Ch3 66z2l
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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 3.1 Using Figure 3.1, match the following: 1) Produces ATP aerobically.
1)
2) Site of enzymatic breakdown of phagocytized material.
2)
3) Packages proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or for exocytosis.
3)
4) Site of synthesis of lipid and steroid molecules.
4)
5) Forms the mitotic spindle.
5)
6) Replicate for cell division.
6)
7) Source of cell autolysis.
7)
1
Figure 3.2 Using Figure 3.2, match the following: 8) Nonpolar region of phospholipid.
8)
9) Glycocalyx.
9)
10) Polar region of phospholipid.
10)
11) Peripheral protein.
11)
12) Integral protein.
12)
13) Identification "tags" for the cell.
13)
14) Hydrophilic portion.
14)
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 15) Forms part of the protein synthesis site in the cytoplasm.
A) Synthetase enzymes
15)
B) Transfer RNA 16) Act as "interpreter" molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.
16) C) Ribosomal RNA
17) Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.
17)
2
18) Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.
A) Messenger RNA
18)
B) Ribosomal RNA 19) Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
19) C) ATP
20) May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm. Match the following: 21) Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin.
20)
A) Anaphase
21)
B) Late prophase 22) Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. 23) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
22) C) Metaphase D) Telophase 23) E) Early prophase
24) Chromosomes align on the spindle equator.
24)
25) Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.
25)
Match the following: 26) Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins.
A) Ribosomes
26)
B) Nucleoli 27) The actual site of protein synthesis.
27) C) Nucleus
28) Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton. 29) Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA.
28) D) Endoplasmic reticulum E) Microtubules
30) Houses DNA and RNA.
29)
30)
3
Match the following: 31) Help prevent molecules from ing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. 32) Type of anchoring junction.
A) Tight junctions
31)
B) Gap junctions C) Desmosomes
33) Communicating junction.
32) 33)
34) Present in electrically excitable tissues.
34)
35) Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.
35)
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 36) Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
36)
37) Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide, but cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis.
37)
38) DNA contains "dark matter" that codes for specific structural proteins.
38)
39) Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2 .
39)
40) Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA.
40)
41) In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.
41)
42) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.
42)
43) A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis.
43)
44) The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
44)
45) Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.
45)
46) Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.
46)
47) DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.
47)
48) The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane.
48)
49) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts.
49)
4
50) Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.
50)
51) Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.
51)
52) The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol.
52)
53) Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but very few other cells in the body.
53)
54) Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
54)
55) Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum.
55)
56) Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.
56)
57) Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.
57)
58) Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger.
58)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 59) Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential? A) The maintenance of the potential is based exclusively on diffusion processes. B) Both potassium and sodium ions can "leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion. C) In the polarized state, sodium and potassium ion concentrations are in static equilibrium. D) When the sodium-potassium pump is activated, potassium is pumped into the cell twice as fast as the sodium is pumped out, thus causing the membrane potential.
59)
60) Which statement best describes transcytosis? A) storing the contents of the endosome B) recycling the contents of the endosome back to the surface of the cell C) transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis D) combining an endosome with a lysosome and degrading or releasing the contents
60)
61) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. A) the smooth ER B) the cytoplasm C) the rough ER D) both smooth and rough ER
61)
62) The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________. A) tRNA B) ssRNA C) mRNA D) rRNA
62)
63) A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A) shrink B) neither shrink nor swell C) swell and burst D) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached
63)
5
64) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell B) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae C) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell D) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
64)
65) Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? A) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell. B) It encloses the cell contents. C) It is selectively permeable. D) It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition.
65)
66) Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? A) cilia B) stereocilia C) flagella D) microvilli
66)
67) Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion? A) The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature. B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. C) The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate. D) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate of diffusion.
67)
68) Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________. A) tight junctions B) desmosomes C) peroxisomes D) gap junctions
68)
69) If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? A) The cells will lose water and shrink. B) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. C) The cells will swell and ultimately burst. D) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.
69)
70) Which of the following is not a subcellular structure? A) organelles B) cytoplasm C) membranes D) intercellular material
70)
71) Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens? A) A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the "invader" to form new protein. B) Nitrogen enters the vacuole and "burns" the enclosed solid material. C) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material. D) The vacuole remains separated from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists unchanged.
71)
72) Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________. A) specific codes from the DNA B) the presence or absence of ubiquitins C) specific tRNAs D) changes in the environment
72)
6
73) Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) molecular transport through the membrane B) forms a lipid bilayer C) oxygen transport D) circulating antibody
73)
74) Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. B) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.
74)
75) Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) phospholipids B) glycolipids C) glycoproteins D) messenger RNA
75)
76) Mitosis ________. A) creates diversity in genetic potential C) is the formation of sex cells
76) B) produces nucleus replication D) always results in division of a cell
77) The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________. A) chromosome B) centriole C) centrosome D) ribosome
77)
78) Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) melanin B) microtubule
78) C) cilia
D) lysosome
79) Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together? A) glycolipids in the glycocalyx B) special membrane junctions C) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx D) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells
79)
80) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? A) TGCAA B) UGCAA C) GUACC D) ACGTT
80)
81) Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? A) phagocytosis B) receptor-mediated endocytosis C) pinocytosis D) secondary active transport
81)
82) Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following? A) lipid rafts B) enzymes involved in cell regulation C) receptors for hormones D) enzymes involved in cell metabolism
82)
7
83) ive membrane transport processes include ________. A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient B) movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration C) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration D) consumption of ATP
83)
84) Enzymes called _________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death of the cell. A) DNA polymerase III B) caspases C) cyclins D) ubiquitins
84)
85) Mitochondria ________. A) are always the same shape B) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP C) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell D) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
85)
86) Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________. A) false; proteins thus manufactured are for use inside the cell only B) false; lipids, not proteins, are synthesized this way C) false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way D) true
86)
87) Peroxisomes ________. A) sometimes function as secretory vesicles B) are also called microbodies, and contain acid hydrolases C) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action D) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
87)
88) DNA replication ________. A) occurs only in translationally active areas B) is spontaneous, not requiring enzyme action C) can also be called mitosis D) takes place during interphase of the cell cycle
88)
89) Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation? A) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it. B) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. C) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. D) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it.
89)
8
90) In the maintenance of the cell resting membrane potential ________. A) the steady state involves only ive processes in all cells B) the inside of the cell is positive relative to its outside C) cells are more permeable to Na+ than K+
90)
D) extracellular sodium levels are high 91) Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory? A) Simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation. B) Only higher organisms are composed of cells. C) The subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life. D) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
91)
92) Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division? A) inhibition B) repressor genes C) ing of cyclins and Cdks D) surface-to-volume ratio
92)
93) Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. B) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. C) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. D) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.
93)
94) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? A) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. B) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell. C) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. D) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes.
94)
95) The main component of the cytosol is ________. A) water B) salts
95) C) proteins
D) sugars
96) Lysosomes ________. A) are always used for the cell to "commit suicide" B) are the major site of protein synthesis C) contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell D) maintain a highly alkaline internal environment
96)
97) The endomembrane system is ________. A) a system of hydrophilic lipid monolayers that surround many cell organelles B) an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected C) the process by which bacteria took up residence in ancient cells D) a system by which cells are riveted together by desmosomes
97)
9
98) The functions of centrioles include ________. A) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces B) producing ATP C) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis D) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
98)
99) A gene can best be defined as ________. A) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid B) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain C) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide D) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long
99)
100) Extracellular matrix is ________. A) not present in connective tissue B) the most abundant extracellular material C) a type of impermeable cell junction found in epithelia D) composed of strands of actin protein
100)
101) Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in ________. A) a hypertonic solution B) blood plasma C) an isotonic solution D) a hypotonic solution
101)
102) Some hormones enter cells via ________. A) endocytosis C) exocytosis
102) B) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) pinocytosis
103) If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. A) AUG B) UCG C) UGA D) TCG
103)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 104) The RNA that has an anticodon and attaches to a specific amino acid is ________ RNA.
104)
105) Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________.
105)
106) ________ is the division of the cytoplasmic mass into two parts.
106)
107) The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called ________.
107)
108) In order for the DNA molecule to get "short and fat" to become a chromosome, it must first wrap around small molecules called ________.
108)
109) ________ are hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins.
109)
110) Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________.
110)
111) Two very important second messengers used in the G protein-linked receptor mechanism are cyclic AMP and ________.
111)
10
112) The most common extracellular ion is ________.
112)
113) The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________.
113)
114) A red blood cell would swell if its surrounding solution were ________.
114)
115) A ________ is a channel between cells.
115)
116) Describe two important functions of the Golgi apparatus.
116)
117) Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die?
117)
118) Are Brownian motion, diffusion, and osmosis seen only in living tissue?
118)
119) What forces maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential?
119)
120) Briefly describe the glycocalyx and its functions.
120)
121) Explain the term genetic code. What does it code for? What are the letters of the code?
121)
122) Why are free radicals so dangerous to cells, and how are they dealt with by the body?
122)
123) In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pressures and explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell.
123)
124) What is the common route of entry for flu viruses into a cell?
124)
125) Other than the nucleus, which organelle has its own DNA?
125)
126) How are the products of free ribosomes different from membrane-bound ribosomes?
126)
127) How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes?
127)
128) Briefly name the subphases of interphase and tell what they do.
128)
129) List the steps in the process of transcription.
129)
130) What are nucleolar organizer regions?
130)
131) How is the resting potential formed? How is it maintained?
131)
132) List possible causes of aging.
132)
133) What factors contribute to the fragility of the lysosome and subsequent cell autolysis?
133)
11
134) Why can we say that cells are protein factories?
134)
135) What are cell exons and introns?
135)
136) What are lipid rafts? What are their functions?
136)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 137) The patient was itted to the hospital for severe dehydration. Explain what changes occur in extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments during dehydration. 138) Your patient has the flu and reports 56 loose stools a day. He has experienced an isotonic fluid volume loss. Explain what an isotonic fluid loss means. 139) You are giving a tap water enema to a patient. An adverse effect of the tap water enema is water intoxication. Explain. 140) Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Explain why this patient would be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection. 141) Describe the difference in cell division between normal cells and cancer cells. 142) Research shows that neurofibrillary tangles are the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease. Neurofibrillary tangles are associated with microtubules. Based on your knowledge of microtubules, explain what may happen to microtubules to cause Alzheimer's disease.
12
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
1) B ID: hap8 3.1-1 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
2) C ID: hap8 3.1-2 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
3) E ID: hap8 3.1-3 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
4) A ID: hap8 3.1-4 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
5) D ID: hap8 3.1-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
6) D ID: hap8 3.1-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
7) C ID: hap8 3.1-7 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
8) C ID: hap8 3.1-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
9) A ID: hap8 3.1-9 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
10) B ID: hap8 3.1-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
11) E ID: hap8 3.1-11 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
12) D ID: hap8 3.1-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
13) A ID: hap8 3.1-13 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65-66; Fig. 3.3
14) B ID: hap8 3.1-14 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
15) C ID: hap8 3.1-15 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101, 103
16) B ID: hap8 3.1-16 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103-105
13
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
17) A ID: hap8 3.1-17 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 104
18) C ID: hap8 3.1-18 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103
19) A ID: hap8 3.1-19 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
20) B ID: hap8 3.1-20 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103
21) D ID: hap8 3.1-21 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 99; Fig. 3.32
22) A ID: hap8 3.1-22 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 99; Fig. 3.32
23) B ID: hap8 3.1-23 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 98; Fig. 3.32
24) C ID: hap8 3.1-24 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 99; Fig. 3.32
25) E ID: hap8 3.1-25 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 98; Fig. 3.32
26) D ID: hap8 3.1-26 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84-85; Table 3.3
27) A ID: hap8 3.1-27 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84; Table 3.3
28) E ID: hap8 3.1-28 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88; Table 3.3
29) B ID: hap8 3.1-29 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93; Table 3.3
30) C ID: hap8 3.1-30 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 91-92; Table 3.3
31) A ID: hap8 3.1-31 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66
32) C ID: hap8 3.1-32 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66-67
14
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
33) B ID: hap8 3.1-33 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 67
34) B ID: hap8 3.1-34 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 67
35) C ID: hap8 3.1-35 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66-67
36) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-1 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97
37) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-2 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108
38) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-3 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101-103
39) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-4 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 96
40) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93
41) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-71
42) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-7 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 96
43) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75-77
44) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-9 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97; Fig. 3.30
45) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-69
46) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-11 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 69
47) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101-102
48) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-13 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
15
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
49) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-14 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 77-79
50) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-15 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
51) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-16 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 107
52) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-17 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
53) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-18 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70
54) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-19 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
55) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-20 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 90
56) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-21 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
57) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-22 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108-109
58) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-23 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81
59) B ID: hap8 3.3-1 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 77-79
60) C ID: hap8 3.3-2 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75
61) A ID: hap8 3.3-3 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 85
62) A ID: hap8 3.3-4 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103-104
63) C ID: hap8 3.3-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 71-72; Fig. 3.9
64) A ID: hap8 3.3-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63-64
16
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
65) A ID: hap8 3.3-7 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68
66) D ID: hap8 3.3-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 91; Tbl. 3.3
67) B ID: hap8 3.3-9 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-69
68) C ID: hap8 3.3-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66-67
69) A ID: hap8 3.3-11 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
70) D ID: hap8 3.3-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81-83
71) C ID: hap8 3.3-13 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75-76
72) D ID: hap8 3.3-14 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 105-106
73) A ID: hap8 3.3-15 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
74) B ID: hap8 3.3-16 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
75) D ID: hap8 3.3-17 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63-67
76) B ID: hap8 3.3-18 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97
77) B ID: hap8 3.3-19 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 89
78) A ID: hap8 3.3-20 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
79) A ID: hap8 3.3-21 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
80) B ID: hap8 3.3-22 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100; Fig. 3.40
17
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
81) B ID: hap8 3.3-23 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76-77
82) D ID: hap8 3.3-24 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76-77
83) A ID: hap8 3.3-25 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-72
84) B ID: hap8 3.3-26 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108
85) D ID: hap8 3.3-27 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
86) C ID: hap8 3.3-28 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84-86
87) C ID: hap8 3.3-29 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 87
88) D ID: hap8 3.3-30 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 95
89) C ID: hap8 3.3-31 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101-105
90) D ID: hap8 3.3-32 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 77-79
91) D ID: hap8 3.3-33 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 62
92) B ID: hap8 3.3-34 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
93) C ID: hap8 3.3-35 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63-64
94) C ID: hap8 3.3-36 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81; Fig. 3.16
95) A ID: hap8 3.3-37 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
96) C ID: hap8 3.3-38 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86
18
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
97) B ID: hap8 3.3-39 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86-87
98) D ID: hap8 3.3-40 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 89
99) B ID: hap8 3.3-41 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100-101
100) B ID: hap8 3.3-42 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 107
101) A ID: hap8 3.3-43 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 72
102) B ID: hap8 3.3-44 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76-77
103) B ID: hap8 3.3-45 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
104) transfer ID: hap8 3.4-1 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103
105) aquaporins ID: hap8 3.4-2 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70
106) Cytokinesis ID: hap8 3.4-3 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97
107) interphase ID: hap8 3.4-4 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 95-96; Fig. 3.31
108) histones ID: hap8 3.4-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93; Fig. 3.30
109) Microtubules ID: hap8 3.4-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
110) mitochondria ID: hap8 3.4-7 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
111) ionic calcium ID: hap8 3.4-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81
112) sodium ID: hap8 3.4-9 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 78-79
19
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
113) exocytosis ID: hap8 3.4-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75
114) hypotonic ID: hap8 3.4-11 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 72; Fig. 3.9
115) connexon ID: hap8 3.4-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 67
116) To modify, sort, and package proteins. ID: hap8 3.4-13 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 85
117) Without a nucleus, a cell cannot make proteins, nor can it replace any enzymes or other cell structures (which are continuously recycled). Additionally, such a cell could not replicate. ID: hap8 3.4-14 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 91
118) No. Because they are ive processes that do not require energy, they can occur in the absence of any cellular processes. ID: hap8 3.4-15 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-71
119) Both diffusion and active transport mechanisms operate within the cell membrane to maintain a resting membrane potential. ID: hap8 3.4-16 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 78-79
120) The glycocalyx is the sticky, carbohydrate-rich area on the cell surface. It helps bind cells together and provides a highly specific biological marker by which cells can recognize each other. ID: hap8 3.4-17 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
121) The genetic code is the information encoded in the nucleotide base sequence of DNA. A sequence of three bases, called a triplet, specifies amino acid in a protein. The letters of the code are the four nucleotide bases of DNA designated as A, T, C, and G. ID: hap8 3.4-18 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103; Fig. 3.36
122) Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that cause havoc in any cellular environment by reacting with things they should not. Cells with peroxisomes have enzymes specific to reducing free radicals into less reactive chemicals. ID: hap8 3.4-19 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 87
123) Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of water exerted on the cell membrane. Osmotic pressure is created by different concentrations of molecules in a solution separated by the cell membrane. Because these pressures are exerted on the membrane they can be used by the cell to change the shape of the cell, regulate substances entering and exiting the cell, and bring about the polarity of the cell. ID: hap8 3.4-20 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-71
124) Flu viruses and diphtheria toxins use receptor-mediated endocytosis. The virus can attach to the receptors or to the substances the receptors accept to "hitch a ride" into the cell. ID: hap8 3.4-21 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76
125) Mitochondria. ID: hap8 3.4-22 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
20
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
126) Free ribosomes make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol. Membrane-bound ribosomes produce proteins that are to be used on the cell membrane or exported from the cell. ID: hap8 3.4-23 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84
127) Some of the peroxisomes are oxidases that use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances. They are very good at neutralizing free radicals. Peroxisomes divide by simply budding. Lysosomes have powerful hydrolytic enzymes that will pretty much destroy anything they come in with. They are manufactured by the Golgi apparatus. ID: hap8 3.4-24 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86-87
128) G1 - growth phase. The cell is metabolically active and the centriole begins to divide at the end of this phase. S - DNA replicates itself. New histones are made and assembled into chromatin. G2 - Enzymes and proteins are synthesized and centriole replication is completed. This is the final phase of interphase. ID: hap8 3.4-25 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 95-96
129) initiation, elongation, transcription ID: hap8 3.4-26 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
130) nuclear regions containing the DNA that issues genetic instructions for synthesizing ribosomal RNA ID: hap8 3.4-27 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93
131) It is formed by diffusion of ions resulting in ionic imbalances that polarize the membrane. It is maintained by active transport processes. ID: hap8 3.4-28 Diff: 3 Points: 1
132) 1. 2. 3. 4.
Page Ref: 77-79; Fig. 3.15
chemical insults and free radical formation (wear and tear theory) diminished energy production by free radical-damaged mitochondria progressive disorders in the immune system genetic programming
ID: hap8 3.4-29 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108-109
133) cell injury, cell oxygen deprivation, presence of excessive amounts of vitamin A in the cell ID: hap8 3.4-30 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86-87
134) Most of the metabolic machinery of the cell is involved in protein synthesis since structural proteins constitute most of the cell dry material and functional proteins direct all cellular activities. ID: hap8 3.4-31 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
135) Exons are amino acid-specifying informational sequences in genes. Introns are noncoding gene segments that provide a reservoir of ready-to-use DNA segments for genome evolution and a source of a large variety of RNA molecules. ID: hap8 3.4-32 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
136) They are assemblies of saturated phospholipids associated with sphingolipids and cholesterol. They are concentrating platforms for molecules needed for cell signaling. ID: hap8 3.4-33 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
21
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
137) Fluid volume deficit occurs when the body loses both water and electrolytes from the extracellular fluid compartment. Fluid is initially lost from the intravascular compartment. Then fluid is drawn from the interstitial compartment into the intravascular compartment, depleting the interstitial compartment. To compensate for the decreased volume, the body then draws intracellular fluid out of the cells. This could lead to collapse and death. ID: hap8 3.5-1 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
138) An isotonic fluid volume loss occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportion. ID: hap8 3.5-2 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
139) A tap water enema is a hypotonic solution. Based on osmosis, water diffuses to the solution of higher concentration, leading to water intoxication. ID: hap8 3.5-3 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
140) Ciliated cells that live in the respiratory tract propel mucus, laden with dust particles and bacteria, upward and away from the lungs. If the cilia are paralyzed, bacteria remain in the lungs and may cause infection. ID: hap8 3.5-4 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 90-91
141) Normal cells divide in two distinct eventsmitosis and cytokinesis. Cancer cells divide wildly, which makes them dangerous to their host. ID: hap8 3.5-5 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
142) Microtubules determine the overall shape of the cell, among other things. They are dynamic organelles constantly growing from the centrosome, dissembling, and then reassembling. In Alzheimer's disease the structure of the microtubule collapses. ID: hap8 3.5-6 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
22
Figure 3.1 Using Figure 3.1, match the following: 1) Produces ATP aerobically.
1)
2) Site of enzymatic breakdown of phagocytized material.
2)
3) Packages proteins for insertion in the cell membrane or for exocytosis.
3)
4) Site of synthesis of lipid and steroid molecules.
4)
5) Forms the mitotic spindle.
5)
6) Replicate for cell division.
6)
7) Source of cell autolysis.
7)
1
Figure 3.2 Using Figure 3.2, match the following: 8) Nonpolar region of phospholipid.
8)
9) Glycocalyx.
9)
10) Polar region of phospholipid.
10)
11) Peripheral protein.
11)
12) Integral protein.
12)
13) Identification "tags" for the cell.
13)
14) Hydrophilic portion.
14)
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 15) Forms part of the protein synthesis site in the cytoplasm.
A) Synthetase enzymes
15)
B) Transfer RNA 16) Act as "interpreter" molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.
16) C) Ribosomal RNA
17) Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.
17)
2
18) Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.
A) Messenger RNA
18)
B) Ribosomal RNA 19) Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
19) C) ATP
20) May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm. Match the following: 21) Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin.
20)
A) Anaphase
21)
B) Late prophase 22) Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. 23) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
22) C) Metaphase D) Telophase 23) E) Early prophase
24) Chromosomes align on the spindle equator.
24)
25) Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.
25)
Match the following: 26) Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins.
A) Ribosomes
26)
B) Nucleoli 27) The actual site of protein synthesis.
27) C) Nucleus
28) Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton. 29) Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA.
28) D) Endoplasmic reticulum E) Microtubules
30) Houses DNA and RNA.
29)
30)
3
Match the following: 31) Help prevent molecules from ing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. 32) Type of anchoring junction.
A) Tight junctions
31)
B) Gap junctions C) Desmosomes
33) Communicating junction.
32) 33)
34) Present in electrically excitable tissues.
34)
35) Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.
35)
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 36) Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
36)
37) Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide, but cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis.
37)
38) DNA contains "dark matter" that codes for specific structural proteins.
38)
39) Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2 .
39)
40) Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA.
40)
41) In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.
41)
42) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.
42)
43) A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis.
43)
44) The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
44)
45) Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.
45)
46) Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.
46)
47) DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.
47)
48) The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane.
48)
49) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts.
49)
4
50) Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.
50)
51) Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.
51)
52) The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol.
52)
53) Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but very few other cells in the body.
53)
54) Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
54)
55) Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum.
55)
56) Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.
56)
57) Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.
57)
58) Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger.
58)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 59) Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential? A) The maintenance of the potential is based exclusively on diffusion processes. B) Both potassium and sodium ions can "leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion. C) In the polarized state, sodium and potassium ion concentrations are in static equilibrium. D) When the sodium-potassium pump is activated, potassium is pumped into the cell twice as fast as the sodium is pumped out, thus causing the membrane potential.
59)
60) Which statement best describes transcytosis? A) storing the contents of the endosome B) recycling the contents of the endosome back to the surface of the cell C) transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis D) combining an endosome with a lysosome and degrading or releasing the contents
60)
61) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. A) the smooth ER B) the cytoplasm C) the rough ER D) both smooth and rough ER
61)
62) The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________. A) tRNA B) ssRNA C) mRNA D) rRNA
62)
63) A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A) shrink B) neither shrink nor swell C) swell and burst D) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached
63)
5
64) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell B) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae C) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell D) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
64)
65) Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane? A) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell. B) It encloses the cell contents. C) It is selectively permeable. D) It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition.
65)
66) Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? A) cilia B) stereocilia C) flagella D) microvilli
66)
67) Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion? A) The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature. B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. C) The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate. D) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate of diffusion.
67)
68) Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________. A) tight junctions B) desmosomes C) peroxisomes D) gap junctions
68)
69) If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? A) The cells will lose water and shrink. B) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. C) The cells will swell and ultimately burst. D) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.
69)
70) Which of the following is not a subcellular structure? A) organelles B) cytoplasm C) membranes D) intercellular material
70)
71) Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens? A) A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the "invader" to form new protein. B) Nitrogen enters the vacuole and "burns" the enclosed solid material. C) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material. D) The vacuole remains separated from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists unchanged.
71)
72) Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________. A) specific codes from the DNA B) the presence or absence of ubiquitins C) specific tRNAs D) changes in the environment
72)
6
73) Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) molecular transport through the membrane B) forms a lipid bilayer C) oxygen transport D) circulating antibody
73)
74) Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. B) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.
74)
75) Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) phospholipids B) glycolipids C) glycoproteins D) messenger RNA
75)
76) Mitosis ________. A) creates diversity in genetic potential C) is the formation of sex cells
76) B) produces nucleus replication D) always results in division of a cell
77) The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________. A) chromosome B) centriole C) centrosome D) ribosome
77)
78) Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) melanin B) microtubule
78) C) cilia
D) lysosome
79) Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together? A) glycolipids in the glycocalyx B) special membrane junctions C) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx D) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells
79)
80) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? A) TGCAA B) UGCAA C) GUACC D) ACGTT
80)
81) Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? A) phagocytosis B) receptor-mediated endocytosis C) pinocytosis D) secondary active transport
81)
82) Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following? A) lipid rafts B) enzymes involved in cell regulation C) receptors for hormones D) enzymes involved in cell metabolism
82)
7
83) ive membrane transport processes include ________. A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient B) movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration C) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration D) consumption of ATP
83)
84) Enzymes called _________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death of the cell. A) DNA polymerase III B) caspases C) cyclins D) ubiquitins
84)
85) Mitochondria ________. A) are always the same shape B) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP C) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell D) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
85)
86) Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________. A) false; proteins thus manufactured are for use inside the cell only B) false; lipids, not proteins, are synthesized this way C) false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way D) true
86)
87) Peroxisomes ________. A) sometimes function as secretory vesicles B) are also called microbodies, and contain acid hydrolases C) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action D) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
87)
88) DNA replication ________. A) occurs only in translationally active areas B) is spontaneous, not requiring enzyme action C) can also be called mitosis D) takes place during interphase of the cell cycle
88)
89) Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation? A) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it. B) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. C) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. D) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it.
89)
8
90) In the maintenance of the cell resting membrane potential ________. A) the steady state involves only ive processes in all cells B) the inside of the cell is positive relative to its outside C) cells are more permeable to Na+ than K+
90)
D) extracellular sodium levels are high 91) Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory? A) Simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation. B) Only higher organisms are composed of cells. C) The subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life. D) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
91)
92) Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division? A) inhibition B) repressor genes C) ing of cyclins and Cdks D) surface-to-volume ratio
92)
93) Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. B) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. C) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. D) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.
93)
94) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? A) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. B) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell. C) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. D) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes.
94)
95) The main component of the cytosol is ________. A) water B) salts
95) C) proteins
D) sugars
96) Lysosomes ________. A) are always used for the cell to "commit suicide" B) are the major site of protein synthesis C) contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell D) maintain a highly alkaline internal environment
96)
97) The endomembrane system is ________. A) a system of hydrophilic lipid monolayers that surround many cell organelles B) an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected C) the process by which bacteria took up residence in ancient cells D) a system by which cells are riveted together by desmosomes
97)
9
98) The functions of centrioles include ________. A) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces B) producing ATP C) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis D) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
98)
99) A gene can best be defined as ________. A) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid B) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain C) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide D) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long
99)
100) Extracellular matrix is ________. A) not present in connective tissue B) the most abundant extracellular material C) a type of impermeable cell junction found in epithelia D) composed of strands of actin protein
100)
101) Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in ________. A) a hypertonic solution B) blood plasma C) an isotonic solution D) a hypotonic solution
101)
102) Some hormones enter cells via ________. A) endocytosis C) exocytosis
102) B) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) pinocytosis
103) If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. A) AUG B) UCG C) UGA D) TCG
103)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 104) The RNA that has an anticodon and attaches to a specific amino acid is ________ RNA.
104)
105) Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________.
105)
106) ________ is the division of the cytoplasmic mass into two parts.
106)
107) The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called ________.
107)
108) In order for the DNA molecule to get "short and fat" to become a chromosome, it must first wrap around small molecules called ________.
108)
109) ________ are hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins.
109)
110) Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________.
110)
111) Two very important second messengers used in the G protein-linked receptor mechanism are cyclic AMP and ________.
111)
10
112) The most common extracellular ion is ________.
112)
113) The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________.
113)
114) A red blood cell would swell if its surrounding solution were ________.
114)
115) A ________ is a channel between cells.
115)
116) Describe two important functions of the Golgi apparatus.
116)
117) Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die?
117)
118) Are Brownian motion, diffusion, and osmosis seen only in living tissue?
118)
119) What forces maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential?
119)
120) Briefly describe the glycocalyx and its functions.
120)
121) Explain the term genetic code. What does it code for? What are the letters of the code?
121)
122) Why are free radicals so dangerous to cells, and how are they dealt with by the body?
122)
123) In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pressures and explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell.
123)
124) What is the common route of entry for flu viruses into a cell?
124)
125) Other than the nucleus, which organelle has its own DNA?
125)
126) How are the products of free ribosomes different from membrane-bound ribosomes?
126)
127) How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes?
127)
128) Briefly name the subphases of interphase and tell what they do.
128)
129) List the steps in the process of transcription.
129)
130) What are nucleolar organizer regions?
130)
131) How is the resting potential formed? How is it maintained?
131)
132) List possible causes of aging.
132)
133) What factors contribute to the fragility of the lysosome and subsequent cell autolysis?
133)
11
134) Why can we say that cells are protein factories?
134)
135) What are cell exons and introns?
135)
136) What are lipid rafts? What are their functions?
136)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 137) The patient was itted to the hospital for severe dehydration. Explain what changes occur in extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments during dehydration. 138) Your patient has the flu and reports 56 loose stools a day. He has experienced an isotonic fluid volume loss. Explain what an isotonic fluid loss means. 139) You are giving a tap water enema to a patient. An adverse effect of the tap water enema is water intoxication. Explain. 140) Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Explain why this patient would be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection. 141) Describe the difference in cell division between normal cells and cancer cells. 142) Research shows that neurofibrillary tangles are the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease. Neurofibrillary tangles are associated with microtubules. Based on your knowledge of microtubules, explain what may happen to microtubules to cause Alzheimer's disease.
12
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
1) B ID: hap8 3.1-1 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
2) C ID: hap8 3.1-2 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
3) E ID: hap8 3.1-3 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
4) A ID: hap8 3.1-4 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
5) D ID: hap8 3.1-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
6) D ID: hap8 3.1-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
7) C ID: hap8 3.1-7 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63; Fig. 3.2
8) C ID: hap8 3.1-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
9) A ID: hap8 3.1-9 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
10) B ID: hap8 3.1-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
11) E ID: hap8 3.1-11 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
12) D ID: hap8 3.1-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
13) A ID: hap8 3.1-13 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65-66; Fig. 3.3
14) B ID: hap8 3.1-14 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 65; Fig. 3.3
15) C ID: hap8 3.1-15 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101, 103
16) B ID: hap8 3.1-16 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103-105
13
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
17) A ID: hap8 3.1-17 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 104
18) C ID: hap8 3.1-18 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103
19) A ID: hap8 3.1-19 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
20) B ID: hap8 3.1-20 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103
21) D ID: hap8 3.1-21 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 99; Fig. 3.32
22) A ID: hap8 3.1-22 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 99; Fig. 3.32
23) B ID: hap8 3.1-23 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 98; Fig. 3.32
24) C ID: hap8 3.1-24 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 99; Fig. 3.32
25) E ID: hap8 3.1-25 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 98; Fig. 3.32
26) D ID: hap8 3.1-26 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84-85; Table 3.3
27) A ID: hap8 3.1-27 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84; Table 3.3
28) E ID: hap8 3.1-28 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88; Table 3.3
29) B ID: hap8 3.1-29 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93; Table 3.3
30) C ID: hap8 3.1-30 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 91-92; Table 3.3
31) A ID: hap8 3.1-31 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66
32) C ID: hap8 3.1-32 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66-67
14
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
33) B ID: hap8 3.1-33 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 67
34) B ID: hap8 3.1-34 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 67
35) C ID: hap8 3.1-35 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66-67
36) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-1 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97
37) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-2 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108
38) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-3 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101-103
39) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-4 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 96
40) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93
41) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-71
42) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-7 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 96
43) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75-77
44) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-9 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97; Fig. 3.30
45) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-69
46) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-11 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 69
47) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101-102
48) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-13 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
15
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
49) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-14 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 77-79
50) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-15 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
51) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-16 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 107
52) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-17 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
53) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-18 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70
54) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-19 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
55) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-20 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 90
56) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-21 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
57) FALSE ID: hap8 3.2-22 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108-109
58) TRUE ID: hap8 3.2-23 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81
59) B ID: hap8 3.3-1 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 77-79
60) C ID: hap8 3.3-2 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75
61) A ID: hap8 3.3-3 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 85
62) A ID: hap8 3.3-4 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103-104
63) C ID: hap8 3.3-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 71-72; Fig. 3.9
64) A ID: hap8 3.3-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63-64
16
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
65) A ID: hap8 3.3-7 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68
66) D ID: hap8 3.3-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 91; Tbl. 3.3
67) B ID: hap8 3.3-9 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-69
68) C ID: hap8 3.3-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 66-67
69) A ID: hap8 3.3-11 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
70) D ID: hap8 3.3-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81-83
71) C ID: hap8 3.3-13 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75-76
72) D ID: hap8 3.3-14 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 105-106
73) A ID: hap8 3.3-15 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
74) B ID: hap8 3.3-16 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
75) D ID: hap8 3.3-17 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63-67
76) B ID: hap8 3.3-18 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97
77) B ID: hap8 3.3-19 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 89
78) A ID: hap8 3.3-20 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
79) A ID: hap8 3.3-21 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
80) B ID: hap8 3.3-22 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100; Fig. 3.40
17
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
81) B ID: hap8 3.3-23 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76-77
82) D ID: hap8 3.3-24 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76-77
83) A ID: hap8 3.3-25 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-72
84) B ID: hap8 3.3-26 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108
85) D ID: hap8 3.3-27 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
86) C ID: hap8 3.3-28 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84-86
87) C ID: hap8 3.3-29 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 87
88) D ID: hap8 3.3-30 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 95
89) C ID: hap8 3.3-31 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101-105
90) D ID: hap8 3.3-32 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 77-79
91) D ID: hap8 3.3-33 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 62
92) B ID: hap8 3.3-34 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
93) C ID: hap8 3.3-35 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 63-64
94) C ID: hap8 3.3-36 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81; Fig. 3.16
95) A ID: hap8 3.3-37 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
96) C ID: hap8 3.3-38 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86
18
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
97) B ID: hap8 3.3-39 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86-87
98) D ID: hap8 3.3-40 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 89
99) B ID: hap8 3.3-41 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100-101
100) B ID: hap8 3.3-42 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 107
101) A ID: hap8 3.3-43 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 72
102) B ID: hap8 3.3-44 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76-77
103) B ID: hap8 3.3-45 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
104) transfer ID: hap8 3.4-1 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103
105) aquaporins ID: hap8 3.4-2 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70
106) Cytokinesis ID: hap8 3.4-3 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 97
107) interphase ID: hap8 3.4-4 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 95-96; Fig. 3.31
108) histones ID: hap8 3.4-5 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93; Fig. 3.30
109) Microtubules ID: hap8 3.4-6 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
110) mitochondria ID: hap8 3.4-7 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
111) ionic calcium ID: hap8 3.4-8 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 81
112) sodium ID: hap8 3.4-9 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 78-79
19
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
113) exocytosis ID: hap8 3.4-10 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 75
114) hypotonic ID: hap8 3.4-11 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 72; Fig. 3.9
115) connexon ID: hap8 3.4-12 Diff: 1 Points: 1
Page Ref: 67
116) To modify, sort, and package proteins. ID: hap8 3.4-13 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 85
117) Without a nucleus, a cell cannot make proteins, nor can it replace any enzymes or other cell structures (which are continuously recycled). Additionally, such a cell could not replicate. ID: hap8 3.4-14 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 91
118) No. Because they are ive processes that do not require energy, they can occur in the absence of any cellular processes. ID: hap8 3.4-15 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 68-71
119) Both diffusion and active transport mechanisms operate within the cell membrane to maintain a resting membrane potential. ID: hap8 3.4-16 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 78-79
120) The glycocalyx is the sticky, carbohydrate-rich area on the cell surface. It helps bind cells together and provides a highly specific biological marker by which cells can recognize each other. ID: hap8 3.4-17 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
121) The genetic code is the information encoded in the nucleotide base sequence of DNA. A sequence of three bases, called a triplet, specifies amino acid in a protein. The letters of the code are the four nucleotide bases of DNA designated as A, T, C, and G. ID: hap8 3.4-18 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 103; Fig. 3.36
122) Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that cause havoc in any cellular environment by reacting with things they should not. Cells with peroxisomes have enzymes specific to reducing free radicals into less reactive chemicals. ID: hap8 3.4-19 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 87
123) Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of water exerted on the cell membrane. Osmotic pressure is created by different concentrations of molecules in a solution separated by the cell membrane. Because these pressures are exerted on the membrane they can be used by the cell to change the shape of the cell, regulate substances entering and exiting the cell, and bring about the polarity of the cell. ID: hap8 3.4-20 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-71
124) Flu viruses and diphtheria toxins use receptor-mediated endocytosis. The virus can attach to the receptors or to the substances the receptors accept to "hitch a ride" into the cell. ID: hap8 3.4-21 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 76
125) Mitochondria. ID: hap8 3.4-22 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 83
20
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
126) Free ribosomes make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol. Membrane-bound ribosomes produce proteins that are to be used on the cell membrane or exported from the cell. ID: hap8 3.4-23 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 84
127) Some of the peroxisomes are oxidases that use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances. They are very good at neutralizing free radicals. Peroxisomes divide by simply budding. Lysosomes have powerful hydrolytic enzymes that will pretty much destroy anything they come in with. They are manufactured by the Golgi apparatus. ID: hap8 3.4-24 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86-87
128) G1 - growth phase. The cell is metabolically active and the centriole begins to divide at the end of this phase. S - DNA replicates itself. New histones are made and assembled into chromatin. G2 - Enzymes and proteins are synthesized and centriole replication is completed. This is the final phase of interphase. ID: hap8 3.4-25 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 95-96
129) initiation, elongation, transcription ID: hap8 3.4-26 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
130) nuclear regions containing the DNA that issues genetic instructions for synthesizing ribosomal RNA ID: hap8 3.4-27 Diff: 2 Points: 1
Page Ref: 93
131) It is formed by diffusion of ions resulting in ionic imbalances that polarize the membrane. It is maintained by active transport processes. ID: hap8 3.4-28 Diff: 3 Points: 1
132) 1. 2. 3. 4.
Page Ref: 77-79; Fig. 3.15
chemical insults and free radical formation (wear and tear theory) diminished energy production by free radical-damaged mitochondria progressive disorders in the immune system genetic programming
ID: hap8 3.4-29 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 108-109
133) cell injury, cell oxygen deprivation, presence of excessive amounts of vitamin A in the cell ID: hap8 3.4-30 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 86-87
134) Most of the metabolic machinery of the cell is involved in protein synthesis since structural proteins constitute most of the cell dry material and functional proteins direct all cellular activities. ID: hap8 3.4-31 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
135) Exons are amino acid-specifying informational sequences in genes. Introns are noncoding gene segments that provide a reservoir of ready-to-use DNA segments for genome evolution and a source of a large variety of RNA molecules. ID: hap8 3.4-32 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 101
136) They are assemblies of saturated phospholipids associated with sphingolipids and cholesterol. They are concentrating platforms for molecules needed for cell signaling. ID: hap8 3.4-33 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 64
21
Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED4
137) Fluid volume deficit occurs when the body loses both water and electrolytes from the extracellular fluid compartment. Fluid is initially lost from the intravascular compartment. Then fluid is drawn from the interstitial compartment into the intravascular compartment, depleting the interstitial compartment. To compensate for the decreased volume, the body then draws intracellular fluid out of the cells. This could lead to collapse and death. ID: hap8 3.5-1 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
138) An isotonic fluid volume loss occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportion. ID: hap8 3.5-2 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
139) A tap water enema is a hypotonic solution. Based on osmosis, water diffuses to the solution of higher concentration, leading to water intoxication. ID: hap8 3.5-3 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 70-72
140) Ciliated cells that live in the respiratory tract propel mucus, laden with dust particles and bacteria, upward and away from the lungs. If the cilia are paralyzed, bacteria remain in the lungs and may cause infection. ID: hap8 3.5-4 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 90-91
141) Normal cells divide in two distinct eventsmitosis and cytokinesis. Cancer cells divide wildly, which makes them dangerous to their host. ID: hap8 3.5-5 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 100
142) Microtubules determine the overall shape of the cell, among other things. They are dynamic organelles constantly growing from the centrosome, dissembling, and then reassembling. In Alzheimer's disease the structure of the microtubule collapses. ID: hap8 3.5-6 Diff: 3 Points: 1
Page Ref: 88
22
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