australia 2005-06, that people born in the United Kingdom ed for 23% of all overseas-born persons in Australia's population, followed by New Zealand (10%) and Italy, China and VietNam (4% each). Note: If you use the acronym ABS, include a see reference in your reference list.
Reference list Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, Migration Australia 2005-06, ABS, Canberra, viewed 15th February 2008, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/ E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2006-06.pdf. See reference ABS – see Australian Bureau of Statistics Cat. No denotes ABS catalogue number.
How to reference encyclopaedia and dictionaries
Provide citations only, if; • no author or an entry in an encyclopaedia is named • a dictionary is being cited
Dictionary
Citing example: The Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus (1997) defines the term subjudice “as before a judge or court of law; under judicial consideration”. (The Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus 1997)
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Encyclopaedia Citing example: Rotgers (2005) discusses RP (Relapse Prevention) strategies in recovering addicts. Reference list Rotgers, F 2005, Relapse prevention, in A. Freeman (ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive behaviour therapy, pp.327-331, Springer, New York. EndNote Ref Type; Book Section
How to reference Theses Print version
Citing example: Rorrison (2006) examines the central role of the practicum in secondary preservice teacher training. Reference list Rorrison, D 2006, Jumping through spinning hoops; chance or a
carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of learning in the secondary practicum, PhD thesis, Charles
Darwin University, Darwin. EndNote Ref Type; use Thesis Electronic version Citing example:
Campbell (2004) discusses diet as a predictor of obesity in children. Reference list Campbell, K 2004, Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention, PhD thesis, Deakin University, Geelong, viewed 21 February 2008, http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adtVDU20061207.120915/
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EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Thesis
How to reference Websites
Citing examples: International indigenous tourism visitors spent more per trip (7,895) than other international visitors (4,736) (Tourism Research Australia 2008). Market sector reports on mature age tourism can be accessed from this site at: http://www.tra.australia.com/.home.asp. Reference list Tourism Research Australia 2008 Market sector snapshots, Tourism Research Australia, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2009 http://www.tra.australia.com/niche.asp. Tourism Research Australia 2008, Market sector reports, Tourism Research Australia, Canberra, viewed 21 February 2008 http://www.tra.australia.com/home.asp. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page
Website documents Citing example: The report (DCM 2004) discusses birth rates in the Northern Territory and points out that territory mothers have the highest birth rate of any jurisdiction and territory babies are more likely to be born to younger mothers. Note: If you use the department acronym DCM in your text, your reference list should provide a see reference. Reference list DCM see Department of the Chief Minister Department of the Chief Minister 2004, Building our population strategy, Department of the Chief Minister, Darwin, viewed 21
February 2008, http://www.nt.gov.au/dcm/publications/policies/200412BuildinglPop Strategy.pdf. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page
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How to reference Multimedia In text citation The great train show (2008) provides fascinating details of some great train journeys. or Michael Moore takes on the gun lobby (Bowling for Columbine 2003). Podcasts Citing example:
ABC Local Radio 2008, The great train show, episode 1, ABC Local Radio Victoria, 4 April 2008, Podcast,
.
Television programs
Big Fish, Little Fish 2006, Television Broadcast
Australia, 27 March. Distributed by ABC Television. •
Note: A performer or presenter is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording.
EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast DVD
Moore, M 2003, Bowling for Columbine, Man Entertainment, US. EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast Video Recording
Life on earth: a natural history 1990, Video Recording, R Brock & J Sparks, US. Distributed by Warner Home Video. EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast •
Endnote s please include episode AND series title in the TITLE field to ensure title of episode and series is included in your reference.
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Radio Program
Black soccer heroes, Message Stick 2006, Radio Broadcast, Australia. Distributed by ABC Radio. EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast Personal communications – Citation within the text
Personal communications include conversations, interviews, unsourced lecture material, telephone conversations, letters and e-mail messages. These materials are unpublished and are not included in reference lists or bibliographies. They are not given formal parenthical references in the text of an essay or assignment, instead references to this form of material are usually run into the text. In a telephone conversation with the author on October 12, 2005, Dr J. W. Mueller stated that ... OR Professor Visser gave his reasons for closing the laboratory in an e-mail message to the author on January 16, 2004. The reasons given were... EndNote Ref Type; use Personal Communications
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Abbreviations app. art. chap. div. ed. eds. et al. n.d. no. nos. n.p. p. pp. par. pt. rev. sec. ser. suppl. s.v. trans. vol.
appendix article chapter division editor, edited by, edition editors and others (Latin et al) no date number(s) no place page(s) paragraph part revised section series supplement under the word (Latin sub verso) translator(s) volume
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Your references should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by author (or by title if there is no author). Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with your lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style they prefer. Your references should identify an item (book, journal article, web page) in sufficient detail so that others may identify and consult it.
Secondary citation
If you wish to cite from a work quoted in another source, you need to give the details of the source that you found the reference in e.g. Chu, according to Burgmann, found .... The reference list would then only refer to Burgmann's publication.E.g. Burgmann, P 1998, 'Referencing: a critical issue facing students today', Journal of academic writing , no. 27, pp. 18-9, viewed 22 July 2009, in Business Source Premier.
EndNote s please see notes in red throughout the document indicating which EndNote reference type to use in your EndNote Library
How to reference books A book with one author Citing example: In text citations Mikolaj (2005) examines the phenomena of stress and critical incident stress in the emergency services professions. Environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals (Mikolaj 2005).
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Mikolaj (2005, p.47) states that; “Simply being exposed to a traumatic event is not enough to trigger PTSD”. Note: when using a direct quote from the text, you must include page numbers in your citation as shown above.
Reference List Mikolaj, AA 2005, Stress management for the emergency care provider, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
A book published in a subsequent edition
Citing example: In text citation Houghton (2004) examines the scientific basis of global warming and the likely impacts of climate change on human society… Reference List Houghton, JT 2004, Global warming: the complete briefing, 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
A book by two or three authors Citing example: White and Perrone (1997) describe the ways in which society responds to crime in the Australian context. There are many ways in which crime is dealt with in society including formal and informal methods (White & Perrone 1997). Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they appear as part of a sentence. Reference List White, R & Perrone, S 1997, Crime and social control: an introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
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A book by four or more authors
Citing example: The authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis et al. 1987). Note: et al. (and others) may be used in place of additional authors names in the text of your essay, but all the names must be written in the reference citation list.
Reference List Gillis, M, Perkins, D, Roemer, M & Snodgrass, D 1987, Economics of development, 2nd edn, WW Norton & Company, New York. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
An edited book Citing example: The volume edited by Swingland (2003) includes chapters examining the concept of capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity. Reference List Swingland, IR (ed.) 2003, Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: the market approach, Earthscan Publications, London. Markandya, A & Halsnaes, K (eds.) 2002, Climate change and
sustainable development: prospects for developing countries,
Earthscan Publications, London. EndNote Ref Type; use Edited Book
One volume of a multi-volume work
Citing example: Vincent advises us to adapt the system “by adding on decimals when subclassifications are needed” (1997, vol. 2, p.72). Reference List Vincent, F 1997, ‘Financial management’, vol. 2, 2 vols., in Manual of practical management, Intermediate Technology Systems, London.
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EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section A book with no author given Citing example: Methods of citation are dealt with in chapter 12 (Style Manual for authors editors and printers 1998). Note: the title is used in both the reference list and citation Reference List
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1998, 6th edn,
John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. EndNote Ref Type; use Book
A book or work by an association or institution
Citing example: Chapter 5 discusses the nature of a workable global emissions trading system (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007). Reference List Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007, Report of the task group on emissions trading, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra. EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Citing more than one author at one point in the text
Citing example: Other studies focus on the role of multilateral approaches to the issue of carbon emissions trading (Dept. of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007; Swingland,IR (ed.) 2003). Note: it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets. Use a semicolon to separate the works cited inside the brackets.
Reference List Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2007, Report of
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the task group on emissions trading, Department of the Prime
Minister and Cabinet, Canberra. EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Swingland, IR (ed.) 2003, Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: the market approach, Earthscan Publications, London. EndNote Ref Type; use Edited Book
A chapter in a book Citing example: Indeed, as Cook et al. (2009 p.317) states “The twenty first century is no time for parochialism in an information based profession like the law”
Cook, C, Creyke, R, Geddes, R & Hamer, D 2009, 'Legal research - how to start', in Laying down the law, 7th edn, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, NSW. EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section
A chapter in an edited book
Citing example: Hannah (2002) examines the significance of education and training in the lives of refugees. "When a country is moving from war to peace, demobilization and reintegration issues should be addressed at the earliest stages of the peace negotiation process" (Colletta et al. 2004 p. 171). Reference list Hannah, J 2002, ‘Education, training and adult refugees in the UK and Australia’, in J Field and M Leicester (eds.), Lifelong learning; education across the lifespan, Routledge Falmer, London. Colletta J, Kostna M & Wiederhofer I, 'Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration; Lessons and Liabilities in Reconstruction', in R Rotberg (ed.), When states fail; causes and consequences, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Note: the initials of the editors can precede their surname, as this is not crucial to the order of the item in the reference list.
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EndNote Ref Type; use Book Section
How to reference journal articles Print version articles Citing example: Sansom (2006) establishes that Herbert’s authorial practice makes him the very semblance of an anthropologist. He,likewise is a looter of the Dreamings. Reference list Sansom, B 2006, ‘Looter of the dreamings: Xavier Herbert and the taking of Kaijek’s newsong story’, Oceania, vol. 76, no.1, pp. 83-104. Note: Capitalise only the first word of the article title and subtitle.
EndNote Ref Type; use Journal Article Accessed from a journal database in the same format as the original (PDF)
Citing example: The author argues that liberal institutions (freedom of speech or religious worship) will naturally be ed by liberals, and then poses the question; what arguments can be addressed to non-liberals? (Barry 1990). Reference list Barry, B 1990, ‘How not to defend liberal institutions’, British Journal of Political Science, vol.20, no.1, pp. 1-14, viewed 30 October 2007, via JSTOR. or Cheese, P 2008 ‘Talent: a critical issue facing managers today’, Manager: British Journal of istrative Management, no. 62, pp.18-9, viewed 22 July 2008, via Business Source Premier.
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Accessed from a journal database or website with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) assigned Citing example: “The findings reveal that Americans generally favour getting tough on corporate illegality” (Unnever, Benson & Cullen 2008 p.163). Note: A digital object identifier is a permanent identifier given to an electronic document, regardless of whether the URL changes.
Reference list Unnever, J, Benson, M & Cullen, F 2008, ‘Public for getting tough on corporate crime’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 163-190, DOI: 10.1177/0022427807313707. Note: Capitalise only the first word of the article title and subtitle.
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
Accessed from a website in the same format as the original (PDF) Citing example: The author outlines the difference between the MICE sector in tourism, in that business communication, not leisure is the underlying motivation (Johnson 1999). Reference list Johnson, L 1999, ‘MICE, size of the meeting sector’, Journal of the Bureau of Tourism Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-18, viewed 30 October 2007, http://www.tra.australia.com/content/documents/. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
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Accessed from an electronic only version of a journal
Citing example: The author discusses parallel levels of development in both the evolving information horizon and the human being (Kari 2006). Reference list Kari, J 2006, ‘Evolutionary information seeking: A case study of personal development and Internet searching’, First Monday, vol. 11, no. 1, viewed 30 October 2007, http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_1/kari/index.html. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article Or Oppermann, F, Jescheniak, JP & Schriefers, H 2008, 'Conceptual Coherence Affects Phonological Activation of Context Objects During Object Naming', Journal of Experimental Psychology / Learning, Memory & Cognition, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 587-601, viewed 11 November 2008, via Business Source Premier. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article Accessed from an electronic database in HTML format Citing example: This article presents a model of how social influence processes affect individuals' attitudes toward communication media and media use behaviour (Fulk et al. 1987). Reference list Fulk, J, Steinfeld, C, Schmitz, J & Power, J 1987, ‘A social information processing model of media use in organizations’, Communication Research, vol. 14, no. 5, viewed 30 December 2007, via Sage Journals Online. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Article
How to reference newspaper articles
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Citing example: Delaney and Vara (2007) report on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and its implications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list Delaney, K & Vara, V 2007, ‘Google to peddle free parking for your computer files’, The Australian, November 28, p.40. EndNote Ref Type; use Newspaper Article
Author not known Citing example: The Australian (28 November 2007, p.40) reports on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and its implications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list If the newspaper article does not have an author, do not provide details in the Reference list. Give a citation only.
Newspaper article accessed from a database – format not identical to print version
Citing example: “Startnextweek” is an innovative new service for booking and buying training courses online, reports Josh Robertson (2007). Reference list Robertson, J 2007, ‘Online boost for training options’, The Courier Mail, 22 October, viewed 14 December 2007 via Newsbank.
How to reference conference papers Published paper Citing example: Coates (1996) addresses the cost of natural disasters in of lives lost from the
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early 1800s onwards. Reference list Coates, L 1996, ‘An overview of fatalities from some natural hazards in Australia,’NDR6 Conference on natural disaster reduction, Gold Coast, 29 September to 2 October. EndNote Ref Type; use Conference Paper
Unpublished paper
Citing example: “Developing countries are relying increasingly on leapfrog communication technologies to narrow the gap between themselves and developed countries”. (Banerjee 2007, p.1). Reference list Banerjee, A 2007, ‘Fixed mobile substitution and lessons for broadband’, paper presented to the ACCC 2007 Regulatory Conference, Queensland, 26 to 27 July. EndNote Ref Type; use Conference Paper
How to reference government publications
Document produced by a government agency with no obvious author Citing example: “39% of agencies have reported facing at least one challenge in regards to the employment of people with a disability” (APSC 2006, p.107). Note: If you choose to use an abbreviation or acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list. Reference list Australian Public Service Commission 2006, State of the service report 2005-06, Australian Public Service Commission, Canberra. See reference APSC – see Australian Public Service Commission
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Main entry under full name as above EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Document produced by a government agency, with personal author/s acknowledged on title page
Citing example: This report highlights the public perception towards smoking in the workplace during the years 1985-95 (DHFS 1998). Note: Your citation refers only to the agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list.
Reference list Department of Health and Family Services 1998, Public opinion towards drug policies in Australia 1985-95, prepared by T Makkai & I McAllister, Department of Health and Family Services, Canberra. Note: The name of the Commonwealth department responsible for health and family services may have changed since 1998, but the citation details should be those on the title page of the source document.
Document produced by a branch or division of a government agency Citing example: The report stated that only 28% of Indigenous women lived in major urban areas (including Darwin and Alice Springs) compared with 84% of non-Indigenous women (DHCS 2005). Note: Your citation refers only to the main agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list. Reference list Department of Health and Community Services 2005, Northern Territory women: from the desert to the sea, Health Gains Planning Branch, Department of Health and Community Services, Darwin. Note: Details of the branch or division appear before the publication details.
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EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Document produced by a state or territory agency
Citing example: A recent telephone survey collected comprehensive information on non-Indigenous children complementing information on NT Indigenous children collected in the Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (DHCS 2006). Note: Your citation refers only to the main agency as author. If you choose to use an acronym of the agency name, you will need a see reference in your reference list. Reference list Department of Health and Community Services 2006, From infancy
to young adulthood: health status in the Northern Territory 2006, Department of Health and Community Services, Darwin. EndNote Ref Type; use Report
Document known by short title i) report known by the name of the chairman or person responsible for the inquiry
Citing example: Not all major recommendations of the Burdekin report (1989) have been implemented by Commonwealth and State governments. Note: Include a see reference in your reference list, in addition to the main entry. Reference list Burdekin report – see Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1989). Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1989, Our
homeless children: report of the national inquiry into homeless children, (Brian Burdekin, chairman), AGPS, Canberra.
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ii) document known by its title rather than by its authors
Citing example: The Little children are sacred (2007) report made several important points, including the belief that there is not enough coordination and communication between government departments and agencies, and this is causing a breakdown in services and poor crisis intervention. Reference list
Chief Minister's Department, Rex Wild QC & Patricia Anderson 2007, Report of the Northern Territory board of inquiry in to
the protection of Aboriginal children from sexual abuse 2007, "Little children are sacred", Northern Territory Government,
Darwin.
EndNote Ref Type; use Report
How to reference Legislation and legal authorities (cases)
Citing examples Acts For Acts include – Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction) Aboriginal Land Act 2004 (NT) Bills For Bills include – Name of Bill Year (Legislative Body) (no italics) Health Legislation Amendment Bill 2005 (House of Representatives) Cases Include the name of the case and reference details Postiglione v. The Queen (1997) 189 CLR 295 Bahadori v. Permanent Mortgages Pty Ltd (2008) 72 NSWLR 44 AGLS is the recommended style guide for students studying Law. Notes Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work (preferably in a separate list under the subheading ‘Legislation’)
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The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should be altered to suit the referencing style Even if viewed electronically, legislation is generally referenced as if in print (unless only available electronically) Legal authorities (cases) are only included in a list of references if they are important to the understanding of the work under the subheading ‘Legal authorities’
How to reference an image of an artwork or an artwork Image from a book or a website Citing example: Ada Bird Petyarre’s Sacred grasses, with its simultaneous perspectives …. (Australian National Gallery 1991). Donatello’s David, a bronze rendering of ….(Bargello Museum 2009). Reference List Wallace, D, Desmond, M & Caruana, W 1991, Flash Pictures, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, exhibition catalogue.
EndNote Ref Type; use Brochure Bargello Museum, David, Florence, Italy, viewed 16 January 2009, http://www.firenzemusei.it/00_english/img/bargello/davdona.jpg
EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page Artwork Note: If you have viewed the original artwork and wish to refer to it.
Citing example: (Petyarre 1989) and (Donatello 1430) Reference List Petyarre, AB 1989, Sacred Grasses, painting, Australian National Gallery. Donato di Niccolô di Betto Bardi (Donatello), 1430, David, Bargello Museum, Florence, Italy, Sculpture.
EndNote Ref Type; use Artwork
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How to reference statistics from the ABS
Citing example: The ABS reported in Migration Australia 2005-06, that people born in the United Kingdom ed for 23% of all overseas-born persons in Australia's population, followed by New Zealand (10%) and Italy, China and VietNam (4% each). Note: If you use the acronym ABS, include a see reference in your reference list.
Reference list Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007, Migration Australia 2005-06, ABS, Canberra, viewed 15th February 2008, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/ E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2006-06.pdf. See reference ABS – see Australian Bureau of Statistics Cat. No denotes ABS catalogue number.
How to reference encyclopaedia and dictionaries
Provide citations only, if; • no author or an entry in an encyclopaedia is named • a dictionary is being cited
Dictionary
Citing example: The Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus (1997) defines the term subjudice “as before a judge or court of law; under judicial consideration”. (The Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus 1997)
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Encyclopaedia Citing example: Rotgers (2005) discusses RP (Relapse Prevention) strategies in recovering addicts. Reference list Rotgers, F 2005, Relapse prevention, in A. Freeman (ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive behaviour therapy, pp.327-331, Springer, New York. EndNote Ref Type; Book Section
How to reference Theses Print version
Citing example: Rorrison (2006) examines the central role of the practicum in secondary preservice teacher training. Reference list Rorrison, D 2006, Jumping through spinning hoops; chance or a
carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of learning in the secondary practicum, PhD thesis, Charles
Darwin University, Darwin. EndNote Ref Type; use Thesis Electronic version Citing example:
Campbell (2004) discusses diet as a predictor of obesity in children. Reference list Campbell, K 2004, Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention, PhD thesis, Deakin University, Geelong, viewed 21 February 2008, http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adtVDU20061207.120915/
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EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Thesis
How to reference Websites
Citing examples: International indigenous tourism visitors spent more per trip (7,895) than other international visitors (4,736) (Tourism Research Australia 2008). Market sector reports on mature age tourism can be accessed from this site at: http://www.tra.australia.com/.home.asp. Reference list Tourism Research Australia 2008 Market sector snapshots, Tourism Research Australia, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2009 http://www.tra.australia.com/niche.asp. Tourism Research Australia 2008, Market sector reports, Tourism Research Australia, Canberra, viewed 21 February 2008 http://www.tra.australia.com/home.asp. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page
Website documents Citing example: The report (DCM 2004) discusses birth rates in the Northern Territory and points out that territory mothers have the highest birth rate of any jurisdiction and territory babies are more likely to be born to younger mothers. Note: If you use the department acronym DCM in your text, your reference list should provide a see reference. Reference list DCM see Department of the Chief Minister Department of the Chief Minister 2004, Building our population strategy, Department of the Chief Minister, Darwin, viewed 21
February 2008, http://www.nt.gov.au/dcm/publications/policies/200412BuildinglPop Strategy.pdf. EndNote Ref Type; use Electronic Source/Web Page
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How to reference Multimedia In text citation The great train show (2008) provides fascinating details of some great train journeys. or Michael Moore takes on the gun lobby (Bowling for Columbine 2003). Podcasts Citing example:
ABC Local Radio 2008, The great train show, episode 1, ABC Local Radio Victoria, 4 April 2008, Podcast,
Television programs
Big Fish, Little Fish 2006, Television Broadcast
Australia, 27 March. Distributed by ABC Television. •
Note: A performer or presenter is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording.
EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast DVD
Moore, M 2003, Bowling for Columbine, Man Entertainment, US. EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast Video Recording
Life on earth: a natural history 1990, Video Recording, R Brock & J Sparks, US. Distributed by Warner Home Video. EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast •
Endnote s please include episode AND series title in the TITLE field to ensure title of episode and series is included in your reference.
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Radio Program
Black soccer heroes, Message Stick 2006, Radio Broadcast, Australia. Distributed by ABC Radio. EndNote Ref Type: use Film or Broadcast Personal communications – Citation within the text
Personal communications include conversations, interviews, unsourced lecture material, telephone conversations, letters and e-mail messages. These materials are unpublished and are not included in reference lists or bibliographies. They are not given formal parenthical references in the text of an essay or assignment, instead references to this form of material are usually run into the text. In a telephone conversation with the author on October 12, 2005, Dr J. W. Mueller stated that ... OR Professor Visser gave his reasons for closing the laboratory in an e-mail message to the author on January 16, 2004. The reasons given were... EndNote Ref Type; use Personal Communications
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Abbreviations app. art. chap. div. ed. eds. et al. n.d. no. nos. n.p. p. pp. par. pt. rev. sec. ser. suppl. s.v. trans. vol.
appendix article chapter division editor, edited by, edition editors and others (Latin et al) no date number(s) no place page(s) paragraph part revised section series supplement under the word (Latin sub verso) translator(s) volume
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