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Dynamic Reservoir Modelling www.cmgl.ca

Steam, Thermal and Advanced processes Reservoir Simulator

STARS is a thermal, K-value compositional, chemical reaction and geomechanics reservoir simulator ideally suited for advanced modelling of recovery processes involving the injection of steam, solvents, air and chemicals. STARS is the industry’s leading thermal and advanced processes reservoir simulator. Its robust reaction kinetics and geomechanics capabilities make it the most complete and flexible reservoir simulator available for modelling the complex oil and gas recovery processes being studied and implemented today. The following is a general list of reservoir processes being modeled with STARS:

Thermal

Solids Transport & Deposition

• Steam flooding

• Fines transport

• Cyclic Steam

• CHOP (Cold Heavy Oil Production)

• SAGD - (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) • ES-SAGD - (Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) • Thermal VAPEX

- Sand transport and production (Worm-holes) • Asphaltene precipitation, flocculation, deposition and plugging • Wax precipitation

• Hot Water Flooding • Hot Solvent Injection • Combustion (Air Injection) - HTO & LTO (High & Low Temperature Oxidation) - THAI (Toe-to-Heel Air Injection) • Electrical Heating

Geomechanics • Compaction and subsidence • Rock failure • Dilation • Creep

• Differential Temperature Water Injection

Chemical

Naturally and Hydraulically Fractured Reservoir Modelling

• Gellation, simple or multi-stage, multi-component

• Dual porosity

• Foams, Emulsions & Foamy Oil • ASP (Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer) flooding

- Multiple interacting continua - Vertical refinement

• Microbial EOR

• Dual permeability

• VAPEX

• Integrated to Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.’s FraroPT fracture design software

• Low salinity waterflooding • Reservoir souring

• Integrated to Fracture Technologies Ltd’s WellWhiz well, completion and fracture design software

Non Oil & Gas Related Applications of STARS: • • • •

Ground-water movement • Solution mining operations Pollutant clean-up and recovery • Near wellbore exothermic reactions Hazardous waste disposal and re-injection Geothermal reservoir production

STARS

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Advanced Features of STARS include: -Defined Reaction Kinetics STARS allows the to model reaction kinetics for rate, temperature and concentration dependent processes such as combustion or ASP floods. Mass transfer between phases at a rate depending on fluid flow velocity to simulate the formation and/or the breaking of emulsions and foams is possible. Multiple solids reactions can also be modelled.

-Defined Components -defined components can appear in any or all three fluid phases (oil, gas, water) and in an immobile phase (solid, adsorbed liquid, trapped liquid). Each component can be a pure chemical, a combination of several chemicals or a continuum spanning a range of chemicals. A component can also be a specific form of material, such as small gas bubbles entrained in the oil phase, for modelling special processes.

Dispersed Components Model STARS’ dispersed components/stabilized dispersions model provides the underlying structure for modelling components suspended in a carrying phase. This permits the robust modelling of: • polymers & gels • emulsions & foams • suspended fines • asphaltene flocculation, deposition and plugging

Well Modelling – Source/Sink, SemiAnalytical & Descritized models Fully Coupled Wellbore modeling is provided with three implementations: 1. Standard source/sink model 2. Semi-Analytical Wellbore for well bore hydraulics and heat loss 3. Descretized wellbore model for horizontal wells with single or dual circulating streams:

Performance Enhancing Features • DynaGrid (Dynamic Gridding) – fully dynamic grid refinement and amalgamation. This unique feature places small grid blocks in the model where and when required and large blocks throughout the remainder of the model. Typical model run time decreases range from 2 to 5 times. • Parrallel Processing – multi-U parrallel processing is ed providing significant decreases in model run times. CMG’s unique parallellization method enables ANY model to be parallellized regardless of the complexity of the grid or the location of wells. • ParaDyne – this powerful combination of parallel processing and dynamic gridding multiplies the run time reduction factors from both options, resulting in reductions of 3 to 30 times depending on model parameters and number of U’s utilized.

• Fundamental Grid options: Cartesian, Corner-Point, Cylindrical, & fully unstructured

BUILDER Pre-Processing Applications

• Local Grid Refinement (LGR) in Cartesian, Corner-Point, Cylindrical, and mixed coordinates. • Dynamic Gridding (DynaGrid) – fully dynamic and recurrent refinement and amalgamation • 9 point, 5 point methodologies

IMEX IMplicit-EXplicit Black Oil Simulator

Comprehensive Rock-Fluid Interaction Definition In addition to standard relative permeability and capillary pressure functions, STARS also provides multiple sets of rock-fluid data for interpolating over local component composition, interfacial tension, and/or capillary number.

STARS Steam, Thermal and Advanced process ReservoirSimulator

Geomechanical Model • • • • • • • • • • • •

3D and 2D Geomechanics formulation standard elastic/plastic treatment dilation/recompaction compaction/rebound surface subsidence/uplift elastic/plastic deformation creep shear dilatancy strain hardening wellbore loading/unloading effect of stress on permeability geomechanics in dual permeability systems

GEM Compositional Simulator

WINPROP Phase Behavior Analysis

Multiple Platform , Windows, Linux, UNIX

- viscous pressure drop

STARS s the following Operating Systems Windows XP (32 bit and x64) Linux: Red Hat 7.3 (32 bit) and Red Hat Enterprise 3.0 (64 bit) IBM AIX 5L (5.1 & higher)

- conductive heat flow

TECHNOLOGY LAUNCHER

Gridding Options

- long transient response times - multi-phase flow patterns

CMG’s Suite of Integrated Modelling Tools

RESULTS Post-Processing Applications

• Multi-Phase Injectors – injection of multiple fluids • Multi-Lateral Wells

For more information or to arrange a demonstration of STARS capabilities in your office, any of the CMG Marketing and Sales offices worldwide: Head Office: (Calgary, Canada) 1-403-531-1300 Fax: 1-403-289-8502 Email: [email protected]

Dynamic Reservoir Modelling www.cmgl.ca

Beijing, China 86-10-6209-8540

Caracas, Venezuela 58-212-993-3990

Houston, U.S.A. 1-281-872-8500

London, U.K. 44-1491-832-447