Elements And Principles Of Architectural Design 4ul70
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NUPUR AGRAWAL ROLL NO - 33 B.ARCH 10TH SEM
Visual Design Elements Five integral components used in the creation of a design: Line
Texture
Color
Value
Form and Shape
Line
Line is a moving dot.
Line Types Vertical – Represents dignity, formality, stability, and strength Horizontal – Represents calm, peace, and relaxation Diagonal – Represents action, activity, excitement, and movement Curved – Represents freedom, the natural, having the appearance of softness, and creates a soothing feeling or mood
Vertical Lines
The Empire State Building Architect: Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon
Brandenburg Gate Berlin
Skyscraper Madrid, Spain
Horizontal Lines
Community Christian Church Kansas City, MO Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright, 1940
Diagonal Lines
Curved Lines
Sydney Opera House Jorn Utzon
Color Color has an immediate and profound effect on a design. ©iStockphoto.com
Saint Basil’s Cathedral Moscow
Color
• Color is the hue, shade, or tone of an object.
Color Warm Colors Reds, oranges, yellows
Cool Colors Blues, purples, greens
Color
©iStockphoto.com
Colors can affect how humans feel and act
Form and Shape Form: (3D)The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material.
Shape: (2D)The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area.
Form
• Form is an area surrounded by space. • Space can be positive or negative
.
Texture The surface look or feel of something Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and therefore is a more intense color. Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and therefore appears darker.
Texture
• Texture is the visual surface quality of an object.
Smooth Texture
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart
Glass façade of a high rise office building
Exterior metal façade of Disney Concert Hall Los Angeles
Rough Texture
©iStockphoto.com
Park Gruell – Barcelona, Spain Architect: Antonio Gaudí
©iStockphoto.com
Value The relative lightness or darkness of a color
Methods Shade – Degree of darkness of a color Tint – A pale or faint variation of a color
Value ©iStockphoto.com
Downtown buildings in Bangalore, India
Visual Design Principles Seven principles encom an interesting design. •Balance •Rhythm •Emphasis •Proportion and scale •Movement •Contrast •Unity
Balance Parts of the design are equally distributed to create a sense of stability. Both physical and visual balance exist.
• A sense of equilibrium. – When establishing balance consider visual weight created by size, color, texture and number of objects.
TYPES OF BALANCE • SYMMETRICAL – Achieved by placing identical objects on either side of a central point.
• ASYMMETRICAL – Achieved by placing different objects of equal visual weight on either side of a central point.
Balance Symmetrical or Formal Balance The elements within the design are identical in relation to a centerline or axis. ©iStockphoto.com
The Taj Mahal Mausoleum Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Symmetrical Balance • Identical candle sticks, plates, sit on the mantle at each side of the wall mounted mirror.
Balance Asymmetrical or Informal Balance Parts of the design are not identical but are equal in visual weight.
Wikipedia.org
Chateau de Chaumont Saone-et-Loire,
Asymmetrical Balance • Creates more interesting arrangements. • Suggests informality, relaxed.
Balance Radial Balance Design elements radiate outward from the center. Microsoft Office clipart Microsoft Office clipart
Dresden Frauenkirche Deresden, Germay
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Milan, Italy Architect: Giuseppe Mengoni
Radial Balance • Radial Balance involves having furnishings or patterns arranged in a circular manner. • Radiation creates a sweeping, dramatic, circular motion in a room.
Balance
Wikipendia.org
Rhythm Repeated use of line, shape, color, texture or pattern Types •Regular rhythm •Random rhythm •Gradated rhythm
Rhythm
• Rhythm is a measured movement through space.
Rhythm Regular Rhythm An element is repeated at the same repetition/interval each time. Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Cube house design Rotterdam, Netherlands
Microsoft Office clipart
Regular Rhythm • Rhythm created by duplicating (repeating) shapes, colors, pattern, line, texture. • Beams in the ceiling are repeated. Window panes, repeat. Stripes on ottoman and chair
Rhythm Random Rhythm The beats of the element are random or are at irregular intervals.
Rhythm Gradated Rhythm The repeated element is identical with the exception of one detail increasing or decreasing gradually with each repetition. Microsoft Office clipart
Left: Stack of rocks used as focal point in landscaping
Right: The Chinese Tower English Gardens Munich, www.wikimedia.org
Microsoft Office clipart
Gradated Rhythm • Rhythm created by a gradual change in size or color. • Paint on wall changes gradually in value.
Wikipedia.org
Emphasis The feature in a design that attracts one’s eye – the focal point • Emphasis can be achieved through size, placement, shape, color, and/or use of lines
Ceiling mosaic in Park Gruell Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Mosque - Egypt
EMPHASIS • The center or focus of attention and interest within a design – The feature that commands attention and makes a design visually interesting.
Emphasis • Architectural features such as fireplaces or decorative windows are often used as focal points. • Works of art and decorative accessories are often emphasized
WAYS TO CREATE EMPHASIS • Arrangement of furniture around a focal point. • Use of color, texture, or pattern. • Placement of accessories. • Use of lighting.
Guidelines for Creating Emphasis • The point of emphasis should command attention, but not dominate the overall design. • Other features within the room should not compete for the
SCALE & PROPORTION Scale relates to the size of a design in relation to the height and width of the area in which it is placed. Proportion relates to the parts of the object and how one part relates to another.
SCALE • Relates to the actual and relative size and visual weight of the design and its components. • Furniture and accessories must be in scale to the room
PROPORTION •The creative use of color, texture, pattern, and furniture arrangement can create illusions of properly proportioned space.
SCALE & PROPORTION Too Big, Too Small, Just Right
• This chairs massive scale diminishes everything around it.
Too Small. • The chairs light palate accentua tes its skinny scale.
Just Right. • This club chair matches the scale of the sofa.
Movement Flow or feeling of action
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Movement
• Movement is the relocation of an object in space over time.
Contrast Noticeably different
Can be created with •Color •Proportion and scale •Shape •Texture •Etc.
©iStockphoto.com
Unity Unity is achieved by the consistent use of lines, color, material, and/or texture within a design.
©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
UNITY • Unity occurs when all the parts of a home or room are related by one idea. • A unified design has consistency of style
Unity ©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart
Image Resources Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip art. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://office. microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx Wikipedia. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org iStockphoto. Retrieved January 7, 2009 from http://www.istockphoto.com/index.php Rhythm: Zero One, “Spiral Staircase” July 2, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike License. Balance: Terence T.S. Tam, “Space Needle and Pacific Science Center” October 6, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Noncommercial, Share Alike License
Movement: Ed Schipul, “Orange Line @ eTech 2007” March 28, Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike License.
2007 via
Color: Nasplayer, “Rainbow Colored Milk Drop Splash (Explore 108)” June 11, 2009 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, No Derivative Works License. Texture: Lucy Nieto, “Tapete de Plástico – 2007” November 24, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Noncommercial, Share Alike License Proportion: Alper Çuğun, “Disproportion” July 4, 2007 via Flickr, Commons Attribution, Noncommercial License.
Creative
References The Empire State Building Official Internet Site (n . d.). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://www.esbnyc.com/ Great Buildings. (2009). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from www.greatbuildings.com. Heart Castle – Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument. (2009). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from www.hearstcastle.org Jirousek, C. (1995). Elements of Design. In Art, Design, and Visual Thinking. Retrieved September 28, 2009, from http://www.char.txa.cornell.edu.
NUPUR AGRAWAL ROLL NO - 33 B.ARCH 10TH SEM
Visual Design Elements Five integral components used in the creation of a design: Line
Texture
Color
Value
Form and Shape
Line
Line is a moving dot.
Line Types Vertical – Represents dignity, formality, stability, and strength Horizontal – Represents calm, peace, and relaxation Diagonal – Represents action, activity, excitement, and movement Curved – Represents freedom, the natural, having the appearance of softness, and creates a soothing feeling or mood
Vertical Lines
The Empire State Building Architect: Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon
Brandenburg Gate Berlin
Skyscraper Madrid, Spain
Horizontal Lines
Community Christian Church Kansas City, MO Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright, 1940
Diagonal Lines
Curved Lines
Sydney Opera House Jorn Utzon
Color Color has an immediate and profound effect on a design. ©iStockphoto.com
Saint Basil’s Cathedral Moscow
Color
• Color is the hue, shade, or tone of an object.
Color Warm Colors Reds, oranges, yellows
Cool Colors Blues, purples, greens
Color
©iStockphoto.com
Colors can affect how humans feel and act
Form and Shape Form: (3D)The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material.
Shape: (2D)The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area.
Form
• Form is an area surrounded by space. • Space can be positive or negative
.
Texture The surface look or feel of something Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and therefore is a more intense color. Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and therefore appears darker.
Texture
• Texture is the visual surface quality of an object.
Smooth Texture
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart
Glass façade of a high rise office building
Exterior metal façade of Disney Concert Hall Los Angeles
Rough Texture
©iStockphoto.com
Park Gruell – Barcelona, Spain Architect: Antonio Gaudí
©iStockphoto.com
Value The relative lightness or darkness of a color
Methods Shade – Degree of darkness of a color Tint – A pale or faint variation of a color
Value ©iStockphoto.com
Downtown buildings in Bangalore, India
Visual Design Principles Seven principles encom an interesting design. •Balance •Rhythm •Emphasis •Proportion and scale •Movement •Contrast •Unity
Balance Parts of the design are equally distributed to create a sense of stability. Both physical and visual balance exist.
• A sense of equilibrium. – When establishing balance consider visual weight created by size, color, texture and number of objects.
TYPES OF BALANCE • SYMMETRICAL – Achieved by placing identical objects on either side of a central point.
• ASYMMETRICAL – Achieved by placing different objects of equal visual weight on either side of a central point.
Balance Symmetrical or Formal Balance The elements within the design are identical in relation to a centerline or axis. ©iStockphoto.com
The Taj Mahal Mausoleum Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Symmetrical Balance • Identical candle sticks, plates, sit on the mantle at each side of the wall mounted mirror.
Balance Asymmetrical or Informal Balance Parts of the design are not identical but are equal in visual weight.
Wikipedia.org
Chateau de Chaumont Saone-et-Loire,
Asymmetrical Balance • Creates more interesting arrangements. • Suggests informality, relaxed.
Balance Radial Balance Design elements radiate outward from the center. Microsoft Office clipart Microsoft Office clipart
Dresden Frauenkirche Deresden, Germay
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Milan, Italy Architect: Giuseppe Mengoni
Radial Balance • Radial Balance involves having furnishings or patterns arranged in a circular manner. • Radiation creates a sweeping, dramatic, circular motion in a room.
Balance
Wikipendia.org
Rhythm Repeated use of line, shape, color, texture or pattern Types •Regular rhythm •Random rhythm •Gradated rhythm
Rhythm
• Rhythm is a measured movement through space.
Rhythm Regular Rhythm An element is repeated at the same repetition/interval each time. Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Cube house design Rotterdam, Netherlands
Microsoft Office clipart
Regular Rhythm • Rhythm created by duplicating (repeating) shapes, colors, pattern, line, texture. • Beams in the ceiling are repeated. Window panes, repeat. Stripes on ottoman and chair
Rhythm Random Rhythm The beats of the element are random or are at irregular intervals.
Rhythm Gradated Rhythm The repeated element is identical with the exception of one detail increasing or decreasing gradually with each repetition. Microsoft Office clipart
Left: Stack of rocks used as focal point in landscaping
Right: The Chinese Tower English Gardens Munich, www.wikimedia.org
Microsoft Office clipart
Gradated Rhythm • Rhythm created by a gradual change in size or color. • Paint on wall changes gradually in value.
Wikipedia.org
Emphasis The feature in a design that attracts one’s eye – the focal point • Emphasis can be achieved through size, placement, shape, color, and/or use of lines
Ceiling mosaic in Park Gruell Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Mosque - Egypt
EMPHASIS • The center or focus of attention and interest within a design – The feature that commands attention and makes a design visually interesting.
Emphasis • Architectural features such as fireplaces or decorative windows are often used as focal points. • Works of art and decorative accessories are often emphasized
WAYS TO CREATE EMPHASIS • Arrangement of furniture around a focal point. • Use of color, texture, or pattern. • Placement of accessories. • Use of lighting.
Guidelines for Creating Emphasis • The point of emphasis should command attention, but not dominate the overall design. • Other features within the room should not compete for the
SCALE & PROPORTION Scale relates to the size of a design in relation to the height and width of the area in which it is placed. Proportion relates to the parts of the object and how one part relates to another.
SCALE • Relates to the actual and relative size and visual weight of the design and its components. • Furniture and accessories must be in scale to the room
PROPORTION •The creative use of color, texture, pattern, and furniture arrangement can create illusions of properly proportioned space.
SCALE & PROPORTION Too Big, Too Small, Just Right
• This chairs massive scale diminishes everything around it.
Too Small. • The chairs light palate accentua tes its skinny scale.
Just Right. • This club chair matches the scale of the sofa.
Movement Flow or feeling of action
Microsoft Office clipart
Microsoft Office clipart
Movement
• Movement is the relocation of an object in space over time.
Contrast Noticeably different
Can be created with •Color •Proportion and scale •Shape •Texture •Etc.
©iStockphoto.com
Unity Unity is achieved by the consistent use of lines, color, material, and/or texture within a design.
©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
UNITY • Unity occurs when all the parts of a home or room are related by one idea. • A unified design has consistency of style
Unity ©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
Microsoft Office clipart
Image Resources Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip art. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://office. microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx Wikipedia. Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org iStockphoto. Retrieved January 7, 2009 from http://www.istockphoto.com/index.php Rhythm: Zero One, “Spiral Staircase” July 2, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike License. Balance: Terence T.S. Tam, “Space Needle and Pacific Science Center” October 6, 2008 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Noncommercial, Share Alike License
Movement: Ed Schipul, “Orange Line @ eTech 2007” March 28, Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike License.
2007 via
Color: Nasplayer, “Rainbow Colored Milk Drop Splash (Explore 108)” June 11, 2009 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, No Derivative Works License. Texture: Lucy Nieto, “Tapete de Plástico – 2007” November 24, 2007 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution, Noncommercial, Share Alike License Proportion: Alper Çuğun, “Disproportion” July 4, 2007 via Flickr, Commons Attribution, Noncommercial License.
Creative
References The Empire State Building Official Internet Site (n . d.). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from http://www.esbnyc.com/ Great Buildings. (2009). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from www.greatbuildings.com. Heart Castle – Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument. (2009). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from www.hearstcastle.org Jirousek, C. (1995). Elements of Design. In Art, Design, and Visual Thinking. Retrieved September 28, 2009, from http://www.char.txa.cornell.edu.
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