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Distillation of Alcoholic Beverage
Racquel Isada*, Jannah Juan, Moses Koh, and Hedder Lim Department of Chemistry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
Abstract Distillation is the separation of liquids into their components. A 25 mL sample of GSM Blue was used for % ethanol determination. In simple distillation, the amount of ethanol collected at 95°C was 9.5 mL. In fractional distillation, the amount of ethanol collected at 95°C was 10 mL. The % yield of ethanol in simple distillation was 38% while the % yield of ethanol in fractional distillation was 40%.
Keywords: alcoholic beverage, boiling point, distillation (types and application and set-up), liquid-vapor phase diagram, distillation curve
Introduction Distillation is the process by which the components of a mixture are separated from each other based on differences in their boiling points. (Klein, 2012) There are two kinds of distillation: simple distillation and fractional distillation. Physically, the difference between the two is that fractional distillation makes use of a fractionating column while simple distillation does not. A fractionating column separates a liquid into its component parts effectively. Petroleum and alcohol are two common substances that are used in distillation experiments. In this experiment, alcohol will be the substance used in distillation. Alcohol has made a huge impact on our culture in many ways. It is used as a preservative and as a solvent. It is also used for medical and recreational purposes. One example of using alcohol as a preservative is when fixing a specimen on a glass slide for viewing. Absolute alcohol is used in order to avoid degradation of the tissue or specimen. Alcohol is also used as a solvent. The hydroxide found in alcohols is hydrophilic, making it useful for dissolving polar substances, but the carbon is hydrophobic. Thus, the longer the carbon chain, the less is its power as a solvent. In the medical field, alcohol is being used as an effective disinfectant. Finally, alcohol is used recreationally in the form of alcoholic beverages. These beverages may take on different forms such as vodka, gin, rum, whisky, or beer. Ethanol, also known as pure alcohol, is often found in alcoholic beverages. The amount of ethanol in alcoholic beverages may range from 3% to 40%. Although alcoholic beverages are taken recreationally, too much of it can cause detrimental effects on the health of the person drinking it. In the experiment, the students
will be taking a 25 mL sample of GSM blue and using both simple and fractional distillation in order to find out the % ethanol present in the sample. By the end of the experiment, the students expect to accomplish the following objectives: 1) separate ethanol from alcoholic beverage; 2) calculate % ethanol in alcoholic beverage; and 3) compare and simple and fractional distillation. Results and Discussion
Test
Volume
tube #
(mL)
Simple Distillation Temperature
Flammability
(°C)
Fractional Distillation Temperature
Flammability
(°C)
1
0
67
+
64
+
1
0.5
73
+
72
+
2
0.5
76
+
76
+
3
0.5
77
+
78
+
4
0.5
78
+
79
+
5
0.5
79
+
79
+
6
0.5
79
+
79.5
+
7
0.5
79
+
79.5
+
8
0.5
79
+
79.8
+
9
0.5
80
+
80
+
10
0.5
81
+
80
+
11
0.5
81.5
+
80.5
+
12
0.5
82
+
81
+
13
0.5
83
+
82
+
14
0.5
83.5
+
83
+
15
0.5
84.5
+
86
+
16
0.5
86
+
89
+
17
0.5
87
+
90.5
+
18
0.5
88
+
92
+
19
0.5
89
+
93
+
20
0.5
90.5
−
95
+
21
0.5
92.5
−
NA
NA
22
0.5
94
−
NA
NA
23
0.5
95
−
NA
NA
Table 1. Record of Temperatures for Simple and Fractional Distillation and Results of the Flammability Test for Simple and Fractional Distillation
Table 1 shows the results of Simple and Fractional distillation when the sample was subjected to distillation and the flammability test. For a more constructive discussion, the results for simple distillation will be discussed first, and the results for fractional distillation will be discussed after.
Simple Distillation In the first test tube, the temperature recorded after one drop was placed in the test tube was 67°C. When the same test tube was filled up to the 0.5 mL mark, the temperature was 73°C. The temperature of the second test tube was 76°C. The third test tube had a temperature of 77°C. The fourth test tube had a temperature of 78°C. In the fifth to eight test tubes, all had a temperature of 79°C. The ninth test tube had a temperature of 80°C. The tenth test tube had a temperature of 81°C. The 11th test tube had a temperature of 81.5°C. The 12th test tube had a temperature of 82°C. The 13th test tube had a temperature of 83°C. The 14th test tube had a temperature of 83.5°C. The 15th test tube had a temperature of 84.5°C. The 16th test tube had a temperature of 86°C. The 17th test tube had a temperature of 87°C. The 18th test tube had a temperature of 88°C. The 19th test tube had a temperature of 89°C. Test tube 20 had a temperature of 90.5°C. Test tube 21 had a temperature of 92.5°C. Test tube 22 had a temperature of 94°C. Finally, test tube 23 had a temperature of 95°C. Test tubes 1 to 19 tested positive on the flammability test while test tubes 20 to 23 tested negative on the flammability test. Ethanol is a very volatile and flammable substance. When simple distillation was performed on a sample of alcohol, the samples collected were all flammable until the 20th test tube. This means that only water was left in the sample and that all the ethanol has been distilled. Therefore, the computed % ethanol in the 25 mL sample using simple distillation would be:
Fractional Distillation In fractional distillation, one drop of the distillate had a temperature of 64°C. When the same test tube was filled until the 0.5 mL mark, the temperature was 72°C. The second test tube had a temperature
of 76°C. the third test tube had a temperature of 78°C. The fourth and fifth test tubes both had a temperature of 79°C. the sixth and seventh test tubes both had a temperature of 79.5°C. The eighth test tube had a temperature of 79.8°C. The ninth and tenth test tubes had a temperature of 80°C. The 11th test tube had a temperature of 80.5°C. the 12th test tube had a temperature of 81°C. the 13th test tube had a temperature of 82°C. The 14th test tube had a temperature of 83°C. The 15th test tube had a temperature of 86°C. The 16th test tube had a temperature of 89°C. The 17th test tube had a temperature of 90.5°C. The 18th test tube had a temperature of 92°C. The 19th test tube had a temperature of 93°C. Lastly, the 20th test tube had a temperature of 95°C. All 20 test tubes tested positive in the flammability test. This gives us the following % ethanol:
Looking at the results in the flammability test of the test tubes that underwent fractional distillation on table 1, one can notice that no test tube tested negative. This could result in an error in the % ethanol computed for fractional distillation. The flammability test is used in order to determine whether there is still ethanol present in the sample. Since the last test tube still tested positive, this means that the last test tube still had ethanol present and there is no guarantee that all ethanol has been distilled from the sample.
100 95
Temperature (° C)
90 85 80
Simple Distillation
75
Fractional Distillation
70 65 60 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Volume of Distillate (mL)
Figure 1. Distillation Curve for Simple and Fractional Distillation
As seen in figure 1, a Volume versus Temperature plot was created for both simple and fractional distillation. Both line graphs exhibit a directly proportional relationship between temperature and the volume of the distillate. At first glance, the difference between simple and fractional distillation may lie only on a small piece of apparatus called the fractionating column, but the results they give and their uses are very different. Simple distillation is often used when the boiling points of the two substances have a difference greater than 70°C. On the other hand, fractional distillation is used when the two substances being separated have a small difference in their boiling point. In this experiment, the two substances being separated are ethanol and water. Ethanol has a boiling point of 78.37°C and water has a boiling point of 99.98°C. Seeing as the difference between their boiling points is only 21.51°C, fractional distillation is more appropriate for the distillation of alcohol. Unfortunately, the results for fractional distillation did not give an exact % ethanol because of the uncertainty that all ethanol has been distilled, as explained previously.
Experimental Procedure Prior to the experiment, 20 test tubes were pen-marked at the 0.5 mL volume. Then, the set-ups for simple and fractional distillation were prepared. 25 mL of the sample beverage was collected and 3 pieces of boiling chips were placed in the distilling flask. The flask was heated with a Bunsen flame as the Bunsen burner was constantly rotated around the flask. 0.5 mL distillate was collected in separate penmarked test tubes and the temperature was recorded when each fraction was collected. Distillation was stopped when the temperature reached 95°C. For the flammability test, the contents of each test tube were poured into a watch glass. The liquid was ignited with a match. If the liquid ignited, the flammability was recorded with a + sign. If the liquid did not ignite, the flammability was recorded with a – sign. References Klein, D. (2012). Organic chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Racquel Isada*, Jannah Juan, Moses Koh, and Hedder Lim Department of Chemistry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
Abstract Distillation is the separation of liquids into their components. A 25 mL sample of GSM Blue was used for % ethanol determination. In simple distillation, the amount of ethanol collected at 95°C was 9.5 mL. In fractional distillation, the amount of ethanol collected at 95°C was 10 mL. The % yield of ethanol in simple distillation was 38% while the % yield of ethanol in fractional distillation was 40%.
Keywords: alcoholic beverage, boiling point, distillation (types and application and set-up), liquid-vapor phase diagram, distillation curve
Introduction Distillation is the process by which the components of a mixture are separated from each other based on differences in their boiling points. (Klein, 2012) There are two kinds of distillation: simple distillation and fractional distillation. Physically, the difference between the two is that fractional distillation makes use of a fractionating column while simple distillation does not. A fractionating column separates a liquid into its component parts effectively. Petroleum and alcohol are two common substances that are used in distillation experiments. In this experiment, alcohol will be the substance used in distillation. Alcohol has made a huge impact on our culture in many ways. It is used as a preservative and as a solvent. It is also used for medical and recreational purposes. One example of using alcohol as a preservative is when fixing a specimen on a glass slide for viewing. Absolute alcohol is used in order to avoid degradation of the tissue or specimen. Alcohol is also used as a solvent. The hydroxide found in alcohols is hydrophilic, making it useful for dissolving polar substances, but the carbon is hydrophobic. Thus, the longer the carbon chain, the less is its power as a solvent. In the medical field, alcohol is being used as an effective disinfectant. Finally, alcohol is used recreationally in the form of alcoholic beverages. These beverages may take on different forms such as vodka, gin, rum, whisky, or beer. Ethanol, also known as pure alcohol, is often found in alcoholic beverages. The amount of ethanol in alcoholic beverages may range from 3% to 40%. Although alcoholic beverages are taken recreationally, too much of it can cause detrimental effects on the health of the person drinking it. In the experiment, the students
will be taking a 25 mL sample of GSM blue and using both simple and fractional distillation in order to find out the % ethanol present in the sample. By the end of the experiment, the students expect to accomplish the following objectives: 1) separate ethanol from alcoholic beverage; 2) calculate % ethanol in alcoholic beverage; and 3) compare and simple and fractional distillation. Results and Discussion
Test
Volume
tube #
(mL)
Simple Distillation Temperature
Flammability
(°C)
Fractional Distillation Temperature
Flammability
(°C)
1
0
67
+
64
+
1
0.5
73
+
72
+
2
0.5
76
+
76
+
3
0.5
77
+
78
+
4
0.5
78
+
79
+
5
0.5
79
+
79
+
6
0.5
79
+
79.5
+
7
0.5
79
+
79.5
+
8
0.5
79
+
79.8
+
9
0.5
80
+
80
+
10
0.5
81
+
80
+
11
0.5
81.5
+
80.5
+
12
0.5
82
+
81
+
13
0.5
83
+
82
+
14
0.5
83.5
+
83
+
15
0.5
84.5
+
86
+
16
0.5
86
+
89
+
17
0.5
87
+
90.5
+
18
0.5
88
+
92
+
19
0.5
89
+
93
+
20
0.5
90.5
−
95
+
21
0.5
92.5
−
NA
NA
22
0.5
94
−
NA
NA
23
0.5
95
−
NA
NA
Table 1. Record of Temperatures for Simple and Fractional Distillation and Results of the Flammability Test for Simple and Fractional Distillation
Table 1 shows the results of Simple and Fractional distillation when the sample was subjected to distillation and the flammability test. For a more constructive discussion, the results for simple distillation will be discussed first, and the results for fractional distillation will be discussed after.
Simple Distillation In the first test tube, the temperature recorded after one drop was placed in the test tube was 67°C. When the same test tube was filled up to the 0.5 mL mark, the temperature was 73°C. The temperature of the second test tube was 76°C. The third test tube had a temperature of 77°C. The fourth test tube had a temperature of 78°C. In the fifth to eight test tubes, all had a temperature of 79°C. The ninth test tube had a temperature of 80°C. The tenth test tube had a temperature of 81°C. The 11th test tube had a temperature of 81.5°C. The 12th test tube had a temperature of 82°C. The 13th test tube had a temperature of 83°C. The 14th test tube had a temperature of 83.5°C. The 15th test tube had a temperature of 84.5°C. The 16th test tube had a temperature of 86°C. The 17th test tube had a temperature of 87°C. The 18th test tube had a temperature of 88°C. The 19th test tube had a temperature of 89°C. Test tube 20 had a temperature of 90.5°C. Test tube 21 had a temperature of 92.5°C. Test tube 22 had a temperature of 94°C. Finally, test tube 23 had a temperature of 95°C. Test tubes 1 to 19 tested positive on the flammability test while test tubes 20 to 23 tested negative on the flammability test. Ethanol is a very volatile and flammable substance. When simple distillation was performed on a sample of alcohol, the samples collected were all flammable until the 20th test tube. This means that only water was left in the sample and that all the ethanol has been distilled. Therefore, the computed % ethanol in the 25 mL sample using simple distillation would be:
Fractional Distillation In fractional distillation, one drop of the distillate had a temperature of 64°C. When the same test tube was filled until the 0.5 mL mark, the temperature was 72°C. The second test tube had a temperature
of 76°C. the third test tube had a temperature of 78°C. The fourth and fifth test tubes both had a temperature of 79°C. the sixth and seventh test tubes both had a temperature of 79.5°C. The eighth test tube had a temperature of 79.8°C. The ninth and tenth test tubes had a temperature of 80°C. The 11th test tube had a temperature of 80.5°C. the 12th test tube had a temperature of 81°C. the 13th test tube had a temperature of 82°C. The 14th test tube had a temperature of 83°C. The 15th test tube had a temperature of 86°C. The 16th test tube had a temperature of 89°C. The 17th test tube had a temperature of 90.5°C. The 18th test tube had a temperature of 92°C. The 19th test tube had a temperature of 93°C. Lastly, the 20th test tube had a temperature of 95°C. All 20 test tubes tested positive in the flammability test. This gives us the following % ethanol:
Looking at the results in the flammability test of the test tubes that underwent fractional distillation on table 1, one can notice that no test tube tested negative. This could result in an error in the % ethanol computed for fractional distillation. The flammability test is used in order to determine whether there is still ethanol present in the sample. Since the last test tube still tested positive, this means that the last test tube still had ethanol present and there is no guarantee that all ethanol has been distilled from the sample.
100 95
Temperature (° C)
90 85 80
Simple Distillation
75
Fractional Distillation
70 65 60 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
Volume of Distillate (mL)
Figure 1. Distillation Curve for Simple and Fractional Distillation
As seen in figure 1, a Volume versus Temperature plot was created for both simple and fractional distillation. Both line graphs exhibit a directly proportional relationship between temperature and the volume of the distillate. At first glance, the difference between simple and fractional distillation may lie only on a small piece of apparatus called the fractionating column, but the results they give and their uses are very different. Simple distillation is often used when the boiling points of the two substances have a difference greater than 70°C. On the other hand, fractional distillation is used when the two substances being separated have a small difference in their boiling point. In this experiment, the two substances being separated are ethanol and water. Ethanol has a boiling point of 78.37°C and water has a boiling point of 99.98°C. Seeing as the difference between their boiling points is only 21.51°C, fractional distillation is more appropriate for the distillation of alcohol. Unfortunately, the results for fractional distillation did not give an exact % ethanol because of the uncertainty that all ethanol has been distilled, as explained previously.
Experimental Procedure Prior to the experiment, 20 test tubes were pen-marked at the 0.5 mL volume. Then, the set-ups for simple and fractional distillation were prepared. 25 mL of the sample beverage was collected and 3 pieces of boiling chips were placed in the distilling flask. The flask was heated with a Bunsen flame as the Bunsen burner was constantly rotated around the flask. 0.5 mL distillate was collected in separate penmarked test tubes and the temperature was recorded when each fraction was collected. Distillation was stopped when the temperature reached 95°C. For the flammability test, the contents of each test tube were poured into a watch glass. The liquid was ignited with a match. If the liquid ignited, the flammability was recorded with a + sign. If the liquid did not ignite, the flammability was recorded with a – sign. References Klein, D. (2012). Organic chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
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