Grade 7 Science Chapter 8 Notes w283c
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Grade 7 Science Unit 3 Some substances dissolve to form solutions faster and more easily than others.
Chapter 8 and 9.1
Review Solution: A homogeneous mixture ie. they appear as ONE substance Examples: tap water, vinegar, gold jewelry, etc.
Solutions have 2 parts: Solute The substance that dissolves (found in less amounts) Ex: sugar
Solvent The substance in which the solute dissolves (found in the greatest amounts) Ex :water
For each of the following situations identify the solute and the solvent:
Situation A.Brass is used to make many objects. Brass is a solution of 35% zinc metal in a 65% copper metal B.Hydrogen peroxide is used to disinfect cuts. Hydrogen peroxide is a solution of 3% hydrogen and 97% water.
Solute
Solvent
Situation A.Brass is used to make many objects. Brass is a solution of 35% zinc metal in a 65% copper metal B.Hydrogen peroxide is used to disinfect cuts. Hydrogen peroxide is a solution of 3% hydrogen and 97% water.
Solute
Solvent
Zinc
Copper
Hydrogen
Water
Situation C.Dental amalgam is a metal that is used to fill cavities. It is a solution of mercury in tin. D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner used to clean car and truck windshields. It is made up of a solution of propylene glycol in water.
Solute
Solvent
Situation C.Dental amalgam is a metal that is used to fill cavities. It is a solution of mercury in tin. D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner used to clean car and truck windshields. It is made up of a solution of propylene glycol in water.
Solute
Solvent
Mercury
Tin
Propylene glycol
Water
Mixing Solutions Dissolving: To mix completely ie. the solute dissolves into the solvent. Some substances are able to dissolve better than others.
Ability to Dissolve Soluble: If something is ABLE to dissolve Ex: Sugar cube in water
Ability to Dissolve Insoluble: If something is UNABLE to dissolve Ex: Plastic in water
Soluble or Insoluble?
Soluble or Insoluble?
How are substances soluble or insoluble? The Particle Theory of Matter states that: ** “there are attractive forces between the particles”.**
How are substances soluble? Soluble substances: The particles must be more attracted to the solvent particles than to themselves.
How are substances insoluble? Insoluble substances: If the particles of the solute are more attracted to themselves than to the solvent particles
Solvent or Not? Some materials are good solvents for some solutes but not others. For example:Oil - Oil is insoluble in water but - Oil is soluble in gasoline.
Can solutes and solvents be in differents states? Yes! All states of matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
Soda Water
Carbon Dioxide
State of Solute
Solvent Water
State of Solvent
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Soda Water
Carbon Dioxide
Gas
Water
Liquid
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
Vinegar
Acetic Acid
State of Solute
Solvent Water
State of Solvent
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Vinegar
Acetic Acid
Liquid
Water
Liquid
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
Salt water
Salt
State of Solute
Solvent Water
State of Solvent
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Salt water
Salt
Solid
Water
Liquid
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
Brass
Zinc
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Copper
**Alloy: Solutions made from two or more metals.
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Brass
Zinc
Solid
Copper
Solid
**Alloy: Solutions made from two or more metals.
Homework
Complete Homework Questions!
Concentrations of Solutions Concentration: The quantity of solute that is dissolved in a certain quantity of the solvent. Can be described qualitatively or quantitatively.
Concentration can be described two ways: Qualitative *Quality
Quantitative *Quantity
Using words Like “dilute” or “concentrated”
Using numbers. This is especially important when safety is an issue!
Student Practice... (page 471) Qualitative or Quantitative? #1 (a).Food coloring made the water blue.
(b).Adding 3 mL of food coloring turned 250 mL of water blue.
Student Practice... (page 471) Qualitative or Quantitative? #1 (a).Food coloring made the water blue. Qualitative (b).Adding 3 mL of food coloring turned 250 mL of water blue. Quantitative
#2 (a).The water became warmer. (b).The water’s temperature increased by 5 degree Celsius.
#2 (a).The water became warmer. Qualitative (b).The water’s temperature increased by 5 degree Celsius. Quantitative
#3(a).We needed just over a dozen floor tiles for our model room. (b).We needed 14 floor tiles for our model room.
#3(a).We needed just over a dozen floor tiles for our model room. Qualitative (b).We needed 14 floor tiles for our model room. Quantitative
#4(a). The liquid boiled in 5 min. (b).The liquid took only a few minutes to boil.
#4(a). The liquid boiled in 5 min. Quantitative (b).The liquid took only a few minutes to boil. Qualitative
#5(a). The mass of this solid is 5g more than that one. (b).This solid is heavier than that one.
#5(a). The mass of this solid is 5g more than that one. Quantitative (b).This solid is heavier than that one. Qualitative
#6(a). He drinks eight glasses of water each day. (b).He drinks 2L of water each day.
#6(a). He drinks eight glasses of water each day. Qualitative (b).He drinks 2L of water each day. Quantitative
Dilute vs. Concentrated Dilute: A small amount of dissolved solute in the solvent. Concentrated: There is a large amount of dissolved solute in a solvent
Mini - Activity The two cups below each had hot water with a tea bag sitting in them. The time below the cup indicates how long the tea bag has been in the cup.
Directions: 1.Supposing these were clear cups, use a brown lead to color how dark you think the tea would be in each cup. 2.Write: dilute solution or concentrated solution under the cup you think it describes.
Think about it! If we keep adding solute, eventually it will stop dissolving… Think: if you keep adding salt, eventually there will be too much to dissolve What do we call this?
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated: Is when no more solute will dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is saturated:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated: Is when no more solute will dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is saturated:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated: Is when solute is able to dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is unsaturated:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated: Is when solute is able to dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is saturated:
Question to ponder... Can a solution that is concentrated be called unsaturated? Explain
Factors affecting solubility
Factors affecting the Rate of dissolving Factors that affect the rate of dissolving include: 1. Surface area of the solute 2. Temperature 3. Pressure
Surface area of solute The smaller the solute particles, the quicker they will dissolve
Temperature The higher the temperature, the more solute and the faster the solute will dissolve
Temperature and solubility As temperature increases, the solubility of a solid increases BUT As temperature increases, the solubility of a gas decreases.
Pressure Gases are more soluble in liquids under higher pressure Opened bottle decreases pressure and “bubbles” come out of solution
Pressure As pressure increases, the solubility of a gas increases.
Homework
Complete Homework Questions!
Lab
Lab activity!!
Section 9.1 - Last section!
Separating Solutions
Partner activity how you would separate the following mixtures... -
Salt water Muddy water Nuts and bolts Iron filings and sand Vegetable oil and sand Vegetable oil and water Salt and pepper
DISCUSSION QUESTION “Are the components you have separated still mixtures, or are they pure? Why or why not?”
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 1.Mechanical Sorting: Used to separate the parts of a mixture, often based particle size. Examples: floatation & magnetism
Flotation
Magnetism
2. FILTRATION: A common way to separate solid particles from a mixture The filters can have holes of varying sizes... small to microscopic.
EVAPORATION: Uses a change of state from a liquid to a gas. **The solute and solvent have different boiling points
Evaporation
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY: Used to separate the colored substances in a mixture such as ink. Used to separate the solvents in a mixture.
DISTILLATION: Uses two changes of state: - evaporation - condensation It allows you to recover BOTH the solute and solvent from a solution.
bbc
Distillation
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES IN THE HOME: - Colanders - Clothes dryers - Window screens - Coffee percolators - Salad spinners Any others?
Activity! Demonstration and mini activities! Magnetism, filtration, paper chromatography and Distillation!
Practice Questions
Unit Review Practice Questions
Chapter 8 & 9.1 Assignment
Due next class!
Chapter 8 and 9.1
Review Solution: A homogeneous mixture ie. they appear as ONE substance Examples: tap water, vinegar, gold jewelry, etc.
Solutions have 2 parts: Solute The substance that dissolves (found in less amounts) Ex: sugar
Solvent The substance in which the solute dissolves (found in the greatest amounts) Ex :water
For each of the following situations identify the solute and the solvent:
Situation A.Brass is used to make many objects. Brass is a solution of 35% zinc metal in a 65% copper metal B.Hydrogen peroxide is used to disinfect cuts. Hydrogen peroxide is a solution of 3% hydrogen and 97% water.
Solute
Solvent
Situation A.Brass is used to make many objects. Brass is a solution of 35% zinc metal in a 65% copper metal B.Hydrogen peroxide is used to disinfect cuts. Hydrogen peroxide is a solution of 3% hydrogen and 97% water.
Solute
Solvent
Zinc
Copper
Hydrogen
Water
Situation C.Dental amalgam is a metal that is used to fill cavities. It is a solution of mercury in tin. D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner used to clean car and truck windshields. It is made up of a solution of propylene glycol in water.
Solute
Solvent
Situation C.Dental amalgam is a metal that is used to fill cavities. It is a solution of mercury in tin. D.Deicing fluid is a cleaner used to clean car and truck windshields. It is made up of a solution of propylene glycol in water.
Solute
Solvent
Mercury
Tin
Propylene glycol
Water
Mixing Solutions Dissolving: To mix completely ie. the solute dissolves into the solvent. Some substances are able to dissolve better than others.
Ability to Dissolve Soluble: If something is ABLE to dissolve Ex: Sugar cube in water
Ability to Dissolve Insoluble: If something is UNABLE to dissolve Ex: Plastic in water
Soluble or Insoluble?
Soluble or Insoluble?
How are substances soluble or insoluble? The Particle Theory of Matter states that: ** “there are attractive forces between the particles”.**
How are substances soluble? Soluble substances: The particles must be more attracted to the solvent particles than to themselves.
How are substances insoluble? Insoluble substances: If the particles of the solute are more attracted to themselves than to the solvent particles
Solvent or Not? Some materials are good solvents for some solutes but not others. For example:Oil - Oil is insoluble in water but - Oil is soluble in gasoline.
Can solutes and solvents be in differents states? Yes! All states of matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
Soda Water
Carbon Dioxide
State of Solute
Solvent Water
State of Solvent
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Soda Water
Carbon Dioxide
Gas
Water
Liquid
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
Vinegar
Acetic Acid
State of Solute
Solvent Water
State of Solvent
States of Solutes and Solvents Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Vinegar
Acetic Acid
Liquid
Water
Liquid
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
Salt water
Salt
State of Solute
Solvent Water
State of Solvent
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Salt water
Salt
Solid
Water
Liquid
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
Brass
Zinc
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Copper
**Alloy: Solutions made from two or more metals.
States of Solutes and Solvents
Solution
Solute
State of Solute
Solvent
State of Solvent
Brass
Zinc
Solid
Copper
Solid
**Alloy: Solutions made from two or more metals.
Homework
Complete Homework Questions!
Concentrations of Solutions Concentration: The quantity of solute that is dissolved in a certain quantity of the solvent. Can be described qualitatively or quantitatively.
Concentration can be described two ways: Qualitative *Quality
Quantitative *Quantity
Using words Like “dilute” or “concentrated”
Using numbers. This is especially important when safety is an issue!
Student Practice... (page 471) Qualitative or Quantitative? #1 (a).Food coloring made the water blue.
(b).Adding 3 mL of food coloring turned 250 mL of water blue.
Student Practice... (page 471) Qualitative or Quantitative? #1 (a).Food coloring made the water blue. Qualitative (b).Adding 3 mL of food coloring turned 250 mL of water blue. Quantitative
#2 (a).The water became warmer. (b).The water’s temperature increased by 5 degree Celsius.
#2 (a).The water became warmer. Qualitative (b).The water’s temperature increased by 5 degree Celsius. Quantitative
#3(a).We needed just over a dozen floor tiles for our model room. (b).We needed 14 floor tiles for our model room.
#3(a).We needed just over a dozen floor tiles for our model room. Qualitative (b).We needed 14 floor tiles for our model room. Quantitative
#4(a). The liquid boiled in 5 min. (b).The liquid took only a few minutes to boil.
#4(a). The liquid boiled in 5 min. Quantitative (b).The liquid took only a few minutes to boil. Qualitative
#5(a). The mass of this solid is 5g more than that one. (b).This solid is heavier than that one.
#5(a). The mass of this solid is 5g more than that one. Quantitative (b).This solid is heavier than that one. Qualitative
#6(a). He drinks eight glasses of water each day. (b).He drinks 2L of water each day.
#6(a). He drinks eight glasses of water each day. Qualitative (b).He drinks 2L of water each day. Quantitative
Dilute vs. Concentrated Dilute: A small amount of dissolved solute in the solvent. Concentrated: There is a large amount of dissolved solute in a solvent
Mini - Activity The two cups below each had hot water with a tea bag sitting in them. The time below the cup indicates how long the tea bag has been in the cup.
Directions: 1.Supposing these were clear cups, use a brown lead to color how dark you think the tea would be in each cup. 2.Write: dilute solution or concentrated solution under the cup you think it describes.
Think about it! If we keep adding solute, eventually it will stop dissolving… Think: if you keep adding salt, eventually there will be too much to dissolve What do we call this?
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated: Is when no more solute will dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is saturated:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated: Is when no more solute will dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is saturated:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated: Is when solute is able to dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is unsaturated:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated: Is when solute is able to dissolve at a certain temperature Draw in the beakers below what happens when a solution is saturated:
Question to ponder... Can a solution that is concentrated be called unsaturated? Explain
Factors affecting solubility
Factors affecting the Rate of dissolving Factors that affect the rate of dissolving include: 1. Surface area of the solute 2. Temperature 3. Pressure
Surface area of solute The smaller the solute particles, the quicker they will dissolve
Temperature The higher the temperature, the more solute and the faster the solute will dissolve
Temperature and solubility As temperature increases, the solubility of a solid increases BUT As temperature increases, the solubility of a gas decreases.
Pressure Gases are more soluble in liquids under higher pressure Opened bottle decreases pressure and “bubbles” come out of solution
Pressure As pressure increases, the solubility of a gas increases.
Homework
Complete Homework Questions!
Lab
Lab activity!!
Section 9.1 - Last section!
Separating Solutions
Partner activity how you would separate the following mixtures... -
Salt water Muddy water Nuts and bolts Iron filings and sand Vegetable oil and sand Vegetable oil and water Salt and pepper
DISCUSSION QUESTION “Are the components you have separated still mixtures, or are they pure? Why or why not?”
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES 1.Mechanical Sorting: Used to separate the parts of a mixture, often based particle size. Examples: floatation & magnetism
Flotation
Magnetism
2. FILTRATION: A common way to separate solid particles from a mixture The filters can have holes of varying sizes... small to microscopic.
EVAPORATION: Uses a change of state from a liquid to a gas. **The solute and solvent have different boiling points
Evaporation
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY: Used to separate the colored substances in a mixture such as ink. Used to separate the solvents in a mixture.
DISTILLATION: Uses two changes of state: - evaporation - condensation It allows you to recover BOTH the solute and solvent from a solution.
bbc
Distillation
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES IN THE HOME: - Colanders - Clothes dryers - Window screens - Coffee percolators - Salad spinners Any others?
Activity! Demonstration and mini activities! Magnetism, filtration, paper chromatography and Distillation!
Practice Questions
Unit Review Practice Questions
Chapter 8 & 9.1 Assignment
Due next class!
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