Ch 16 C, D, E 6q6125

Bea Diaz Period 2 WHAP 1.14.13 Chapter 16- The Transformation of the west (1450-1750) C. Focus questions 1) What is the historical periodization of the major pattern change in Western Europe? What are the major trends? (introduction) From 1450-1750 in order: The Renaissance, The Commercial Revolution, The Scientific Revolution, and The Enlightenment. Some major trends were the rise of logic reasoning, science, and realistic portrayal. Also the West became increasingly human centered and secular. 2) What are the major differences between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance? During the Italian Renaissance writers wrote in Latin and topics were more centered on secular subjects and during the Northern Renaissance writers wrote in vernacular and wrote more of the popular culture. 3) What Protestant churches were established by the Reformation? What was the nature of religious warfare? How did the two Reformations change European culture and society? Lutheran and Calvinist protestant churches; the end of Christian unity ultimately led to the religious warfare; effects of the reformations: limited acceptance of religious pluralism, more people doubted religion, shift of power, philosophical changes(less connection between God and nature and more focus on family life) , more emphasis on happy marriage, and a growing literacy rate. 4) Describe the causes and results of the commercial revolution. Causes: The substantial price inflation in the 16th century, influx of gold and silver..and rise of commercial capitalism led to the commercial revolution. Results: Great trading companies formed to take advantage of colonial markets; the increasing commerce stimulated manufacturing. Specialized agricultural regions emerged. The prosperity benefitted peasants as well as merchants, but negatively impacted the proletariat class. 5) What was the scientific revolution? What were some major discoveries? The scientific revolution is when science came to be center of all reasoning. Some major discoveries were Galileo’s, William Harvey’s, Bacon’s, and Newton’s natural laws. 6) What are the elements of absolute monarchy and parliamentary monarchy? Where did each political form develop? Absolute monarchy developed in and Parliamentary in Britain/Netherlands. In an absolute monarchy, the kings have the ultimate power and in parliamentary monarchy, the power mostly goes to the people, not the king. 7) What was the Enlightenment? How did it expand on the scientific revolution? The Enlightenment was a movement of thinking about subjects such as human society and social sciences. The Enlightenment created a set of basic principles that agreed more with the scientists than with the Catholic church. In addition, many books were written, many of which agreed with science and had a vast audience. 8) What was the relationship between the Enlightenment & changes in popular culture & government? What changes occurred in social structures, families, & gender relations? The Enlightenment produced a basic set of principles concerning human affairs: humans are naturally good, reason was the key to truth, intolerant or blind, religion was wrong. If people were free, progress was likely..These resulted in changes in government and pop culture. New attitudes towards children favored less harsh discipline, a sign of new affection between family . 9) Describe the ongoing changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing. In agriculture, medieval methods were supplanted by new methods of swamp drainage, use of nitrogen-fixing crops, improved stockbreeding, and many new cultivation techniques. New world crops, such as the potato, increased food supply. The growth of commerce spurred manufacturing and capitalism spread.

D. Visualizing the Past: Read and answer the questions on Versailles. (p.373) Louis and his advisers have intentions of power and dominance. Well, the Versailles is the biggest building there-suggesting absolute power…monarchy. There seems to be no relationship between nature and spatial arrangements.

E. In Depth Essay: Read and answer questions on Elites and Masses. (p.375) Yes, elites gained new power over the masses in early modern Western society. Ordinary people are ,pre suspicious of change than groups at the top.