Handbook Of Pvc Pipe 6j4t43
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The Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association
Handbook of PVC Pipe Design and Construction
Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association 2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155 Dallas, Texas 75234 $40.00 © Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Copyright © 1977, 1979, 1982, 1991, 2001 by Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association Dallas, Texas
All rights reserved.
This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers.
First Edition, October 1977 Second printing, February 1978 Third printing, May 1979 Fourth printing, June 1980 Fifth printing, April 1981 Second Edition, March 1982 Second printing, October 1983 Third printing, October 1986 Third Edition, September 1991 Second printing, December 1993 Third printing, December 1997 Fourth printing, September 1999 Fourth Edition, August 2001 Printed in the United States of America
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
PREFACE In 1971 a group of responsible PVC pipe producers had the foresight to recognize that the exceptional qualities of performance and value would eventually make gasketed-t PVC pipe the product of choice for buried water, sewer, drainage and irrigation piping. To properly service the future design and technical information needs associated with such a large scale and growing industry, these leaders combined their resources to create a non-profit technical, educational and research-oriented organization known today as the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association. Since it was organized, Uni-Bell has served the engineering, regulatory, public health and standardization communities with integrity and considerable measures of both time and resources. Whenever questions or problems have arisen relative to PVC pipe performance, Uni-Bell , through their Association, have responded. Uni-Bell sponsored research in the areas of buried pipe deflection, durability, ultraviolet aging, direct tapping and cyclic surge performance has provided pipe designers and installers with much needed practical information. Today Uni-Bell is working for all PVC pipe s and potential pipe s, helping to assure proper product application and performance through research and education. Uni-Bell's highly qualified professional staff work to provide s with the information they need concerning gasketed-t PVC pipe. In addition, Uni-Bell continues to develop useful technical publications and recommended standards recognized around the world. The Uni-Bell Handbook of PVC Pipe: Design and Construction is the Association’s preeminent publication. It has been prepared with the objective of being the most comprehensive reference text on PVC pipe and fittings. This handbook provides practical engineering and construction information together with recommendations applicable to the design and use of primarily underground PVC piping systems in both pressure and non-pressure applications. Handbook s are invited to Uni-Bell's staff of qualified engineers for additional technical or to clarify information contained within the book. Technical services are available on request through member companies or upon direct request to Uni-Bell. A directory of the current hip of the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association is available by ing Uni-Bell. The statements contained in this Handbook are those of the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association and are not warranties, nor are they intended to be such. Inquiries for information on specific products, product attributes and the manufacturer's warranty should be directed to member companies.
iiv
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Handbook of PVC Pipe
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... i Chapter I, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe ...............................................1 PVC -- An Engineered Thermoplastic..........................................3 Historical Background ..................................................................3 A Rational Choice.........................................................................5 PVC Pipe Technology...................................................................9 Chapter II, Raw Materials.......................................................................11 PVC Pipe Compounds ................................................................12 Gasket Materials .........................................................................20 Chapter III, Resistance to Aggressive Environments .............................23 Corrosion ....................................................................................25 Chemical Attack..........................................................................26 Permeation ..................................................................................56 Biological Attack ........................................................................57 Weathering..................................................................................61 Abrasion......................................................................................62 Soil Movement............................................................................66 Repetitive Fatigue .......................................................................66 Chapter IV, PVC Pipe Manufacturing and Testing ................................71 Manufacturing Processes ............................................................72 Manufacturing of Profile Wall Pipe............................................78 Manufacturing of Injection Molded PVC Fittings......................80 Fabricated PVC Fittings..............................................................84 Standard Specifications...............................................................87 Testing ......................................................................................105 Qualification Tests ....................................................................106 Quality Control Tests and Inspection .......................................113 Quality Assurance Testing........................................................116 Test Certification and Warranty ...............................................116 Packaging and Shipping............................................................117 Manufacturing of PVCO...........................................................117 ii
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Table of Contents
Table of Contents (cont.) Chapter V, Pressure Pipe and Fittings, Design and Selection ..............121 Pressure Pipe Design and Selection..........................................122 Internal Hydrostatic Pressure....................................................122 Distribution Mains ....................................................................132 Transmission Mains ..................................................................133 Transmission Pipe Design Example .........................................137 Design of Molded PVC Pressure Fittings.................................144 Fabricated PVC Pressure Fittings .............................................148 Surge Pressures In PVC Pipe....................................................148 Sewage Force Mains .................................................................157 Pressure Pipe Longevity ...........................................................166 Molecularly Oriented PVC Pressure Pipe (PVCO) ..................168 Chapter VI, Superimposed Loads on Buried Pipe ................................173 Earth Loads ...............................................................................174 Live Loads ................................................................................207 Design Software........................................................................212 Chapter VII, Design of Buried PVC Pipe.............................................217 Sewer Pipe Longevity ...............................................................257 Alternative Design Methods .....................................................258 Chapter VIII, Special Design Applications ..........................................275 Longitudinal Bending ...............................................................276 Spacing ........................................................................295 Expansion and Contraction.......................................................302 Molecularly Oriented PVC Pipe (PVCO).................................306 Chapter IX, Hydraulics .........................................................................311 Flow of Water in PVC Pressure Pipes ......................................312 Gravity Flow in PVC Sewer Pipe .............................................356 Molecularly Oriented PVC Pipe (PVCO).................................375
iv iii
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Handbook of PVC Pipe
Table of Contents (cont.) Chapter X, Construction .......................................................................383 Receiving, Storage and Handling .............................................384 PVC Pipe t Assembly.........................................................389 Casings......................................................................................393 Sliplining Applications .............................................................397 PVC Pressure Pipe Installation. ................................................398 PVC Non-Pressure Pipe............................................................427 Published Design Guides and Recommendations.................................471 PVC Pipe Dimensions...........................................................................475 Unit Conversion Tables ........................................................................505 Index ...................................................................................................513
iv
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Handbook of PVC Pipe Design and Construction
Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association 2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155 Dallas, Texas 75234 $40.00 © Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Copyright © 1977, 1979, 1982, 1991, 2001 by Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association Dallas, Texas
All rights reserved.
This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers.
First Edition, October 1977 Second printing, February 1978 Third printing, May 1979 Fourth printing, June 1980 Fifth printing, April 1981 Second Edition, March 1982 Second printing, October 1983 Third printing, October 1986 Third Edition, September 1991 Second printing, December 1993 Third printing, December 1997 Fourth printing, September 1999 Fourth Edition, August 2001 Printed in the United States of America
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
PREFACE In 1971 a group of responsible PVC pipe producers had the foresight to recognize that the exceptional qualities of performance and value would eventually make gasketed-t PVC pipe the product of choice for buried water, sewer, drainage and irrigation piping. To properly service the future design and technical information needs associated with such a large scale and growing industry, these leaders combined their resources to create a non-profit technical, educational and research-oriented organization known today as the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association. Since it was organized, Uni-Bell has served the engineering, regulatory, public health and standardization communities with integrity and considerable measures of both time and resources. Whenever questions or problems have arisen relative to PVC pipe performance, Uni-Bell , through their Association, have responded. Uni-Bell sponsored research in the areas of buried pipe deflection, durability, ultraviolet aging, direct tapping and cyclic surge performance has provided pipe designers and installers with much needed practical information. Today Uni-Bell is working for all PVC pipe s and potential pipe s, helping to assure proper product application and performance through research and education. Uni-Bell's highly qualified professional staff work to provide s with the information they need concerning gasketed-t PVC pipe. In addition, Uni-Bell continues to develop useful technical publications and recommended standards recognized around the world. The Uni-Bell Handbook of PVC Pipe: Design and Construction is the Association’s preeminent publication. It has been prepared with the objective of being the most comprehensive reference text on PVC pipe and fittings. This handbook provides practical engineering and construction information together with recommendations applicable to the design and use of primarily underground PVC piping systems in both pressure and non-pressure applications. Handbook s are invited to Uni-Bell's staff of qualified engineers for additional technical or to clarify information contained within the book. Technical services are available on request through member companies or upon direct request to Uni-Bell. A directory of the current hip of the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association is available by ing Uni-Bell. The statements contained in this Handbook are those of the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association and are not warranties, nor are they intended to be such. Inquiries for information on specific products, product attributes and the manufacturer's warranty should be directed to member companies.
iiv
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Handbook of PVC Pipe
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................... i Chapter I, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe ...............................................1 PVC -- An Engineered Thermoplastic..........................................3 Historical Background ..................................................................3 A Rational Choice.........................................................................5 PVC Pipe Technology...................................................................9 Chapter II, Raw Materials.......................................................................11 PVC Pipe Compounds ................................................................12 Gasket Materials .........................................................................20 Chapter III, Resistance to Aggressive Environments .............................23 Corrosion ....................................................................................25 Chemical Attack..........................................................................26 Permeation ..................................................................................56 Biological Attack ........................................................................57 Weathering..................................................................................61 Abrasion......................................................................................62 Soil Movement............................................................................66 Repetitive Fatigue .......................................................................66 Chapter IV, PVC Pipe Manufacturing and Testing ................................71 Manufacturing Processes ............................................................72 Manufacturing of Profile Wall Pipe............................................78 Manufacturing of Injection Molded PVC Fittings......................80 Fabricated PVC Fittings..............................................................84 Standard Specifications...............................................................87 Testing ......................................................................................105 Qualification Tests ....................................................................106 Quality Control Tests and Inspection .......................................113 Quality Assurance Testing........................................................116 Test Certification and Warranty ...............................................116 Packaging and Shipping............................................................117 Manufacturing of PVCO...........................................................117 ii
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Table of Contents
Table of Contents (cont.) Chapter V, Pressure Pipe and Fittings, Design and Selection ..............121 Pressure Pipe Design and Selection..........................................122 Internal Hydrostatic Pressure....................................................122 Distribution Mains ....................................................................132 Transmission Mains ..................................................................133 Transmission Pipe Design Example .........................................137 Design of Molded PVC Pressure Fittings.................................144 Fabricated PVC Pressure Fittings .............................................148 Surge Pressures In PVC Pipe....................................................148 Sewage Force Mains .................................................................157 Pressure Pipe Longevity ...........................................................166 Molecularly Oriented PVC Pressure Pipe (PVCO) ..................168 Chapter VI, Superimposed Loads on Buried Pipe ................................173 Earth Loads ...............................................................................174 Live Loads ................................................................................207 Design Software........................................................................212 Chapter VII, Design of Buried PVC Pipe.............................................217 Sewer Pipe Longevity ...............................................................257 Alternative Design Methods .....................................................258 Chapter VIII, Special Design Applications ..........................................275 Longitudinal Bending ...............................................................276 Spacing ........................................................................295 Expansion and Contraction.......................................................302 Molecularly Oriented PVC Pipe (PVCO).................................306 Chapter IX, Hydraulics .........................................................................311 Flow of Water in PVC Pressure Pipes ......................................312 Gravity Flow in PVC Sewer Pipe .............................................356 Molecularly Oriented PVC Pipe (PVCO).................................375
iv iii
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
Handbook of PVC Pipe
Table of Contents (cont.) Chapter X, Construction .......................................................................383 Receiving, Storage and Handling .............................................384 PVC Pipe t Assembly.........................................................389 Casings......................................................................................393 Sliplining Applications .............................................................397 PVC Pressure Pipe Installation. ................................................398 PVC Non-Pressure Pipe............................................................427 Published Design Guides and Recommendations.................................471 PVC Pipe Dimensions...........................................................................475 Unit Conversion Tables ........................................................................505 Index ...................................................................................................513
iv
© Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2001
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