E111 Asset Tool 8.0 (lte)_original_final 3t6n54

Tigo Bolivia Training of Asset and Capesso by Ishan Marwah 1

© 2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Introductions Welcome

• About me • Ishan Marwah graduated in Electronics and Communication majors of Telecommunications

• With Aircom for over 3+ years, working as Senior Consultant for Pre Sales , Training and Technologies.

• Overall 5 + years in the industry having worked in LTE , UMTS / HSPA and Transmission.

• Previously been with Vodafone. • Now about you • Name • Job you do. • How long you have been working in Telecoms

• What you expect from this training and whether you have worked with Asset 2


Introduction  Welcome, this course is specifically designed for the

Engineers who wish to learn LTE Network planning & deg of using ASSET V8.0 and optimizing the network using CAPESSO V5.11..

 This course is classroom based being covered in 5 days. The day wise schedule is :

Day Day Day Day Day 3

1 2 3 4 5

– – – – –

Monday - Asset LTE Tuesday - Asset LTE Wednesday - Asset LTE Thursday - Capesso Friday - Capesso – Case studies © 2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Course Objectives At the end of this course you’ll be able to: • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

4

Have a basic understanding of the ENTERPRISE database Define new projects or use existing projects Understand how to use the Geographic Information System (GIS) Create and use vectors and polygons Set up an LTE Network Use fields, filters and visualisers Perform coverage planning Model and spread traffic Perform neighbour planning Create and view an Interference Table Perform static frequency planning Plan the Physical Cell IDs Use the Simulator Generate reports


Course Structure Day 1 (AM)

Day 1 (PM)

▪ Introduction to Enterprise

▪ Using the GIS, Visual Tools

▪ Setting up a new project

▪ Vectors and Polygons

▪ Using the GIS, Visual

▪ Setting up a LTE Network

Tools

5



Day 2 (PM)

▪ Setting up a LTE Network

▪ Displaying Coverage

▪ Fields, Filters &

▪ Model and spread traffic

Visualisers

▪ Planning Neighbours

▪ Creating Predictions

6



Day 3 (PM)

▪ Plan Frequencies

▪ Use the Simulator

▪ Plan Physical Cell IDs

▪ Generating Reports

▪ Use the Simulator

▪ Course evaluation and

7


Session 02 Introduction to Enterprise

8


Session Objectives During this session you will learn about:

 The ENTERPRISE tools suite  The ENTERPRISE database and its contents  The two-stage commit concept

9


Introduction to Enterprise  The ENTERPRISE Tools Suite          

10

-

For configuring the database, projects & s

ADVANTAGE -

For automatic cell planning and optimisation

ARRAYWIZARD -

Automated coverage prediction tool

ASSET -

Radio network planning for cellular networks

CONNECT - Transmission and microwave link planning DATASAFE - Configuration management solution DIRECT -

Transmission planning and dimensioning

OPTIMA -

Network performance monitoring

RANOPT -

Drive Test Analysis

WEBWIZARD -

Web-based GIS and report distribution


The Enterprise Database  Integrated solution: 1 Platform, 1 GIS  Oracle 10g/11g Database

 Database contents

 Project definition settings  Network Elements : Properties, eNodeBs, Cells  Frequency Bands, Frame Structures, Carriers  Propagation Models  Neighbours, Antenna radiation patterns etc. MSC

 Database Organisation  Configuration Data  Site Data  Link Data

BSC

Site

Cell

LAC

Prop Model

Antenna Slot

Antenna

SubCell

Chan-to-Car Map

Interference Wgts

ReUse Groups

System Carriers

11

Carrier-layer


The Enterprise Database  Two-stage commit:  Difference Tables: Contain provisional “applied” changes relevant to each .  If a change has been “applied” it can be “restored”.  Commit Tables: Contain the master set of “committed” data accessible to all s.

 The Wastebasket  Two stage delete.  Deletions go to wastebasket.

12


Session 03 Setting up the Project

13


Session Objectives In this session you will learn how to:

 Start the ENTERPRISE suite application  to the ENTERPRISE database  Understand Project Settings  Set up the project with the appropriate co-ordinates and map data directories

14


Launching Enterprise  Starting ENTERPRISE

 Logging into a database

15


Project Settings  Creating a New Project

 

16

 Coordinate System  Map and data directories  Map Data extents  Region Load Starting the project The Message Log


Session 04 Using the GIS and Other Visual Tools

17


Session Objectives During this session you will learn about:

      

18

Opening a new GIS window Displaying different map data categories Using the Zoom and Panning functions Adding tooltips Saving and editing favourites Searching the Map View window with the Quick Finder Using the Map Information window to view map data


Using the GIS Map View  Opening the 2D View window

 Map View toolbar  Displaying Map data  Key/Legend

 Selecting items on the Map & Zooming

19


Distance (Dimensioning) Tool Box with MAP Grid & Scale

20


Using the GIS Map View     

21

Printing Maps 2D View Context menu Screentips,

Favourites, Quick Finder Map View Gadgets


Setting Display characteristics  Display of Sceentips

22


WEB MAP

23


WEB MAP Configuration WMS Services are configured in ENTERPRISE :

24


GIS Export

25


Session 05 Vectors and Polygons

26


Session Objectives In this session you will learn about:

    

27

Creating vector Adding features to a vector Adding attributes to a polygon Viewing attributes

Importing vector/polygon data


Vectors And Polygons  Use of Polygons and Vectors  Vector Manager  Creating a Vectors 1. Create Vector Structure 2. Draw the Vector 3. Assign Attributes values

28


Vectors And Polygons Adding attributes to a Polygon

29


Vectors And Polygons Draw the Vector

30


Vectors And Polygons Draw a Vector

Append Existing polygon

Add Text

Select a shape

Delete a point

Move a shape

Insert a point

Draw a polygon Draw a point

31

Move a point

Delete a Shape

Insert a Point


Vectors And Polygons Assign Attribute Values

32


Vectors And Polygons Creating Holes or Islands for Polygons

33


LTE Air Interface Overview

34


E-UTRAN Architecture • The E-UTRAN has a new element, the eNB, which provides the EUTRA plane and control plane terminations toward the UE. • A new interface called X2 connects the eNodeBs, eliminating the need for RNCs. • The E-UTRAN is connected to the EPC through the S1 interface, which connects the eNBs to the Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving Gateway (S-GW) elements through a “many-tomany” relationship.

35


LTE Functional Elements - eNodeB Scheduling • Dynamic resource allocation to UE’s • Transmission of Pages & broadcast information

Network Access Security (PD) • IP header compression • Ciphering of data stream

Radio Resource Management

EPC Network Selection

• Bearer & ission control • RF Measurement Reporting

• MME Selection at UE attachment • Plane routing to SAE-GW

eNB eNodeB

Combines the functionality of the UMTS NodeB & RNC

36


LTE Functional Elements - MME Mobility • MME Selection for Intra-LTE handovers • SGSN Selection for 3GPP I-RAT Handover

UE Tracking and Reach-ability • Tracking Area List Management (idle or active)

EPC Access • Attachment & Service Request • Security & Authentication

Bearer management

MME

• Dedicated bearer establishment • PDN GW & SAE-GW selection

Mobility Management Entity

Equivalent to the SGSN for the Control Plane

37


LTE Functional Elements – S-GW Local Mobility Anchor for Inter eNB handover

Packet routing & forwarding between EPC & eUTRAN

I-RAT Mobility Anchor Function • 3GPP 2G/3G Handover • Optimized Handover Procedures (e.g. in LTE-CDMA)

Lawful Interception

S-GW SAE Gateway

Equivalent to the SGSN for the Plane

38


LTE Functional Elements – P-GW Charging Policy enforcement (QoS)

UE IP address allocation

Lawful Interception

P-GW PDN Gateway

Mobility Anchor between 3GPP & non-3GPP access systems

Equivalent to the GGSN

39


LTE Radio Key Performance Targets • Peak data rates 20 MHz bandwidth R9 (R10 –100MHz?) • DL: 100 Mbps, UL: 50 Mbps (without using MIMO ) • Uniformity of provision of services • Increased Cell-Edge bit rate (sustain interference) • Mobility • Up to 50 kmph, Optimised for low speeds (0-15 kmph)

• Reduced latency with quick response time • < 100 ms control plane, < 5 ms plane • Coverage (Cell Size)

• 5 to 100 km with slight degradation after 30 km • Multipath Resilience , OFDMA based Air interface • Simplified network architecture (eNB = NB + RRM)

• Reasonable UE power consumption 40


E-UTRA Bands and E-ARFCN

41

E-UTRA Band

Bandwidth UL (MHz)

E-ARFCN UL

Bandwidth DL (MHz)

E-ARFCN DL

Duplex Mode

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1920-1980 1850-1910 1710-1785 1710-1755 824-849 830-840 2500-2570 880-915 1749.9-1784.9 1710-1770 1427.9-1452.9 698-716 777-787 788-798 … 1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930 2570-2620 1880-1920 2300-2400

13000 – 13599 13600 – 14199 14200 – 14949 14950 – 15399 15400 – 15649 15650 – 15749 15750 – 16449 16450 – 16799 16800 – 17149 17150 – 17749 17750 – 17999 18000 – 18179 18180 – 18279 18280 – 18379 … 26000 – 26199 26200 – 26349 26350 – 26949 26950 – 27549 27550 – 27749 27750 – 28249 28250 – 28649 28650 – 29649

2110-2170 1930-1990 1805-1880 2110-2155 869-894 875-885 2620-2690 925-960 1844.9-1879.9 2110-2170 1475.9-1500.9 728-746 746-756 758-768 … 1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930 2570-2620 1880-1920 2300-2400

0 – 599 600 - 1199 1200 – 1949 1950 – 2399 2400 – 2649 2650 – 2749 2750 – 3449 3450 – 3799 3800 – 4149 4150 – 4749 4750 – 4999 5000 – 5179 5180 – 5279 5280 – 5379 … 26000 – 26199 26200 – 26349 26350 – 26949 26950 – 27549 27550 – 27749 27750 – 28249 28250 – 28649 28650 – 29649

FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD … TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD


E-UTRA Bands and Channel Bandwidths ed Channels (non-overlapping) E-UTRA Band

* X 42

Downlink Bandwidth

Channel Bandwidth (MHZ) 1.4 42 53 32 17 25 12 7 7

3 20 23 15 8 11 6 3 3

1 60 2 60 3 75 4 45 5 25 6 10 7 70 8 35 9 35 10 60 11 25 12 18 13 10 14 10 ... 33 20 34 15 35 60 42 20 36 60 42 20 37 20 38 50 39 40 40 100 UE receiver sensitivity can be relaxed Channel bandwidth too wide for the band Not ed

5 12 12 15 9 5 2 14 7 7 12 5 3* 2* 2*

10 6 6 7 4 2* 1* 7 3* 3 6 2* 1* 1* 1*

15 4 4* 5* 3 X 4 2* 4 1* X X

20 3 3* 3* 2 X 3* 1* 3 1* X X X

4 3 12 12 4 10 8 -

2 1 6 6 2 5 4 10

1 1 4 4 1 3 6

1 X 3 3 1 2 5

• E-UTRA bands are regulated to allow operations in only certain set of Channel Bandwidths which are defined as • The RF bandwidth ing a single E-UTRA RF carrier with the transmission bandwidth configured in the UL or DL


RB UL N SC symb

Channel and Transmission Bandwidths Channel Bandwidth (MHz) Transmission Bandwidth configuration (NRB) Transmission Bandwidth (MHz) Bandwidth Efficiency (%)

1.4

3

5

10

15

20

6

15

25

50

75

100

1.08

2.7

4.5

9

13.5

18

77

90

90

90

90

90

Transmission Bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth of an instantaneous transmission from a UE or BS, measured in Resource Blocks (RBs = 180KHz) Any transmission bandwidth ranging from 1 -20 MHz is allowed in steps of 180 kHz (Resource block Configuration)

Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]

Active Resource Blocks 43

Channel edge

Resource block

Channel edge

Transmission Bandwidth [RB]

DC carrier (downlink only)


Multiple Access DL LTE employs OFDM as the basic modulation scheme and multiple access is achieved through: •

OFDMA in the LTE Downlink • A multi-carrier signal with one data symbol per subcarrier • Scalable to wider bandwidths, multipath resilient and better suited for MIMO architecture • Drawback: Parallel transmission of multiple symbols creates undesirable high PAPR

44


Why SC-FDMA • One of the major problems with OFDMA is, that the transformation of a complex symbol (e.g. BPSK, QPSK, etc.) onto a small set of subcarriers produces a quite big ratio between the maximum power and the averaged power (PAPR = Peak-toAverage Power Ratio). • This results in requirements for expensive transmission amplifiers especially on mobile side. It is thus a major design goal to limit this effect. • Another variant of OFDMA is used to reduce the PAPR for lower RF hardware requirements. It is called SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access). • This mechanism can reduce the PAPR of 6..9 dB compared to normal OFDMA. •

45

SC-FDMA is one option in 802.16d and it is the method selected for EUTRAN in the uplink direction.


Multiple Access UL SC-OFDMA in the LTE Uplink • SC-FDMA transmits the four QPSK data symbols from a in series at four times the rate, with each data symbol occupying N x 15 kHz bandwidth. • Signal more like single carrier with each data symbol being represented by one wide symbol • Occupied bandwidth same as OFDMA but crucially, the PAPR is the same as that used for original data symbol

46


Slot Structure and Physical Resources • Resource Grid (RG) • Consisting of subcarriers and symbols in frequency and time domain, respectively. One subcarrier =15 kHz

• Resource Element (RE) • 1 subcarrier X 1 modulated symbol

• Resource Block (RB\PRB) • 12 subcarriers over a slot duration of 0.5 ms. • One subcarrier =15 kHz, thus 180 kHz per RB.

47

Cyclic Prefix

Subcarrier Spacing

Link Direction

# of Symbols

DL DL

# of Subcarrier s 12 12

Normal Extended

15 15

Extended

7.5

DL

24

3

Normal Extended

15 15

UL UL

12 12

7 6

7 6 Bandwidth (MHz) # of RBs

1.4

3

5

10

15

20

6

15

25

50

75

100

Subcarriers

72

180

300

600

900

1200


Reuse of the Guard Period  There is the possibility to use the lost transmission time during the Guard Period by repeating part of the symbol during this period.

 Cyclic Prefix (): The cyclic prefix is filling the final part of the guard period. It simply consists of the last part of the following symbol.

 To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix () is appended as guard time

depending on whether extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured. The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with higher delay spread of the radio channel. T

Tg T

Ts

symbolT

CS

Tg

Ts

symbolT

CS

… time

T 48


OFDMA and Throughputs To symbol rate of 1/15KHz = 66.7us Therefore 15 Kilosymbols per second

For 20Mhz bandwidth (1200 carriers) symbol rate = 1200 x 15= 18Msps

15kHz

66.7us

Each symbol using 64 QAM (6 bits) Total peak rate = 18 Msps x 6 bits = 108Mbps Subtract overhead and coding and add gains (MIMO) Each symbol 2 bits(QPSK), 4 Bits (16 QAM) and 6 bits 64 QAM

49


Physical Channels Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries cell-specific information Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH): Carries the MCH transport channel Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH): For scheduling, ACK/NACK

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH): Payload

DL

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH): Defines # of OFDMA symbols/frame Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH): Carries HARQ ACK/NACK Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH): For Call setup Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH): For scheduling, ACK/NACK

UL

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH): Payload

50


Physical Signals Physical signals handle synchronization, cell identification and channel estimation Downlink • Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH): for cell search and identification by the UE •

Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3 orthogonal sequences)

• Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH): for cell search and identification by the UE •

Carries the remainder of the cell ID (one of 170 binary sequences)

• Reference Signal\Pilot (RS): for DL channel estimation.

• Exact sequence derived for cell ID (one of 3 x 168 = 504 pseudo random sequences)

Uplink • Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS): for synchronization to the UE and UL channel estimation • Sounding Reference Signal (S-RS): to monitor propagation conditions with UE

51


Logical

Transport

Physical DL synch. DL reference

BCCH

BCH

PBCH

PCCH

PCH

PDSCH

DL-SCH

PDCCH

DCCH

PCFICH

CCCH DTCH MTCH

MCCH

MCH

PMCH

UL TrCH

UL-SCH

PUSCH PUCCH Demod. Ref.

RACH

PRACH Sounding Ref.

52 114

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International © 2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Frame Structures • LTE s three frame structures • Type 1-FDD

FDD F -DL

• Type 2-TDD

F -UL

• MBMS\MBSFN

• Type1-FDD (for both Half and full duplex ) • Frame Duration =20 slots, 10 msec • Subframes= 2 consecutive slots, 1msec

10 ms

0

1

2

3

19

One Subframe = 1 mS 53


FDD Frame Structures DL Type1-FDD- Downlink DL Reference Signal (DLRS) • DLRS symbols exist within the 1st and the 3rd last OFDM symbols of each slot and with a frequency-domain spacing of six subcarriers • There is a frequency-domain staggering of three subcarriers between the 1st and 2nd RS symbols DL Control Channels (PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICH) • PHICH carries the Hybrid ARQ ACK/NAKs where as PCFICH carriers the information about the number of OFDM symbols allocated for PDCCH in each subframe • PDCCH is transmitted in the first n OFDM symbols of each subframe, where n≤ 3 • REs reserved for DLRS cannot be used by PDCCH

54


Configuration of Carrier- 1 antenna

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

Specific pre-defined resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the timefrequency domain are carrying the cell-specific reference signal sequence.

55

Downlink reference signal structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 1 antenna. Ref Signal TX1 = 8 for 15Khz spacing



R1

R0

R0

R1

R1

R1

R0

R1

R1 R0

R0

R0

R1

R0

R0

R1


56

Downlink reference signal structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 2 antenna. Ref Signal TX2= 16 for 15Khz spacing



R1

R0

R0

R2

R1

R1

R1

R1

R2

R1

R0

R1

R0

R0

R0

R2

R2 R0

R0

R1


57




R1

R0

R3

R2

R0

R1

R1 R3

R1

R2

R0

R3

R1

R2

R0

R0

R2

R1

R0

R1

R0

R0

R3

R1


58



FDD Frame Structures DL... Type1-FDD-Downlink DL Broadcast & Synchronization Channels • PBCH is transmitted on 4 OFDM symbols in the 1st downlink subframe spanning over the central 6 RBs • REs reserved for DLRS cannot be used by PBCH • P-SCH and S-SCH are transmitted using a single OFDM symbol each, in the 1st and 6th downlink subframe spanning over the central 6 RBs • P-SCH and S-SCH REs do not overlap with the REs reserved for DLRS • Transmission over central 6 RBs ensures detectability without the UE\Terminal having the prior knowledge of the whole system bandwidth

59


Type1-DL Frame

60


FDD Frame Structures UL Type1-FDD- Uplink UL Control Channel • PUCCH transmission in one subframe is compromised of single PRB at or near one edge of the system bandwidth followed by a second PRB at or near the opposite edge of the bandwidth • PUCCH regions depends on the system bandwidth. Typical values are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 for 1.4, 3, 5, 10 and 20 MHz UL Signals(S-RS & DM RS) • S-RS estimates the channel quality required for the UL frequency-selective scheduling and transmitted on 1 symbol in each subframe • DM-RS is associated with the transmission of UL data on the PUSCH and\or control signalling on the PUCCH • mainly used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation • transmitted on 2 symbols in each subframe 61


Type1- UL Frame

62


Session 06 Setting up a LTE Network

63


Session Objectives In this session you will learn about:  Importing and committing antennas into the database  Setting up an appropriate propagation model  Using XML exports and imports  Frame Structures  Frequency Bands  Defining carriers  AAS  How to define a site/node template  Setting the cell parameters in the Site Database  Editing antenna configurations

64


Project Defaults In order to make an ASSET project easy to use right from the start, the following default objects, with preset parameters, are provided:

 Antenna default  Propagation model defaults (450, 900, 1800 and 2100MHz)

 Template defaults (for each technology)  Terminal type default (for each technology)

65


Starting to plan Coverage  Overview of Coverage Prediction requirements  Antennas  Propagation Models  Site templates  eNodeBs and cells  Predicting Coverage

 Importing Antennas: PlaNet/EET format and XML  Import provided XML file and do a Global Commit All

66


Antenna Database Antenna Information and Mask

67


Enhanced Advanced Search Better antenna inventory organization by making use of: 1. Find All Empty Devices

2. Delete All 3. More Advanced Search options, - Include / Exclude patterns - Include patterns for all devices

68


Grouping antenna patterns under device can group antenna patterns from different devices under one device by making use of Advanced Search rules and Group by Antenna Device functionality (data cleanup / organization)

69


Setting up a Propagation Model Propagation models are mathematical attempts to model the real radio environment as closely as possible. Most propagation models need to be tuned (calibrated) by being compared to measured propagation data, otherwise you will not be able to obtain accurate coverage predictions.

70


Std. Macrocell Propagation Model  Asset Standard Macrocell model

PL K1 K 2log (d ) K 3H ms

K 4logH ms

K 5logH eff

K 6log ( H eff )log (d ) K 7(diffraction loss) Clutter loss

71


Recommended Starting Parameters

72

K values

450 MHz

900 MHz

1800 MHz

2000 MHz

2500 MHz

3500 MHz

k1 for LOS

142.3

150.6

160.9

162.5

164.1

167

k2 for LOS

44.9

44.9

44.9

44.9

44.9

44.9

k1 (near) for LOS k2 (near) for LOS d < for LOS

129.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

31.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

k1 for NLOS

142.3

150.6

160.9

162.5

164.1

167

k2 for NLOS

44.9

44.9

44.9

44.9

44.9

44.9

k1 (near) for NLOS k2 (near) for NLOS d < for NLOS

129.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

31.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

k3

-2.22

-2.55

-2.88

-2.93

-3.04

-3.20

k4

-0.8

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

k5

-11.70

-13.82

-13.82

-13.82

-13.82

-13.82

k6

-4.30

-6.55

-6.55

-6.55

-6.55

-6.55

k7

0.4

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8 © 2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

XML Exports and Imports XML import/export is a powerful way of importing a wide variety of project elements, configuration settings and templates. It is especially useful for exporting/importing between projects.

73


MME and SAE-GW Asset for hieratically higher LTE network elements

 Mobility Management Entity (MME)  System Architecture Evolution Gate Way (SAE-GW)  for Logical/Cellular Connections that allow

for the mesh-type parent-child relationships of the LTE Core.  eNodeB can be parented to both an SAEGW and

MME and can be parented to multiple SAEGWs and/or MMEs

74


MME and SAE-GW

75


LTE Frame Structures

76


LTE Frequency Bands

77


LTE Carriers

78


LTE Carriers

79


Interference Co-ordination Schemes To minimize Intercell Interference following frequency reuse schemes are being considered Frequency Reuse-1 with Prioritization • Each sector divides the available bandwidth into prioritized (one third) and nonprioritized (two third) sections disregard of CE or CC. • Prioritized spectrum is used more often than non-prioritized by each sector in order to concentrate the interference that it causes to other sectors

80


Interference Co-ordination Schemes Soft Frequency Reuse • Power difference between the prioritized and non-prioritized spectrum which divides the sector into an inner and an outer region • in the inner region can be reached with reduced power, i.e. Cell Centre s (CCU) than the s in the outer region i.e. Cell Edge s (CEU) • CCU are assigned frequency Reuse-1 while CEU employ Reuse-3 with soft reuse

81


Interference Coordination Schemes Reuse Partitioning • Similar to Soft Frequency Reuse • High-power part is divided between sectors so that each sector gets one third of the highpower spectrum • Low-power part employs frequency Reuse-1 while high-power part is configured with a frequency Reuse-3 with hard reuse.

82


Interference Coordination Schemes

83


MIMO - Transmit Diversity Instead of increasing data rate or capacity, MIMO can be used to exploit diversity and increase the robustness of data transmission. Each transmit antenna transmits essentially the same stream of data, so the receiver gets replicas of the same signal.

010100

010100

T X

R X

SU-MIMO

010100

84


MIMO - Spatial Multiplexing Spatial multiplexing allows an increase in the peak rates by a factor of 2 or 4, depending on the eNodeB and the UE antenna configuration. Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different streams of data, different reference symbols simultaneously on the same resource blocks

010

010100

T X

R X

SU-MIMO

100

85


LTE Downlink Transmission Modes • LTE Rel 8 s DLtransmission on 1, 2, or 4 antenna ports: •

1, 2, or 4 cell-specific reference signals

• each reference signal corresponds to one antenna port

• DL transmission modes are defined for PDSCH (Data\Traffic) • Single antenna (No MIMO)

• Transmit diversity • Open loop Spatial multiplexing

SU-MIMO

• Closed loop spatial multiplexing • Multi MIMO

• Closed-loop precoding for Rank=1 (No spatial Mux, But precode) • Conventional beamforming • UL MIMO Modes • Transmit diversity

• Receive Diversity • MU-MIMO 86


SU-MIMO • This includes conventional techniques such as • Cyclic Delay Diversity • Transmit\Receive diversity (Space frequency block codes)

• Spatial Multiplexing\ Precoded Spatial Multiplexing • Can be implemented as Open and Closed loop • Diversity techniques improves the signal to interference ratio by transmitting same stream of single data. • Spatial multiplexing increases the per data rate\throughput by transmitting multiple streams of data dedicated for a single

87


MU-MIMO • Multiple s (separated in the spatial domain in both UL and DL) sharing the same time-frequency resources • Uses multiple narrow beams to separate s in the spatial domain and can be considered as a hybrid of beamforming and spatial multiplexing. • Serves more terminals by scheduling multiple terminals using the same resources • this increases the cell capacity and number of served terminals • Suitable for highly loaded cells and for scenarios where number of served terminals is more important than peak data rates

88


How AAS Affects Simulations Cell in Site Database (AAS Settings tab)

Look-Up Table (Tab Name)

SU-MIMO - Diversity (downlink) SU-MIMO - Diversity (uplink) SU-MIMO - Multiplexing (downlink)

DL SD SINR Adjustment UL SD SINR Adjustment DL SM Rate Gain

SU-MIMO - Multiplexing (uplink)

Clutter MIMO SINR How a Simulation of Network Parameters Delta Performance is Affected (Column name) Offset on Bearer DL SD SINR Required DL SINR is divided by the Adjustment corresponding table value.* UL SD SINR Required UL SINR is divided by the Adjustment corresponding table value.* DL SM Rate Gain Achievable Data Rate is multiplied Adjustment by the corresponding table value.*

-

DL SM SINR Offsets

SINR Delta for SUMIMO

Required SINR is adjusted by the specified delta value.*

UL SM Rate Gain

UL SM Rate Gain Adjustment

-

Achievable Data Rate is multiplied by the corresponding table value.*

-

SU-MIMO - Adaptive Switching (uplink and/or downlink)** MU-MIMO (uplink and/or downlink)**

UL SM SINR SINR Delta for SURequired SINR is adjusted by the Offsets MIMO specified delta value.* All or any of the above, depending on channel conditions, and/or the cell-specific thresholds, if enabled. -

DL MU-MIMO SINR Offsets and UL MU-MIMO SINR Offsets

SINR Delta for MU-MIMO

The number of served terminals is increased by the factor specified in the Average Co-scheduled Terminals. Also, Required SINR is adjusted by the specified delta value on the bearer.*

89


Order of AAS Modes in the Simulator AAS Modes Enabled

90

Sequence Attempted by Simulator

Sequence Attempted by Simulator if Cell-specific MIMO Threshold(s) are Enabled

SU-MIMO Adaptive Switching

1. SU-MIMO Multiplexing

If Adaptive SU-MIMO RS SNR threshold is enabled:

2. SU-MIMO Diversity

SU-MIMO Multiplexing is employed above the threshold, and then SU-MIMO Diversity below the threshold.

SU-MIMO Diversity and MU-MIMO

1. MU-MIMO

If MU-MIMO RS SNR threshold is enabled:

2. SU-MIMO Diversity

MU-MIMO is employed above the threshold, and then SU-MIMO Diversity below the threshold.

SU-MIMO Multiplexing and MU-MIMO


If MU-MIMO RS SNR threshold is enabled:

2. MU-MIMO

SU-MIMO Multiplexing is employed above the threshold, and then MU-MIMO below the threshold.

SU-MIMO Adaptive Switching and MU-MIMO


If Adaptive SU-MIMO RS SNR and MU-MIMO RS SNR thresholds are enabled:

2. MU-MIMO 3. SU-MIMO Diversity

Initially, SU-MIMO Multiplexing is employed above the Adaptive SU-MIMO RS SNR threshold, then MU-MIMO is employed above the MU-MIMO RS SNR threshold, and finally SU-MIMO Diversity is employed.


Lookup Table for AAS

91


Templates for Sites When planning a network, Instead of setting the parameter values on each node individually, you can define templates, then select one of these templates as a basis for adding new nodes. The new nodes will then contain the default characteristics of the template.

92


Adding Sites/Cells  You can add network elements by using the site

design toolbar in the Map View window and also by using the Site Database window.

 You need the correct privileges to be able to add

and modify network elements. your if you do not have the correct permissions

93


AAS Settings in Site DB

94


LTE Parameters

95


Scheduler Scheduler Round Robin

Proportional Fair

Proportional Demand

Max SINR

96

Description The aim of this Scheduler is to share the available/unused resources equally among the terminals (that are requesting RT services) in order to satisfy their RT-MBR demand. This is a recursive algorithm and continues to share resources equally among terminals, until all RTMBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate. The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources as fairly as possible in such a way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible throughput achievable under the channel conditions. This is a recursive algorithm. The available/unused resources are shared between the RT terminals in proportion to the bearer data rates of the terminals. Terminals with higher data rates get a larger share of the available resources. Each terminal gets either the resources it needs to satisfy its RTMBR demand, or its weighted portion of the available/unused resources, whichever is smaller. This recursive allocation process continues until all RT-MBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate. The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources in proportion to the RT-MBR demand, which means that terminals with higher RT-MBR demand achieve higher throughputs than terminals with lower RT-MBR demand. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process and results in either satisfying the RT-MBR demands of all terminals or the consumption of all of the available/unused resources. The aim of this Scheduler is to maximise the terminal throughput and in turn the average cell throughput. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process where terminals with higher bearer rates (and consequently higher SINR) are preferred over terminals with low bearer rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means that resources are allocated first to those terminals with better SINR/channel conditions than others, thereby maximising the throughput. © 2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

LTE Parameters

97

Load (%)

Interference Margin (dB)

35

1

40

1.3

50

1.8

60

2.4

70

2.9

80

3.3

90

3.7

100

4.2


Instance IDs of Antennas

98


Carried Traffic Analysis

99


Editing Antenna Configuration

100


Session 07 Fields, Filters and Visualisers

101



        102

The purpose and uses of fields How to assign field options to network elements The purpose and uses of filters How to create and define dynamic filters How to create and define static filters

How to use the selection expert The purpose of visualisers How to create visualisers


Status Fields in ENTERPRISE  Enables Project Managers to manage and oversee the

progression of the network  Can set up any number of fields to be associated with objects  Can be used when creating filters

103


Status Fields in ENTERPRISE

104


Filters in Enterprise Filters provide a logical grouping of network elements according to their characteristics or functions. They enable you to sub-divide the network into more manageable sections for analysis, diagnosis and display.

 Static Filters

 Static lists of objects specified by the

 Dynamic Filters

 The included objects will constantly update as he Network evolves.

105


Use of Filters  Limit the list of network elements displayed in the Site Database  Determine which network elements appear in the Map View  Allow customised appearance of different filters in the Map View  Control which items are to be included in the various wizards  Selects items to be included in any global edits in the Site DB  Limit which items to include in the various reports

106


Creating Filters

107


Selection Filter and Selection Expert Selection Filter

 Is a static filter that exists only in memory. It is not stored in the database and therefore cannot be Applied or Committed.

 Can be renamed and saved as a normal static filter. Selection Expert

 Allow populate selection filter by choosing elements individually in the Site Database or Map View, or by creating in the Map View a polygonal, circular or rectangular area that contains the sites you want.

 Acts as a handy clipboard - to easily allow you to cut and paste

network elements between different parents cells between sites and so on.

 Acts as a viewing window for all filters - you can quickly review all filters, and edit the static and Selection filters.

108


Exporting Filters using XML Export

109


Dynamic Filters and Efficiency

 Eliminate the largest number of unwanted objects first

 Use as few rules as possible

Fastest Element Hierarchy Field

 Run the fastest rule first

Attribute

Slowest Polygon

110


Using Visualisers  A visualiser is a way of creating multiple display settings for the same filter.

 They are never saved to the Database and

therefore have no impact on processing speed

 They do not affect other s

111


Display Properties

112


Customising Visualisers

113



114



115



116


Session 08 Predicting and Displaying Coverage

117



 Predicting coverage (pathloss)

 Creating coverage arrays  Displaying coverage

 Analysing coverage with statistical reports  Managing arrays

118


Predicting Coverage You can predict the pathloss of the signal from any cell to any point and use this information as the basis of coverage and interference predictions for your planned network. The arrays can be used to produce statistical reports.The coverage predictions are created or loaded automatically whenever you create a coverage/interference array, or the Simulator. You do not need to explicitly create coverage predictions.

119


Predicting Coverage

120


Primary and Secondary predictions Dual prediction option, enables us to specify two 'sets' of resolution and radius for the cells in your network. Array Settings dialog box have a crucial impact on how dual predictions are used

121


Best RSRP Coverage Example

122


Array Display Properties To customise the arrays displayed in the Map View window, Use the Show Data Types button.

123


Coverage Reports/Statistics Once coverage arrays have been created, you can generate coverage statistics.

124


Coverage Reports/Statistics

125


Array Manager Array manager enable memory management on arrays and simulations. In addition, the Array Manager provides the ability to retrieve archived arrays, allowing for the benchmarking of statistical changes over time.

126


Session 09 Traffic Planning on a LTE Network

127



    

128

Configuring bearers Configuring services Configuring terminal types Setting clutter parameters Creating traffic rasters


Traffic Parameters for LTE When you are satisfied with your network's coverage performance, you are in a position to consider traffic modelling in your network.

In modern cellular networks, there are different types of subscribers with different profiles, and different types of mobile terminals with different properties. In addition, multiple services can be offered to the subscriber. These may include voice, data and multimedia services. When planning such a network, you must for the different properties of these services, such as different costs, data rates and other requirements such as quality of service. In ASSET, you can for this by defining bearers, services, and terminal types

129


Default LTE Bearers Bearers represent the air interface connections, performing the task of transporting voice and data information between cells and terminal types.

130


Channel Quality Indicator Tables Indicates a combination of modulation and coding scheme that the NodeB should use to ensure that the BLER experienced by the UE remains < 10%

64 QAM 16 QAM QPSK

UE4 eNB UE5

UE2 UE1

131

UE3

CQI

Modulation

Efficiency

Actual coding rate

Required SINR

1

QPSK

0.1523

0.07618

-4.46

2

QPSK

0.2344

0.11719

-3.75

3

QPSK

0.3770

0.18848

-2.55

4

QPSK

0.6016

308/1024

-1.15

5

QPSK

0.8770

449/1024

1.75

6

QPSK

1.1758

602/1024

3.65

7

16QAM

1.4766

378/1024

5.2

8

16QAM

1.9141

490/1024

6.1

9

16QAM

2.4063

616/1024

7.55

10

64QAM

2.7305

466/1024

10.85

11

64QAM

3.3223

567/1024

11.55

12

64QAM

3.9023

666/1024

12.75

13

64QAM

4.5234

772/1024

14.55

14

64QAM

5.1152

873/1024

18.15

15

64QAM

5.5547

948/1024

19.25


LTE Services The parameters that you specify will influence how the simulation behaves and will enable you to examine coverage and service quality for individual types of service.

132


LTE Services and QoS Parameters

133

Name

QCI

VoIP Video Call

Priorit y

1 2

Resourc e Type GBR GBR

2 4

Packet Delay Budget 100 ms 150 ms

Packet Error Loss Rate 10-2 10-3

Gaming Streaming

3 4

GBR GBR

3 5

50 ms 300 ms

10-3 10-6

Signalling E-mail Web browsing P2P File Sharing Chat

5 6 7

Non-GBR Non-GBR Non-GBR

1 6 6

100 ms 300 ms 100 ms

10-6 10-6 10-3

8

Non-GBR

8

300 ms

10-6

9

Non-GBR

9

300 ms

10-6

Example Services Conversational Voice Conversational Video (Live Streaming) Real Time Gaming Non-Convers.Video (Buff. Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming), T-based (www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p sharing, Progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming


Clutter Parameters You can define different shadow fading standard deviations for outdoor terminals and indoor terminals per clutter type. If a building is in urban, it will encounter greater fading than in parkland. You can also specify different indoor losses for each clutter type.

134


Terminal Types ASSET models traffic demand by generating traffic density maps for the different types of terminal. These density maps define the amount of traffic offered to the network by each type of terminal on a pixel-bypixel basis, corresponding to the available clutter map data resolutions. A Terminal Type in ASSET defines these key characteristics:

 How much ‘traffic’ will the terminal type generate in total?  How will the ‘traffic’ be spread geographically?  What is the expected mobile speed distribution for this terminal type?

 Which service will the terminal type provide?*  What are the mobile equipment characteristics?

135


LTE Terminal Types

136


LTE Equipment Categories

137

Parameters

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

Category 5

Peak Data Rate (DL)

10 Mbps

50 Mbps

100 Mbps

150 Mbps

300 Mbps

Peak Data Rate (UL) Block Size (DL) Block Size (UL)

5 Mbps 10296 5160

25 Mbps 51024 25456

50 Mbps 102048 51024

50 Mbps 149776 51024

75 Mbps 299552 75376

Max. Modulation (DL) Max. Modulation (UL) RF Bandwidth Transmit Diversity Receive Diversity Spatial Multiplexing (DL) Spatial Multiplexing (UL) MU-MIMO (DL) MU-MIMO (UL)

64QAM 16QAM 20 MHz 1-4 Tx Yes Optional No Optional Optional

64QAM 16QAM 20 MHz 1-4 Tx Yes 2X2 No Optional Optional





Traffic Rasters Traffic Rasters are arrays that store the distribution of traffic over an area. They can be created either from the information in the Terminal Types or from imported Live Traffic values. The name of the created traffic raster will be the same as the name of the terminal type. The Traffic Rasters enables you to:

 Obtain initial estimates of the equipment and configuration needed

for a nominal network. By visualising the array, you can then gain a good idea of where to locate your sites.

 Can assess how your network performs in of capacity for a

mature network. Can site configuration is sufficient to match the traffic spread over the network.

138


Creating Traffic Rasters

139


Traffic Rasters

140


Session 10 Planning Neighbours

141



 Creating neighbours manually  Using simple file lists to add or remove neighbours  Creating neighbours using the Neighbour Planning Wizard

 Amending the neighbour-related parameters  Using the Neighbour Analysis  Displaying neighbours in the Map View

142


Neighbours A handover relationship from one cell to a neighbour cell, can be directional or mutual Create Neighbours by :

   

143

Manually, in the Site Database or in the Map View Using a Comma Separated Value (*.csv) file Using automatic neighbour planning wizards Import/exporting of neighbours via XML files


Creating Neighbors in the MAP View

144


Creating Neighbors in the Site Database

145


Creating Neighbors in the Site Database

146


Add/Remove Neighbours with a File List You can set up neighbours in ASSET by means of an XML import. Another way is use of a Comma Separated Value (*.csv) file. All neighbour relationships specified in the file must be outward. Neighbour relationships which have been set to a protection state of 'Y' will be prevented from being removed.

147


Auto Neighbour Planning Wizards ASSET’s automatic Neighbour Planning Wizards enable you to generate neighbour relations between cells of the same (or different) technologies and carriers according to a wide range of -specified parameters. There are two neighbour wizards available:

 Prediction-based  Measurement-based (license based)  Event Based

148


Auto Wizard Algorithm The algorithm takes place in two discrete stages:

 A 'search area' is established for each source cell, identifying the pixels to be included.

 The prediction-based wizard bases this on a combination of hysteresis margin and signal and/or quality thresholds.

 The measurement-based wizard bases this on a combination of measurement thresholds

file

information

and

signal

and/or

quality

 The calculation of potential target neighbour cells takes place, according to -defined criteria. Within the search area, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, the neighbour wizards calculate a list of valid neighbours.

149


Prediction-based Wizard Options 

150

Allowing the use of inputs from Traffic Rasters that can be used as additional input to the Neighbour Wizard to bias towards high-traffic-density areas.


Neighbour Planning based on Performance Management (PM) Data 

151

Allowing the use of inputs from Performance Management data such as Handover Counts for the creation and validation of neighbour plans.


Prediction-based Wizard Options

152


Neighbour Analysis

153


Displaying Neighbors of a Cell

154


Rendering of Neighbours on 2D View

155



Static Mode if you want to show a static display of all the neighbour relationships that match your criteria



Hot Track Mode if you want to hover the mouse over each cell's azimuth to display its specific neighbours that match your criteria.


Displaying Proposed Neighbors

156


Session 11 Planning Frequencies in LTE

157



   

158

Creating an Interference Table Running the LTE Frequency Planner Using the Frequency Planner report dialog box Applying Planned Carrier Assignments


Interference Table An interference table contains interference for any cell-pair combination for which there are overlapping predictions, if that pair of cells were to be allocated the same or adjacent carriers.

159


Interference Table

160


Frequency Planning for LTE The LTE Frequency Planner helps to assign multiple transmission bandwidths (multiple carriers) in an optimal manner to reduce the overall interference.

It s the allocation of: 1. Multiple carriers per site (Per Sector mode) 2. A single carrier per site (Per Site mode)

161


View Frequency Plan

162


Session 12 Planning the Physical Cell IDs

163



   

164

Setting Up Physical Cell ID Schemas Running the Physical Cell ID Planner Using the Physical Cell ID report dialog box Applying Physical Cell IDs to the database


Physical Cell ID Planner 504 unique Physical Cell Ids are grouped into 168 unique groups, each group containing three unique identity codes.

The LTE Physical Cell ID Planner in ASSET is designed to assign these Physical Cell IDs automatically to each sector.

165


Physical Cell ID Planner

166


Session 13 Simulating Network Performance

167



    

168

How the Simulator assess network performance Setting up and running the Simulator Viewing the Arrays and Reports Saving and Loading Simulation Data Using the Pixel Analyser


Monte Carlo-based Simulation When simulating network performance, ASSET uses Monte Carlo algorithms, which can provide a good balance between accuracy and usability.

The Simulator can be used as Full simulation, with randomised snapshots or Simulation without snapshots. With the full simulation, the performance of the network can be analysed over a series of randomised snapshots, in which specified densities of terminals are positioned in statistically determined locations. The ability of each terminal to make its connection to the network is calculated through an iterative process. The performance of the network is then analysed from the averaged results.

169


Simulation with Snapshots

170



Takes a large number of randomised snapshots of network performance for different terminals over time



In these snapshots, the UEs are in statistically determined positions and generated independently for each snapshot


Simulation with Snapshots

171



Terminal count in a pixel is determined using a Poisson distribution with a mean given by the number of terminals in the traffic array



At the start of the snapshot the mobile and cell powers are initialised to zero to initialise the noise on the uplink and downlink



Other parameters such as power control error are set randomly on UE



The first terminal in the list is tested for failure conditions. If it does not fail, then its Tx power, and the Tx power of the cells to which it is connected, are modified. The next terminal in the list is then tested for failure conditions and so on



When the entire list has been tested, the simulator returns to the first terminal and repeats the process until convergence is reached



When convergence is reached, the results of the snapshot are appended to the results of the overall simulation. The simulation moves on to the next snapshot



When the simulation has completed all the specified snapshots, you can view your results using the arrays or view a summary of the data or reports © 2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

UMTS Simulator Wizard

172


Simulation without Snapshots If you run a simulation without running snapshots (static analysis) you must ensure that the cell loading parameters for the cells/sectors have been specified in the Site Database. The parameters are set on the Cell Load Levels subtab under LTE Params tab.

173


Simulator Outputs ASSET provides ways of setting your own array definitions, so that you can specify exactly which arrays you want to be output when you use the Simulator. The easiest way is to use the Auto Setup option. This ensures that all the relevant array types and their parameter combinations are included in the simulation outputs for display and analysis.

You can also define your own customised collection of output array types from the Simulator. This enables you to specify array definitions to determine precisely which arrays you want to output and display, in any combination of parameters you choose. This method is probably only beneficial for advanced s.

174


Auto Setup Option Make the required selections for EXCLUSION from the output arrays.

175


Customised Output

176


Simulation – Best RSRP

177


Street Coverage prediction analysis using the Vector Restriction feature Best RSRP is calculated for whole 2D View

178

Best RSRP is calculated to streets only


Simulation – RSRQ

179


Simulation Report

180


Simulation – Cell Centre / Cell Edge

181


Simulation – Achievable DL Bearer

182


Simulation – DL RS SINR

183


Simulation – DL Transmission Mode

184


Information about Simulated Terminals  The aim of this feature is to provide the with a set of

arrays that show the locations of terminals generated by the simulation snapshots, and to show whether the terminals succeeded or failed to make a connection. The following arrays are provided for each terminal type used in the simulation.

•

Terminal Info: Failure Rate

•

Terminal Info: Failure Reason

•

Terminal Info: Speed

 The arrays are only available in simulations that run snapshots,

and where the has checked the Allow Terminal Info Arrays box on the 2nd page of the simulation wizard.

185


Information about Simulated Terminals Failure Reason array. 1 snapshot

Failure Reason array. 500 snapshots

186


Line-of-Sight array and improved MIMO Modelling

187



AIRCOM Enhanced Macrocell model (as well as some 3rd party prediction models – complete list TBD) have the ability to produce line-of-sight (LOS) information for each predicted location, in addition to the existing pathloss value.



Using LOS info in a simulation can be used to improve MIMO modelling.



MIMO schemes rely on there being a low correlation between the signal paths to the receive elements of an antenna. Locations that have line-of-sight to an antenna are more likely to have high correlation between signal paths to the antenna.



The LTE simulator s 3 basic MIMO schemes: SU-MIMO Multiplexing, SU-MIMO Diversity, and MU-MIMO. A new page is added to the LTE simulation wizard, providing the with the option of enabling/disabling these 3 MIMO schemes in LOS regions.



If a prediction model is used that does not generate LOS info, then the sim will treat pathlosses from that model as non-LOS. © 2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Line-of-Sight array and improved MIMO Modelling

188


Pixel Analyser The Pixel Analyser visualises detailed signal strength information that has been accumulated during a simulation.

189


Session 14 Generating Reports

190



 Generating Statistical Reports  Generating Simulation Reports

 Generating Site/Node Reports  Generating a Delta Report

191


Statistical Reports for Arrays Statistical reports are percentage statistics for arrays and can be generated after creating the relevant array.

192


Simulation Reports Simulation reports are output as a result of running a simulation, and complement the simulation arrays displayed on the Map View.

193


Site/Node Reports This report summarise Site DB contents to various object levels, such as Properties, GSM Sites, Cells & Neighbours.

194


Site/Node Reports

195


Reports of Uncommitted Changes Reports on all the changes you have Applied, but not Committed to the database. These changes are therefore not visible to other s. Also known as the Delta Report.

196


Thank You

197


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