E-numbers q2r2t
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E-numbers http://www.food-info.net/uk/qa/qa-fi45.htm
Which E-numbers and additives are from animal origin ? In this document we list which E-numbers may be derived from animal origin. In many cases the origin of the product may be either from animal or non-animal sources. This is especially the case for those additives that contain fatty acids. These are normally of plant origin, but animal origin cannot be excluded. As the products are chemically identical, only the produces can give information on the exact origin. Each religious (Muslim, Jew, Hindu or other) or other group (vegetarians, vegans) can use the list below to determine whether or not to accept the additive. E-number Name
Origin
E120
Carmine, Cochineal
Colour isolated from the insects Coccus cacti
E322
Lecithine
Soy beans and for some purposes from chicken eggs.
430
Polyoxyethylene(8) stearate Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this table.
E431
Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate
E432
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Lauric acid is a fatty acid. See note below this monolaurate table.
E433
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Oleic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this mono-oleate table.
E434
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Palmitic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this monopalmitate table.
E435
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this monostearate table.
E436
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this tristearate table.
441 (invalid)
Gelatin
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used. Halal gelatin is available in specialised shops.
E470
Fatty acid salts
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this table.
E471
Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E472
Esters of mono- and diglycerides
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E473
Sugar esters of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E474
Sugarglycerides
Combination of sugar and fatty acids. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E475
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E477
Propyleneglycol esters of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
478
Mixture of glycerol- and propyleneglycol esters of lactic acid and fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E479 and 479b
Esterified soy oil
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E481/2
Natrium/Calciumstearoyllactylate
Mixture of lactic acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E483
Stearyltartrate
Mixture of tartaric acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
484
Stearylcitrate
Mixture of citric acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E485
Gelatine
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used. Halal gelatin is available in specialised shops.
E491-5
Combinations of sorbitol and fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
542
Edible bone phosphate
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used.
E570-73
Stearic acid and stearates
Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this table.
E626-29
Guanylic acid and guanylatens
Mainly from yeast, also from sardines and meat.
E630-35
Inosinic acid and inosinates Mainly from meat and fish, also made with bacteria.
(invalid number)
636, 637
Maltol and Isomaltol
From malt (barley), sometimes also from heating milk sugar.
E640
Glycin
Mainly from gelatine (see 441 above), also synthetically.
E901
Bees wax
Made by bees, but does not contain insects.
E904
Shellac
Natural polymer derived from certain species of lice from India. Insects get trapped in the resin.
913
Lanolin
A wax from sheep. It is excreted by the skin of the sheep and extracted from the wool.
920-21
Cystein en cystin
Derived from proteins, including animal protein and hair.
E966
Lactitol
Made from milk sugar
1000
Cholic acid
From beef (bile)
E1105
Lysozym
From chicken eggs
Fatty acids Fats, whether from plant or animal origin, consist of glycerol and generally 3 fatty acids. Fats can enzymatically be split in fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids can be purified and reconnected to glycerol as mono- di- of triglycerides (glycerol with 1, 2 or 3 fatty acids respectively). Many additives consist of these semi-natural fats, which act as emulsifiers. These semi-natural fats are degraded and metabolise din the body, just like normal fat. Chemically the fatty acids from animal or plant origin are identical. Therefore the origin is of no importance for the function in the food. Producers thus normally choose the cheapest oils to make these fats. This is generally some vegetable oil. However, animal fats can not be excluded. Unfortunately it is not possible to distinguish animal and vegetable fatty acids in the final product. Only the producer can provide information on the origin. As there is a risk for animal fats, Jews, Muslims, Hindus and vegans should avoid these products, unless the origin is mentioned by the producer. Other common ingredients of animal origin : Casein and caseinate
A protein from cow's milk
Gelatin
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used. Halal and kosher gelatin is available in specialised shops.
Lactose
Sugar from cow's milk
Omega-3-fatty acids
From fish, seals and soy.
Whey and wheypowder
A fraction of milk, see also here.
(Whey, wheypowder and cheese may not be halal when the animal that provided the rennet to clot the milk, is not slaughtered according to Islamic rules. Only the producer can provide the information on the status of these products.)
Overview of additives and ingredients that are often mentioned as being from animal origin: E101
Riboflavin (lactoflavin)
Yellow food colour. It can be isolated from milk, but commercially produced from micro-organisms. Isolation from milk is too expensive.
E153
Carbon
Prepared from charcoal from burned wood. Can be obtained from burned animals, but this is no longer done.
E161g Canthaxanthin
Colour prepared from mushrooms or synthetically from carotene. Historically it was also prepared from shrimp waste or flaming feathers. Synthetic cantaxanthin is cheaper and has higher purity.
E270
Lactic acid and lactates
Made by bacterial fermentation on sugar waste (molasses). It is not present in milk. All fermented products (dairy and nondairy) contain lactic acid as the result of bacterial fermentation. Commercially only prepared from sugar.
E306, 307, 308
Tocopherols (vitamin E)
From vegetable oils. Also in animal (fish) oils but these oils are too expensive. Fish oils are, however, used as a source in food supplements, but not in foods, due to the strong flavour.
E325-7 Lactates
See E270 above.
375
Nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) From yeast. Production from liver is too expensive.
E422
Glycerol
E476
Polyglycerolpolyricinoleate Synthetic vegetable fat.
Part of animal and vegetable fat. Commercially made synthetically from petroleum.
E620-5 Glutamates.
Commercially only made from sugar by bacterial fermentation or from seaweed. Theoretically from any protein, but that is too expensive.
E927b Ureum
Synthetic. Can be isolated from urine, but too complicated and expensive.
-
Commercially only made by bacterial fermentation. Isolation from meat is too expensive, due to the very low concentrations.
Vitamin B12
Which E-numbers are halal and haram ? Which E-numbers are allowed by Islam ? Which products contain ethanol and are haram ? These three questions are related and are discussed here combined.
Forbidden additives The list of really prohibited E-numbers is very short; E120 and E904 as these are made of or contain insects. E901 is made by insects, like honey, but does not contain insects and thus is generally considered halal. All other E-numbers are basically permitted and also widely used in Islamic countries. However, this does not mean that all additives are always halal. In many additives fatty acids are used in the production. And it is a matter of concern for many Muslims where these come from. If these are from plant origin, they are halal, if they are from animal origin they may be halal or haram, depending on the animal, see also below. Chemically they are identical, from the chemical composition it can not be determined whether animal or vegetable fat has been used. Only the producer and/or ingredient supplier is able to provide this information. Another complication is that additives can be listed by their chemical name or by their (E-) number. In the EU the producer has to provide the name or the number or both. Outside the EU many countries use the same numbering system, but generally without the E, and in other countries only the chemical names are used. The list of additives that may be of animal origin, or may contain fatty acids that may have been derived from animal origin, can be found here. In that list also the chemical name is provided.
Fatty acids Fats, whether from plant or animal origin, consist of glycerol and generally 3 fatty acids. Fats can be split in fatty acids and glycerol (the same reaction also takes place in the intestine when fats are digested). The fatty acids can be purified and reconnected to glycerol as mono- di- of triglycerides (glycerol with 1, 2 or 3 fatty acids respectively). Many additives consist of these semi-natural fats, which act as emulsifiers. These semi-natural fats are degraded and metabolised in the body, just as normal fat. Chemically the fatty acids from animal or plant origin are identical. Therefore the origin is of no importance for the function in the food. Producers thus normally choose the cheapest oils to make these fats. This is generally some vegetable oil, which makes the additives halal. However, animal fats can not be excluded and thus the same additive may be sometimes haram.
Discussion In the Islamic world there are several additional discussions on additives containing fatty acids. Here we will mention the two points of issue, but, unless there is agreement among Islamic scholars, we do not further elaborate on the arguments of all parties concerned. The first issue is the presence of animal fatty acids. If this fatty acid originates from pork, it is generally considered haram. If it is from other animals, it is generally considered halal. However, there is a discussion whether animal fat from other animals as pigs, is halal when the animal is not slaughtered in the prescribed Islamic way. The second issue is whether the presence of fatty acids originally derived from pork, makes the additives haram. The final additive, as present in the products, is not present in pork (it is not a
natural component) and thus is not by definition haram. The first issue limits the use of many additives and/or complicates the matter for many Muslims, the second discussion actually makes it easier for many Muslims to choose products.
Alcohol and ethanol According to Islam the use of alcohol is forbidden, as it may influence the mind of the person and thus his behaviour. Unfortunately when the Quran was written, the word alcohol did mean only ethanol. Nowadays, chemically, alcohol means all chemical components with an -OH (or alcohol) group. Unfortunately in common daily language, alcohol means either ethanol, or any drink with a certain percentage of ethanol. For religious purposes and in daily life ethanol and alcohol thus are identical, but for chemists ethanol is just one of many alcohols. Ethanol is produced during the fermentation of a product by (mainly) yeasts. In most cases this results in very low percentages, and these are not influencing the brain. In products such as bread, yoghurt, kefir and similar, ethanol is produced during the production. Still, these products are halal, as the percentage of alcohol in the final product is extremely low. It is impossible to get drunk from these products. In those cases where sufficient amounts of alcohol are produced, such as wine, beer and spirits, the percentages are high enough to get drunk, these products thus are haram. Vinegar is a product which is traditionally prepared from wine or other fermented liquids. During the fermentation, the ethanol is converted by the bacteria into acetic acid. The final vinegar thus contains only traces of ethanol. Again, you can not get drunk from vinegar, and vinegar is considered halal. Modern vinegar can also be made chemically and never contained ethanol. Traditional vinegar thus is often referred to as wine vinegar or similar, which may be confusing. Wine vinegar does not contain wine or ethanol, it simply indicates that is is made of wine and not made chemically. Sugar alcohols are sweeteners, also known als polyols. This category includes sorbitol, xylitol and a number of other products, all with a name ending on -itol. These products are made of sugars and chemically the aldehyde or ketone group in the sugar is converted into an alcohol group ( =O is converted into -OH). Here alcohol stands for the chemical group and has nothing to do with ethanol, the forbidden form of alcohol. Sugar alcohols thus are halal. http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e100-200.htm
E100- E200 Food Colours Number
Name
Function
E100
Curcumin
Orange-yellow colour
E100(ii)
Turmeric
Orange-yellow colour
E101
Riboflavin
Yellow colour, vitamin B2
E101(ii)
Riboflavin- 5'- Phosphate
Yellow colour, vitamin B2
E102
Tartrazine
Yellow colour, azo dye
E104
Quinoline Yellow
Green-yellow colour, synthetic
E106
Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate
Yellow colour, vitamin B2
E107
Yellow 2G
Yellow colour, azo dye
E110
Sunset Yellow FCF
Yellow colour, azo dye
E120
Carmine, Cochineal
Red colour, natural
E122
Azorubine
Red colour, azo dye
E123
Amaranth
Red colour, azo dye
E124
Ponceau 4R
Red colour, azo dye
E127
Erythrosine
Red colour, synthetic
E128
Red 2G
Red colour, synthetic
E129
Allura Red AC
Red colour, azo dye
E131
Patent Blue V
Blue colour, synthetic
E132
Indigotine
Blue colour, synthetic
E133
Brilliant Blue FCF
Blue colour, synthetic
E140
Chlorophylls
Green colour, natural
E141
Copper complexes of chlorophyll
Green colour, synthetic
E142
Green S
Green colour, synthetic
E150a-d
Caramel
Brown colour
E151
Brilliant black BN
Black colour, azo dye
E153
Carbon
Natural black colour
E154
Brown FK
Brown colour, azo dye
E155
Brown HT
Brown colour, azo dye
E160a
Alfa-, Beta- and Gamma- Carotene
Natural orange-yellow colour
E160b
Annatto, Bixin, Norbixin
Natural yellow colour
E160c
Bell pepper (Paprika) extract
Natural orange colour
E160d
Lycopene
Natural red colour
E160e
Beta-apo-8'-carotenal
Natural orange-yellow colour
E160f
Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid
Natural orange-yellow colour
E161a
Flavoxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161b
Lutein
Natural, yellow colour
E161c
Cryptoxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161d
Rubixanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161e
Violaxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161f
Rhodoxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161g
Canthaxanthin
Natural, orange colour
E161h
Citranaxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E162
Beetroot extract
Natural red colour
E163
Anthocyanins
Natural red-purple colours
E170
Calcium carbonate
White colour
E171
Titanium dioxide
White colour
E172
Iron oxides
Natural red-brown colour
E173
Aluminium
Metal (colour)
E174
Silver
Metal (colour)
E175
Gold
Metal (colour)
E180
Lithol Rubine BK
Red colour, azo dye
181
Tannins
Yellow-white colour and flavour
E200- E300 Preservatives Number
Name
Function
E200
Sorbic acid
Natural preservative
E201
Sodium sorbate / Sorbic acid sodium salt
Synthetic preservative
E202
Potassium sorbate
Synthetic preservative
E203
Calcium sorbate
Synthetic preservative
E210
Benzoic acid
Natural preservative
E211
Sodium benzoate / Benzoic acid sodium salt
Synthetic preservative
E212
Potassium benzoate / Benzoic acid potassium salt
Synthetic preservative
E213
Calcium benzoate / Benzoic acid calcium salt
Synthetic preservative
E214
Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Synthetic preservative
E215
Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt
Synthetic preservative
E216
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Synthetic preservative
E217
Sodium salt of E216
Synthetic preservative
E218
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Synthetic preservative from benzoic acid
E219
Sodium salt of E218
Synthetic preservative from benzoic acid
E220
Sulphur dioxide
Natural preservative
E221
Sodium sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E222
Sodium hydrogen sulphite
Synthetic preservative; bleach
E223
Sodium metabisulphite
Synthetic preservative; anti oxidant
E224
Potassium metabisulphite
Synthetic preservative
225
Potassium sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E226
Calcium sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E227
Calcium hydrogen sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E228
Potassium hydrogen sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E230
Biphenyl
Synthetic preservative
E231
2-hydroxybiphenyl
Synthetic preservative
E232
Sodium biphenyl-2-yl oxide
Synthetic preservative
E233
2-(Thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazole
Synthetic preservative
E234
Nisin
Natural antibiotic
E235
Pimaracin
Natural antibiotic
236
Formic acid
Natural acid, preservative
237
Sodium formate
Natural salt, preservative
238
Calcium formate
Natural salt, preservative
E239
Hexamine
Synthetic preservative
240
Formaldehyde
Preservative
E242
Dimethylcarbonate
Synthetic preservative
E249
Potassium nitrite
Natural salt, preservative
E250
Sodium nitrite
Natural salt, preservative
E251
Sodium nitraite
Natural salt, preservative
E252
Potassium nitrate
Natural salt, preservative
E260
Acetic acid
Natural acid, preservative
E261
Potassium acetate
Preservative, natural salt
E262
Sodium acetate
Preservative, natural salt
E263
Calcium acetate
Preservative, natural salt
E270
Lactic acid
Natural acid
E280
Propionic acid
Natural acid
E281
Sodium propionate
Natural salt
E282
Calcium propionate
Natural salt
E283
Potassium propionate
Natural salt
E284
Boric acid
Natural acid
E285
Sodium tetraborate
Natural acid
E290
Carbon dioxide
Natural gas
E296
Malic acid
Acid
E297
Fumaric acid
Natural acid
E300- E400 Permitted Anti-oxidants, emulsifiers and stabilisers Number
Name
Function
E300
L- Ascorbic acid
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin C
E301
Sodium L-ascorbate
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin C
E302
Calcium L-ascorbate
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin C
E304
6-0-palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E306
Extracts of tocopherols
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E307
alfa- Tocopherol
Synthetic anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E308
gamma-Tocopherol
Synthetic anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E309
delta- Tocopherol
Synthetic anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E310
Propyl gallate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E311
Octyl gallate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E312
Dodecyl gallate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
313
Thiodipropionic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
314
Guaiac Gum
Natural anti-oxidant
E315
Erythorbic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E316
Sodium erythorbate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
319
Butylhydroxinon
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E320
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E321
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E322
Lecithin
Natural emulsifier
E325
Sodium lactate
Sodium salt of lactic acid
E326
Potassium lactate
Potassium salt of lactic acid
E327
Calcium lactate
Calcium salt of lactic acid
E330
Citric acid
Acidity regulators
E331
Sodium citrates
Acidity regulators
E332
Potassium citrates
Acidity regulators
E333
Mono, di, and Tri- Calcium citrate
Acidity regulators
E334
L-(+)- tartaric acid
Natural acid
E335
mono/di Sodium L-(+)- tartrate
Salt of tartaric acid
E336
monoPotassium L-(+)- tartrate
Salt of tartaric acid
E337
Potassium sodium L-(+)- tartrate
Salt of tartaric acid
E338
Phosphoric acid
Buffers
E339
Sodium orthophosphates
Buffers
E340
Potassium orthophosphates
Buffers
E341
Calcium orthophosphates
Buffers
343
Magnesium orthophosphates
Buffers
E350
Sodium malate
Sodium salt of malic acid
E351
Potassium malate
Potassium salt of malic acid
E352
Calcium malate
Calcium salt of malic acid
E353
meta tartaric acid
Natural acid
E354
Calcium tartarate
Natural preservative
E355
Adipic acid
Natural acid
E356
Sodium adipate
Acidity regulator
E357
Potassium adipate
Acidity regulator
E363
Succinic acid
Natural acid
365
Sodium fumarate
Acidity regulator
370
1,4-Heptonolactone
Synthetic acid
375
Nicotinic acid
B vitamin, colour protector
E380
triAmmonium citrate
Synthetic salt of citric acid
381
Ammonium ferric citrate
Synthetic salt of citric acid
E385
Calcium disodium ethylenediamine
Sequestrant, chelating substance
386
EDTA: Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate
Synthetic stabiliser
387
Oxystearin
Stabiliser
388
Thiodipropionic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E400- E500 Emulsifiers and thickening agents Number Name
Function
E400
Alginic acid
Natural thickening agent
E401
Sodium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E402
Potassium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E403
Ammonium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E404
Calcium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E405
Propane-1, 2-diol alginate
Derived of alginic acid
E406
Agar
Natural thickening agent
E407
Carrageenan
Natural thickening agent
408
Furcelleran
Natural thickening agent
E410
Locust bean gum
Natural thickening agent
E411
Oat Gum
Natural thickening agent
E412
Guar Gum
Natural thickening agent
E413
Tragacanth
Natural thickening agent
E414
Gum Arabic
Natural thickening agent
E415
Xanthan gum
Natural thickening agent
E416
Karaya gum
Natural thickening agent
E417
Tara gum
Natural thickening agent
E418
Gellan gum
Natural thickening agent
E420
Sorbitol
Natural sugar alcohol
E421
Mannitol
Natural sugar alcohol
E422
Glycerol
Natural alcohol
430
Polyoxyethylene(8) stearate
E431
Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate
Synthetic emulsifier
E432
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monolaurate
Synthetic emulsifier
E433
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan mono-oleate
Synthetic emulsifier
E434
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monopalmitate
Synthetic emulsifier
E435
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monostearate
Synthetic emulsifier
E436
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan tristearate
Synthetic emulsifier
E440
Pectin
Natural thickening agent
441
Gelatin (no longer valid)
Natural thickening agent
E442
Ammonium phosphatides
Synthetic emulsifier
E450
Di- and polyphosphates
Salt of phosphoric acid
E451
Triphosphates
Salt of phosphoric acid
E452
Polyphosphates
Salt of phosphoric acid
E460
Cellulose
Natural fibre, thickening agent
E461
Methyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
462
Ethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E463
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E464
Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E465
Methylethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E466
Carboxymethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E470
Fatty acid salts
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E471
Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E472
Esters of mono- and diglycerides
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E473
Sugar esters of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E474
Sugarglycerides
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E475
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E476
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E477
Propyleneglycol esters of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E478
Mixture of glycerol- and propyleneglycol esters of lactic acid and fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E479
Esterified soy oil
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
480
Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate
Synthetic emulsifier
E481
Sodium stearoyl lactate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E482
Calcium stearoyl lactate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E483
Stearyl tartrate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
484
Stearyl citrate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E485
Renamed as 441
490
Propylene glycol
solvent
E491
Sorbitane mono stearate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E492
Sorbitane tri stearate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E493
Sorbitane mono laurate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E494
Sorbitane mono oleate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E495
Sorbitane mono palmitate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E500- E600 Additives with different functions Number
Name
Function
E500
Sodium carbonate
Base
E501
Potassium carbonate
Base
E503
Ammonium carbonate
Base
E504
Magnesium carbonate
Alkali, anti-caking agent
505
Ferro carbonate
Acidity regulator
E507
Hydrochloric acid
acid
E508
Potassium chloride
Salt substitude
E509
Calcium chloride
Sequestrant, firming agent
510
Ammonium chloride
Yeast food, flavour
E511
Magnesium chloride
Acidity regulator
E512
Stannous chloride
Anti-oxidant
E513
Sulphuric acid
Acid
E514
Sodium sulphate
Acid, diluent
E515
Potassium sulphate
Salt substitude
E516
Calcium sulphate
Firming agent
E517
Ammonium sulphate
Stabiliser
518
Magnesium sulphate
Dietary supplement
E520
Aluminium sulphate
Clarification agent
E521
Aluminium sodium sulphate
Acidity regulator
E523
Aluminium ammonium sulphate
Stabiliser
E524
Sodium hydroxide
Base, colour solvent
E525
Potassium hydroxide
Base
E526
Calcium hydroxide
Firming agent
E527
Ammonium hydroxide
Base
E528
Magnesium hydroxide
Base
E529
Calcium oxide
Alkali
E530
Magnesium oxide
Anti caking agent, alkali
E535
Sodium ferrocyanide
Anti caking agent
E536
Potassium ferrocyanide
Anti caking agent
537
Ferrohexacyanomanganate
Anti-caking agent
E538
Calcium ferrocyanide
Anti-caking agen
539
Sodium thiosulphate
Anti-oxidant
540
Dicalcium pyrophosphate (now E450)
Raising agent
E541
Sodium aluminium phosphate
Raising agent
542
Edible bone phosphate
Anti caking agent
543
Sodium calcium polyphosphate
Emulsifier
544
Calcium polyphosphates
Emulsifier
545
Ammonium polyphosphates
Emulsifier
546
Magnesium pyrophosphate
Emulsifier
550
Sodium silicates
Anti-caking agent
E551
Silicium dioxide
Anti caking agent
E552
Calcium silicate
Anti caking agent
E553
Magnesium silicate
Anti caking agent
E554
Aluminium sodium silicate
Anti caking agent
E555
Aluminium potassium silicate
Anti caking agent
E556
Aluminium calcium silicate
Anti caking agent
557
Zinc silicate
Anti caking agent
E558
Bentonite
Anti caking agent
E559
Kaolin
Anti caking agent
E570
Stearic acid
Anti caking agent
571
Ammonium stearate
Anti caking agent
572
Magnesium stearate
Anti caking agent
573
Aluminium stearate
Anti caking agent
E574
Gluconic acid
Sequestrant
E575
D-glucono-1, 5-lactone
Sequestrant
E576
Sodium gluconate
Sequestrant
E577
Potassium gluconate
Sequestrant
E578
Calcium gluconate
Firming agent, sequestrant
E579
Ferro gluconate
Colour and nutrient
E585
Ferro lactate
Nutrient
E600-700 Flavour enhancers Number
Name
Function
E620
Glutamic acid
Flavour enhancer
E621
Mono sodium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E622
Mono potassium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E623
Calcium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E624
Ammonium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E625
Magnesium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E626
Guanylic acid
Flavour enhancer
E627
Sodium guanylate
Flavour enhancer
E628
Di-potassium guanylate
Flavour enhancer
E629
Calcium guanylate
Flavour enhancer
E630
Inosinic acid
Flavour enhancer
E631
Sodium inosinate
Flavour enhancer
E632
Di-potassium inosinate
Flavour enhancer
E633
Calcium inosinate
Flavour enhancer
E634
Calcium ribonucleotides
Flavour enhancer
E635
Di-sodium ribonucleotides
Flavour enhancer
636
Maltol
Flavour enhancer
637
Ethylmaltol
Flavour enhancer
E640
Glycine and sodium glycinate
Nutrient
E700- E800 Antibiotics Number
Name
Function
E710
Spiramycins
Antibiotic
E713
Tylosin
Antibiotic
E900-1000 Additives with different functions Number
Name
Function
E900
Dimethyl-polysiloxane
Anti-foaming agent
E901
Bees wax
Coating, glazing agent
E902
Candilla wax
Coating, glazing agent
E903
Canauba wax
Coating, glazing agent
E904
Lac, Shellac
Coating, glazing agent
905
Paraffine, Vaseline
Coating, glazing agent
906
Gum benzoic
Flavour, coating
907
Micro-crystalline wax
Coating, glazing agent
908
Rice bran wax
Coating, glazing agent
E912
Montan acid esters
Coating, glazing agent
913
Lanoline
Coating, glazing agent
E914
Oxidized polyethylene wax
Coating, glazing agent
915
Esters of Colophane
Stabiliser, flavour
E920
L-Cysteine
Bread enhancer
E921
L-Cystine
Bread enhancer
922
Potassium persulphate
Bread enhancer
923
Ammonium persulphate
Bread enhancer
924
Potassium bromates (invalid number)
Flour bleaching agent
925
Chlorine
Flour bleaching agent
926
Chlorodioxide
Bleaching agent and preservative
E927a
Azodicarbonamide
Bread enhancer
E927b
Urea
Buffer
928
Benzoylperoxide
Bread enhancer
930
Calciumperoxide
Bread enhancer
E938
Argon
Propellant
E939
Helium
Propellant
E940
Dichlorodifluormethane
Propellant, anti-freeze
E941
Nitrogen
Propellant
E942
Nitrous oxides
Propellant
E943
Butane, isobutane
Propellant
E944
Propane
Propellant
E948
Oxygen
Propellant
E949
Hydrogen
Propellant
E950
Acesulfame K
Sweetener
E951
Aspartame
Sweetener
E952
Cyclamates
Sweetener
E953
Isomalt
Sweetener
E954
Sacharine
Sweetener
E955
Sucralose
Sweetener
E957
Thaumatine
Sweetener
E959
Neohesperidin
Sweetener
E962
Salt of aspartame-acesulfame
Sweetener
E965
Maltitol
Sweetener
E966
Lactitol
Sweetener
E967
Xylitol
Sweetener
E999
Quillaia extract
Foaming agent
E1000- E1300 Additives with different functions Number
Name
Function
1000
Cholic acid
Emulsifier
E1105
Lysozyme
Preservative
E1200
Polydextrose
Thickening agent
E1201
Polyvinylpyrrolidon
Thickening agent, stabiliser
E1202
insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidon
Clarifying agent
E1400- E1500 Modified starches Number Name
Function
1400
Dextrins
Thickening agent
1401
Acid treated starch
Thickening agent
1402
Alkaline treated starch
Thickening agent
1403
Bleached starch
Thickening agent
E1404
Oxidised starch
Thickening agent
E1410
mono-starch phosphate
Thickening agent
1411
Di-starch glycerol
Thickening agent
E1412
Di-starch phosphates
Thickening agent
E1413
Phosphatylated di-starch phosphate
Thickening agent
E1414
Acetylated di-starch phosphate
Thickening agent
E1420
Starch acetate
Thickening agent
1421
Starch acetate
Thickening agent
E1422
Acetylated di-starch adipate
Thickening agent
1423
Acetylated di-starch glycerol
Thickening agent
E1440
Hydroxypropylstarch
Thickening agent
1441
Hydroxypropyl-di-starchglycerol
Thickening agent
E1442
Hydroxypropyl-di-starchphosphate
Thickening agent
E1450
Starch sodium octenyl succinate
Thickening agent
E 1500-1525 Artificial flavours and flavour solvents. Number
Name
Function
1501
Benzylated hydrocarbons
Flavours
1502
Butane-1,3-diol
Flavour solvent
1503
Castor Oil
Flavour and solvent
1504
Ethyl acetate
Flavour solvent
E1505
Triethyl citrate
Flavour solvent
1516
Glycerol monoacetate
Flavour solvent
1517
Glycerol diacetate
Flavour solvent
E1518
Glycerol triacetate
Flavour solvent
1520
Propylene glycol
Solvent for anti-oxidants
1525
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
Thickening agent
Which E-numbers and additives are from animal origin ? In this document we list which E-numbers may be derived from animal origin. In many cases the origin of the product may be either from animal or non-animal sources. This is especially the case for those additives that contain fatty acids. These are normally of plant origin, but animal origin cannot be excluded. As the products are chemically identical, only the produces can give information on the exact origin. Each religious (Muslim, Jew, Hindu or other) or other group (vegetarians, vegans) can use the list below to determine whether or not to accept the additive. E-number Name
Origin
E120
Carmine, Cochineal
Colour isolated from the insects Coccus cacti
E322
Lecithine
Soy beans and for some purposes from chicken eggs.
430
Polyoxyethylene(8) stearate Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this table.
E431
Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate
E432
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Lauric acid is a fatty acid. See note below this monolaurate table.
E433
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Oleic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this mono-oleate table.
E434
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Palmitic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this monopalmitate table.
E435
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this monostearate table.
E436
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this tristearate table.
441 (invalid)
Gelatin
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used. Halal gelatin is available in specialised shops.
E470
Fatty acid salts
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this table.
E471
Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E472
Esters of mono- and diglycerides
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E473
Sugar esters of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E474
Sugarglycerides
Combination of sugar and fatty acids. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E475
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E477
Propyleneglycol esters of fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
478
Mixture of glycerol- and propyleneglycol esters of lactic acid and fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E479 and 479b
Esterified soy oil
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E481/2
Natrium/Calciumstearoyllactylate
Mixture of lactic acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E483
Stearyltartrate
Mixture of tartaric acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
484
Stearylcitrate
Mixture of citric acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid. For fatty acids, see note below this table.
E485
Gelatine
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used. Halal gelatin is available in specialised shops.
E491-5
Combinations of sorbitol and fatty acids
For fatty acids, see note below this table.
542
Edible bone phosphate
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used.
E570-73
Stearic acid and stearates
Stearic acid is a fatty acid. See note below this table.
E626-29
Guanylic acid and guanylatens
Mainly from yeast, also from sardines and meat.
E630-35
Inosinic acid and inosinates Mainly from meat and fish, also made with bacteria.
(invalid number)
636, 637
Maltol and Isomaltol
From malt (barley), sometimes also from heating milk sugar.
E640
Glycin
Mainly from gelatine (see 441 above), also synthetically.
E901
Bees wax
Made by bees, but does not contain insects.
E904
Shellac
Natural polymer derived from certain species of lice from India. Insects get trapped in the resin.
913
Lanolin
A wax from sheep. It is excreted by the skin of the sheep and extracted from the wool.
920-21
Cystein en cystin
Derived from proteins, including animal protein and hair.
E966
Lactitol
Made from milk sugar
1000
Cholic acid
From beef (bile)
E1105
Lysozym
From chicken eggs
Fatty acids Fats, whether from plant or animal origin, consist of glycerol and generally 3 fatty acids. Fats can enzymatically be split in fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids can be purified and reconnected to glycerol as mono- di- of triglycerides (glycerol with 1, 2 or 3 fatty acids respectively). Many additives consist of these semi-natural fats, which act as emulsifiers. These semi-natural fats are degraded and metabolise din the body, just like normal fat. Chemically the fatty acids from animal or plant origin are identical. Therefore the origin is of no importance for the function in the food. Producers thus normally choose the cheapest oils to make these fats. This is generally some vegetable oil. However, animal fats can not be excluded. Unfortunately it is not possible to distinguish animal and vegetable fatty acids in the final product. Only the producer can provide information on the origin. As there is a risk for animal fats, Jews, Muslims, Hindus and vegans should avoid these products, unless the origin is mentioned by the producer. Other common ingredients of animal origin : Casein and caseinate
A protein from cow's milk
Gelatin
From animal bones. Since the BSE crisis mainly from pork, but other animal bones are used. Halal and kosher gelatin is available in specialised shops.
Lactose
Sugar from cow's milk
Omega-3-fatty acids
From fish, seals and soy.
Whey and wheypowder
A fraction of milk, see also here.
(Whey, wheypowder and cheese may not be halal when the animal that provided the rennet to clot the milk, is not slaughtered according to Islamic rules. Only the producer can provide the information on the status of these products.)
Overview of additives and ingredients that are often mentioned as being from animal origin: E101
Riboflavin (lactoflavin)
Yellow food colour. It can be isolated from milk, but commercially produced from micro-organisms. Isolation from milk is too expensive.
E153
Carbon
Prepared from charcoal from burned wood. Can be obtained from burned animals, but this is no longer done.
E161g Canthaxanthin
Colour prepared from mushrooms or synthetically from carotene. Historically it was also prepared from shrimp waste or flaming feathers. Synthetic cantaxanthin is cheaper and has higher purity.
E270
Lactic acid and lactates
Made by bacterial fermentation on sugar waste (molasses). It is not present in milk. All fermented products (dairy and nondairy) contain lactic acid as the result of bacterial fermentation. Commercially only prepared from sugar.
E306, 307, 308
Tocopherols (vitamin E)
From vegetable oils. Also in animal (fish) oils but these oils are too expensive. Fish oils are, however, used as a source in food supplements, but not in foods, due to the strong flavour.
E325-7 Lactates
See E270 above.
375
Nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) From yeast. Production from liver is too expensive.
E422
Glycerol
E476
Polyglycerolpolyricinoleate Synthetic vegetable fat.
Part of animal and vegetable fat. Commercially made synthetically from petroleum.
E620-5 Glutamates.
Commercially only made from sugar by bacterial fermentation or from seaweed. Theoretically from any protein, but that is too expensive.
E927b Ureum
Synthetic. Can be isolated from urine, but too complicated and expensive.
-
Commercially only made by bacterial fermentation. Isolation from meat is too expensive, due to the very low concentrations.
Vitamin B12
Which E-numbers are halal and haram ? Which E-numbers are allowed by Islam ? Which products contain ethanol and are haram ? These three questions are related and are discussed here combined.
Forbidden additives The list of really prohibited E-numbers is very short; E120 and E904 as these are made of or contain insects. E901 is made by insects, like honey, but does not contain insects and thus is generally considered halal. All other E-numbers are basically permitted and also widely used in Islamic countries. However, this does not mean that all additives are always halal. In many additives fatty acids are used in the production. And it is a matter of concern for many Muslims where these come from. If these are from plant origin, they are halal, if they are from animal origin they may be halal or haram, depending on the animal, see also below. Chemically they are identical, from the chemical composition it can not be determined whether animal or vegetable fat has been used. Only the producer and/or ingredient supplier is able to provide this information. Another complication is that additives can be listed by their chemical name or by their (E-) number. In the EU the producer has to provide the name or the number or both. Outside the EU many countries use the same numbering system, but generally without the E, and in other countries only the chemical names are used. The list of additives that may be of animal origin, or may contain fatty acids that may have been derived from animal origin, can be found here. In that list also the chemical name is provided.
Fatty acids Fats, whether from plant or animal origin, consist of glycerol and generally 3 fatty acids. Fats can be split in fatty acids and glycerol (the same reaction also takes place in the intestine when fats are digested). The fatty acids can be purified and reconnected to glycerol as mono- di- of triglycerides (glycerol with 1, 2 or 3 fatty acids respectively). Many additives consist of these semi-natural fats, which act as emulsifiers. These semi-natural fats are degraded and metabolised in the body, just as normal fat. Chemically the fatty acids from animal or plant origin are identical. Therefore the origin is of no importance for the function in the food. Producers thus normally choose the cheapest oils to make these fats. This is generally some vegetable oil, which makes the additives halal. However, animal fats can not be excluded and thus the same additive may be sometimes haram.
Discussion In the Islamic world there are several additional discussions on additives containing fatty acids. Here we will mention the two points of issue, but, unless there is agreement among Islamic scholars, we do not further elaborate on the arguments of all parties concerned. The first issue is the presence of animal fatty acids. If this fatty acid originates from pork, it is generally considered haram. If it is from other animals, it is generally considered halal. However, there is a discussion whether animal fat from other animals as pigs, is halal when the animal is not slaughtered in the prescribed Islamic way. The second issue is whether the presence of fatty acids originally derived from pork, makes the additives haram. The final additive, as present in the products, is not present in pork (it is not a
natural component) and thus is not by definition haram. The first issue limits the use of many additives and/or complicates the matter for many Muslims, the second discussion actually makes it easier for many Muslims to choose products.
Alcohol and ethanol According to Islam the use of alcohol is forbidden, as it may influence the mind of the person and thus his behaviour. Unfortunately when the Quran was written, the word alcohol did mean only ethanol. Nowadays, chemically, alcohol means all chemical components with an -OH (or alcohol) group. Unfortunately in common daily language, alcohol means either ethanol, or any drink with a certain percentage of ethanol. For religious purposes and in daily life ethanol and alcohol thus are identical, but for chemists ethanol is just one of many alcohols. Ethanol is produced during the fermentation of a product by (mainly) yeasts. In most cases this results in very low percentages, and these are not influencing the brain. In products such as bread, yoghurt, kefir and similar, ethanol is produced during the production. Still, these products are halal, as the percentage of alcohol in the final product is extremely low. It is impossible to get drunk from these products. In those cases where sufficient amounts of alcohol are produced, such as wine, beer and spirits, the percentages are high enough to get drunk, these products thus are haram. Vinegar is a product which is traditionally prepared from wine or other fermented liquids. During the fermentation, the ethanol is converted by the bacteria into acetic acid. The final vinegar thus contains only traces of ethanol. Again, you can not get drunk from vinegar, and vinegar is considered halal. Modern vinegar can also be made chemically and never contained ethanol. Traditional vinegar thus is often referred to as wine vinegar or similar, which may be confusing. Wine vinegar does not contain wine or ethanol, it simply indicates that is is made of wine and not made chemically. Sugar alcohols are sweeteners, also known als polyols. This category includes sorbitol, xylitol and a number of other products, all with a name ending on -itol. These products are made of sugars and chemically the aldehyde or ketone group in the sugar is converted into an alcohol group ( =O is converted into -OH). Here alcohol stands for the chemical group and has nothing to do with ethanol, the forbidden form of alcohol. Sugar alcohols thus are halal. http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e100-200.htm
E100- E200 Food Colours Number
Name
Function
E100
Curcumin
Orange-yellow colour
E100(ii)
Turmeric
Orange-yellow colour
E101
Riboflavin
Yellow colour, vitamin B2
E101(ii)
Riboflavin- 5'- Phosphate
Yellow colour, vitamin B2
E102
Tartrazine
Yellow colour, azo dye
E104
Quinoline Yellow
Green-yellow colour, synthetic
E106
Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate
Yellow colour, vitamin B2
E107
Yellow 2G
Yellow colour, azo dye
E110
Sunset Yellow FCF
Yellow colour, azo dye
E120
Carmine, Cochineal
Red colour, natural
E122
Azorubine
Red colour, azo dye
E123
Amaranth
Red colour, azo dye
E124
Ponceau 4R
Red colour, azo dye
E127
Erythrosine
Red colour, synthetic
E128
Red 2G
Red colour, synthetic
E129
Allura Red AC
Red colour, azo dye
E131
Patent Blue V
Blue colour, synthetic
E132
Indigotine
Blue colour, synthetic
E133
Brilliant Blue FCF
Blue colour, synthetic
E140
Chlorophylls
Green colour, natural
E141
Copper complexes of chlorophyll
Green colour, synthetic
E142
Green S
Green colour, synthetic
E150a-d
Caramel
Brown colour
E151
Brilliant black BN
Black colour, azo dye
E153
Carbon
Natural black colour
E154
Brown FK
Brown colour, azo dye
E155
Brown HT
Brown colour, azo dye
E160a
Alfa-, Beta- and Gamma- Carotene
Natural orange-yellow colour
E160b
Annatto, Bixin, Norbixin
Natural yellow colour
E160c
Bell pepper (Paprika) extract
Natural orange colour
E160d
Lycopene
Natural red colour
E160e
Beta-apo-8'-carotenal
Natural orange-yellow colour
E160f
Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid
Natural orange-yellow colour
E161a
Flavoxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161b
Lutein
Natural, yellow colour
E161c
Cryptoxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161d
Rubixanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161e
Violaxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161f
Rhodoxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E161g
Canthaxanthin
Natural, orange colour
E161h
Citranaxanthin
Natural, yellow colour
E162
Beetroot extract
Natural red colour
E163
Anthocyanins
Natural red-purple colours
E170
Calcium carbonate
White colour
E171
Titanium dioxide
White colour
E172
Iron oxides
Natural red-brown colour
E173
Aluminium
Metal (colour)
E174
Silver
Metal (colour)
E175
Gold
Metal (colour)
E180
Lithol Rubine BK
Red colour, azo dye
181
Tannins
Yellow-white colour and flavour
E200- E300 Preservatives Number
Name
Function
E200
Sorbic acid
Natural preservative
E201
Sodium sorbate / Sorbic acid sodium salt
Synthetic preservative
E202
Potassium sorbate
Synthetic preservative
E203
Calcium sorbate
Synthetic preservative
E210
Benzoic acid
Natural preservative
E211
Sodium benzoate / Benzoic acid sodium salt
Synthetic preservative
E212
Potassium benzoate / Benzoic acid potassium salt
Synthetic preservative
E213
Calcium benzoate / Benzoic acid calcium salt
Synthetic preservative
E214
Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Synthetic preservative
E215
Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt
Synthetic preservative
E216
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Synthetic preservative
E217
Sodium salt of E216
Synthetic preservative
E218
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Synthetic preservative from benzoic acid
E219
Sodium salt of E218
Synthetic preservative from benzoic acid
E220
Sulphur dioxide
Natural preservative
E221
Sodium sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E222
Sodium hydrogen sulphite
Synthetic preservative; bleach
E223
Sodium metabisulphite
Synthetic preservative; anti oxidant
E224
Potassium metabisulphite
Synthetic preservative
225
Potassium sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E226
Calcium sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E227
Calcium hydrogen sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E228
Potassium hydrogen sulphite
Synthetic preservative
E230
Biphenyl
Synthetic preservative
E231
2-hydroxybiphenyl
Synthetic preservative
E232
Sodium biphenyl-2-yl oxide
Synthetic preservative
E233
2-(Thiazol-4-yl)benzimidazole
Synthetic preservative
E234
Nisin
Natural antibiotic
E235
Pimaracin
Natural antibiotic
236
Formic acid
Natural acid, preservative
237
Sodium formate
Natural salt, preservative
238
Calcium formate
Natural salt, preservative
E239
Hexamine
Synthetic preservative
240
Formaldehyde
Preservative
E242
Dimethylcarbonate
Synthetic preservative
E249
Potassium nitrite
Natural salt, preservative
E250
Sodium nitrite
Natural salt, preservative
E251
Sodium nitraite
Natural salt, preservative
E252
Potassium nitrate
Natural salt, preservative
E260
Acetic acid
Natural acid, preservative
E261
Potassium acetate
Preservative, natural salt
E262
Sodium acetate
Preservative, natural salt
E263
Calcium acetate
Preservative, natural salt
E270
Lactic acid
Natural acid
E280
Propionic acid
Natural acid
E281
Sodium propionate
Natural salt
E282
Calcium propionate
Natural salt
E283
Potassium propionate
Natural salt
E284
Boric acid
Natural acid
E285
Sodium tetraborate
Natural acid
E290
Carbon dioxide
Natural gas
E296
Malic acid
Acid
E297
Fumaric acid
Natural acid
E300- E400 Permitted Anti-oxidants, emulsifiers and stabilisers Number
Name
Function
E300
L- Ascorbic acid
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin C
E301
Sodium L-ascorbate
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin C
E302
Calcium L-ascorbate
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin C
E304
6-0-palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E306
Extracts of tocopherols
Natural anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E307
alfa- Tocopherol
Synthetic anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E308
gamma-Tocopherol
Synthetic anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E309
delta- Tocopherol
Synthetic anti-oxidant, vitamin E
E310
Propyl gallate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E311
Octyl gallate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E312
Dodecyl gallate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
313
Thiodipropionic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
314
Guaiac Gum
Natural anti-oxidant
E315
Erythorbic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E316
Sodium erythorbate
Synthetic anti-oxidant
319
Butylhydroxinon
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E320
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E321
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E322
Lecithin
Natural emulsifier
E325
Sodium lactate
Sodium salt of lactic acid
E326
Potassium lactate
Potassium salt of lactic acid
E327
Calcium lactate
Calcium salt of lactic acid
E330
Citric acid
Acidity regulators
E331
Sodium citrates
Acidity regulators
E332
Potassium citrates
Acidity regulators
E333
Mono, di, and Tri- Calcium citrate
Acidity regulators
E334
L-(+)- tartaric acid
Natural acid
E335
mono/di Sodium L-(+)- tartrate
Salt of tartaric acid
E336
monoPotassium L-(+)- tartrate
Salt of tartaric acid
E337
Potassium sodium L-(+)- tartrate
Salt of tartaric acid
E338
Phosphoric acid
Buffers
E339
Sodium orthophosphates
Buffers
E340
Potassium orthophosphates
Buffers
E341
Calcium orthophosphates
Buffers
343
Magnesium orthophosphates
Buffers
E350
Sodium malate
Sodium salt of malic acid
E351
Potassium malate
Potassium salt of malic acid
E352
Calcium malate
Calcium salt of malic acid
E353
meta tartaric acid
Natural acid
E354
Calcium tartarate
Natural preservative
E355
Adipic acid
Natural acid
E356
Sodium adipate
Acidity regulator
E357
Potassium adipate
Acidity regulator
E363
Succinic acid
Natural acid
365
Sodium fumarate
Acidity regulator
370
1,4-Heptonolactone
Synthetic acid
375
Nicotinic acid
B vitamin, colour protector
E380
triAmmonium citrate
Synthetic salt of citric acid
381
Ammonium ferric citrate
Synthetic salt of citric acid
E385
Calcium disodium ethylenediamine
Sequestrant, chelating substance
386
EDTA: Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate
Synthetic stabiliser
387
Oxystearin
Stabiliser
388
Thiodipropionic acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant
E400- E500 Emulsifiers and thickening agents Number Name
Function
E400
Alginic acid
Natural thickening agent
E401
Sodium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E402
Potassium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E403
Ammonium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E404
Calcium alginate
Natural thickening agent
E405
Propane-1, 2-diol alginate
Derived of alginic acid
E406
Agar
Natural thickening agent
E407
Carrageenan
Natural thickening agent
408
Furcelleran
Natural thickening agent
E410
Locust bean gum
Natural thickening agent
E411
Oat Gum
Natural thickening agent
E412
Guar Gum
Natural thickening agent
E413
Tragacanth
Natural thickening agent
E414
Gum Arabic
Natural thickening agent
E415
Xanthan gum
Natural thickening agent
E416
Karaya gum
Natural thickening agent
E417
Tara gum
Natural thickening agent
E418
Gellan gum
Natural thickening agent
E420
Sorbitol
Natural sugar alcohol
E421
Mannitol
Natural sugar alcohol
E422
Glycerol
Natural alcohol
430
Polyoxyethylene(8) stearate
E431
Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate
Synthetic emulsifier
E432
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monolaurate
Synthetic emulsifier
E433
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan mono-oleate
Synthetic emulsifier
E434
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monopalmitate
Synthetic emulsifier
E435
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monostearate
Synthetic emulsifier
E436
Polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan tristearate
Synthetic emulsifier
E440
Pectin
Natural thickening agent
441
Gelatin (no longer valid)
Natural thickening agent
E442
Ammonium phosphatides
Synthetic emulsifier
E450
Di- and polyphosphates
Salt of phosphoric acid
E451
Triphosphates
Salt of phosphoric acid
E452
Polyphosphates
Salt of phosphoric acid
E460
Cellulose
Natural fibre, thickening agent
E461
Methyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
462
Ethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E463
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E464
Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E465
Methylethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E466
Carboxymethyl cellulose
Semi-synthetic thickening agent
E470
Fatty acid salts
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E471
Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E472
Esters of mono- and diglycerides
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E473
Sugar esters of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E474
Sugarglycerides
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E475
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E476
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E477
Propyleneglycol esters of fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E478
Mixture of glycerol- and propyleneglycol esters of lactic acid and fatty acids
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
E479
Esterified soy oil
Semi-synthetic emulsifiers
480
Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate
Synthetic emulsifier
E481
Sodium stearoyl lactate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E482
Calcium stearoyl lactate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E483
Stearyl tartrate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
484
Stearyl citrate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E485
Renamed as 441
490
Propylene glycol
solvent
E491
Sorbitane mono stearate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E492
Sorbitane tri stearate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E493
Sorbitane mono laurate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E494
Sorbitane mono oleate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E495
Sorbitane mono palmitate
Semi-synthetic emulsifier
E500- E600 Additives with different functions Number
Name
Function
E500
Sodium carbonate
Base
E501
Potassium carbonate
Base
E503
Ammonium carbonate
Base
E504
Magnesium carbonate
Alkali, anti-caking agent
505
Ferro carbonate
Acidity regulator
E507
Hydrochloric acid
acid
E508
Potassium chloride
Salt substitude
E509
Calcium chloride
Sequestrant, firming agent
510
Ammonium chloride
Yeast food, flavour
E511
Magnesium chloride
Acidity regulator
E512
Stannous chloride
Anti-oxidant
E513
Sulphuric acid
Acid
E514
Sodium sulphate
Acid, diluent
E515
Potassium sulphate
Salt substitude
E516
Calcium sulphate
Firming agent
E517
Ammonium sulphate
Stabiliser
518
Magnesium sulphate
Dietary supplement
E520
Aluminium sulphate
Clarification agent
E521
Aluminium sodium sulphate
Acidity regulator
E523
Aluminium ammonium sulphate
Stabiliser
E524
Sodium hydroxide
Base, colour solvent
E525
Potassium hydroxide
Base
E526
Calcium hydroxide
Firming agent
E527
Ammonium hydroxide
Base
E528
Magnesium hydroxide
Base
E529
Calcium oxide
Alkali
E530
Magnesium oxide
Anti caking agent, alkali
E535
Sodium ferrocyanide
Anti caking agent
E536
Potassium ferrocyanide
Anti caking agent
537
Ferrohexacyanomanganate
Anti-caking agent
E538
Calcium ferrocyanide
Anti-caking agen
539
Sodium thiosulphate
Anti-oxidant
540
Dicalcium pyrophosphate (now E450)
Raising agent
E541
Sodium aluminium phosphate
Raising agent
542
Edible bone phosphate
Anti caking agent
543
Sodium calcium polyphosphate
Emulsifier
544
Calcium polyphosphates
Emulsifier
545
Ammonium polyphosphates
Emulsifier
546
Magnesium pyrophosphate
Emulsifier
550
Sodium silicates
Anti-caking agent
E551
Silicium dioxide
Anti caking agent
E552
Calcium silicate
Anti caking agent
E553
Magnesium silicate
Anti caking agent
E554
Aluminium sodium silicate
Anti caking agent
E555
Aluminium potassium silicate
Anti caking agent
E556
Aluminium calcium silicate
Anti caking agent
557
Zinc silicate
Anti caking agent
E558
Bentonite
Anti caking agent
E559
Kaolin
Anti caking agent
E570
Stearic acid
Anti caking agent
571
Ammonium stearate
Anti caking agent
572
Magnesium stearate
Anti caking agent
573
Aluminium stearate
Anti caking agent
E574
Gluconic acid
Sequestrant
E575
D-glucono-1, 5-lactone
Sequestrant
E576
Sodium gluconate
Sequestrant
E577
Potassium gluconate
Sequestrant
E578
Calcium gluconate
Firming agent, sequestrant
E579
Ferro gluconate
Colour and nutrient
E585
Ferro lactate
Nutrient
E600-700 Flavour enhancers Number
Name
Function
E620
Glutamic acid
Flavour enhancer
E621
Mono sodium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E622
Mono potassium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E623
Calcium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E624
Ammonium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E625
Magnesium glutamate
Flavour enhancer
E626
Guanylic acid
Flavour enhancer
E627
Sodium guanylate
Flavour enhancer
E628
Di-potassium guanylate
Flavour enhancer
E629
Calcium guanylate
Flavour enhancer
E630
Inosinic acid
Flavour enhancer
E631
Sodium inosinate
Flavour enhancer
E632
Di-potassium inosinate
Flavour enhancer
E633
Calcium inosinate
Flavour enhancer
E634
Calcium ribonucleotides
Flavour enhancer
E635
Di-sodium ribonucleotides
Flavour enhancer
636
Maltol
Flavour enhancer
637
Ethylmaltol
Flavour enhancer
E640
Glycine and sodium glycinate
Nutrient
E700- E800 Antibiotics Number
Name
Function
E710
Spiramycins
Antibiotic
E713
Tylosin
Antibiotic
E900-1000 Additives with different functions Number
Name
Function
E900
Dimethyl-polysiloxane
Anti-foaming agent
E901
Bees wax
Coating, glazing agent
E902
Candilla wax
Coating, glazing agent
E903
Canauba wax
Coating, glazing agent
E904
Lac, Shellac
Coating, glazing agent
905
Paraffine, Vaseline
Coating, glazing agent
906
Gum benzoic
Flavour, coating
907
Micro-crystalline wax
Coating, glazing agent
908
Rice bran wax
Coating, glazing agent
E912
Montan acid esters
Coating, glazing agent
913
Lanoline
Coating, glazing agent
E914
Oxidized polyethylene wax
Coating, glazing agent
915
Esters of Colophane
Stabiliser, flavour
E920
L-Cysteine
Bread enhancer
E921
L-Cystine
Bread enhancer
922
Potassium persulphate
Bread enhancer
923
Ammonium persulphate
Bread enhancer
924
Potassium bromates (invalid number)
Flour bleaching agent
925
Chlorine
Flour bleaching agent
926
Chlorodioxide
Bleaching agent and preservative
E927a
Azodicarbonamide
Bread enhancer
E927b
Urea
Buffer
928
Benzoylperoxide
Bread enhancer
930
Calciumperoxide
Bread enhancer
E938
Argon
Propellant
E939
Helium
Propellant
E940
Dichlorodifluormethane
Propellant, anti-freeze
E941
Nitrogen
Propellant
E942
Nitrous oxides
Propellant
E943
Butane, isobutane
Propellant
E944
Propane
Propellant
E948
Oxygen
Propellant
E949
Hydrogen
Propellant
E950
Acesulfame K
Sweetener
E951
Aspartame
Sweetener
E952
Cyclamates
Sweetener
E953
Isomalt
Sweetener
E954
Sacharine
Sweetener
E955
Sucralose
Sweetener
E957
Thaumatine
Sweetener
E959
Neohesperidin
Sweetener
E962
Salt of aspartame-acesulfame
Sweetener
E965
Maltitol
Sweetener
E966
Lactitol
Sweetener
E967
Xylitol
Sweetener
E999
Quillaia extract
Foaming agent
E1000- E1300 Additives with different functions Number
Name
Function
1000
Cholic acid
Emulsifier
E1105
Lysozyme
Preservative
E1200
Polydextrose
Thickening agent
E1201
Polyvinylpyrrolidon
Thickening agent, stabiliser
E1202
insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidon
Clarifying agent
E1400- E1500 Modified starches Number Name
Function
1400
Dextrins
Thickening agent
1401
Acid treated starch
Thickening agent
1402
Alkaline treated starch
Thickening agent
1403
Bleached starch
Thickening agent
E1404
Oxidised starch
Thickening agent
E1410
mono-starch phosphate
Thickening agent
1411
Di-starch glycerol
Thickening agent
E1412
Di-starch phosphates
Thickening agent
E1413
Phosphatylated di-starch phosphate
Thickening agent
E1414
Acetylated di-starch phosphate
Thickening agent
E1420
Starch acetate
Thickening agent
1421
Starch acetate
Thickening agent
E1422
Acetylated di-starch adipate
Thickening agent
1423
Acetylated di-starch glycerol
Thickening agent
E1440
Hydroxypropylstarch
Thickening agent
1441
Hydroxypropyl-di-starchglycerol
Thickening agent
E1442
Hydroxypropyl-di-starchphosphate
Thickening agent
E1450
Starch sodium octenyl succinate
Thickening agent
E 1500-1525 Artificial flavours and flavour solvents. Number
Name
Function
1501
Benzylated hydrocarbons
Flavours
1502
Butane-1,3-diol
Flavour solvent
1503
Castor Oil
Flavour and solvent
1504
Ethyl acetate
Flavour solvent
E1505
Triethyl citrate
Flavour solvent
1516
Glycerol monoacetate
Flavour solvent
1517
Glycerol diacetate
Flavour solvent
E1518
Glycerol triacetate
Flavour solvent
1520
Propylene glycol
Solvent for anti-oxidants
1525
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
Thickening agent
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