Evolution Trade Unions India 473z2g

HOME This article contains some important aspects of Industrial relations like Trade unions and Wage laws in India. The paper consists of my experience and learning as a PGDM student of Final year specializing in HRM. My sincere acknowledgements goes to my Human Resource and Industrial Relations faculties who have given me an in-depth knowledge of the subject so that I am able to write an article on the same. Giving a brief overview of Industrial Relations, I would like to say that it is a collective relationship between two parties unlike Human Relations, which is a one-toone, and an interpersonal relationship. There are two aspects of IR. One is “Curative” in which a conflict/dispute is resolved after it has arisen in the industry. The other one is “Preventive” in which the Management takes appropriate steps to prevent/avoid any dispute. This is also called “CONSTRUCTIVE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS”. Collective Bargaining and t Consultations are Preventive forms of IR. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA Trade union as per Trade Union Act 1926 – “ Any combination formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers or workmen and workmen or employers and employers or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of any trade or business and includes any federation of two or more trade unions.” From the above definition it is clear that Trade union is not just an association of the workmen of a factory or a trade or a business but also can be formed by officers and managers. Trade union movement in India was started and led by philanthropists and social organizations and not by the workers. Bombay Presidency - by servants of India society Eastern India - by Brahmo Samaj South India centered around Madras - by Theosophical Society Trade union is a direct product of Industrialization and a very recent development. In India, the foundation of modern industry was laid between 1850 and 1870. Prior to that trade was confined to individuals and families like craftsmen and artisans. They had expertise and specialized skills which was inherited by their offsprings. After Industrial revolution, these people started losing their individual identities and had to factories to earn their livelihood and compete with mass production. There was a psychological dislocation as they were losing their identities. Indian trade union movement can be divided into three phases. The first phase falls between 1850 and 1900 during which the inception of trade unions took place. During this period of the growth of Indian Capitalist enterprises, the working and living conditions of the labour were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition to long working hours, their wages were low and general economic conditions were poor in industries. In order to regulate the working hours and other service conditions of the Indian textile labourers, the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result,

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employment of child labour was prohibited. Mr. N M Lokhande organized people like Rickshawalas etc., prepared a study report on their working conditions and submitted it to the Factory Labour Commission. The Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891 due to his efforts. Guided by educated philanthropists and social workers like Mr. Lokhande, the growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities. These strikes taught workers to understand the power of united action even though there was no union in real . Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up. The second phase of The Indian trade union movement falls between 1900 and 1947. this phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. It also witnessed the emergence of militant trade unionism. The First World War (1914-1918) and the Russian revolution of 1917 gave a new turn to the Indian trade union movement and organized efforts on part of the workers to form trade unions. In 1918, B P Wadia organized trade union movements with Textile mills in Madras. He served strike notice to them and workers appealed to Madras High Court because under ‘Common Law’, strike is a breach of law. In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi suggested to let individual struggle be a Mass movement. In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became operative from 1927. The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947), and the Government sought the cooperation of the unions for planned economic development. The working class movement was also politicized along the lines of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. LABOUR LAWS Law—“ Law is a rule or a system of rules recognized by a country or a community as regulating the actions of its and enforced by the imposition of penalties.” Factors responsible for development of Labour laws        

Exploitation of the workmen by the capitalists Social pressure and pressure from trade unions Government policies based on Government philosophy which in turn was based on the political ideologies Constitution of India (Directive Principles of state policy) Supreme Court’s recommendations on the cases that came up in the courts Recommendations of various commissions and committees set up by government from time to time Conventions and recommendations of International labor organization (ILO) Awareness about environment

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Common features of all laws       

Short title and commencement Preamble i.e. purpose of the law Definitions Substantive provisions Penalty provisions Records/ s/ Returns Inspectorate/ Enforcement authority

Categories of Labour Laws 

  





Regulatory legislations to oversee the conditions of work at workplace Eg. Machinery arrangement, spittoons, working hours, leave with wages etc. Legislations related to wages Eg. Payment of Wages Act, 1936, Minimum Wages Act, 1948 Legislations related to social security Eg. ESI Act, 1948, Employees Provident Fund Act, 1952 Legislations related to Industrial Relations (IR) Eg. Industrial disputes Act, 1947, Industrial Employments (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, Trade Union Act, 1926 Legislations related to service conditions Eg. Regulations of environment Act (for Dock workers), Conditions of Service Act (for Sales Promotion employees) Miscellaneous Eg. Apprentices Act, 1961, Environment protection Act, 1986

In this paper, I would be discussing about the four legislations related to Wages/Remunerations along with the necessary definitions and calculations. 1. 2. 3. 4.

THE EQUAL REMUNERATION ACT, 1976 THE PAYMENT OF WAGES ACT, 1936 THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948 THE PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT, 1965 THE EQUAL REMUNERATION ACT, 1976

1975 was the benchmark year in the Indian history because there was an emergency declared in the Indian state by the Government and strikes by Trade unions were prohibited. The year was International Women’s Year and the Government introduced The Equal remuneration Act in 1976. The article 39d of the Indian Constitution i.e. Directive Principles of State Policy says: ‘Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.’ This was the connection of the Act with the constitution.

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I should define ‘Same or Similar nature of work’ before going any further on the act. It means “a work in respect of which the skill, effort and responsibility required are the same when performed under similar working conditions by a man or a woman.” Therefore, the Act says that no employers should pay to any workman who is employed by him, a remuneration at rates less favourable than those at which the remuneration is paid by him to a worker of opposite sex who is performing the same or similar nature of work. In simpler , same remuneration is to be paid to both men and women workers for same or similar nature of work. The Act does not disturb ‘Wage Differential’ i.e. the differences in wages in the same grade on the basis of length of service. The law is not universally applicable to all industries. Till now 76 industries have been covered by the legislation. There will not be any revision of service prior to the commencement of the Act. The Act also encourages employment of Female workers. These workers will:  Be entitled to certain benefits amongst which the prominent one is The Maternity benefit Act  Not be allowed to work between 7pm to 6am  Face severe restrictions between 10pm to 5am  Not be allowed to work in mines THE PAYMENT OF WAGES ACT, 1936 Provisions of the Act:  Payment to be made on time  Payment to be made in cash  No unauthorized deductions to be allowed There are two kinds of industrial establishments under the law:  Less than 1000 employees  More than 1000 employees Law obliges an employer to fix a wage period under this act. If the establishment is the first type i.e. number of employees is less than 1000, then the wage period (the period within which the wage to the employees has to be paid) is 7 days. If the establishment has 1000 or more employees, then the wage period is 10 days. This would be clear with a small example as below:  

Week ending – 03/03/05 Month ending – 30/06/05

< 1000 employees

1000 or more employees

If weekly wages is given then, It is within 10/03/05

If weekly wages is given then, it is within 13/03/05

If monthly wages is given then, It is within 07/07/05

If monthly wages is given then, it is within 10/07/05 4

Total deductions shall not exceed 50% of the wages. However, in case of Co-operative societies it can go upto 75% of the wages. Example: Basic (Rs.) 1000

DA (Rs.) 250

Allowances 150

(Rs.)

Total 1400

(Rs.)

Deductions not more than 50% i.e. Rs.700 In case of Co-operative societies not more than 75% i.e. Rs. 1050 If 10 or more employees refuse to work or go on a strike, then the deductions will not be only on pro-rata basis but an additional deduction to the extent of 8 days wages will be made. The employer has to issue a show-cause in case of deductions for damages and any damage due to willful negligence is liable for deductions. If an employer fines, then the following procedure has to be followed by him:  Employer will have to develop a list of acts and conditions for which fine can be imposed  The list should be approved by the appropriate government  It should be displayed at a conspicuous place  As and when the employee commits such act, a show-cause notice is to be issued asking for explanations  The explanation considered, if found satisfactory, ends the matter then and there  Otherwise, fine may be imposed by the employer Restrictions on employers regarding imposition of fine:     

Not more than 3% of the wages payable can be imposed as fines Fines cannot be recovered in instalments. It must be one time recovery It must be recovered within the period of 60 days from the date of imposition No fine can be imposed on an employee of age below 15 years The money/fine recovered shall be transferred to a welfare fund

Contracting out: Any agreement between the employer and employee outside the provisions of the Payment of Wages Act, shall be considered null and void. Example: If an employer is going through acute financial losses and the employee enters into an agreement with the employer to receive the wages after 2 months, then the agreement will be null and void and wages payment has to be made within the stipulated time period of 7 or 10 days as the case may be. The claims made by employees on of payment made not within time or on of unauthorized deductions, will be settled by an authority appointed by the Government called Payment of wages authority.

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THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948 Wage is nothing but the price of labour sold by labourers to employers. Its rate is determined by the forces of demand & Supply in the market. Since supply of labour is high in the Indian market and the rates are low, Government enacted The Minimum Wages act to fix the minimum wage rate to be paid by the employer. The purposes of this act are:  



To empower the government to fix or to revise minimum rates of wages in the Scheduled Employments i.e. those employments that are listed in the Schedule Wages to be paid in cash but where a part is paid in kind, government may allow the continuance of such wages. Example of payment of wages in kind includes agricultural products Wage rates may be fixed on hourly, daily, monthly basis

Minimum rates of wages may differ from employment to employment, from location to location and also amongst different classes of workmen (Adults, children, adolescents) It is one of the most flexible legislations and can be very seldom challenged in the Court of Law. There are two alternative procedures for fixing or revising minimum wage rate, out of which the government can adopt any one. 



Committee method: Under this method, Government forms a tripartite committee of employers, employees and independent persons (mainly Government officers). This committee examines the prevailing situation in Industry and makes recommendations based on that. On receipt of such recommendations, government fixes the minimum wage rate with or without modifications. Notification method: Under this method, the government itself suggests the minimum rate of wages for an employment. It makes a proposal and gets it notified in the official gazette for information of all concerned. After 2 months of wait for any suggestions/recommendations by employments, government takes up the proposal in light of the comments it receives and finalizes it with/without modifications.

After the fixation or revision of minimum wage rate, it has to be published in the official gazette. An authority appointed by the Government called Payment of wages authority will settle the claims made by employees. Contracting out is not allowed in this Act also.

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At this juncture, I would highlight certain points of difference between The Payment of Wages Act, 1936 and The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, which unless made clear might create confusion in the minds of the readers. THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948

THE PAYMENT OF WAGES ACT, 1936

Wage rate is fixed by government which can Wage rate is fixed by Collective Bargaining be daily, weekly monthly or Industrial Tribunal or Wage Board Nothing is mentioned about wage period in Wage period is fixed by employer and can be the Act weekly, monthly etc. The Act is applicable to Scheduled The Act is applicable to all Industrial employments only which is an unorganized establishments, which is an organized sector. sector Empowerment Enactment Both Cash & Kind payments

Only Cash payments

THE PAYMENT OF BONUS ACT, 1965 Bonus payment started much before the law was enacted in Ahmedabad textile mills both in cash and kind. It was a payment to employees to face the rigours at work. Gradually by 1929-30, large number of employers all over the country started it out of his own sweet will. It was an ex-gratia concept. By 1930’s, the union started clamoring for such payments on claims that they are also entitled to a share in company’s profits since they contribute a great deal to earn it. Hence, the concept changed from ex-gratia to Profit sharing. The problem now faced by the management was computation of accurate profits. A High court Commission was ordered to compute the profits. In 1961, Bonus Commission was set up by the Government of India. Later unions felt that bonus should be paid to everyone and devised a new concept called Deferred Wages. The argument was that their wages were so low that they were unable to save any sum of money. Demand under deferred wages was 13 months wages for 12 months i.e. 1 month wage to be paid during festivals. In the Law, Concept of Profit sharing and Deferred wages was integrated and the Payment of Bonus Ordinance, 1965 was converted to The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965. The law is applicable to factories and other establishments employing 20 or more persons.

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Since, the main concept of the act is Profit sharing, Bonus is calculated on the basis of trading results of an establishment during a particular ing year. Each ing year is a unit and there is no relationship between last and next ing year. Only those employees who are drawing a salary/wage not more than Rs. 3500 per month are covered under this act. Capacities of the employees on the basis of skilled/unskilled are not taken into consideration. Computation of Bonus:

Hypothetical example

Rs.



Net Profit

10,00,000



Add: Add backs charged to Profit & Loss in respect of those items included in Schedules I and II

5,00,000



Gross Profit

15,00,000



Less: Deductions like direct tax, Depreciation and 6%-8.5% of Equity capital

7,50,000



Available Surplus

7,50,000



60% of Available surplus is Allocable surplus

4,50,000

Allocable surplus is to be distributed as Bonus to the employees. The law obliges an employer to pay a minimum of 8.33% of the wage bill as bonus subject to a maximum of 20% of wage bill. This will be made clear from the following examples. Hypothetical example:

Rs.

Total wage bill Allocable surplus (from the above example)

45,00,000 4,50,000

Therefore, 10% of the wage bill (Rs. 4,50,000) will be paid as bonus to the employees with salary not more than Rs. 3500/month.

Employee X Employee Y : : : : :

Yearly wage (Rs.)

Bonus @ 10% (Rs.)

30,000 15,000 : : : : :

3,000 1,500 : : : : :

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45,00,000

4,50,000

If wage bill is Rs. 90,00,000, then allocable surplus of Rs. 4,50,000 would form only 5% of the wage bill. This is less than the minimum amount of bonus payable i.e. 9.33% of wage bill. The minimum amount to be paid is Rs. 7,50,000 (8.33% of Rs. 90,00,000) and the allocable surplus is Rs. 4,50,000. A shortfall of (Rs. 7,50,000 - Rs. 4,50,000) Rs. 3,00,000 is created which is set off against next ing year’s allocable surplus. Hence, Set off can be defined as – When there is no Available surplus or the Allocable surplus is insufficient to pay the minimum Bonus payable, then that shortfall will be carried forward to the next ing year and upto and including four consecutive ing years. Similarly, if the wage bill is Rs. 9,00,000, the allocable surplus of Rs. 4,50,000 forms 50% of the wages paid. Maximum bonus that can be paid is 20% of the wage bill i.e. Rs. 1,80,000. So, the excess allocable surplus of Rs. 2,70,000 (Rs, 4,50,000 – Rs. 1,80,000) will be set on to the next ing year and upto and including four ing years subject to a maximum of 20% of the wages. This means that only Rs. 1,80,000 will be set on for the next ing year and the rest Rs. 90,000 will get cancelled. The Bonus on a wage of Rs. 2500 and upto Rs. 3500 will be calculated on the amount of Rs. 2500. Hypothetical example. Monthly Wages (Rs.) Employee A Employee B Employee C Employee D

1,500 2,000 3,000 36,000

Yearly Wages (Rs.) 18,000 24,000 36,000 4,32,000

Bonus declared @ 10% 1800 2400 3000 ***

Employee C will get a bonus on Rs. 30,000 (Rs. 2500 *12) @ 10% i.e. Rs. 3000 whereas Employee D is not eligible for a bonus as his salary exceeds the maximum amount of Rs. 3500 per month.

Gunjan Khaitan PGDM student

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