Final Presentation On Animal Communication i1m2v

Animal Communication By : Beverly Britto Dwayne Coelho

What is animal communication?

Animal communication is any transfer of information on the part of one or more animals that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal. • When animals communicate to their audience, they have a clear intention and reference, and the signal can be understood away from the physical object that it refers to. • The study of animal communication — sometimes called zoosemiotics

Why is communication needed?

Attracts (especially mates) repel (especially competitors or enemies)

signal aggression or submission

species

warn of predators

communicate about the environment or the availability of food

Such signals may be:1. instinctive, that is genetically programmed 2. learnt from others

Types Of Animal Communication 1.Chemical signals (used by some very simple creatures, including protozoa) using pheromones 2.Touch 3.Visual signals (eg. feathers) 4.Sound (Olfactory)

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Chemical signals

Many animals use chemical communication or pheromones to communicate. They may leave their scent to mark territory or attract mates. They often use smell to find prey and identify other animals • Pheromones are chemical substances which may be secreted in urine, dung or produced by special glands. Examples 1. Sharks have a particularly efficient sense of smell and some species can detect drops of blood in the ocean at a range of about one mile. 2. Snakes have the most unusual means of detecting scents. They use their tongue to pick up scent particles in the air. Having flicked out its tongue the snake then returns it to a special organ in the roof of the mouth which analyses the scents collected.

Touch Although perhaps not as important or widespread as sound, scent or sight, a number of animals make use of touch in order to communicate their feelings to other of their kind. Examples 1. Apes and monkeys will also hug and 'kiss' on meeting, although in certain species of monkey the visiting or newly arrived monkey will place its hand in the mouth of the monkey it is greeting. After a few moments the hand is withdrawn and the other monkey will place its hand in the mouth of the visitor. This appears to be a sign of trust and goodwill between monkeys. 2. Big cats tend to nuzzle each other, as do rhinos and many

Visual Signals Visual signals may take the form of gestures and display, facial grimaces, body posture or mimicry. The extravagant display of the peacock or lyre bird can make the strutting of a wood pigeon seem ineffective and yet each species has its own way of using visual communication to the best advantage. 1. Gestures : The attitude of the tail when two wolves meet will indicate which of the two is the superior. 2. Display : The male rabbit will use the white underside of its tail to attract the attention of a female 3. Facial grimaces : The frown of a rhesus monkey is a clear sign of unease, whereas the raised eyebrow and fluttering eyelid denotes friendship or pleasure. 4. Body posture : The bee repeatedly walks in a figure 8 motion while shaking its abdomen. The direction and waggle duration corresponds to the direction and distance to the food from the hive. 5. Mimicry : Many caterpillars through their coloration take on the

Sound (Olfactory) If the olfactory signs are the most common form of communication among animals the acoustic signals must surely be the next in line, as animals of all kinds rely to a great extent on their hearing ability in order to succeed and survive. Examples 1. Among mammals, generally speaking, small animals squeak (eg. Hamsters) and large ones rumble (eg. Elephants). The reason for this is that the smaller the animal's head, the higher the frequency of sound it can receive and transmit. 2. Grasshoppers and crickets create sound by 'fiddling' - a process which consists of rubbing the hind legs over the ribs of the forewings. 3. The rattlesnake gives a distinctly audible and sinister

SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

What is Social Behavio

• Different types of behavior evolved in animals because the behaviors helped them survive or reproduce. In many species, animals live together in a close-knit group with other of their species. Such a group is referred to as a society. Animals that live in a society are known as social animals. They live and work together for the good of the group. This is called cooperation. Generally, each member of the group has a specific role that it plays in the society • Social behaviour is defined by interaction, not by how organisms are distributed in space. Clumping of individuals is not a requirement for social behaviour, although it does increase opportunities for interaction. • Example : When a lone female moth emits a bouquet of pheromones to attract male potential mates, she is engaging in social behaviour

Who was Dian Fossey? Dr. Dian Fossey’s life was marked by

ut o b a n r a e l u e yo “The mor illa, r o g e h t f o y the dignit t to n a w u o y e r the mo le.“ – Dian

many challenges and successes. Fossey, whom Rwandans knew as Nyiramachabelli – "the woman who lives alone on the mountain" – is ed throughout the world for her heroic struggle to preserve, protect and study the mountain gorilla. As founder of the Digit Fund (later renamed the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International), her firm commitment to wildlife preservation, especially that of the mountain gorilla, resulted in a truly remarkable career that spanned two

Dian Fossey’s Research 1960’s – 1980’s Rwanda • Aim : 1. Opposition to poaching 2. Opposition to tourism 3. Preservation of habitat • She lived among the mountain gorillas for nearly 20 years keeping detailed journals to record everything she observed, and forging close relationships with individual gorillas as she gained their trust. She shared her thoughts and the results of her findings with the world, teaching us that gorillas are not monsters but social beings full of curiosity and affection. • She found that imitating their behavior towards each other, she was partly expected into the group. She was also able to work out the meaning of their communication skills and she was the first person to understand how the gorilla society

Who was Jane Goodall? Born on April 3, 1934, in London, England, Jane Goodall set out to Tanzania to study wild chimpanzees by sitting amongst them, bying more rigid procedures and uncovering discoveries about primate behavior that have continued to shape scientific discourse. She is a highly respected member of the world scientific community

“To achieve global peace, we must not only stop fighting each other, but also stop destroying the natural world.“- Jane Goodall

Jane Goodall’s Research What she discovered: 1. She witnessed a creature, other than a human, in the act not just of using a tool but of making one 2. They experienced adolescence, developed powerful mother-and-child bonds, and used political chicanery to get what they wanted. They also made war, wiping out of their own species with almost genocidal brutality on one occasion that

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