Chem 33.1 Exp 1 Lab Report 673v5n

Araniador, Glaicyl Dame Ann B. 2016

Date Performed: January 25,

Bronzal, Lucile A.

Date Submitted: January 29, 2016

Mameloco, Neri May G. EXPERIMENT NO. 1 SOLUBILITY BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS I.

INTRODUCTION

The solubility behavior of an organic compound is one of the most important factors in performing reaction synthesis in molecules. Identifying its behavior is not only essential in performing those reactions but also in recognizing whether a certain solute is soluble on a particular solvent. Organic compounds structures are related to their solubility. Solubility is scientifically defined as the ability of one substance to dissolve within another substance. The simple rule in determining the solubility of a substance to another is “like dissolves like” and it is based on the polarity of the systems. Polar molecules dissolve in polar solvents and non polar molecules dissolve in non polar solvents. The objectives of the experiment are to relate the solubility of organic compound to its structure and to classify the organic compounds as water soluble (S1), ether soluble (S2), strong acid (A1), weak acid (A2), base (B), neutral (N), miscellaneous neutral (M) and inert (I). The following are the organic compounds use in the experiment: Acetone is a colorless flammable organic solvent that dissolves in water. It has a molecular formula of C3H6O. It is naturally produced by plants and tress but sometimes it is also a breakdown product of animal metabolism. Acetone is known to be toxic in high doses (Pubchem, 2016). Aniline is a colorless oily liquid that is miscible with alcohol, benzene, acetone and most organic solvents. It is also capable of being mixed with acids to produce combustible salts. Its molecular formula is C6H7N (Merck, 1983). Benzyl Alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a clear, colorless liquid with a pleasant odor that melts at 15 °C and boils at 205 °C. It is known to have strong polarity and limited water solubility. Generally, it is used as a solvent for inks, paints, epoxy resin coatings and for chemical reaction process as well (ChemicalLand21, 2016). Benzaldehyde (C7H6O), is a clear colorless to yellow liquid that is water insoluble. This organic compound is known to be hazardous in the environment that easily penetrates soil that results to water contamination in nearby waterways (Pubchem, 2016). Benzoic Acid is an organic compound that appears in the form of a crystalline solid with a chemical formula C7H6O2. Its natural source is gum benzoin which comes from certain tree barks. Benzoic acid is serves an important role in the food industry, personal care industry and in medicine as well (APChemistry, 2016). Benzamide is an off-white solid that was derived from benzoic acid containing a chemical formula of C6H5CONH2. It was identified to be slightly water soluble as well as in many organic solvents (European Bioinformatics Institute, 2016). Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol, is one among the many of organic compounds that are generally called alcohol. It has a chemical formula of C2H5OH. Its importance is greatly acknowledged in industrial chemical for it is used as a solvent in synthesizing other organic chemical. It is also water soluble (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016). Hexane (C6H14), is a one among the few isometric volatile liquid alkanes that are usually found in petroleum (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2016).

Phenol is a poisonous crystalline acidic compound that has a chemical formula of C 6H5. It contains Hydroxide molecules that are present in the tars of coal that are used as a disinfectant (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2016). Tert-butyl Chloride, at room temperature exists in the form of a colorless liquid organic compound. It is water soluble and it has a chemical formula of C4H9Cl (Pubchem, 2016). Toluene (C7H8) is a colorless flammable liquid that smells like benzene. It is soluble in acetone, ether, benzene and chloroform but not in water. It is known to be a hazardous air pollutant and toxic air contaminant (Scorecard, 2016). Sucrose or most commonly known as table sugar is a disaccharide (combination of glucose and fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. It often appears as a fine, colorless crystalline powder with sweet taste that is soluble in water. It is well known for its role in human nutrition and is produced by plants (Science of Cooking, 2016).

II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Compound

Structure

H 2O

Ethe r

+

+

5% NaOH

5% NaHC O3

5% HCl

Conc. H2SO4

Solubility Classes

Acetone S1

Aniline -

-

-

M

Benzyl Alcohol

-

-

-

-

I

Benzaldehy de

-

-

-

-

I

-

-

-

-

I

-

-

-

Benzoic acid

Benzamide

Ethyl alcohol

M

+

+

S1

+

+

S1

Hexane

Phenol Tert-butyl chloride

+

+

-

A2

-

S2

Toluene -

-

-

+

N

Sucrose +

+

S1

Table 1.1 Solubility of Organic Compounds in Different Types of Solvents The table above shows the solubility of organic compounds in different types of solvents and the solubility classes where the organic compounds belong. Acetone, ethyl alcohol, hexane and sucrose belong to solubility class S 1 or known as the water and ether soluble compounds. Toluene, a compound that is insoluble in water, NaOH and HCl, but soluble in H2SO4 is labeled as a neutral compound. Neutral compounds are known to be hydrophobic which makes them insoluble in water but soluble in other organic solvents. Tertbutyl chloride is classified in the solubility class S 2 or the compound that is soluble in water but not in ether. Aniline and benzamide are labeled as M where compounds that are insoluble in water and NaOH, soluble in HCl and contain nitrogen or sulfur in its structure belong. Phenol is classified in class A 2 for it is insoluble in water, soluble in NaOH and insoluble in NaHCO 3. Inert compound (I) solubility class is where compounds that are insoluble in water, sulfuric acid and HCl and without nitrogen or sulfur in its structure should be in. In this class includes the compounds benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid based on the result obtained. However, based on the experiment conducted by the Biology students of UP Baguio their results show that acetone, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, sucrose and phenol belong to solubility class S1. While hexane, benzaldehyde and toluene fall to solubility class S 2. On the other hand, benzamide and aniline are under the solubility class N and benzoic acid in solubility class A1. Comparing the data, it was found out that there are certain similarities with the results obtained although there are some discrepancies due to personal and random errors that cannot be avoided while conducting the experiment.

III. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Three kinds of information can be obtained about the organic compounds by testing their solubility in water, 5% sodium hydroxide solution, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, 5% hydrochloric acid solution, and cold concentrated sulfuric acid. First, the presence of a functional group is indicated by their structural formula. Second, solubility in a solvent leads to more detailed information about the functional group. Lastly, water soluble compounds undergo lesser number of tests compared to water insoluble compounds in order to determine their solubility class. Acetone, ethyl alcohol, hexane and sucrose belong to solubility class S 1 while tert-butyl chloride is classified in the solubility class S 2. Aniline and benzamide are labeled as M; toluene in class N and phenol in class A 2. Inert compound (I) solubility class is where benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid fall based on the result obtained.

Also, some of the reagents used are very hazardous in case of skin , eye , ingestion and inhalation. Therefore, proper precautionary measures should be observed when handling those hazardous reagents and should wear suitable protective clothing.

IV. REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY 2016, MSDSonline, Chemical Management, Retrieved at www.msdsonlinedatasheet.combon January 27, 2016 December 6, 2012, Avelino K., Maramba C.N., Morante M., Pablico C.H., Solubility Behavior of Organic Compounds, Retrrieved at www. opencourseware.kfupm.edu on January 27, 2016 n.d., AJM, Classifications of Organic uo.babylon.edu.iq on January 27, 2016. Chem 33.1 Laboratory Manual Chem 33.1 Course Syllabus

compounds

by

Solubility,

Retrieved

at

www.