Gerunds A Gerund Is A Verbal That 2l6a2b

Gerunds A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition. Gerund as subject: • Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.) • The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been removed.) Gerund as direct object: • They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.) • They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed) Gerund as subject complement: • My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.) • My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund has been removed.) Gerund as object of preposition: • The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.) • The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.) A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund, such as: The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence. Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do. Finding (gerund) a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund) in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb) The gerund phrase functions as the direct object of the verb appreciate. I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity. my (possessive pronoun adjective form, modifying the gerund) offering (gerund) you (indirect object of action expressed in gerund) this opportunity (direct object of action expressed in gerund) The gerund phrase functions as the subject complement. Newt's favorite tactic has been lying to his constituents. lying to (gerund) his constituents (direct object of action expressed in gerund) The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition for. You might get in trouble for faking an illness to avoid work.

faking (gerund) an illness (direct object of action expressed in gerund) to avoid work (infinitive phrase as adverb) The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence. Being the boss made Jeff feel uneasy. Being (gerund) the boss (subject complement for Jeff, via state of being expressed in gerund) Punctuation A gerund virtually never requires any punctuation with it. Points to : 1. 2. 3.

A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that is used as a noun. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s). Gerunds and gerund phrases virtually never require punctuation.

Simple Present Tense I sing How do we make the Simple Present Tense? subjec t

+

auxiliary verb do

+

main verb base

There are three important exceptions: 1. 2. 3.

For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like: subject + -

?

I, you, we, they He, she, it I, you, we, they He, she, it Do Does

auxiliary verb

do does I, you, we, they he, she, it

no t no t

main verb like

coffee.

likes like

coffee. coffee.

like

coffee.

like

coffee ? coffee ?

like

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

+

subject I

main verb am

You, we, they

are

French . French .

-

?

He, she, it

is

I

am

You, we, they He, she, it

are

Am Are

I you, we, they he, she, it

Is

no t no t no t

is

French . old. old. old. late? late? late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense? the tense which you use to refer to events, actions and conditions which are happening all the time, or exist now We use the simple present tense when:

• • • •

the action is general the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future the action is not only happening now the statement is always true

past

John drives a taxi. present

future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future. Look at these examples:

• • • • • •

I live in New York. The Moon goes round the Earth. John drives a taxi. He does not drive a bus. We do not work at night. Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now: Am I right? Tara is not at home. You are happy. past presen future t The situation is now.

past

I am not fat. Why are you so beautiful? Ram is tall. present future

The situation is general. Past, present and future.

How do we make the Simple Past Tense? The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often. In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the simple past tense, followed by a quiz to check your understanding: To make the simple past tense, we use:

• •

past form only or auxiliary did + base form

Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs: V1 base work explod e like go see sing

regular verb irregular verb

V2 past worked explode d liked went saw sang

V3 past participle worked exploded liked

The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed.

gone seen sung You do not need the past participle form to make the simple past tense. It is shown here for completeness only.

The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.

The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is: subjec t

+

main verb past

The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is: subjec t

+

auxiliary verb did

+

no t

+

main verb base

The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is: auxiliary verb did

+

subjec t

+

main verb base

The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:

+ -

subjec t I You She

auxiliary verb

We

did

did

no t no t

main verb went worked go

to school. very hard. with me.

work

yesterday.

?

Did

you

go

Did

they

work

to London? at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:

+

-

?

subject I, he/she/it You, we, they I, he/she/it

main verb was were

You, we, they Was Were

were

was

I, he/she/it you, we, they

no t no t

here. in London. there. happy. right? late?

The term “curriculum vitae” comes from the Latin Curriculum (course) and Vitae (life): The course of one’s life. "It is vitae (not vita) because "life" in the phrase "course of life" ... is in the genitive singular....” - Eric Daniels, CVtips.com A Curriculum Vitae (CV) resembles a resume in many ways, but is more specifically focused on academic achievements. A CV summarizes educational and academic history, and may include details about teaching experience, publications (books, articles, research papers, unpublished manuscripts, or book chapters), and academic honors and awards. Use a CV rather than a resume for teaching or research opportunities, applying for fellowships or for further academic training. Some research positions in industry may also prefer a CV rather than a resume CV’s are frequently longer than resumes, since the emphasis is on completeness rather than brevity. While there is no single correct format or style for writing a CV, the following types of information are generally included, and typically organized in this way: CV From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about curriculum vitae. For the analogue synthesizer protocol, see CV/Gate. A curriculum vitae (loosely translated as course of life) provides an overview of a person's life and qualifications. The CV is typically the first item that a potential employer encounters regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview, when seeking employment. A shorter alternative is simply vita, the Latin for "life". In popular usage curriculum vitæ is often written "curriculum vitae". The plural of curriculum vitæ is formed following Latin rules of grammar as curricula vitæ (meaning "courses of life") — not curriculum vita (meaning ~ "curriculum life"). The form vitæ is the genitive of vita, and so is translated "of life". In current usage curriculum is less marked as a foreign loanword, and so the plural of curriculum on its own is sometimes written as "curriculums",[1] rather than the traditional curricula;[2] nevertheless, the phrase "curriculums vita" is avoided, because vita remains strongly marked as a foreign loanword. Usage The purpose of the CV is to seek an interview for a prospective job application. There are a few companies that prefer not to receive a CV at all in application, but rather produce their own application form which must be completed in applying for any position. Of those, some also allow applicants to attach a CV in of the application. The reason some companies prefer to process applications this way is to standardize the information they receive, as there can be many variables within a CV and, therefore, the company often does not get all the information they require at application stage.[3] In the United States and Canada, a CV is expected to include a comprehensive listing of professional history including every term of employment, academic credential, publication, contribution or significant achievement. In certain professions, it may even include samples of the person's work and may run to many pages.

In the European Union, there has been an attempt to develop a standardized CV model known as Euro (in 2004 by the European Parliament and European Commission) and promoted by the EU to ease skilled migration between member countries, although this is not widely used in most contexts. A standard British CV might have the following points[4]

• • • •

•

•

•

Personal details at the top, such as name in bold type, address, numbers and, if the subject has one, an e-mail address. Photos are not required at all, unless requested. Modern CVs are more flexible. A personal profile, written in either the first or the third person, a short paragraph about the job seeker. This should be purely factual, and free of any opinion about the writer's qualities such as "enthusiastic", "highly motivated", etc. A bulleted list of the job seeker's key skills or professional assets alone is somewhat unsophisticated A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's educational qualifications and work experience, including his or her current role. The CV should for the writer's entire career history. The career history section should describe achievements rather than duties. The early career can these days be lumped together in a short summary but recent jobs should illustrate concept, planning, achievement, roles. A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's education or training, including a list of his or her qualifications such as his or her academic qualifications (GCSEs, A-Levels, Highers, degrees etc.) and his or her professional qualifications (NVQs and hips of professional organizations etc.). If the job seeker has just left the place of education, the work experience and education are reversed. Date of birth, gender if you have an ambiguous first name, whether you have a driving license used to be standard - but nothing is required and you should not waste space on trivia. An employer requesting date of birth and gender needlessly could find itself on the losing side of recent anti-discrimination legislation. The job seeker's hobbies and interests (optional)

There are certain faux pas for CVs:

• • • •

The CV being longer than two full sheets of paper. (This rule does not apply to academic positions, for which the CV normally includes a complete list of publications and major conference papers. CVs for positions in postsecondary teaching, research, and academic istration may be of any length.) Writing anything pejorative about other persons or businesses. If applying for a specific position, omitting a covering letter explaining one's suitability. Implying skills which one does not have.

As with résumés, CVs are subject to recruiting fads. For example,

• • •

• • •

•

In German-speaking countries, a picture was a mandatory adjunct to the CV for a long time. Indian employers prefer lengthy résumés. Including a photograph of the applicant is strongly discouraged in the U.S. as it would suggest that an employer would discriminate on the basis of a person's appearance — age, race, sex, attractiveness, or the like. The theatre and modeling industries are exceptions, where it is expected that résumés will include photographs; actors refer to such photos as head shots. In Korea, résumés always include a picture of the applicant, and other information, such as religion, Resident registration number (South Korea), family information, military information (for men), and other information often regarded as personal information in the west. When listing non-academic employment in the U.S., the newest entries generally come first (reverse chronological). The use of an "objective statement" at the top of the document (such as "Looking for an entry-level position in stores") was strongly encouraged in the U.S. during the mid-1990s but fell out of favor by the late-1990s. However, with the avalanche of résumés distributed via the Internet since the late 1990s, an "objective" and/or "skills summary" statement has become more common to help recruiters quickly determine the applicant's suitability. It is not prevalent elsewhere. In the 1980s and early 1990s in the U.S., the trend was to not allow a résumé to exceed one page in length. In the late 1990s, this restriction fell out of vogue, with two- or even three-page résumés becoming common.

•

In Canada, by Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, applicants may refuse to put down race, national or ethnic origin, colour, sex, age or mental or physical disability on the resume even if the employer instructed the applicants to do so.

Definition A descriptive text is a text which lists the characteristics of something. Features • The topic is usually about the attributes of a thing.

• Third person pronoun forms are used. Examples (English) • Requirements for employment • The appearance of a person •

The details of a location

Sources Larson 1984 366 Longacre 1983 10

CLAUSE Definition: A clause is a part of a sentence, a string of words which expresses a proposition and typically consists of at least a subject and a verb, and is ed to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a complete sentence on its own. • When I heard the disturbance, • I dropped the files • that I had been examining, • then ran out into the corridor.