Estimation Of Degree Of Calcination 4a545n

What Is High Blood Pressure? Blood pressure is the amount of force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries. A person's blood pressure is considered high when the readings are greater than 140 mm Hg systolic (the top number in the blood pressure reading) or 90 mm Hg diastolic (the bottom number). In general, high blood pressure, or hypertension, contributes to the development of coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and kidney disease. What Are the Effects of High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy? Although many pregnant women with high blood pressure have healthy babies without serious problems, high blood pressure can be dangerous for both the mother and the fetus. Women with pre-existing, or chronic, high blood pressure are more likely to have certain complications during pregnancy than those with normal blood pressure. However, some women develop high blood pressure while they are pregnant (often called gestational hypertension). The effects of high blood pressure range from mild to severe. High blood pressure can harm the mother's kidneys and other organs, and it can cause low birth weight and early delivery. In the most serious cases, the mother develops preeclampsia--or "toxemia of pregnancy"--which can threaten the lives of both the mother and the fetus. What Is Preeclampsia? Preeclampsia is a condition that typically starts after the 20th week of pregnancy and is related to increased blood pressure and protein in the mother's urine (as a result of kidney problems). Preeclampsia affects the placenta, and it can affect the mother's kidney, liver, and brain. When preeclampsia causes seizures, the condition is known as eclampsia--the second leading cause of maternal death in the U.S. Preeclampsia is also a leading cause of fetal complications, which include low birth weight, premature birth, and stillbirth. There is no proven way to prevent preeclampsia. Most women who develop signs of preeclampsia, however, are closely monitored to lessen or avoid related problems. The only way to "cure" preeclampsia is to deliver the baby. How Common Are High Blood Pressure and Preeclampsia in Pregnancy? High blood pressure problems occur in 6 percent to 8 percent of all pregnancies in the U.S., about 70 percent of which are first-time pregnancies. In 1998, more than 146,320 cases of preeclampsia alone were diagnosed. Although the proportion of pregnancies with gestational hypertension and eclampsia has remained about the same in the U.S. over the past decade, the rate of preeclampsia has increased by nearly one-third. This increase is due in part to a rise in the numbers of older mothers and of multiple births, where preeclampsia occurs more frequently. For example, in 1998 birth rates among women ages 30 to 44 and the number of births to women ages 45 and older were at the highest levels in 3 decades, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Furthermore, between 1980 and 1998, rates of twin births increased about 50 percent overall and 1,000 percent among women ages 45 to 49; rates of triplet and other higher-order multiple births jumped more

than 400 percent overall, and 1,000 percent among women in their 40s. Who Is More Likely to Develop Preeclampsia?      

Women with chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before becoming pregnant). Women who developed high blood pressure or preeclampsia during a previous pregnancy, especially if these conditions occurred early in the pregnancy. Women who are obese prior to pregnancy. Pregnant women under the age of 20 or over the age of 40. Women who are pregnant with more than one baby. Women with diabetes, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or scleroderma.

How Is Preeclampsia Detected? Unfortunately, there is no single test to predict or diagnose preeclampsia. Key signs are increased blood pressure and protein in the urine (proteinuria). Other symptoms that seem to occur with preeclampsia include persistent headaches, blurred vision or sensitivity to light, and abdominal pain. All of these sensations can be caused by other disorders; they can also occur in healthy pregnancies. Regular visits with your doctor help him or her to track your blood pressure and level of protein in your urine, to order and analyze blood tests that detect signs of preeclampsia, and to monitor fetal development more closely. How Can Women with High Blood Pressure Prevent Problems During Pregnancy? If you are thinking about having a baby and you have high blood pressure, talk first to your doctor or nurse. Taking steps to control your blood pressure before and during pregnancy--and getting regular prenatal care--go a long way toward ensuring your well-being and your baby's health. Before becoming pregnant:   

Be sure your blood pressure is under control. Lifestyle changes such as limiting your salt intake, participating in regular physical activity, and losing weight if you are overweight can be helpful. Discuss with your doctor how hypertension might affect you and your baby during pregnancy, and what you can do to prevent or lessen problems. If you take medicines for your blood pressure, ask your doctor whether you should change the amount you take or stop taking them during pregnancy. Experts currently recommend avoiding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonists during pregnancy; other blood pressure medications may be OK for you to use. Do not, however, stop or change your medicines unless your doctor tells you to do so.

While you are pregnant:   

Obtain regular prenatal medical care. Avoid alcohol and tobacco. Talk to your doctor about any over-the-counter medications you are taking or are thinking about taking.

Does Hypertension or Preeclampsia During Pregnancy Cause Long-Term Heart and Blood Vessel Problems? The effects of high blood pressure during pregnancy vary depending on the disorder and other factors. According to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP), preeclampsia does not in general increase a woman's risk for developing chronic hypertension or other heart-related problems. The NHBPEP also reports that in women with normal blood pressure who develop preeclampsia after the 20th week of their first pregnancy, short-term complications--including increased blood pressure--usually go away within about 6 weeks after delivery. Some women, however, may be more likely to develop high blood pressure or other heart disease later in life. More research is needed to determine the long-term health effects of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and to develop better methods for identifying, diagnosing, and treating women at risk for these conditions. Even though high blood pressure and related disorders during pregnancy can be serious, most women with high blood pressure and those who develop preeclampsia have successful pregnancies. Obtaining early and regular prenatal care is the most important thing you can do for you and your baby. For More Information The NHBPEP has updated clinical guidelines on high blood pressure in pregnancy through a coordinating committee representing more than 45 medical organizations and agencies. NHBPEP is coordinated by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health. The Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy (NIH Publication No. 00-3029) can be purchased through the NHLBI Health Information Network at (301) 592-8573 and is available on the NHLBI Web site at: "http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_preg.htm."

BOGUE CALCULATION C3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3 C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.0785Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3 C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3 Clinker analysis SiO2

Al2O3

Fe2O3

CaO

MgO

K 2O

Na2O

SO3

LOI

IR

Total

21.5

5.2

2.8

66.6

1.0

0.6

0.2

1.0

1.5

0.5

98.9

Free lime = 1.0% CaO

Using the above analysis, the calculation is as follows: Worked example of a Bogue calculation: Combined CaO = (66.6% - 1.0% free lime) = 65.6% This is the figure we use for CaO in the calculation. From the analysis, we have: CaO=65.6%; SiO2=21.5%; Al2O3=5.2% and Fe2O3=2.8% The Bogue calculation is therefore: C3S = 4.0710CaO-7.6024SiO2-1.4297Fe2O3-6.7187Al2O3 C2S = 8.6024SiO2+1.1Fe2O3+5.0683Al2O3-3.0710CaO C3A = 2.6504Al2O3-1.6920Fe2O3 C4AF = 3.0432Fe2O3 Therefore: C3S = (4.0710 x 65.6)-(7.6024 x 21.5)-(1.4297 x 2.8)-(6.718 x 5.2) C2S = (8.6024 x 21.5)+(1.0785 x 2.8)+(5.0683 x 5.2)-(3.0710 x 65.6) C3A = (2.6504 x 5.2)-(1.6920 x 2.8) C4AF = 3.0432 x 2.8 So: C3S = 64.7% C2S = 12.9% C3A = 9.0% C4AF = 8.5% It should be stressed that the Bogue calculation does not give the 'true' amounts of the four main clinker phases present, although this is sometimes forgotten. The results of the Bogue calculation differ from the 'true' amounts (often called the phase proportions) principally because the actual mineral compositions differ - often only slightly, but occasionally more so, particularly in the case of the ferrite phase - from those assumed in the calculation.

To adjust the calculation for use with Portland cement, it is necessary to consider first what other materials may be present in the cement. If the cement is a mixture of clinker and gypsum only, the calcium bound with the gypsum can be allowed for approximately by deducting (0.7 x SO3) from the total CaO. Note that this does not allow for any clinker sulfate present as potassium or sodium sulfate and a small error will therefore be introduced. A similar adjustment can be carried out for limestone; the limestone content can be estimated by determining the CO2 content of the cement and calculating the coresponding CaO. If either slag or fly ash is present, in principle the formula could be adjusted to take it into , but the slag or ash composition would need to be known accurately and in practice this is not an adjustment normally made. Next / Home

You are in Clinker: the Bogue calculation The following pages have more details on clinker composition, reactions in the kiln and cement milling: Cement notation / Clinker compositional parameters / Combinability / Reactions in the kiln / Cement milling

Definition The relative humidity water vapor temperature.

of an air-water mixture is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of

in the mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water

at a prescribed

Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage and is calculated by using the following equation:[1]

[edit] Measurement The relative humidity of an air-water vapor mixture can be determined through the use of psychrometric charts if both the dry bulb temperature (T) and the Wet Bulb Temperature (Tw) of the mixture are known. These quantities are readily estimated by using a sling psychrometer. There are several empirical correlations that can be used to estimate the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor as a function of temperature. The Antoine equation is among the least complex of these formulas, having only three parameters (A, B, and C). Other correlations, such as the those presented by Goff-Gratch and Magnus Tenten, are more complicated but yield better

accuracy[citation needed]. The correlation presented by Buck (1996) is commonly encountered in the literature and provides a reasonable balance between complexity and accuracy:

where is the dry bulb temperature expressed in degrees Celsius and vapor pressure in hPa (absolute).

is the saturated

[edit] A common misconception Often the notion of air holding water vapor is presented to describe the concept of relative humidity. However, air simply acts as a transporter of water vapour and is not a holder of it. Therefore, relative humidity is wholly understood in of the physical properties of water alone and thus is unrelated to this concept.[2][3] In fact, water vapor can be present in an airless volume and therefore the relative humidity of this volume can be readily determined. The misconception that air holds water is likely the result of the use of the word saturation which is often misused in descriptions of relative humidity. In the present context the word saturation refers to the state of water vapor,[4] not the solubility of one material in another. The thermophysical properties of water-air mixtures encountered at atmospheric conditions are reasonably approximated by assuming they behave as a mixture of ideal gases. For many practical purposes the assumption that both components (air and water) behave independently of each other is reasonable. Therefore the physical properties of an air-water mixture can be estimated by considering the physical properties of each component separately.

[edit] Significance of relative humidity [edit] Climate control Climate control refers to the control of temperature and relative humidity for human comfort, health and safety, and for the technical requirements of machines and processes, in buildings, vehicles and other enclosed spaces.

[edit] Comfort Humans are sensitive to humid air because the human body uses evaporative cooling as the primary mechanism to regulate temperature.[citation needed] Under humid conditions, the rate at which perspiration evaporates on the skin is lower than it would be under arid conditions. Because humans perceive the rate of heat transfer from the body rather than temperature itself [5], we feel warmer when the relative humidity is high than when it is low. For example, if the air temperature is 24 °C (75 °F) and the relative humidity is zero percent, then the air temperature feels like 21 °C (69 °F).[6] If the relative humidity is 100 percent at the same air temperature, then it feels like 27 °C (80 °F).[6] In other words, if the air is 24 °C and contains saturated water vapor, then the human body cools itself at the same rate as it would if it

were 27 °C and dry.[6] The heat index and the humidex are indices that reflect the combined effect of temperature and humidity on the cooling effect of the atmosphere on the human body.

[edit] Buildings When controlling the climate in buildings using HVAC systems the key is to control the relative humidity in a comfortable range - low enough to be comfortable but high enough to avoid problems associated with very dry air. When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is low, evaporation of water is rapid; soil dries, wet clothes hung on a line or rack dry quickly, and perspiration readily evaporates from the skin. Wooden furniture can shrink causing the paint that covers these surfaces to fracture. When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is slow. When relative humidity approaches 100 percent, condensation can occur on surfaces, leading to problems with mold, corrosion, decay, and other moisture-related deterioration. Certain production and technical processes and treatments in factories, laboratories, hospitals and other facilities require specific relative humidity levels to be maintained using humidifiers, dehumidifiers and associated control systems.

[edit] Vehicles The same basic principles as in buildings, above, apply. In addition there may be safety considerations. For instance high humidity inside a vehicle can lead to problems of condensation, such as misting of windshields and shorting of electrical components. In sealed vehicles and pressure vessels such as pressurised airliners, submersibles and spacecraft these considerations may be critical to safety, and complex environmental control systems including equipment to maintain pressure are needed. For example, airliner fuselages are susceptible to corrosion from humidity, and avionics are susceptible to condensation, and as the failure of either is potentially catastrophic, airliners operate with low internal relative humidity, often under 10%, especially on long flights. The low humidity is a consequence of drawing in the very cold air with a low absolute humidity, which is found at airliner cruising altitudes. Subsequent warming of this air lowers its relative humidity. This causes discomfort such as sore eyes, dry skin, and drying out of mucosa, but humidifiers are not employed to raise it to comfortable mid-range levels because dry air is essential to safe flight.

[edit] Pressure dependence The relative humidity of an air-water system is dependent not only on the temperature but also on the absolute pressure of the system of interest. This dependence is demonstrated by considering the air-water system shown below. The system is closed (i.e. no matter enters or leaves the system).

If the system at State A is isobarically heated (heating with no change in system pressure) then the relative humidity of the system decreases because the saturated vapor pressure of water increases with increasing temperature. This is shown in State B. If the system at State A is isothermally compressed (compressed with no change in system temperature) then the relative humidity of the system increases because the partial pressure of water in the system increases with increasing system pressure. This is shown in State C. Therefore a change in relative humidity can be explained by a change in system temperature, a change in the absolute pressure of the system, or change in both of these system properties.

[edit] Enhancement factor The enhancement factor moist air

is defined as the ratio of the saturated vapor pressure of water in

to the saturated vapor pressure of pure water vapor.

The enhancement factor is equal to unity for ideal systems. However, in real systems the interaction effects between real gas molecules result in a small increase of the saturation vapor pressure of water in air relative to saturated vapor pressure of pure water vapor. Therefore, the enhancement factor is normally slightly greater than unity for real systems. The enhancement factor is commonly used to correct the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor when empirical relationships, such as those developed by Wexler, Goff, and Gratch, are used to estimated the properties of psychrometric systems. Buck has reported that, at sea level, the vapor pressure of water in saturated moist air amounts to an increase of approximately 0.5% over the saturated vapor pressure of pure water.[7]

[edit] Related concepts The term relative humidity is reserved for systems of water vapor in air. The term relative saturation is used to describe the analogous property for systems consisting of a condensable phase other than water in a non-condensable phase other than air.[8]

[edit] Other important facts

A gas in this context is referred to as saturated when the vapor pressure of water in the air is at the equilibrium vapor pressure for water vapor at the temperature of the gas and water vapor mixture; liquid water (and ice, at the appropriate temperature) will fail to lose mass through evaporation when exposed to saturated air. It may also correspond to the possibility of dew or fog forming, within a space that lacks temperature differences among its portions, for instance in response to decreasing temperature. Fog consists of very minute droplets of liquid, primarily held aloft by isostatic motion (in other words, the droplets fall through the air at terminal velocity, but as they are very small, this terminal velocity is very small too, so it doesn't look to us like they are falling and they seem to be being held aloft). The statement that relative humidity (RH%) can never be above 100%, while a fairly good guide, is not absolutely accurate, without a more sophisticated definition of humidity than the one given here. An arguable exception is the Wilson cloud chamber which uses, in nuclear physics experiments, an extremely brief state of "supersaturation" to accomplish its function. For a given dewpoint and its corresponding absolute humidity, the relative humidity will change inversely, albeit nonlinearly, with the temperature. This is because the partial pressure of water

increases with temperature – the operative principle behind everything from hair dryers to dehumidifiers. Due to the increasing potential for a higher water vapor partial pressure at higher air temperatures, the water content of air at sea level can get as high as 3% by mass at 30 °C (86 °F) compared to no more than about 0.5% by mass at 0 °C (32 °F). This explains the low levels (in the absence of measures to add moisture) of humidity in heated structures during winter, indicated by dry skin, itchy eyes, and persistence of static electric charges. Even with saturation (100% relative humidity) outdoors, heating of infiltrated outside air that comes indoors raises its moisture capacity, which lowers relative humidity and increases evaporation rates from moist surfaces indoors (including human bodies.) Similarly, during summer in humid climates a great deal of liquid water condenses from air cooled in air conditioners. Warmer air is cooled below its dewpoint and the excess water vapor condenses. This phenomenon is the same as that which causes water droplets to form on the outside of a cup containing an ice-cold drink. A useful rule of thumb is that the maximum absolute humidity doubles for every 20 °F or 10 °C increase in temperature. Thus, the relative humidity will drop by a factor of 2 for each 20 °F or 10 °C increase in temperature, assuming conservation of absolute moisture. For example, in the range of normal temperatures, air at 70 °F or 20 °C and 50% relative humidity will become saturated if cooled to 50°F or 10 °C, its dewpoint and 40 °F or 5 °C air at 80% relative humidity warmed to 70 °F or 20 °C will have a relative humidity of only 29% and feel dry. By comparison, a relative humidity between 40% and 60% is considered healthy and comfortable in comfort controlled environments (ASHRAE Standard 55 - see thermal comfort). Water vapor is a lighter gas than air at the same temperature, so humid air will tend to rise by natural convection. This is a mechanism behind thunderstorms and other weather phenomena. Relative humidity is often mentioned in weather forecasts and reports, as it is an indicator of the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. In hot summer weather, it also increases the apparent temperature to humans (and other animals) by hindering the evaporation of perspiration from the skin as the relative humidity rises. This effect is calculated as the heat index or humidex. A device used to measure humidity is called a hygrometer, one used to regulate it is called a humidistat, or sometimes hygrostat. (These are analogous to a thermometer and thermostat for temperature, respectively.)

Average, Standard Deviation and Relative Standard Deviation How will your data compare with other people’s data? Let’s find out. We will do this by pulling together everybody’s data, then calculating the average, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation. You can then compare your data with the average of everybody’s data. The average result, x, is calculated by summing the individual results and dividing this sum by the number (n) of

individual values: x= x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + . . . . n The standard deviation is a measure of how precise the average is, that is, how well the individual numbers agree with each other. It is a measure of a type of error called random error - the kind of error people can’t control very well. It is calculated as follows: standard deviation, S = (x1 - x)2 + (x2 - x)2 + (x3 - x)2 + . . . n-1 The relative standard deviation (RSD) is often times more convenient. It is expressed in percent and is obtained by multiplying the standard deviation by 100 and dividing this product by the average. relative standard deviation, RSD = 100S / x Example: Here are 4 measurements: 51.3, 55.6, 49.9 and 52.0. Calculate the average, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation. average, x= 51.3 + 55.6 + 49.9 + 52.0 4 = 208.8 4 = 52.2 standard deviation, S = (51.3 - 52.2)2 + (55.6 - 52.2)2 + (49.9 - 52.2)2 + (52.0 - 52.2)2 4-1 = (-0.9)2 + (3.4)2 + (-2.3)2 + (-0.2)2 3 = 0.81 + 11.56 + 5.29 + 0.04 3 = 5.9 = 2.4 relative standard deviation, RSD = 100S / x= 2.4 52.2 x 100 = 4.6% Our final result for this example can be written as 52.2 2.4 or 52.2 4.6%

Estimation Of Degree Of Calcination Collect a Kilnfeed sample and corresponding V cyclone discharge material. Determine the Loss on Ignition of both the samples as,

L1 = %LOI of Kilnfeed L2 =%LOI of V Cyclone discharge material Calculate the % Degree of Calcination using the formula: % degree of calcination = [L1 * (100-L2)- L2 * (100-L1)]/[L1 * (100-L2)]* 100 or 1-[{ L2 * (100 - L1)}/{L1 * (100 - L2)}]*100 For routine analysis consider % LOI of Kilnfeed as 36% and prepare a chart for various % LOI of V Cyclone discharge meal and use as ready reconer.

Degree of Calcination C (%) = ( fi - di) * 100 fi (or) = (1 - LOIsample) x (100 - LOIfeed) (100 - LOIsample) x (LOIfeed) C : Apparent percent calcination of the sample fi : Ignition loss of the original feed di : Ignition loss of the sample .

Sr. t President (HQ) Jaiprakash Associates Limited Sector-128, Noida-201 304, Distt. Gautam Budh Nagar, (U.P) Website: www.jalindia.com

KIND Attn: T.MOHAN RAO ,DY.MANAGER DEAR SIR, earliear we asked for raw maerials testing charges , we need clinker analysis also please send testing charges for clinker including minor oxides and excluding minor oxides both rates we go further regards K.SUBBA RAO AGM(P&QC) SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD e mail: [email protected]

Code

College Name

ABIT

AKSHAYA BHARATHI INST OF TECHNOLOGY,SIDDAVATAM

ABRK

ABR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,KANIGIRI

AGCT

AKULA GOPAYYA COLL. OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,TADEPALLIGUDEM

AIET

AMARA INST. OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,NARSARAOPET

AKIT

ABDULKALAM INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI.,KOTHAGUDEM

AMRN

A.M.REDDY MEMORIAL COLL. OF ENGINEERING,NARSARAOPET

AMRT

AMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,ADILABAD

ANSN

ST. ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,CHIRALA

ASEK

AKULA SREERAMULU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,TANUKU

AZDW

AZAD COLLEGE OF ENGG FOR WOMEN,MOINABAD

BVCE

B V CHALAMAIAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE,ODALAREVU

BVSR

BVSR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,CHIMAKURTHY

CHBR

CHEBROLU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTUR

CHKN

CHAITANYA INST. OF SCI. AND TECHNOLOGY,KAKINADA

CHND

CHUNDI RANGANAYAKULU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,CHILAKALURIPET

CITM

COASTAL INST OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,VIZIANAGARAM CHALAPATHI INST OF

LIST OF QUALITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

S. No.

Test equipment/chemicals and identification numbers(where applicable)

2 3

XRF analyzer (11 elements) – Bruker make Vibrating Cup Mills – Insmart make Pelletizers – Insmart make

4

Compressive Strength Machine

5 6

Proving ring 1000KN Humidity Chambers - Remi Make

1

Least count and range (where applicable) 0.01 %

Remarks (Indicate Number of equipments) 1 2 2

0-250 1KN 0-500 2 KN 0-1000 5KN 0.002mm 1o C/ 1 %

1 1 3

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Environmental chamber – Aimil make Vibrating Machine, Aimil make Cube Moulds – Aimil Make Auto Clave Testing Machines Aimil make Le-Chatlier Water Bath - Aimil make Laboratory Ball Mill Aimil Make, 5kg capacity Laboratory Jaw Crusher- Aimil Make 1 & Insmart Make 1 Pulveriser Aimil make Length Comparator Tacho meter 20000 rpm capacity Vicat Apparatus – Aimil Make Setting Time Moulds – Aimil Make Mixer Machine Flow Table Hot Plates – Indo Tech make Hot Air Oven – Indo Tech Make 2; Aimil Make 2 Muffle Furnace 0-1200oC Tempo make 2 ; Indo Tech Make 1 Muffle Furnace 0-1400oC - Indo Tech Make 1 Electronic Balances 6KG capacity Electronic Balances 200 Grams capacity Electronic Top loading Balances 200 Grams capacity Laboratory Test Sieves Blains Apparatus – Aimil Make Standard NCCBM Cement Veils Bomb Calorimeter – Make - Advance Research Instruments Flame Photo meter – Aimil make Digital stop watch Platinum Crucibles with lid, 30gms capacity Distilled water Plant

1 rpm

1 2 150

0.4Kg/Cm2

2 1 2 2

0.002mm 1 rpmd

2 1 1 8 18 1 1 3

1O C

4

1O C

3

1O C

1

0.5Grams Adair dutt-0.0001 & Essae – 0.001

2

0.001

2

3

As required 3 OPC 4; PPC 4;FLY ASH 4 1 cal

1

0-0.01 second

1 2

ALL OTHER NECESSARY CHEMICALS, GLASS WARE AND BOOKS ARE AVAILABLE AS PER IS 4031 & IS 4032.

4 2

Code

College Name

ABRK

ABR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,KANIGIRI

ACEE

ADARSH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,GOLLAPROLU

ADTS

ANASUYA DEVI INST OF TECH SCIENCES,BIBINAGAR

AESS

ARAVINDAKSHA EDNL SOC GROUP OF INSTNS,SURYAPET

AGCT

AKULA GOPAYYA COLL. OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,TADEPALLIGUDEM

AIME

AMALAPURAM INST OF MGMT SCI COLL OF ENGG,MUMMIDIVARAM

AMRN

A.M.REDDY MEMORIAL COLL. OF ENGINEERING,NARSARAOPET

ASEK

AKULA SREERAMULU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,TANUKU

ASOK

ASHOK INST OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,MALKAPUR

AZDW

AZAD COLLEGE OF ENGG FOR WOMEN,MOINABAD

BCTW

BHARATH COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,KADAPA

BITW

BADARI INST OF TECHNOLOGY SCI WOMEN,KAKINADA

DBIT

DON BOSCO INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCI,GUNTUR

GLIM

A1 GLOBAL INST OF ENGG TECHNOLOGY,MARKAPUR

GNAW

SRI GNANESWARI RES AND TECHNOLOGY ACADEMY FOR WOMEN,VIZIANAGARAM

GOKB

GOKUL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. AND SCI.S,BOBBILI

GVIT

G V V R INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAM

GVRS

G V R AND S COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,GUNTUR

GVRW

GVRS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN,GUNTUR

ISTS

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF TECH AND SCIENCES FOR WOMEN,RAJAHMUNDRY

KECW

KRISHNAVENI ENGG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,NARSARAOPET

KIMS

KONASEEMA INST OF MGMT SCIENCES AND COLL OF ENGG.,AMALAPURAM

KISR

KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCES,RAMACHANDRAPURAM

MJRT

MJR COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,PULICHERLA

MLEW

MALINENI LAKSHMAIAH WOMENS ENGG. COLLEGE,GUNTUR

MPLW

SRI MITTAPALLI INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,GUNTUR

MPTB

MENTEY PANABHAM COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAM

MXIT

MATRIX INST OF TECHNOLOGY,CHIKATIMAMIDI

NEWT

NEWTON INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,MACHERLA

NMRW

NIMRA WOMENS COLL OF ENGINEERING,JUPUDI

NOVW NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGG.AND

TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,JUPUDI NVEW

NOVA INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,ELURU

NVRT

N.V.R.COLLEGE OF ENGG TECHNOLOGY,TENALI

PECC

PONNUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTUR

PETW

PRINCETON INST OF ENGG TECH FOR WOMEN,GHATKESAR

PITT

PRIYADARSHINI INST. OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES,TENALI

PNCV

P. NAGAIAH CHOUDARY AND VIJAY INST OF ENGG AND TECH,GUNTUR

PYDE

PYDAH COLL OF ENGINEERING,KAKINADA

SECT

SREENIVASA COLLEGE OF ENGG TECHNOLOGY,KURNOOL

SGIT

DR SAMUEL GEORGE INSTITUTE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY,MARKAPUR

SIMH

SIMHADRI EDNL SOC GRP OF INSTNS,SABBAVARAM

STMW

ST.MARYS WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GUNTUR

VBTS

VISHWA BHARATHI INST OF TECH AND SCINCES,NADARGUL

VIIT

VIVEKANANDA INST OF SCI AND INFO.TECHNOLOGY,SHADNAGAR

VJIT

VIJETHA INST OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE,NARSAPURAM

VKRT

SRI V.KRISHNAM RAJU COLL OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,BHIMAVARAM

VSEK

SRI VASAVI INST OF ENGG AND TECHNOLOGY,TANUKU

VSLW V.S.LAKSHMI ENGG COLLEGE FOR

WOMEN,KAKINADA VTTW

VAISHNAVI INST OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN,TIRUPATHI

From Human Resource Manager. Cappa and D'Alberto Nigeria Plc PO Box 870, 72 Campbell Street, Lagos, Nigeria. www.cappadalberto.co.cc ATTN: Krishna Murthy B, This is an Affirmation that your experience and qualifications were found satisfactory for the requirements of Cappa and D'Alberto Nigeria Plc, and as such you have emerged successful and have been issued a job offer by us. The soft copy of your Job Offer letter is attached, do accept our offer by g in the appropriate place and send us scanned copy of the duly signed Job Offer Letter. The of agreement are not negotiable, do ignore or inform us if you do not accept the offer, as a suitable replacement will be sort after 5 working days. the Nigerian Ministry of Internal Affairs with the below details and obtain your Expatriate Quota Approval Certificate to enable us safely apply for your Work and Residence Permit / Visa; Nigerian Ministry of Internal Affairs Block F Old Federal Secretariat, Garki Area 1, P.M.B.16, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria. Tel: +234-8077856267 E-mail: [email protected] Direct all your queries to me via email or call me on +234-80754 -33118. Congratulations, Regards,

Ogunkoya Daniel Human Resource Manager

To

Date: 16.08.2010

THE UNIT HEAD SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

THROUGH: A.G.M (Q.C.)

&

G.M. (ENG)

Respected Sir, Sub: payment of house rent payment – reg. Humbly, I (E.Venkateswarlu, Chemist, Q.C. Department) would like to bring to your kind notice that, I have taken a house at Banaganapalli, for a monthly rent of Rs.2000/- . Hence I am requesting your kind selves to advise our Personal Department to arrange to pay the house rent Rs.2000/-(Two thousand only) every month as per the norms of the company. For your kind action in this regard, I am very much thankful to you forever. Thanking you Sir, Yours faithfully,

(E.VENKATESWARLU)

To Vice President (T & A) SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

Date: 24.07.2010

Respected Sir, Sub: payment of house rent payment – reg. Humbly, I (S.Gridhar Reddy, Chemist, Q.C. Department) would like to bring to your kind notice that, I have taken a house at Banaganapalli, for a monthly rent of Rs.2000/- . Hence I am requesting your kind selves to advise our Personal Department to arrange to pay the house rent Rs.2000/-(Two thousand only) every month as per the norms of the company. For your kind action in this regard, I am very much thankful to you forever. Thanking you Sir, Yours faithfully,

(S.GIRIDHAR REDDY)

To Vice President (T & A) SREE JAYAJOTHI CEMENTS LTD.,

Date: 26.07.2010

Respected Sir, Through:

PROPER CHANNEL

Sub:I would like to bring to your kind notice that, I (Y.Venkateswara Reddy, Supervisor, Mechanical Department) am working in this esteemed Organisation since 07.08.2007 and placed under probation for a period of Six Months w.e.f. 01.04.2009. My probation is also completed by 01.10.2009 and so far I have not received my conformation orders. At present I am drawing a monthly salary is Rs.5000/- only (even not equal to the other Trainee Diploma holders salary) I am suffering a lot to meet my family expensive. Hence I am requesting your kind selves to consider my request and help me in this regard. For your kind action I am very much thankful to you forever. Thanking You Sir, Yours faithfully,

(Y.VENKATESWARA REDDY)

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Coal Statistics

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Coal Conversion Statistics

Coal Conversion Statistics Basis of Analysis

Definitions As Received (ar): includes Total Moisture (TM) Air Dried (ad): includes Inherent Moisture (IM) only Dry Basis (db): excludes all Moisture Dry Ash Free (daf): excludes all Moisture & Ash The Proximate Analysis of any coal i.e. the % content of Moisture, Ash (A), Volatile Matter (VM), Fixed Carbon (FC) - also Sulphur (S) and Calorific Value (CV) - can be expressed on any of the above bases.

Conversions To obtain:-Air Dry Dry Basis As Received - multiply ar by: (100 - IM%) / (100 - TM%)100 / (100 - TM%)ad by: 100 / (100 - IM%) (100 - TM%) / (100 - IM%) db by: (100 - IM%) / 100 (100 - TM%) / 100 [For daf, multiply db by 100/(100-A)] Example: ar

ad

db

daf

TM IM Ash VM FC Sulphur

11.0 2.0 12.0 30.0 47.0 1.0

2.0 13.2 33.0 51.8 1.1

13.5 33.7 52.8 1.12

39.0 61.0 -

MASS Units: Metric ton (t) = tonne = 1000 kilograms (= 2204.6 lb) Imperial or Long ton (lt) = 1016.05 kilograms (= 2240 lb) Short (US) ton (st) = 907.19 kilograms (= 2000 lb) Conversions: From long ton to metric tonmultiply by 1.016 From short ton to metric tonmultiply by 0.9072 Mt - million tonnes Mtce - million tonnes of coal equivalent (= 0.697 Mtoe) Mtoe - million tonnes of oil equivalent

Calorific Values (CV) Units: kcal/kg - Kilocalories per kilogram MJ/kg* - Megajoules per kilogram Btu/lb - British Thermal Units per pound * 1 MJ/kg = 1 Gigajoule/tonne (GJ/t)

Gross & Net Calorific Values Gross CV or higher heating value' (HHV) is the CV under laboratory conditions. Net CV or 'lower heating value' (LHV) is the useful calorific value in boiler plant. The difference is essentially the latent heat of the water vapour produced

Conversions – Units From kcal/kg to MJ/kg multiply by 0.004187 From kcal/kg to Btu/lb multiply by 1.800 From MJ/kg to kcal/kg multiply MJ/kg by 238.8 From MJ/kg to Btu/lb multiply MJ/kg by 429.9 From Btu/lb to kcal/kgmultiply Btu/lb by 0.5556 From Btu/lb to MJ/kg multiply Btu/lb by 0.002326

Conversions - Gross/Net (per ISO, for As Received figures) kcal/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 50.6H - 5.85M - 0.191O MJ/kg: Net CV = Gross CV - 0.212H - 0.0245M - 0.0008O Btu/lb: Net CV = Gross CV - 91.2H - 10.5M - 0.34O - where M is % Moisture, H is % Hydrogen, O is % Oxygen (from ultimate analysis*, also As Received). * Ultimate analysis determines the amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. For typical bituminous coal with 10% M and 25% Volatile Matter, the differences between gross and net calorific values are approximately as follows: 260 kcal/kg

1.09 MJ/kg

470 Btu/lb

Power Generation 1 MWh = 3600 MJ 1 MW = 1 MJ/s 1 MW (thermal power) [MWth] = approx 1000 kg steam/hour 1 MW (electrical power) [MWe] = approx MWth / 3 A 600 MWe coal-fired power station operating at 38% efficiency and 75% overall availability will consume approximately: - Bituminous coal (CV 6000 kcal/kg NAR*): 1.5 Mt/annum - Brown coal (CV 2250 kcal/kg NAR*): 4.0 Mt/annum * Net As Received Sources: GWC Coal Handbook & IEA Clean Coal Centre

Documents 

WCI Coal Conversion Facts fact card (2007)

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