Heating Alloys For Electric Household Appliances Handbook Eng 574m3r

KANTHAL HANDBOOK KANTHAL HEATING ALLOYS Handbook

KANTHAL AB Box 502, SE-734 27 Hallstahammar, Sweden www.kanthal.com Tel +46 220 210 00 Fax +46 220 211 66 A Sandvik Company

Heating Alloys for Electric Household Appliances

Copyright by Kanthal AB. May be reproduced only with proper acknowledgement of the source. Catalogue 1-A-4-3 Production: ReklamCenter 03057. Printed in Sweden by Primatryck, 2003-02.3000 This information, which may be subject to change, is offered solely for your consideration and should not be taken as warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility. It is not to be understood as permission or recommendation to practice a patented invention without a license and the should determine weather relevant patent exist. ® KANTHAL, NIKROTHAL, ALKROTHAL, SUPERTHAL, FIBROTHAL and CUPROTHAL are ed Trademarks of Kanthal Group companies in Sweden and other countries. ™ NIFETHAL, ECOTHAL

Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook

Kanthal is never far away! This handbook contains basic technical and product data for our resistance and resistance heating alloys for the appliance industry. We have also included design-, calculation- and application guidelines, in order to make it easier to select the right alloy and to design the right element. More information is given on www.kanthal.com. There you can find product news and other Kanthal product information and handbooks ready to be ed as well as information on the Kanthal Group and the nearest Kanthal office. Kanthal alloys are also produced in a range for industrial furnaces and as ready-to-install elements and systems and as precision wire in very small sizes. Ask for the special handbooks covering those areas. We have substantial technical and commercial resources at all our offices around the world and we are glad to help you in different technical questions, or to try out completely new solutions at our R & D facilities. Kanthal is never far away! Hallstahammar, February 2003

KANTHAL AB Box 502, SE-734 27 Hallstahammar, Sweden www.kanthal.com Tel +46 220 210 00 Fax +46 220 211 66

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Contents

Page

1. Resistance Heating Alloys NiFe NIFETHAL 70, NIFETHAL 52 Austenitic Alloys (NiCr, NiCrFe) NIKROTHAL 80, NIKROTHAL 70, NIKROTHAL 60, NIKROTHAL 40, NIKROTHAL 20 Ferritic Alloys (FeCrAl) KANTHAL APM, A-1, A, AF, AE, D, ALKROTHAL Comparison between KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL KANTHAL advantages NIKROTHAL advantages Summary Copper Nickel Alloys CUPROTHAL 49, MANGANINA 43, (CUPROTHAL 30, 15, 10 and 05) Product varieties

4

9 11

2. Physical and Mechanical Properties Table KANTHAL alloys Table ALKROTHAL, NIKROTHAL and NIFETHAL alloys Table CUPROTHAL and MANGANINA alloys

12 11 13 14

3. Stranded Resistance Heating Wire Strand diameter Standard stocked material Flexible terminations

15 15 16 16

4. Thin Wide Strip

18

5. Design factors Operating life Oxidation properties Corrosion resistance Maximum temperature per wire size

20 20 20 21 22

6. Element types and heating applications Description Embedded elements ed elements Suspended elements

23 23 24 30 36

4 5 5 6 7 8


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Page

7. Standard Tolerances Electrical resistance Diameter of wire Dimensions of cold rolled ribbon

42 42 42 42

8. Delivery forms Resistance heating alloys Resistance alloys

43 43 45

9. Tables KANTHAL A-1, APM, wire KANTHAL A, AF, AE, wire KANTHAL A, AF, AE, ribbon KANTHAL D, wire KANTHAL D, DT, ribbon ALKROTHAL, wire ALKROTHAL, ribbon NIKROTHAL 80, 70, wire NIKROTHAL 60, wire NIKROTHAL 40, 20, wire NIKROTHAL 80, 60, 40, ribbon NIFETHAL 70, 52, wire CUPROTHAL 49, MANGANINA 43, CUPROTHAL 30, 15, 10 and 05, wire CUPROTHAL 49, ribbon

47 48 49 50 52 53 55 56 58 59 60 61 63 64 66

10. Appendix List of symbols Formulas and definitions Formulas for values in chapter 9, Tables Relationship between metric and imperial units Design calculations for heating elements Wire gauge conversion table Temperature conversion table Miscellaneous conversion factors

68 68 69 73 76 77 82 83 86

11. The complete Kanthal product range

90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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1. Resistance Heating Alloys The resistance heating alloys can be divided into two main groups. The FeCrAl (KANTHAL) and the NiCr (NIKROTHAL) based alloys. For lower temperature applications CuNi and NiFe based alloys are also used. The different alloys are described below as well as a comparison of some of the properties of the KANTHAL and the NIKROTHAL alloys.

NiFe Up to 600 °C 1110 °F: NIFETHAL 70 and 52 are alloys with low resistivity and high temperature coefficient of resistance. The positive temperature coefficient allows heating elements to reduce power as temperature increases. Typical applications are in low temperature tubular elements with self regulating features.

Spools and Pail Pack.


5

Austenitic Alloys (NiCr, NiCrFe)

Ferritic Alloys (FeCrAl)

Up to 1200 °C 2190 °F: NIKROTHAL 80 is the austenitic alloy with the highest nickel content. Because of its good workability and high-temperature strength, NIKROTHAL 80 is widely used for demanding applications in the electric appliance industry.

Up to 1425 °C 2560 °F: KANTHAL APM (Normally used in furnace applications).

Up to 1250 °C 2280 °F: NIKROTHAL 70 (Normally used in furnace applications). Up to 1150 °C 2100 °F: NIKROTHAL 60 has good corrosion resistance, good oxidation properties and very good form stability. The corrosion stability is good except in sulphur containing atmospheres. Typical applications for NIKROTHAL 60 are in tubular heating elements and as suspended coils. Up to 1100 °C 2010 °F: NIKROTHAL 40 is used as electric heating element material in domestic appliances and other electric heating equipment at operating temperatures up to 1100 °C 2010 °F. Up to 1050 °C 1920 °F: NIKROTHAL 20 (Produced on volume based request.)

Up to 1400 °C 2550 °F: KANTHAL A-1 (Normally used in furnace applications). Up to 1350 °C 2460 °F: KANTHAL A is used for appliances, where its high resistivity and good oxidation resistance are particularly important. Up to 1300 °C 2370 °F: KANTHAL AF has improved hot strength and oxidation properties and is especially recommended where good form stability properties in combination with high temperature is required. Up to 1300 °C 2370 °F: KANTHAL AE is developed to meet the extreme demands in fast response elements in glass top hobs and quartz tube heaters. It has exceptional form stability and life in spirals with large coil to wire diameter ratio. Up to 1300 °C 2370 °F: KANTHAL D Employed chiefly in appliances, its high resistivity and low density, combined with better heat resistance than austenitic alloys, make it suitable for most applications. Up to 1100 °C 2010 °F: ALKROTHAL is typically specified for rheostats, braking resistors, etc. It is also used as a heating wire for lower temperatures, such as heating cables.

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6


KANTHAL Advantages Higher maximum temperature in air KANTHAL A-1 has a maximum temperature of 1400 °C 2550 °F; NIKROTHAL 80 has a maximum temperature of 1200 °C 2190 °F. Longer life KANTHAL elements have a life 2-4 times the life of NIKROTHAL when operated in air at the same temperature. Higher surface load Higher maximum temperature and longer life allow a higher surface load to be applied on KANTHAL elements. Better oxidation properties The aluminium oxide (Al2O3) formed on KANTHAL alloys adheres better and is therefore less contaminating. It is also a better diffusion barrier, better electrical insulator and more resistant to carburizing atmospheres than the chromium oxide (Cr2O3) formed on NIKROTHAL alloys.

Lower density The density of the KANTHAL alloys is lower than that of the NIKROTHAL alloys. This means that a greater number of equivalent elements can be made from the same weight material. Higher resistivity The higher resistivity of KANTHAL alloys makes it possible to choose a material with larger cross-section, which improves the life of the element. This is particularly important for thin wire. When the same cross-section can be used, considerable weight savings are obtained. Further, the resistivity of KANTHAL alloys is less affected by coldworking and heat treatment than is the case for NIKROTHAL 80. Higher yield strength The higher yield strength of KANTHAL alloys means less change in cross-section when coiling wires.


7

NIKROTHAL Advantages Better resistance to sulphur In atmospheres contaminated with sulphuric compounds and in the presence of contaminations containing sulphur on the wire surface, KANTHAL alloys have better corrosion resistance in hot state. NiCr alloys are heavily attacked under such conditions. Weight savings with KANTHAL alloys The lower density and higher resistivity of KANTHAL alloys means that for a given power, less material is needed when using KANTHAL instead of NIKROTHAL alloys. The result is that in a great number of applications, substantial savings in weight and element costs can be achieved. In converting from NiCr to KANTHAL alloys, either the wire diameter can be kept constant while changing the surface load, or the surface load can be held constant while changing the wire diameter. In both cases, the KANTHAL alloy will weigh less than the NiCr alloy.

Higher hot and creep strength NIKROTHAL alloys have higher hot and creep strength than KANTHAL alloys. KANTHAL APM, AF and AE are better in this respect than the other KANTHAL grades and have a very good form stability, however, not as good as that of NIKROTHAL. Better ductility after use NIKROTHAL alloys remain ductile after long use. Higher emissivity Fully oxidized NIKROTHAL alloys have a higher emissivity than KANTHAL alloys. Thus, at the same surface load the element temperature of NIKROTHAL is somewhat lower. Non-magnetic In certain low-temperature applications a non-magnetic material is preferred. NIKROTHAL alloys are non-magnetic (except NIKROTHAL 60 at low temperatures). KANTHAL alloys are non-magnetic above 600 °C 1100 °F. Better wet corrosion resistance NIKROTHAL alloys generally have better corrosion resistance at room temperature than nonoxidized KANTHAL alloys. (Exceptions: atmospheres containing sulphur and certain controlled atmospheres.)

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KANTHAL Resistance Heating Alloys – Summary °F 2912

°C 1600 2560 °F 1425 °C

1400

2550 °F 1400 °C

2460 °F 1350 °C

2370 °F 1300 °C

2370 °F 1300 °C

2552

2370 °F 1300 °C 2190 °F 1200 °C

1200

2280 °F 1250 °C 2100 °F 1150 °C

2010 °F 1100 °C

2010 °F 1100 °C

2192 1920 °F 1050 °C

1000

1832

800

1472

600

1112

400

752

200

392

-17.8

0 APM

A-1

A D KANTHAL

AF

AE

ALKROTHAL

80

70

60 40 NIKROTHAL

20

Fig. 1 - Maximum operating temperature per alloy

Resistivity (Ω mm2 m-1) 1.600

Ω /cmf 960

1.500

900

KANTHAL A-1/APM KANTHAL A/AE/AF

1.400

840 KANTHAL D

1.300

780

NIKROTHAL 40 NIKROTHAL 70

1.200

720 NIKROTHAL 60 NIKROTHAL 80

1.100

660

NIKROTHAL 20

1.000

600

0.900 0 0

200 392

400 752

600 1112

Fig. 2 - Resistivity vs. Temperature.

800 1472

1000 1832

1200 2192

540 1400 °C 2552 °F Temperature


9

Copper-Nickel Alloys CUPROTHAL 49 (universally known as Constantan) is manufactured under close control from electrolytic Copper and pure Nickel. CUPROTHAL 49 has a number of special characteristics – some electrical, some mechanical – which make it a remarkably versatile alloy. For certain applications, its high specific resistance and negligible temperature coefficient of resistance are its most important attributes. For others, the fact that CUPROTHAL 49 offers good ductility, is easily soldered and welded and has good resistance to atmospheric corrosion is more significant. Although the range of applications of CUPROTHAL 49 is so wide, its uses fall into four principal categories: – An ideal alloy for winding heavy-duty industrial rheostats and electric motor starter resistance. High specific resistance, together with good ductility and resistance to corrosion are all important requirements in this category, and CUPROTHAL 49 satisfies the most demanding specifications. – CUPROTHAL 49 is widely used in wirewound precision resistors, temperature-stable potentiometers, volume control devices and strain gauges. (See the Precision Wire Handbook). In the resistor field, its high resistance and negligible temperature coefficient of resistance are its main attractions. – The third main category of application exploits another characteristic of CUPROTHAL 49. This is the fact that it develops a high thermal E.M.F. against certain other metals. CUPROTHAL 49 is therefore commonly used as a thermocouple alloy. – Low temperature resistance heating applications, such as heating cables.

MANGANINA 43 has been developed to satisfy many precision and high stability requirements at, or close to, room temperature. In some applications it is essential that the resistance of the electronic components does not change either with age or with such changes of temperature as may be encountered in normal use. These requirements are fulfilled perfectly by MANGANINA 43. The resistance of MANGANINA 43 increases very slightly from 15 °C to approximately 25 °C. Above 25 °C the resistance decreases so that the resistance at 35 °C is about the same as at 15 °C. The maximum change in resistance to be expected is less than 15 parts per million per degree centigrade. Therefore, for an instrument, which is calibrated at 25 °C, the change in resistance over the temperature range from 15-35 °C is negligible, except in instances where the work is of very high precision. Artificial ageing of assembled coils has been found necessary to avoid a slow decrease in resistance with time. Baking at a temperature between 120 °C and 140 °C for a period of 24 to 72 hours commonly does this. The higher temperature limit must not be exceeded if damage to enamel or fabric insulation is to be avoided. Regarding E.M.F. versus copper, MANGANINA 43 generates not more than 0.003 mV/°C between 0 and 100 °C. The main application is in shunts.

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Copper-Nickel alloys with medium and low resistivity CUPROTHAL 30 KANTHAL produces Copper-Nickel resistivity 30 microhm·cm alloys with resistivities lower than those of CUPROTHAL 15 CUPROTHAL 49 and MANGANINA 43. resistivity 15 microhm·cm The main applications are in high current CUPROTHAL 10 electrical resistances, heating cables, electric resistivity 10 microhm·cm blankets, fuses, resistors but they are also CUPROTHAL 05 used in many other applications. resistivity 5 microhm·cm

Different resistors and potentiometers using KANTHAL alloys.


11

Product Varieties 1

KANTHAL KANTHAL APM

Rod

Wire

Strip

Ribbon

• •

• • • • •

• • • •

Thin wide Strip

Welded tubes

Extruded tubes

Straightened wire

•

• • • • • •

KANTHAL AE

•

• • • • • •

ALKROTHAL

•

•

•

•

•

• • • • •

• • • •

•

• • • • •

KANTHAL A-1 KANTHAL A KANTHAL D, DT

•

KANTHAL AF

• •

•

NIKROTHAL NIKROTHAL 80 NIKROTHAL 70 NIKROTHAL 60 NIKROTHAL 40

•

NIKROTHAL 20

• •

KANTHAL/NiFe NIFETHAL 70

• •

NIFETHAL 52

• •

Copper-Nickel CUPROTHAL 49 MANGANINA CUPROTHAL 30 CUPROTHAL 15 CUPROTHAL 10 CUPROTHAL 05

•

• • • • • •

•

•

• • • • • •

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2. Physical and Mechanical properties KANTHAL APM

A-1

A

AF

AE

1425 2600

1400 2550

1350 2460

1300 2370

1300 2370

22 5.8 Balance –

22 5.8 Balance –

22 5.3 Balance –

22 5.3 Balance –

22 5.3 Balance –

7.10 0.256

7.10 0.256

7.15 0.258

7.15 0.258

7.15 0.258

Ω mm2m-1 Ω/cmf

1.45 872

1.45 872

1.39 836

1.39 836

1.39 836

Temperature factor of the resistivity, Ct 250 °C 480 °F 930 °F 500 °C 1470 °F 800 °C 1000 °C 1830 °F 1200 °C 2190 °F

1,00 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.05

1.00 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.04

1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06

1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06

1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.06

– 11·10-6 12·10-6 14·10-6 15·10-6

– 11·10-6 12·10-6 14·10-6 15·10-6

– 11·10-6 12·10-6 14·10-6 15·10-6

– 11·10-6 12·10-6 14·10-6 15·10-6

– 11·10-6 12·10-6 14·10-6 15·10-6

Thermal conductivity at 50 °C W m-1K-1 at 122 °F Btu in ft-2h-1 °F-1

11 76

11 76

11 76

11 76

11 76

Specific heat capacity, kJ kg-1K-1, 20 °C Btu lb-1 °F-1, 68 °F

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

°C °F

1500 2730

1500 2730

1500 2730

1500 2730

1500 2730

Mechanical properties* (approx.) Tensile strength, N mm-2 psi

680 98600**

680 110200

725 105200

700 101500

720 104400

N mm-2 psi

470 68200**

545 79000

550 79800

500 72500

520 74500

Hv

230

240

230

230

230

%

20**

20

22

23

20

Tensile strength at 900 °C, at 1650 °F,

-2

N mm psi

40 5800

34 4900

34 4900

37 5400

34 4900

Creep strength *** at 800 °C, at 1470 °F, at 1000 °C, at 1830 °F, at 1100 °C, at 2010 °F, at 1200 °C, at 2190 °F,

N mm-2 psi N mm-2 psi N mm-2 psi N mm-2 psi

8.2 1190 – – – – – –

1.2 70 0.5 70 – – – –

1.2 70 0.5 70 – – – –

– – – – 0.7 100 0.3 40

1.2 170 – – – – – –

Magnetic properties

1

1

1

1

1

Emissivity, fully oxidized condition

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

Max continuous operating temperature (element temperature in air), °C °F Nominal composition, %

Cr Al Fe Ni g/cm3 Ib/in3

Density, Resistivity at 20 °C, at 68 °F

Coefficient of thermal expansion, 20-100 °C 68-210 °F 20-250 °C 68-480 °F 20-500 °C 68-930 °F 20-750 °C 68-1380 °F 20-1000 °C 68-1840 °F

Melting point (approx.),

Yield point, Hardness, Elongation at rupture,

K-1

)

)

0.70

)

)

)

* The values given apply for sizes of approx. 1.0 mm diameter 0.04 in. ** 4.0 mm 0.16 in. Thinner gauges have higher strength and hardness values while the corresponding values are lower for thicker gauge. *** Calculated from observed elongation in a Kanthal standard furnace test. 1 % elongation after 1000 hours.


13

D

NIKROTHAL ALKROTHAL N 80 N 70

N 60

N40

N20

NIFETHAL 70

52

1300 2370

1100 2010

1200 2190

1250 2280

1150 2100

1100 2010

1050 1920

600 1110

600 1110

22 4.8 Balance –

15 4.3 Balance –

20 – – 80

30 – – 70

15 – Balance 60

20 – Balance 35

24 – Balance 20

– – Balance 72

– – Balance 52

7.25 0.262

7.28 0.263

8.30 0.300

8.10 0.293

8.20 0.296

7.90 0.285

7.80 0.281

8.45 0.305

8.20 0.296

1.35 812

1.25 744

1.09 655

1.18 709

1.11 668

1.04 626

0.95 572

0.20 120

0.436) 220

1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.08

1.02 1.05 1.10 1.11 –

1.02 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.07

1.02 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.06

1.04 1.08 1.10 1.11 –

1.08 1.15 1.21 1.23 –

1.12 1.21 1.28 1.32 –

2.19 3.66 – – –

1.93 2.77 – – –

– 11·10-6 12·10-6 14·10-6 15·10-6

– 11·10-6 12·10-6 14·10-6 15·10-6

– 15·10-6 16·10-6 17·10-6 18·10-6

– 14·10-6 15·10-6 16·10-6 17·10-6

– 16·10-6 17·10-6 18·10-6 18·10-6

– 16·10-6 17·10-6 18·10-6 19·10-6

– 16·10-6 17·10-6 18·10-6 19·10-6

– – 13·10-6 – 15·10-6

10·10-6 – – – –

11 76

16 110

15 104

14 97

14 97

13 90

13 90

17 120

17 120

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

0.46 0.110

0.50 0.119

0.50 0.119

0.52 0.120

0.50 0.120

1500 2730

1500 2730

1400 2550

1380 2515

1390 2535

1390 2535

1380 2515

1430 2610

1435 2620

670 97200

630 91400

810 117500

820 118900

730 105900

675 97900

675 97900

640 92800

610 88500

485 70300

455 66000

420 60900

430 62400

370 53700

340 49300

335 48600

340 49300

340 49300

230

220

180

185

180

180

160

–

–

22

22

30

30

35

35

30

–

30

34 4900

30 4300

100 14500

120 17400

100 14500

120 17400

120 17400

– –

– –

1.2 170 0.5 70 – – –

1.2 170 1 140 – – –

15 2160 4 580 – – –

– – – – – – –

15 2160 4 580 – – –

20 2900 4 580 – – –

20 2900 4 580 – – –

– – – – – – –

– – – – – – –

1

1

2

2

3

2

2

4

5

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

)

0.70

)

0.70

)

0.88

)

) Magnetic (Curie point approx. 600 °C 1100 °F) ) Non-magnetic 3 ) Slightly magnetic

)

)

)

)

) Magnetic up to °C/°F (Curie point) 610/1130 ) Magnetic up to °C/°F (Curie point) 530/990 6 ) ± 10 %

1

4

2

5

)

0.88

2

14


CUPROTHAL 49

MANGANINA 43

CUPROTHAL 30 15

10

05

11 Balance

6 Balance

2 Balance

Nominal composition, %

Ni Cu Fe Other

44 Balance + 1 Mn

4 Balance

23 Balance

11 Mn

1.5 Mn

Density,

g/cm3 Ib/in3

8.9 0.321

8.4 0.3+2

8.9 0.321

8.9 0.321

8.9 0.321

8.9 0.321

0.49 295

0.43 259

0.30 180

0.15 90

0.10 60

0.05 30

±20/±60 -55-150

±15 15-35

250 20-105

400 20-105

700 20-105

1300 20-105

Linear expansion coefficient Coefficient x 10-6/°C Temperatur range, °C

14 20-100

18 20-100

16 20-100

16 20-100

16 20-100

16.5 20-100

Thermal conductivity at 50 °C, Wm-1K-1 at 122 °F Btu in ft-2h-1 °F-1

21 146

22 153

35 243

60 460

90 624

130 901

Specific heat capacity, kJ kg-1K-1, 20 °C Btu lb-1°F-1, 68 °F

0.41 0.098

0.41 0.098

0.37 0.088

0.38 0.091

0.38 0.091

0.38 0.091

°C °F

1280 2336

1020 1868

1150 2102

1100 2012

1095 2003

1090 1994

Mechanical properties* (approx.) Tensile strength, N mm-2, min. psi, min. N mm-2, max. psi, max.

420 60900 690 100100

290 42050 640 92800

340 49300 690 100100

250 36200 540 78300

230 33350 680 98600

220 31900 440 63800

Elongation at rupture,

30

30

30

30

30

30

Resistivity at 20 °C, Ω mm2m-1 at 68 °F Ω/cmf Temperature coefficient of resistance, Km x 10-6/°C Temperatur range, °C

Melting point (approx.),

Magnetic properties

%

Non-magnetic


15

3. Stranded Resistance Heating Wire Recognising the need for more preciesly controlled stranded wire within the cable industry and working closely with our cable customers, Kanthal have developed a range of stranded resistance wires in the well known NIKROTHAL, KANTHAL and Nickel alloys. These alloys possess the optimum properties for high performance at elevated temperatures and in other adverse conditions where reliability and quality is of paramount consideration.

Alloy NIKROTHAL 80 NIKROTHAL 60 KANTHAL D KANTHAL AF NICKEL Ni Mn2%

Nominal composition, % Ni Cr Fe Al 80 20 60 16 Bal. 22 Bal. 4.8 22 Bal. 5.3 99.2 98

3

Oth.

2 Mn

Resistivity at 20°C Ω mm2 m -1 1.09 1.11 1.35 1.39 0.09 0.11

Max. temp *) °C 1200 1150 1300 1300

•) Values given apply for sizes approx. 1.0 mm

Strand diameter Nominal diameter to be determined from single-end wire diameters, which have to meet resistance requirements. Resistance generally takes priority over diameter. The calculation is: Strand normal diameter = single-end diameter x F F=3 for 7-strand F=5 for 19-strand true concentric F=7 for 37-strand true concentric

Size range Up to 37 wires (ends) of diameter between 0.20-0.85 mm.

True Concentric Successive layers have different lay directions and lay length.

16


Standard Stocked Material Strand size mm 19 x 0.544 19 x 0.523 KW 0.574 37 x 0.385 KW 0.45 19 x 0.574 19 x 0.523 KW 0.574 19 x 0.574 19 x 0.574 19 x 0.610 KW 0.71

Alloy

Strand diameter nominal, mm


2.67

Strand resistance Ω/m 0.2344-0.2579 0.2886 max.

NIKROTHAL 80

2.76

0.276 max.

26


2.87 0.297 max.

25 30

Nickel Ni Mn2% Ni Mn2%

2.87

0.0243 max. 0.0247 max. 0.0208 max.

21 22 19

KW = King Wire

The Kanthal plant and head office in Hallstahammar, Sweden

Meter per Kilo (approx.) 26 30


17

Flexible Terminations for Industrial Applications Flex Ø, mm CSA, mm2 Strands Weight, gram/m Current, A (low temp. <400 °C) Current, A (high temp. >400 °C) Ω/m, cold

Flex Size V. Small 2.3 3.18 7 x 0.76 mm 26.24 7

Small 3.75 8.40 19 x 0.75 mm 70 15

Medium 4.2 10.78 19 x 0.85 mm 86 22

Large 6.7 21.65 49 x 0.75 mm 184 44

X. Large 9.3 38.48 49 x 1.00 mm 325 77

5

15

20

30

45

0.347

0.106

0.102

0.050

0.028

CSA = Cross Sectional Area

3

18

Kanthal Appliance Alloys Handbook.

4. Thin Wide Strip

Wide and very thin strip has been introduced as an alternative to flattened wire, ribbon, to offer a wider choice of widths than what can be offered via wire flattening. Kanthal has the ability to supply thin wide resistance strip in the thickness range 0,04 to 0,1 mm in widths up to 275 mm produced through rolling and slitting to dimension.

The alloys available in this product form are primarily the high performing FeCrAl types, like KANTHAL AF, as specified in the technical section of this handbook. For a material with very high surface to volume ratio such as this thin strip, no standard guidelines for maximum temperature and lifetime are applicable because of the big influence from the chosen design. We advice that everyone considering using this product form should Kanthal for in depth discussions before finalising dimensions and design of an application. Kanthal offers advice and technical regarding choice of dimensions etc.

Thin strip – vertically applied.


19

4

Thin strip heating elements for glass top hot plates.

20


5. Design Factors Operating Life

Oxidation properties

The life of the resistance heating alloy is dependent on a number of factors, among the most important are: – Temperature – Temperature cycling – Contamination – Alloy composition – Trace elements and impurities – Wire diameter – Surface condition – Atmosphere – Mechanical stress – Method of regulation

When heated, resistance-heating alloys form an oxide layer on their surface, which slows down further oxidation of the material. To accomplish this function the oxide layer must be dense and resist the diffusion of gases as well as metal ions. It must also be thin and adhere to the metal under temperature fluctuations. The protective oxide layer on KANTHAL alloys formed at temperatures above 1000 °C 1830 °F consists mainly of alumina (Al2O3). The colour is light grey, while at lower temperatures (under 1000 °C, 1830 °F) the oxide colour becomes darker. The alumina layer has excellent electrical insulating properties and good chemical resistance to most compounds. The oxide formed on NIKROTHAL alloys consists mainly of chromium oxide (Cr2O3). The colour is dark and the electrical insulating properties inferior to those of alumina. The oxide layer on NIKROTHAL alloys spalls and evaporates more easily than the tighter oxide layer that is formed on the KANTHAL alloys. Results of several life tests according to ASTM B 78 (modified) are given in Table 1 for KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL alloys. In the table, the durability of KANTHAL A-1 wire at 1200 °C 2190 °F is set at 100 %, and the durability of the other alloys is related to that figure.

Since these are unique for each application it is difficult to give general guidelines of life expectations. Recommendations on some of the important design factors are given below. Table 1 Relative Durability Values in %, KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL Alloys (ASTM-test wire 0.7 mm 0.028 in)

KANTHAL A-1 KANTHAL AF KANTHAL AE KANTHAL D NIKROTHAL 80 NIKROTHAL 60 NIKROTHAL 40

1100 °C 2010 °F

1200 °C 2190 °F

1300 °C 2370 °F

340 465 550 250 120 95 40

100 120 120 75 25 25 15

30 30 30 25 -


21

Corrosion Resistance Corrosive or potentially corrosive constituents can considerably shorten wire life. Perspiring hands, mounting or ing materials or contamination can cause corrosion. Steam Steam shortens the wire life. This effect is more pronounced on NIKROTHAL alloys than on KANTHAL alloys. Halogens Halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine) severely attack all high-temperature alloys at fairly low temperatures. Sulphur In sulphurous atmospheres KANTHAL alloys have considerably better durability than nickel-base alloys. KANTHAL is particularly stable in oxidising gases containing sulphur, while reducing gases with a sulphur content diminish its service life. NIKROTHAL alloys are sensitive to sulphur. Salts and oxides The salts of alkaline metals, boron compounds, etc. in high concentrations and are harmful to heating alloys. Metals Some molten metals, such as zinc, brass, aluminium and copper, react with the resistance alloys. The elements should therefore be protected from splashes of molten metals.

Ceramic material Special attention must be paid to the ceramic s that come in direct with the heating wire. Firebricks for wire should have an alumina content of at least 45 %. In high-temperature applications, the use of sillimanite and high-alumina firebricks is often recommended. The free silica (uncombined quartz) content should be held low. Iron oxide lowers the melting point of the ceramics. Water glass as a binder in cements must be avoided. Embedding compounds Most embedding compounds including ceramic fibres are suitable for KANTHAL and NIKROTHAL if composed of alumina, alumina-silicate, magnesia or zirconia.

5

22


Maximum Temperature per Wire Size The table below gives maximum wire temperatures as a function of wire diameter when operating in air. Table 2 Maximum Permissible Temperature as a Function of Wire Size

KANTHAL AF KANTHAL A KANTHAL AE KANTHAL D NIKROTHAL 80 NIKROTHAL 60 NIKROTHAL 40

Diameter, mm (in): 0.15-0.4 (0.0059-0.0157) °C °F

0.41-0.95 (0.0061-0.0374) °C °F

1.0-3.0 (0.039-0.118) °C °F

>3.0 (>0.118) °C °F

900-1100 1650-2010 925-1050 1700-1920 950-1150 1740-2100 925-1025 1700-1880 925-1000 1700-1830 900-950 1650-1740 900-950 1650-1740

1100-1225 2010-2240 1050-1175 1920-2150 1150-1225 2100-2240 1025-1100 1880-2010 1000-1075 1830-1970 950-1000 1740-1830 950-1000 1740-1830

1225-1275 2240-2330 1175-1250 2150-2300 1225-1250 2240-2300 1100-1200 2010-2190 1075-1150 1970-2100 1000-1075 1830-1970 1000-1050 1830-1920

1300 2370 1350 2460 1300 2370 1300 2370 1200 2190 1150 2100 1100 2010


23

6. Element types and heating applications The Embedded Element Type

The ed Element Type

The wire in the embedded element type is completely surrounded by solid or granular insulating material.

The wire, normally in spiral form, is situated on the surface, in a groove or a hole of the electrical insulating material. KANTHAL AE, KANTHAL AF and NIKROTHAL 80 are generally the best materials. In order to avoid deformations on horizontal coils, the wire temperature should not exceed the values given in Figure 3.

Metal Sheathed Tubular Elements KANTHAL D is generally the best heating wire for tube temperatures below 700 °C 1290 °F and NIKROTHAL 80 for temperatures above. To use KANTHAL instead of NiCr gives the following advantages: – Lower wire weight by some 20-30 % at the same wire dimension – More even temperature along the element and lower maximum wire temperature. This means that the element can be charged higher for a short time - important when there is a risk of dry boiling – Closer tolerances of rating. Rating and temperature remains more constant since the resistivity in hot state does not change as much as for NiCr – Longer life at high surface loads. The element life is also easier forecasted – KANTHAL is easier to manufacture when high resistance per length is needed, since a thicker wire can be used – Less sensitive to corrosion attacks

The Suspended Element Type The wire is suspended freely between insulated points and is exposed to the mechanical stress caused by its own weight, its own spring force and in some cases also from the forces of an external spring. NIKROTHAL 80, NIKROTHAL 60, KANTHAL D and KANTHAL AF are the best materials. °C 1200

°F 2190 KANTHAL AE

2010

1100

1830

1000 KANTHAL D

1650

900

800

5

10

15

1470 20 D/d ratio

Figure 3. Permissible D/d ratios as a function of wire temperature in ed spiral elements.

6

24


Embedded Elements Metal Sheathed Tubular Elements

Characteristics The heating coil is insulated from the encasing metallic tube by granular material (MgO). The tube is compressed to a round, oval or triangular shape. Terminals may be at either end or at one end of the element (cartridge type). Recommended alloy KANTHAL D in elements with sheath temperature <700°C <1290°F. NIKROTHAL 80 in elements with sheath temperature >700°C >1290°F. Surface load Wire: Normally 2-4 times the element surface load (wire surface load is not so critical in this element type). Element: 2-25 W/cm2 13-161 W/in2 Typical applications Very common element, for example: Cooking: Hot plates, domestic ovens, grills, toaster ovens, frying pans, deep fryers, rice cookers. Water and beverage: Boilers, immersion heaters, water kettles, coffee makers, dish washers, washing machines. Space heating: Radiators, storage heaters. Others: Irons, air heaters, oil heaters, glow plugs, sauna heaters.


25

Embedded Elements Elements Embedded in Ceramics

Characteristics Heating coil is embedded in green ceramics (subsequently fired), or cemented in grooves in ceramic bodies. Recommended alloy KANTHAL A for high temperature firing. KANTHAL D for other applications. Surface load Wire: 5-10 W/cm2 30-60 W/in2 Typical applications heaters, IR heaters, warming plates, irons, ceramic pots.

6

26


Embedded Elements Coils in grooved Metal Plates

Characteristics Heating coil and insulating powder are pressed into grooves of a metal plate. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D Surface load Wire: 4-20 W/cm2 25-130 W/in2 Typical applications Cast iron plates; also, irons, warming plates, kettles, domestic ovens.


27

Embedded Elements Cartridge Elements, Powder filled

Characteristics Straight wire or coil is wound on a threaded ceramic body and insulated by granular insulating material (MgO) from enveloping metal tube. Terminals are at one end of the element. Elements are compressed when high-loaded. Recommended alloy NIKROTHAL 80 in straight wire elements. KANTHAL D in coiled wire elements. Surface load On tube: 10-25 W/cm2 65-160W/in2 for elements with straight wire. Other types: about 5 W/cm2 30 W/in2. Typical applications Metal dies, plates, etc., refrigerators.

6

28


Embedded Elements Heating Cables and Rope Heaters

Characteristics Wire is wound on a fibreglass core and insulated by PVC or silicone rubber (higher temperatures). Fiberglass insulation permits even higher temperatures. Heating cables with straight or stranded wires, sometimes enclosed in aluminium tube, also occur. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D NIKROTHAL 40 NIKROTHAL 80

CUPROTHAL 30 CUPROTHAL 10 CUPROTHAL 49

Surface load Wire: <1 W/cm2 <6W/in2 on wire for PVC and silicone rubber. 2-5 W/cm2 13-30 W/in2 for fibreglass insulation. Typical applications Defrosting and de-icing elements, electric blankets and pads, car seats, baseboard heaters, floor heating.


29

Embedded Elements Mica Elements

Characteristics Resistance ribbon or wire is wound on mica sheet or tube and insulated by mica. Elements are often encapsulated in steel sheaths. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D NIKROTHAL 80 Surface load Wire: 2-10 W/cm2 13-65 W/in2 Typical applications Irons, ironing machines, water heaters, plastic moulding dies, soldering irons.

6

30


ed Elements Ceramic Cartridge Elements

Characteristics Most common design consists of round ceramic bodies with longitudinal holes or grooves for heating coil. Elements are often in metallic tube with terminals at one end. Often provisions are made to avoid excessive sagging of the coil when the element is operating vertically. Recommended alloy KANTHAL A or D for horizontally operating coils. NIKROTHAL 80 (usually) for long vertically situated coils when sagging is a problem. Surface load Wire: 3-6 W/cm2 20-40 W/in2 Element: 2-5 W/cm2 13-32 W/in2 Typical applications Liquid heating, storage heaters.


31

ed Elements Other ceramic elements

Characteristics Coiled and straight wire is located on smooth ceramic tube or in grooves or holes of ceramic bodies of various shapes (plates, tubes, rods, cylinders, etc.). Recommended alloy KANTHAL A, AF and D. NIKROTHAL 80 (for pencil bars). Surface load Wire: 3-9 W/cm2 20-60 W/in2 Typical applications Boiling plates, air guns, hobby kilns, radiators.

6

32


ed Elements Quartz Tube Heaters

Characteristics Heating coil is placed inside quartz tube (or tube of glass ceramic). When the element is operating vertically or at an angle, the coil should be tight-wound and pre-oxidized. For horizontal use, the relative pitch is 1.2-2.0. Recommended alloy KANTHAL AE, AF, A and D. Surface load Wire: 2-8 W/cm2 13-52 W/in2 Element: 4-8W/cm2 26-52 W/in2 Typical applications Space heating, toasters, toaster ovens, grills, industrial infrared dryers etc.


33

ed Elements Elements on moulded ceramic fibre

Characteristics Heating coil rests on moulded ceramic fibre plate, with or without grooves. Coils are cemented or stapled at intervals, or pressed into ribs on this surface. Thin wide strip, normally in corrugated shape, is more and more common as an alternative to coiled wire. Ribbon has also been used. Recommended alloy KANTHAL AE or AF. Surface load Wire: <10 W/cm2 < 65 W/in2 Ribbon: 4-6 W/cm2 25-40 W/in2 Typical applications Boiling plates with ceramic hobs (glass top hot plates).

6

34


ed Elements Bead insulated coils or stranded wire

Characteristics Heating coil, or stranded wire, is insulated by ceramic beads. With beads having two holes heating mats are made. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D, NIKROTHAL 80 (for heaters). Surface load Wire: 1-8 W/cm2 6.5-52 W/in2 Typical applications Mats for in-situ annealing of welded parts, heaters, waffle irons, domestic ovens, water heater.


35

ed Elements String Elements

Characteristics Heating wire wound on insulated steel wire (approx. 2 mm 0.008 in) or fibre glass cord. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D. Surface load Wire: <10 W/cm2 <65 W/in2 Typical applications Stationary hair dryers.

6

36


Suspended Elements Suspended coils

Characteristics Wire coil is ed at intervals, e.g. by ceramic holders. Fibreglass cord is often placed inside coil to prevent the coil from falling down in case of element failure. Recommended alloy NIKROTHAL 80 and NIKROTHAL 60 KANTHAL D and AF (mainly for wire temperatures below 600°C 1110°F, where sagging is no problem). Surface load Wire: 7-8 W/cm2 45-50 W/in2 in forced air; 3-4 W/cm2 20-25 W/in2 in natural convection. Typical applications Air heaters such as: laundry dryers, hair dryers, fan heaters, land dryers.


37

Suspended Elements Suspended straight wires and ribbons

Characteristics Wire or ribbon may have elastic or fixed suspension. Elastic: Wire kept straight by springs when heated. Fixed: Operating temperature is lower and low thermal expansion is advantageous. Recommended alloy KANTHAL A and AF (low thermal expansion) NIKROTHAL 80 Surface load Wire: 4-12 W/cm2 25-77 W/in2 Typical applications Radiators, toasters, convection heaters, hair dryers.

6

38


Suspended Elements Open Mica Elements

Characteristics Straight or corrugated heating wire is wound on one or both sides of a mica sheet or separated mica strips. Ribbons are frequently used in this application. Recommended alloy NIKROTHAL 80, NIKROTHAL 60, KANTHAL D and AF. Surface load Wire: 4-7 W/cm2 25-45 W/in2 For toasters: < 13 W/cm2 <26-52 W/in2 for wire-wound elements Typical applications Toasters; also, convection heating, low-watt aquarium heaters.


39

Suspended Elements Zig-zag Elements

Characteristics Deep-corrugated ribbon is ed by mica sheets. Also radial shape. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D, AF and NIKROTHAL 40 Surface load Wire: 9 W/cm2 60 W/in2 Typical applications Fan heaters, convection heating.

6

40


Suspended Elements Porcupine Elements

Characteristics Heating conductor consists of hairpin- shaped wire bends protruding in all directions, with hole in centre. Element is ed by central insulated rod or insulating tube around its circumference. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D, AF NIKROTHAL 80 Surface load Wire: 4W/cm2 25 W/in2 in natural convection, <12 W/cm2 75 W/in2 in forced convection. Typical applications Hot air guns, radiators, convectors, tumble dryers, domestic ovens with forced convection.


41

Suspended Elements Coils immersed in water

Characteristics Wire coils operating directly in water. Recommended alloy KANTHAL D and AF NIKROTHAL 80. Surface load Wire: Depending on water velocity, 20-60 W/cm2 130-390 W/in2 (even higher figures occur.) Typical applications Instantaneous tap water and shower heaters, steam generators.

6

42


7. Standard Tolerances Standard tolerances for wire and ribbon are given below. Size tolerances do not apply to material manufactured to resistance tolerances and vice-versa.

Tolerances on electrical resistance Resistance of wire at 20 °C Diameter ≤ 0.127 mm 0.0048 in ±8 %. All dimensions >0.127 mm 0.0048 in ±5 %.

Resistance of ribbon For cold rolled strips and ribbon, all widths and thickness’ ± 5%.

Tolerances on dimensions Tolerances on diameter of wire according to the EN 10 218-2 T4 standard Wire size, mm

Max deviation from nominal value, mm

Max ovality, mm

d

Tol = ±0.015·√d

Tol = ±0.015·√d

Max ovality = a – b

Wire size, In

Max deviation from nominal value, in

Max ovality, in

d

Tol = ±0.002975·√d

Tol = ±0.002975·√d

b a

Tolerances on dimensions of cold rolled ribbon Ribbon is normally specified with a resistance tolerance. If requested, dimension tolerance on width can be applied as below. Width mm in

0.5-1.5 0.020-0.059 1.5-2.5 0.059-0.098 2.5-4.0 0.098-0.159

Thickness mm in

0.07-0.2 0.0028-0.008 +0.02 -0.04 +0.0001 -0.0016 +0.04 -0.07 +0.0016 -0.0028

0.2-0.5 0.008-0.020 +0.01 -0.03 +0.0004 -0.0012 +0.03 -0.04 +0.0012 -0.0016 ±0.08 ± 0.0031

0.5-0.8 0.020-0.031

+0.02 -0.04 +0.0001 -0.0016 +0.12 +0.0047


43

8. Delivery Forms In order to avoid transport damage all goods are carefully packed in card board boxes or wooden cases, with suitable internal protection.

Resistance Heating alloys (KANTHAL, ALKROTHAL, NIKROTHAL, NIFETHAL 70 and 52) Wire Wire of ≤1.63 mm is delivered on spools, such as shown in the figure. Only one length of wire is wound on each spool. Wire sizes between 0.40 and 1.63 mm can be L5

supplied in round Pail Packs (drums) such as shown in the table below. Wire sizes >1.65 mm is normally supplied in coils with an inner diameter of approx. 500-600 mm.

∂ 615

ØD Ød

Ød1 60° H

l D, inner D, outer

L

Types of Wire Spools

8

Spool No.

Tare g

Spool measurements, mm D d l

d1

B1 B2 B4 K 200 K 250 K 355

100 115 180 600 1050 1850

75 90 120 200 250 355

16 16 16 36 36 36

40 40 50 125 160 224

100 100 100 160 160 160

L

Wire dia. mm

Capacity approx. kg

120 120 120 200 200 200

0.10-0.19 0.20-0.24 0.25-1.00 0.16-1.20 0.30-1.63 0.50-1.63

1 2 4 10 20 40

Types of Wire Pails (Drum Pack) Pail No.

Tare g

Pail measurements, mm D, outer D, inner height

Material

Wire dia. mm

Capacity approx. kg

P50 P100 P200 P350

2600 3500 8500 10000

508 508 500 500

Plastic Plastic Cardboard Cardboard

0.40-1.63 0.40-1.63 0.80-1.63 0.80-1.63

33 50 160-240 250-400

330 330 300 300

150 250 520 820

44


Thin wide strip Standard delivery is in coil form on inner core. For full width material the core is a recyclable steel tube with inner diameter 400 mm. For narrow slit widths the core is made of hard paper or plastic with inner diameter 200-400 mm depending on strip width and request. On special demand, narrow slit strip up to 10 mm can be delivered pitch wound on a special spool. Coil weight or strip lengths are subject to special agreements.

Ribbon Ribbon is normally supplied on K 125 spools. Sizes of section ≥0.3mm2 are wound on K 100 spools. If requested, the smallest sizes can be supplied on K 80 spools. Rods Availabel shaved or un-shaved depending on the alloy.

Types of Ribbon Spools Spool No.

Tare g


d1

L

Capacity, kg KANTHAL

NIKROTHAL

K 80 K 100 K 125 K 200

70 125 200 600

80 100 125 200

16 16 16 36

80 100 125 200

0.7 1.5 3 10

0.8 1.9 3.5 11

50 63 80 125

64 80 100 160


45

Resistance alloys (CUPROTHAL 49, 30, 15, 10, 5 and MANGANINA 43) The wire is normally packed as shown below. Wire and ribbon can also be specially packed to individual requirements. To provide additional protection to the materials, spools are wrapped with plastic film or closed in plastic boxes.

Wire Wire up to 1.40 mm is available on spools. At the request of the customer, wire can also be supplied in annular drums as detailed below. The figure shows the drum without handles. Wire dimensions from 1.40 to 8.0 are available in coils. The inner diameter of the coil is 350 to 650 mm depending on the alloy type and the diameter. Wire from 2.00 mm up to 8.0 mm can be straightened in random or fixed lengths. Straight lengths are supplied in bundles.

Types of wire Spools Spool No.

Wire diameter mm

Nominal wire weight kg

D mm

d1 mm

d2 mm

L mm

I mm

Tare g

K 500 K 355 K 250 K 200 K 160 K 125 K 100 K 80

0.80 - 1.40 0.40 - 1.40 0.25 - 1.00 0.25 - 0.80 0.20 - 0.80 0.15 - 0.80 0.127 - 0.25 0.127 - 0.25

90 50 20 14 7 3 1.5 0.5

500 355 250 200 160 125 100 80

315 224 160 125 100 80 63 50

36 36 36 22 22 16 16 16

250 200 200 200 160 125 100 80

189 160 160 160 128 100 80 64

8000 1850 1050 600 350 200 125 70

8 d h

D

Fig. 3 - Drum dimensions

Types of Drums Drum No.

Wire diameter mm

Nominal wire weight kg

D mm

d mm

h mm

Tare g

050 A 020 B

0.50 - 2.30 0.50 - 1.63

55 36

508 508

330 330

250 150

3500 2600

46


Types of Ribbon Spools Spool No.

Tare g


d1

L

Capacity, kg KANTHAL

NIKROTHAL

K 80 K 100 K 125 K 200

70 125 200 600

80 100 125 200

16 16 16 36

80 100 125 200

0.7 1.5 3 10

0.8 1.9 3.5 11

50 63 80 125

64 80 100 160

Rods Available shaved or not shaved depending on the alloy. In order to avoid transport damage all goods are carefully packed in cardboard boxes or wooden cases, with suitable internal protection.


47

9. Tables The tables show metric values for wire and ribbon. There are other editions of this handbook for Imperial values (SWG and B&S). For dimensions in the range 0.12-0.010 mm 0.0047-0.0004 in, we recommend the Kanthal Precision Technology Handbook. The larger dimensions and different elements are described more in detail in the Kanthal Handbook Resistance Heating Alloys and Systems for Industrial Furnaces. For each table is indicated whether there

are standard stock items or not. Standard stock items may be changed without notice. Please ask Kanthal for the latest updated stock list. Standard stock items are normally supplied directly on order, while non-standard dimensions may take a bit longer. Kanthal can supply any dimension on request, provided the volume is large enough.

9

48


KANTHAL A-1, APM Wire

Standard stock items

Alloy

Diameter range mm

Resistivity Ωmm2m-1

Density gcm-3

■ ■

KANTHAL A-1 KANTHAL APM

10.0-0.050 10.0-0.20

1.45 1.45

7.10 7.10

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: °C Ct

20 1.00

Diameter mm A-1 APM

10.0 9.5 8.25 8.0 7.35 7.0 6.54 6.5 6.0 5.83 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.62 4.5 4.25 4.11 4.06 4.0 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.35 3.25 3.2

1)

10.0 9.5 9.27 8.25 8.0 7.35 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25

4.0 3.75 3.5 3.25

100 1.00

200 1.00

300 1.00

400 1.00

500 1.01

600 1.02

700 1.02

800 1.03

at 20 °C Ω/m

Resistance cm2/Ω1) Weight at 20 °C g/m

Cross Surface sectional area area cm2/m mm2

Diameter mm A-1 APM

0.0185 0.0205 0.0215 0.0271 0.0288 0.0342 0.0377 0.0432 0.0437 0.0513 0.0543 0.0610 0.0738 0.0818 0.0865 0.0912 0.102 0.109 0.112 0.115 0.131 0.139 0.151 0.165 0.175 0.180

17017 14590 13555 9555 8713 6757 5837 4760 4673 3676 3372 2831 2127 1824 1678 1551 1306 1181 1139 1089 897 827 730 640 584 558

314 298 291 259 251 231 220 205 204 188 183 173 157 149 145 141 134 129 128 126 118 115 110 105 102 101

3.0 2.95 2.9 2.8 2.65 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.34 2.3 2.25 2.2 2.05 2.03 2.0 1.83 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

558 503 479 380 357 301 273 239 236 201 190 169 139 126 119 113 101 94.2 91.9 89.2 78.4 74.3 68.3 62.6 58.9 57.1

78.5 70.9 67.5 53.5 50.3 42.4 38.5 33.6 33.2 28.3 26.7 23.8 19.6 17.7 16.8 15.9 14.2 13.3 12.9 12.6 11.0 10.5 9.62 8.81 8.30 8.04

3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5

2.3 2.2

2.0 1.8 1.7

1.5

1.2 1.0

cm2/Ω = I2 · Ct /p (I = Current, Ct = temperature factor, p = surface load W/cm2)

900 1.03

1000 1.04

1100 1.04

1200 1.04

1300 1.04

1400 1.05

at 20 °C Ω/m



0.205 0.212 0.220 0.235 0.263 0.273 0.295 0.321 0.337 0.349 0.365 0.381 0.439 0.448 0.462 0.551 0.570 0.639 0.695 0.721 0.821 0.942 1.09 1.28 1.53 1.85

459 437 415 374 317 299 266 235 218 207 194 181 147 142 136 104 99 83.6 73.7 69.7 57.4 46.7 37.4 29.4 22.6 17.0

94.2 92.7 91.1 88.0 83.3 81.7 78.5 75.4 73.5 72.3 70.7 69.1 64.4 63.8 62.8 57.5 56.5 53.4 51.2 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4

50.2 48.5 46.9 43.7 39.2 37.7 34.9 32.1 30.5 29.5 28.2 27.0 23.4 23.0 22.3 18.7 18.1 16.1 14.8 14.3 12.5 10.9 9.42 8.03 6.75 5.58

7.07 6.83 6.61 6.16 5.52 5.31 4.91 4.52 4.30 4.15 3.98 3.80 3.30 3.24 3.14 2.63 2.54 2.27 2.09 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785


49

KANTHAL A, AF, AE Wire


Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3

■ ■ –

KANTHAL A KANTHAL AF KANTHAL AE

10.0-0.05 10.0-0.10 10.0-0.20

1.39 1.39 1.39

7.15 7.15 7.15


20 1.00

Diameter mm A AF

10

1)

10.0 8.25 8.0 7.5 7.35 7.0 6.54 6.5 6.0 5.83 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.75 4.62 4.5 4.25 4.11 4.0 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.25 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3

100 1.00

200 1.01

300 1.01

400 1.02

500 1.03

600 1.04

at 20 °C Ω/m



0.0177 0.0260 0.0277 0.0315 0.0328 0.0361 0.0414 0.0419 0.0492 0.0521 0.0585 0.0655 0.0708 0.0784 0.0829 0.0874 0.0980 0.105 0.111 0.126 0.133 0.144 0.168 0.173 0.197 0.210 0.226 0.262 0.283 0.307 0.335

17751 9968 9089 7489 7048 6089 4965 4875 3834 3517 2953 2496 2219 1902 1750 1618 1363 1232 1136 936 863 761 609 582 479 433 390 312 277 245 216

314 259 251 236 231 220 205 204 188 183 173 163 157 149 145 141 134 129 126 118 115 110 102 101 94.2 91.1 88.0 81.7 78.5 75.4 72.3

562 382 359 316 303 275 240 237 202 191 170 152 140 127 120 114 101 94.9 89.8 79.0 74.8 68.8 59.3 57.5 50.5 47.2 44.0 38.0 35.1 32.3 29.7

78. 53.5 50.3 44.2 42.4 38.5 33.6 33.2 28.3 26.7 23.8 21.2 19.6 17.7 16.8 15.9 14.2 13.3 12.6 11.0 10.5 9.62 8.30 8.04 7.07 6.61 6.16 5.31 4.91 4.52 4.15

700 1.04

800 1.05

Diameter mm A AF

0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15

2.25 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.65 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30


900 1.05

1000 1.06

1100 1.06

1200 1.06

1300 1.06

at 20 °C Ω/m



0.350 0.366 0.442 0.546 0.612 0.650 0.691 0.787 0.903 1.05 1.23 1.46 1.77 1.96 2.18 2.45 2.77 3.15 3.61 4.19 4.92 5.85 7.08 8.74 11.1 14.4 19.7 28.3 44.2 78.7

202 189 142 104 87.2 79.7 72.7 59.9 48.7 39.0 30.7 23.6 17.8 15.2 12.9 10.9 9.09 7.49 6.09 4.87 3.83 2.95 2.22 1.62 1.14 0.761 0.479 0.277 0.142 0.0599

70.7 69.1 62.8 56.5 53.4 51.8 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.1 12.6 11.0 9.42 7.85 6.28 4.71

28.4 27.2 22.5 18.2 16.2 15.3 14.4 12.6 11.0 9.49 8.09 6.79 5.62 5.07 4.55 4.06 3.59 3.16 2.75 2.37 2.02 1.70 1.40 1.14 0.898 0.688 0.505 0.351 0.225 0.126

3.98 3.80 3.14 2.54 2.27 2.14 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.159 0.126 0.0962 0.0707 0.0491 0.0314 0.0177

9

50


KANTHAL A, AF, AE Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

KANTHAL A, AF, AE

1.39

7.15


20 1.00

100 1.00

ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 °C mm mm Ω/m

4

3

2.5

2.0

1)

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15

0.378 0.420 0.472 0.540 0.630 0.755 0.944 1.26 1.89 2.52 3.78 0.504 0.560 0.630 0.719 0.839 1.01 1.26 1.68 2.52 3.36 5.04 0.604 0.671 0.755 0.863 1.01 1.21 1.51 2.01 3.02 4.03 6.04 0.755 0.839 0.944 1.08 1.26 1.51 1.89 2.52 3.78 5.04

200 1.01

300 1.01

400 1.02

500 1.03

600 1.04

700 1.04

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

Cross sectional area mm2


265 234 203 174 146 119 93.2 68.3 44.5 33.0 21.7 159 139 121 103 85.8 69.5 54.0 39.3 25.4 18.8 12.3 116 101 87.4 74.1 61.6 49.6 38.4 27.8 17.9 13.2 8.60 79.4 69.1 59.3 50.0 41.3 33.1 25.4 18.3 11.6 8.54

26.3 23.7 21.0 18.4 15.8 13.2 10.5 7.89 5.26 3.95 2.63 19.7 17.8 15.8 13.8 11.8 9.87 7.89 5.92 3.95 2.96 1.97 16.4 14.8 13.2 11.5 9.87 8.22 6.58 4.93 3.29 2.47 1.64 13.2 11.8 10.5 9.21 7.89 6.58 5.26 3.95 2.63 1.97

100 98.0 96.0 94.0 92.0 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 43.0

3.68 3.31 2.94 2.58 2.21 1.84 1.47 1.10 0.736 0.552 0.368 2.76 2.48 2.21 1.93 1.66 1.38 1.10 0.828 0.552 0.414 0.276 2.30 2.07 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.15 0.920 0.690 0.460 0.345 0.230 1.84 1.66 1.47 1.29 1.10 0.920 0.736 0.552 0.368 0.276

2.0 1.8

1.5

1.2

1.0

800 1.05

0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30


900 1.05

7.55 0.839 0.933 1.05 1.20 1.40 1.68 2.10 2.80 4.20 5.60 8.39 1.01 1.12 1.26 1.44 1.68 2.01 2.52 3.36 5.04 6.71 10.1 11.2 12.6 1.57 1.80 2.10 2.52 3.15 4.20 6.30 8.39 12.6 14.0 15.7 18.0 1.89 2.16 2.52 3.02 3.78 5.04

1000 1.06

1100 1.06

1200 1.06

1300 1.06

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


5.56 66.7 57.9 49.6 41.7 34.3 27.4 21.0 15.0 9.53 6.97 4.53 49.6 42.9 36.5 30.6 25.0 19.9 15.1 10.7 6.75 4.91 3.18 2.84 2.51 25.4 21.1 17.2 13.5 10.2 7.15 4.45 3.22 2.07 1.84 1.63 1.41 19.1 15.8 12.7 9.93 7.41 5.16

1.32 11.8 10.7 9.47 8.29 7.10 5.92 4.74 3.55 2.37 1.78 1.18 9.87 8.88 7.89 6.91 5.92 4.93 3.95 2.96 1.97 1.48 0.987 0.888 0.789 6.31 5.53 4.74 3.95 3.16 2.37 1.58 1.18 0.789 0.710 0.631 0.553 5.26 4.60 3.95 3.29 2.63 1.97

42.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 39.0 38.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.8 31.6 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.8 25.6 25.4 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0

0.184 1.66 1.49 1.32 1.16 0.994 0.828 0.662 0.497 0.331 0.248 0.166 1.38 1.24 1.10 0.966 0.828 0.690 0.552 0.414 0.276 0.207 0.138 0.124 0.110 0.883 0.773 0.662 0.552 0.442 0.331 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0994 0.0883 0.0773 0.736 0.644 0.552 0.460 0.368 0.276

(cont.)


51

(cont.)

KANTHAL A, AF, AE Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

KANTHAL A, AF, AE

1.39

7.15


20 1.00

100 1.00


1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

1)

0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080

7.55 10.1 15.1 16.8 18.9 21.6 25.2 30.2 2.40 2.80 3.36 4.20 5.60 8.39 11.2 16.8 18.7 21.0 24.0 28.0 33.6 2.70 3.15 3.78 4.72 6.30 9.44 12.6 18.9 21.0 23.6 27.0 31.5 37.8 3.60 4.32 5.40 7.19 10.8 14.4 21.6 24.0 27.0

200 1.01

300 1.01

400 1.02

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

3.18 2.28 1.46 1.30 1.14 0.991 0.842 0.695 13.3 10.7 8.34 6.20 4.29 2.62 1.88 1.19 1.06 0.934 0.809 0.686 0.566 11.1 8.90 6.88 5.08 3.49 2.12 1.51 0.953 0.848 0.746 0.645 0.546 0.450 7.23 5.56 4.08 2.78 1.67 1.18 0.741 0.659 0.578

1.32 0.987 0.658 0.592 0.526 0.460 0.395 0.329 4.14 3.55 2.96 2.37 1.78 1.18 0.888 0.592 0.533 0.474 0.414 0.355 0.296 3.68 3.16 2.63 2.10 1.58 1.05 0.789 0.526 0.474 0.421 0.368 0.316 0.263 2.76 2.30 1.84 1.38 0.921 0.691 0.460 0.414 0.368

24.0 23.0 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.8 15.6

2

1)

500 1.03

600 1.04

700 1.04

800 1.05

900 1.05



0.184 0.138 0.0920 0.0828 0.0736 0.0644 0.0552 0.0460 0.580 0.497 0.414 0.331 0.248 0.166 0.124 0.0828 0.0745 0.0662 0.0580 0.0497 0.0414 0.515 0.442 0.368 0.294 0.221 0.147 0.110 0.0736 0.0662 0.0589 0.0515 0.0442 0.0368 0.386 0.322 0.258 0.193 0.129 0.097 0.0644 0.0580 0.0515

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050


30.8 36.0 43.2 5.0 6.3 8.4 12.6 16.8 25.2 28.0 31.5 36.0 42.0 50.4 63.0 10.1 15.1 20.1 30.2 33.6 37.8 43.2 50.4 60.4 75.5 12.6 18.9 25.2 37.8 42.0 47.2 54.0 63.0 75.5 25.2 33.6 50.4 56.0 63.0 71.9 83.9 101

1000 1.06

1100 1.06

1200 1.06

1300 1.06

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

0.499 0.423 0.347 4.37 3.18 2.14 1.27 0.894 0.556 0.493 0.432 0.373 0.315 0.258 0.203 1.59 0.927 0.645 0.397 0.351 0.307 0.264 0.222 0.182 0.143 1.11 0.635 0.437 0.265 0.234 0.203 0.174 0.146 0.119 0.397 0.268 0.159 0.139 0.121 0.103 0.0858 0.0695

0.322 0.276 0.230 1.97 1.58 1.18 0.789 0.592 0.395 0.355 0.316 0.276 0.237 0.197 0.158 0.987 0.658 0.493 0.329 0.296 0.263 0.230 0.197 0.164 0.132 0.789 0.526 0.395 0.263 0.237 0.210 0.184 0.158 0.132 0.395 0.296 0.197 0.178 0.158 0.138 0.118 0.0987

15.4 15.2 15.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.8 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 10.0 9.00 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

2

1)


0.0451 0.0386 0.0322 0.276 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0828 0.0552 0.0497 0.0442 0.0386 0.0331 0.0276 0.0221 0.138 0.0920 0.0690 0.0460 0.0414 0.0368 0.0322 0.0276 0.0230 0.0184 0.110 0.0736 0.0552 0.0368 0.0331 0.0294 0.0258 0.0221 0.0184 0.0552 0.0414 0.0276 0.0248 0.0221 0.0193 0.0166 0.0138

9

52


KANTHAL D Wire


Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3

■

D

8.0-0.020

1.35

7.25


20 1.00

Diameter mm

Resistance at 20 °C cm2/Ω1) Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


Diameter mm


Weight g/m


8.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25 4.06 4.0 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.25 3.0 2.95 2.8 2.65 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1

0.0269 0.0407 0.0477 0.0568 0.0688 0.0762 0.0849 0.0952 0.104 0.107 0.122 0.129 0.140 0.163 0.191 0.198 0.219 0.245 0.275 0.430 0.531 0.595 0.671 0.764 0.877 1.02 1.19 1.42

364 241 205 172 142 128 115 103 93.9 91.1 80.1 75.9 69.8 60.1 51.2 49.6 44.6 40.0 35.6 22.8 18.4 16.5 14.6 12.8 11.2 9.62 8.20 6.89

251 204 188 173 157 149 141 134 128 126 118 115 110 102 94.2 92.7 88.0 83.3 78.5 62.8 56.5 53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6

50.3 33.2 28.3 23.8 19.6 17.7 15.9 14.2 12.9 12.6 11.0 10.5 9.62 8.30 7.07 6.8 6.16 5.5 4.91 3.14 2.54 2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950

1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13

1.72 1.90 2.12 2.38 2.69 3.06 3.51 4.07 4.77 5.68 6.88 8.49 9.74 10.7 14.0 16.8 19.1 21.9 27.5 35.5 43.0 47.6 53.1 59.5 67.1 76.4 87.7 102

5.69 5.14 4.61 4.11 3.64 3.20 2.79 2.41 2.05 1.72 1.42 1.15 1.00 0.911 0.698 0.583 0.512 0.446 0.356 0.276 0.228 0.206 0.184 0.165 0.146 0.128 0.112 0.0962

31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.1 13.2 12.6 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 7.85 6.91 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08

1)

100 1.00

200 1.01

9358 5019 3948 3041 2285 1959 1666 1403 1223 1170 964 889 784 627 493 469 401 340 286 146 107 89.8 74.9 61.7 50.2 40.2 31.6 24.3

300 1.01

400 1.02

500 1.03

600 1.04

700 1.05

800 1.06


900 1.07

1000 1.07

18.3 15.7 13.3 11.2 9.36 7.71 6.27 5.02 3.95 3.04 2.28 1.67 1.35 1.17 0.784 0.599 0.493 0.401 0.286 0.195 0.146 0.125 0.107 0.0898 0.0749 0.0617 0.0502 0.0402

1100 1.07

1200 1.08

1300 1.08

0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.159 0.139 0.126 0.0962 0.0804 0.0707 0.061 0.0491 0.0380 0.0314 0.0284 0.0254 0.0227 0.0201 0.0177 0.0154 0.0133


53

KANTHAL D, DT Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

KANTHAL D KANTAHL DT

1.39 1.37

7.25 7.25


20 1.00

100 1.00


4

3

2.5

2.25

1)

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20

0.367 0.408 0.459 0.524 0.611 0.734 0.917 1.22 1.83 2.45 3.67 0.489 0.543 0.611 0.699 0.815 0.978 1.22 1.63 2.45 3.26 4.89 0.587 0.652 0.734 0.839 0.978 1.17 1.47 1.96 2.93 3.91 5.87 0.652 0.725 0.815 0.932 1.09 1.30 1.63 2.17 3.26

200 1.01

300 1.01

400 1.02

500 1.03

600 1.04

700 1.05

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m



273 240 209 179 150 123 96.0 70.3 45.8 33.9 22.4 164 144 124 106 88.3 71.6 55.6 40.5 26.2 19.3 12.7 119 104 90.0 76.3 63.4 51.1 39.5 28.6 18.4 13.5 8.86 99.7 86.9 74.8 63.3 52.4 42.2 32.5 23.5 15.0

26.7 24.0 21.3 18.7 16.0 13.3 10.7 8.00 5.34 4.00 2.67 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 16.7 15.0 13.3 11.7 10.0 8.34 6.67 5.00 3.34 2.50 1.67 15.0 13.5 12.0 10.5 9.00 7.50 6.00 4.50 3.00

100 98.0 96.0 94.0 92.0 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0

3.68 3.31 2.94 2.58 2.21 1.84 1.47 1.10 0.736 0.552 0.368 2.76 2.48 2.21 1.93 1.66 1.38 1.10 0.828 0.552 0.414 0.276 2.30 2.07 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.15 0.920 0.690 0.460 0.345 0.230 2.07 1.86 1.66 1.45 1.24 1.04 0.828 0.621 0.414

2,25 2.0

1.75

1.5

1.25

800 1.06

0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090


900 1.07

4.35 6.52 0.734 0.815 0.917 1.05 1.22 1.47 1.83 2.45 3.67 4.89 7.34 0.839 0.932 1.05 1.20 1.40 1.68 2.10 2.80 4.19 5.59 8.39 1.40 1.63 1.96 2.45 3.26 4.89 6.52 9.78 10.9 12.2 1.96 2.35 2.93 3.91 5.87 7.83 11.7 13.0

1000 1.07

1100 1.07

1200 1.08

1300 1.08

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


11.0 7.21 81.8 71.1 61.1 51.5 42.5 34.1 26.2 18.8 12.0 8.79 5.72 65.6 56.9 48.7 40.9 33.6 26.8 20.5 14.7 9.30 6.80 4.41 31.5 25.8 20.4 15.5 11.0 6.95 5.06 3.27 2.93 2.58 18.9 14.9 11.2 7.92 4.94 3.58 2.30 2.05

2.25 1.50 13.3 12.0 10.7 9.34 8.00 6.67 5.34 4.00 2.67 2.00 1.33 11.7 10.5 9.34 8.17 7.00 5.84 4.67 3.50 2.33 1.75 1.17 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.900 0.800 5.00 4.17 3.34 2.50 1.67 1.25 0.834 0.750

48.0 47.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 43.0 42.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 45.0 43.0 41.0 39.0 38.0 37.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.8 31.6 37.0 35.0 33.0 31.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.8

0.311 0.207 1.84 1.66 1.47 1.29 1.10 0.920 0.736 0.552 0.368 0.276 0.184 1.61 1.45 1.29 1.13 0.966 0.805 0.644 0.483 0.322 0.242 0.161 0.966 0.828 0.690 0.552 0.414 0.276 0.207 0.138 0.124 0.110 0.690 0.575 0.460 0.345 0.230 0.173 0.115 0.104

(cont.)

9

54


(cont.)

KANTHAL D, DT Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

KANTHAL D KANTAHL DT

1.39 1.37

7.25 7.25


20 1.00

100 1.00


1.25 1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

1)

0.080 0.070 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090

14.7 16.8 2.45 2.93 3.67 4.89 7.34 9.78 14.7 16.3 18.3 21.0 24.5 29.3 3.26 4.08 5.43 8.15 10.9 16.3 18.1 20.4 23.3 27.2 32.6 3.67 4.59 6.11 9.17 12.2 18.3 20.4 22.9 26.2 30.6 36.7 5.24 6.99 10.5 14.0 21.0 23.3

200 1.01

300 1.01

400 1.02

500 1.03

600 1.04

700 1.05

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m



1.81 1.57 13.1 10.2 7.63 5.32 3.27 2.35 1.50 1.34 1.18 1.02 0.867 0.716 8.59 6.38 4.42 2.70 1.93 1.23 1.09 0.962 0.833 0.707 0.583 7.09 5.23 3.60 2.18 1.55 0.981 0.873 0.768 0.664 0.563 0.463 4.20 2.86 1.72 1.22 0.763 0.678

0.667 0.584 4.00 3.34 2.67 2.00 1.33 1.00 0.667 0.600 0.534 0.467 0.400 0.334 3.00 2.40 1.80 1.20 0.900 0.600 0.540 0.480 0.420 0.360 0.300 2.67 2.13 1.60 1.07 0.800 0.534 0.480 0.427 0.374 0.320 0.267 1.87 1.40 0.934 0.700 0.467 0.420

26.6 26.4 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.8

0.0920 0.0805 0.552 0.460 0.368 0.276 0.184 0.138 0.0920 0.0828 0.0736 0.0644 0.0552 0.0460 0.414 0.331 0.248 0.166 0.124 0.0828 0.0745 0.0662 0.0580 0.0497 0.0414 0.368 0.294 0.221 0.147 0.110 0.0736 0.0662 0.0589 0.0515 0.0442 0.0368 0.258 0.193 0.129 0.097 0.0644 0.0580

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

800 1.06

0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050


900 1.07

26.2 29.9 34.9 41.9 6.11 8.15 12.2 16.3 24.5 27.2 30.6 34.9 40.8 48.9 61.1 9.78 14.7 19.6 29.3 32.6 36.7 41.9 48.9 58.7 73.4 12.2 18.3 24.5 36.7 40.8 45.9 52.4 61.1 73.4 24.5 32.6 48.9 54.3 61.1 69.9 81.5 97.8

1000 1.07

1100 1.07

1200 1.08

1300 1.08

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


0.595 0.514 0.435 0.358 3.27 2.21 1.31 0.920 0.572 0.508 0.445 0.384 0.324 0.266 0.209 1.64 0.954 0.664 0.409 0.362 0.316 0.272 0.229 0.187 0.147 1.14 0.654 0.450 0.273 0.240 0.209 0.179 0.150 0.123 0.409 0.276 0.164 0.144 0.124 0.106 0.0883 0.0716

0.374 0.327 0.280 0.233 1.60 1.20 0.800 0.600 0.400 0.360 0.320 0.280 0.240 0.200 0.160 1.00 0.667 0.500 0.334 0.300 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.800 0.534 0.400 0.267 0.240 0.213 0.187 0.160 0.133 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.180 0.160 0.140 0.120 0.100

15.6 15.4 15.2 15.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.8 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 10.0 9.00 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

0.0515 0.0451 0.0386 0.0322 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0828 0.0552 0.0497 0.0442 0.0386 0.0331 0.0276 0.0221 0.138 0.0920 0.0690 0.0460 0.0414 0.0368 0.0322 0.0276 0.0230 0.0184 0.110 0.0736 0.0552 0.0368 0.0331 0.0294 0.0258 0.0221 0.0184 0.0552 0.0414 0.0276 0.0248 0.0221 0.0193 0.0166 0.0138


55

ALKROTHAL Wire

Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3

ALKROTHAL

6.5-0.10

1.25

7.28


20 1.00

Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25 4.0 3.75 3.5 3.25 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85

0.0377 0.0442 0.0526 0.0637 0.0705 0.0786 0.0881 0.0995 0.113 0.130 0.151 0.177 0.203 0.235 0.255 0.329 0.398 0.441 0.491 0.551 0.622 0.707 0.812 0.942 1.11 1.32 1.59 1.76 1.96 2.20

242 206 173 143 129 116 103 91.5 80.4 70.0 60.4 51.5 44.8 38.7 35.7 27.7 22.9 20.6 18.5 16.5 14.6 12.9 11.2 9.66 8.23 6.92 5.72 5.16 4.63 4.13

204 188 173 157 149 141 134 126 118 110 102 94.2 88.0 81.7 78.5 69.1 62.8 59.7 56.5 53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7

33.2 28.3 23.8 19.6 17.7 15.9 14.2 12.6 11.0 9.62 8.30 7.07 6.16 5.31 4.91 3.80 3.14 2.84 2.54 2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.95 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567

0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.475 0.45 0.425 0.40 0.375 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13

2.49 2.83 3.25 3.77 4.42 5.26 6.37 7.05 7.86 8.81 9.95 11.3 13.0 15.5 17.7 20.3 23.5 25.5 27.6 30.1 32.9 36.1 39.8 44.1 49.1 55.1 62.2 70.7 81.2 94.2

3.66 3.22 2.80 2.42 2.06 1.73 1.43 1.29 1.16 1.03 0.915 0.804 0.700 0.585 0.515 0.448 0.387 0.357 0.329 0.302 0.277 0.252 0.229 0.206 0.185 0.165 0.146 0.129 0.112 0.0966

25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.8 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 8.17 7.85 7.54 7.23 6.91 6.60 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08

0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.177 0.159 0.142 0.126 0.110 0.0962 0.0804 0.0707 0.0616 0.0531 0.0491 0.0452 0.0415 0.0380 0.0346 0.0314 0.0284 0.0254 0.0227 0.0201 0.0177 0.0154 0.0133

1)

100 1.00

5421 4264 3284 2467 2115 1799 1515 1263 1041 846 678 533 433 347 308 210 158 135 115 97.0 80.9 66.6 54.2 43.4 34.1 26.3 19.7 16.9 14.4 12.1

200 1.02

300 1.03

400 1.04

500 1.05

600 1.08

700 1.09

800 1.10


900 1.11

1000 1.11

10.1 8.33 6.77 5.42 4.26 3.28 2.47 2.12 1.80 1.52 1.26 1.04 0.846 0.647 0.533 0.433 0.347 0.308 0.273 0.240 0.210 0.183 0.158 0.135 0.115 0.0970 0.0809 0.0666 0.0542 0.0434

1100 1.12

9

56


ALKROTHAL Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

ALKROTHAL

1.25

7.28


20 1.00

100 1.00


4

3

2.5

2.25

1)

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20

0.340 0.377 0.425 0.485 0.566 0.679 0.849 1.13 1.70 2.26 3.40 0.453 0.503 0.566 0.647 0.755 0.906 1.13 1.51 2.26 3.02 4.53 0.543 0.604 0.679 0.776 0.906 1.09 1.36 1.81 2.72 3.62 5.43 0.604 0.671 0.755 0.863 1.006 1.208 1.510 2.013 3.019

200 1.02

300 1.03

400 1.04

500 1.05

600 1.08

700 1.09

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m



294 260 226 194 163 132 103.6 76.0 49.5 36.7 24.1 177 155 134 114 95.4 77.3 60.1 43.7 28.3 20.9 13.7 129 113 97.2 82.4 68.4 55.2 42.7 30.9 19.9 14.6 9.57 107.6 93.9 80.8 68.4 56.6 45.5 35.1 25.3 16.2

26.8 24.1 21.4 18.8 16.1 13.4 10.7 8.04 5.36 4.02 2.67 20.1 18.1 16.1 14.1 12.1 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 16.7 15.1 13.4 11.7 10.0 8.37 6.70 5.02 3.35 2.51 1.67 15.1 13.6 12.1 10.5 9.0 7.5 6.0 4.5 3.0

100 98.0 96.0 94.0 92.0 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 65.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0

3.68 3.31 2.94 2.58 2.21 1.84 1.47 1.10 0.736 0.552 0.368 2.76 2.48 2.21 1.93 1.66 1.38 1.10 0.828 0.552 0.414 0.276 2.30 2.07 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.15 0.920 0.690 0.460 0.345 0.230 2.07 1.86 1.66 1.45 1.24 1.04 0.828 0.621 0.414

2.25 2.0

1.75

1.5

1.25

800 1.10

0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090


900 1.11

4.026 6.52 0.679 0.755 0.849 0.970 1.13 1.36 1.70 2.26 3.40 4.53 7.34 0.776 0.863 0.970 1.11 1.29 1.55 1.94 2.59 3.88 5.18 8.39 1.29 1.51 1.81 2.26 3.02 4.53 6.04 9.06 10.1 11.3 1.81 2.17 2.72 3.62 5.43 7.25 10.9 12.1

1000 1.11

1100 1.12

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


11.9 7.21 88.3 76.8 65.9 55.6 45.9 36.8 28.3 20.3 13.0 9.5 5.72 70.8 61.4 52.6 44.2 36.3 29.0 22.2 15.8 10.0 7.34 4.41 34.0 27.8 22.1 16.8 11.9 7.51 5.46 3.53 3.16 2.79 20.4 16.1 12.1 8.56 5.34 3.86 2.48 2.22

2.3 1.5 13.4 12.1 10.7 9.4 8.04 6.70 5.36 4.02 2.68 2.01 1.34 11.7 10.5 9.4 8.20 7.03 5.86 4.69 3.52 2.34 1.76 1.17 7.04 6.03 5.03 4.02 3.02 2.01 1.51 1.01 0.905 0.805 5.02 4.19 3.35 2.51 1.67 1.26 0.837 0.753

48.0 47.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 43.0 42.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 49.0 47.0 45.0 43.0 41.0 39.0 38.0 37.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.8 31.6 37.0 35.0 33.0 31.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.8

0.311 0.207 1.84 1.66 1.47 1.29 1.10 0.920 0.736 0.552 0.368 0.276 0.184 1.61 1.45 1.29 1.13 0.966 0.805 0.644 0.483 0.322 0.242 0.161 0.966 0.828 0.690 0.552 0.414 0.276 0.207 0.138 0.124 0.110 0.690 0.575 0.460 0.345 0.230 0.173 0.115 0.104

(cont.)


57

(cont.)

ALKROTHAL Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

ALKROTHAL

1.25

7.28

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: at working the factor the following table: °C 20To obtain 100 resistance 200 300 400 temperature, 500 600 multiply 700 by800 900 Ct in 1000 1100 Ct

1.00

1.00


1.25 1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

1)

0.080 0.070 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090

13.6 15.5 2.26 2.72 3.40 4.53 6.79 9.06 13.6 15.1 17.0 19.4 22.6 29.3 3.02 3.77 5.03 7.55 10.1 15.1 16.8 18.9 21.6 25.2 30.2 3.40 4.25 5.66 8.49 11.3 17.0 18.9 21.2 24.3 28.3 34.0 4.85 6.47 9.7 12.9 19.4 21.6

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.08

1.09

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m



1.96 1.70 14.1 11.0 8.24 5.74 3.53 2.54 1.62 1.44 1.27 1.10 0.936 0.716 9.27 6.89 4.77 2.91 2.09 1.32 1.18 1.039 0.900 0.763 0.629 7.65 5.65 3.89 2.36 1.68 1.060 0.943 0.829 0.717 0.608 0.500 4.53 3.09 1.85 1.31 0.824 0.733

0.670 0.586 4.02 3.35 2.68 2.01 1.34 1.00 0.670 0.603 0.536 0.469 0.402 0.335 3.01 2.41 1.81 1.21 0.904 0.603 0.543 0.482 0.422 0.362 0.301 2.68 2.14 1.61 1.07 0.804 0.536 0.482 0.429 0.375 0.321 0.268 1.88 1.41 0.938 0.703 0.469 0.422

26.6 26.4 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.8

0.0920 0.0805 0.552 0.460 0.368 0.276 0.184 0.138 0.0920 0.0828 0.0736 0.0644 0.0552 0.0460 0.414 0.331 0.248 0.166 0.124 0.0828 0.0745 0.0662 0.0580 0.0497 0.0414 0.368 0.294 0.221 0.147 0.110 0.0736 0.0662 0.0589 0.0515 0.0442 0.0368 0.258 0.193 0.129 0.097 0.0644 0.0580

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

1.10

0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050


1.11

24.3 27.7 32.3 38.8 5.66 7.55 11.3 15.1 22.6 25.2 28.3 32.3 37.7 45.3 56.6 9.06 13.6 18.1 27.2 30.2 34.0 38.8 45.3 54.3 67.9 11.3 17.0 22.6 34.0 37.7 42.5 48.5 56.6 73.4 22.6 30.2 45.3 50.3 56.6 64.7 75.5 90.6

1.11

1.12

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


0.643 0.555 0.470 0.386 3.53 2.38 1.41 0.994 0.618 0.548 0.480 0.414 0.350 0.287 0.226 1.77 1.030 0.718 0.442 0.391 0.342 0.294 0.247 0.202 0.159 1.24 0.707 0.486 0.294 0.260 0.226 0.194 0.163 0.123 0.442 0.298 0.177 0.155 0.134 0.114 0.0954 0.0773

0.375 0.328 0.281 0.234 1.61 1.21 0.804 0.603 0.402 0.362 0.321 0.281 0.241 0.201 0.161 1.00 0.670 0.502 0.335 0.301 0.268 0.234 0.201 0.167 0.134 0.804 0.536 0.402 0.268 0.241 0.214 0.188 0.161 0.134 0.402 0.301 0.201 0.181 0.161 0.141 0.121 0.100

15.6 15.4 15.2 15.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.8 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 10.0 9.00 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

0.0515 0.0451 0.0386 0.0322 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0828 0.0552 0.0497 0.0442 0.0386 0.0331 0.0276 0.0221 0.138 0.0920 0.0690 0.0460 0.0414 0.0368 0.0322 0.0276 0.0230 0.0184 0.110 0.0736 0.0552 0.0368 0.0331 0.0294 0.0258 0.0221 0.0184 0.0552 0.0414 0.0276 0.0248 0.0221 0.0193 0.0166 0.0138

9

58


NIKROTHAL 80, 70 Wire


Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3

■ –


8.0-0.020 10.0-0.50

1.09 1.18

8.30 8.10

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: °C 20 N 80 Ct 1.00 N 70 Ct 1.00

100 1.01 1.01

200 1.02 1.02

300 1.03 1.03

400 1.04 1.04

500 1.05 1.05

600 1.04 1.05

700 1.04 1.04

800 1.04 1.04

900 1.04 1.04

1000 1.05 1.05

1100 1.06 1.06

1200 1.07 1.06

To get NIKROTHAL 70, multiply the figures in the table with: Resistance at 20 °C cm2/Ω Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

1.083

0.976

0.924

Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


10 9.5 9.0 8.25 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.83 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25 4.0 3.75 3.65 3.5 3.25 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4

0.0139 0.0154 0.0171 0.0204 0.0217 0.0247 0.0283 0.0328 0.0386 0.0408 0.0459 0.0555 0.0615 0.0685 0.0768 0.0867 0.0987 0.104 0.113 0.131 0.154 0.177 0.205 0.222 0.262 0.347 0.428 0.542 0.617 0.708

652 588 528 444 417 367 319 275 235 222 197 163 147 132 118 104 91.7 86.8 79.9 68.9 58.7 51.1 44.1 40.7 34.5 26.1 21.1 16.7 14.7 12.8

314 298 283 259 251 236 220 204 188 183 173 157 149 141 134 126 118 115 110 102 94.2 88.0 81.7 78.5 72.3 62.8 56.5 50.3 47.1 44.0

78.5 70.9 63.6 53.5 50.3 44.2 38.5 33.2 28.3 26.7 23.8 19.6 17.7 15.9 14.2 12.6 11.0 10.5 9.62 8.30 7.07 6.16 5.31 4.91 4.15 3.14 2.54 2.01 1.77 1.54

1)

22637 19408 16502 12711 11590 9550 7764 6217 4890 4486 3766 2830 2426 2063 1738 1449 1194 1101 971 777 611 497 398 354 275 181 132 92.7 76.4 62.1

Diameter mm


Weight g/m


1.3 1.2 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13

0.821 0.964 1.39 1.54 1.71 1.92 2.17 2.47 2.83 3.28 3.86 4.59 5.55 6.85 8.67 11.3 13.6 15.4 17.7 22.2 28.7 34.7 38.4 42.8 48.0 54.2 61.7 70.8 82.1

11.0 9.39 6.52 5.88 5.28 4.71 4.17 3.67 3.19 2.75 2.35 1.97 1.63 1.32 1.04 0.799 0.668 0.587 0.511 0.407 0.316 0.261 0.235 0.211 0.188 0.167 0.147 0.128 0.110

40.8 37.7 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.1 12.6 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 7.85 6.91 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08


49.7 39.1 22.6 19.4 16.5 13.9 11.6 9.55 7.76 6.22 4.89 3.77 2.83 2.06 1.45 0.971 0.742 0.611 0.497 0.354 0.241 0.181 0.155 0.132 0.111 0.0927 0.0764 0.0621 0.0497

1.33 1.13 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.159 0.126 0.0962 0.0804 0.0707 0.0616 0.0491 0.0380 0.0314 0.0284 0.0254 0.0227 0.0201 0.0177 0.0154 0.0133


59

NIKROTHAL 60 Wire

Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3

NIKROTHAL 60

6.0-0.015

1.11

8.20


20 1.00

Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


6.0 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25 4.0 3.75 3.5 3.25 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80

0.0393 0.0467 0.0565 0.0626 0.0698 0.0782 0.0883 0.101 0.115 0.134 0.157 0.180 0.209 0.226 0.292 0.353 0.391 0.436 0.489 0.552 0.628 0.721 0.836 0.981 1.17 1.41 1.57 1.74 1.96 2.21

232 195 161 145 130 116 103 90.6 78.9 68.0 58.0 50.5 43.5 40.3 31.2 25.8 23.2 20.9 18.6 16.5 14.5 12.6 10.9 9.27 7.79 6.44 5.81 5.22 4.65 4.12

188 173 157 149 141 134 126 118 110 102 94.2 88.0 81.7 78.5 69.1 62.8 59.7 56.5 53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1

28.3 23.8 19.6 17.7 15.9 14.2 12.6 11.0 9.62 8.30 7.07 6.16 5.31 4.91 3.80 3.14 2.84 2.54 2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503

1)

100 1.02

4801 3698 2779 2382 2026 1706 1423 1172 953 763 600 488 391 347 237 178 152 130 109 91.0 75.0 61.0 48.8 38.4 29.6 22.2 19.1 16.2 13.7 11.4

200 1.04

300 1.05

400 1.06

500 1.08

600 1.09

700 1.09

800 1.10

900 1.10

1000 1.11

1100 1.12

1200 1.13

Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.475 0.45 0.425 0.40 0.375 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13

2.51 2.88 3.35 3.93 4.67 5.65 6.26 6.98 7.82 8.83 10.1 11.5 13.8 15.7 18.0 20.9 22.6 24.5 26.7 29.2 32.0 35.3 39.1 43.6 48.9 55.2 62.8 72.1 83.6

3.62 3.16 2.72 2.32 1.95 1.61 1.45 1.30 1.16 1.03 0.906 0.789 0.659 0.580 0.505 0.435 0.403 0.371 0.341 0.312 0.284 0.258 0.232 0.209 0.186 0.165 0.145 0.126 0.109

23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.8 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 8.17 7.85 7.54 7.23 6.91 6.60 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08


9.38 7.62 6.10 4.80 3.70 2.78 2.38 2.03 1.71 1.42 1.17 0.953 0.728 0.600 0.488 0.391 0.347 0.307 0.270 0.237 0.206 0.178 0.152 0.130 0.109 0.0910 0.0750 0.0610 0.0488


0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.177 0.159 0.142 0.126

9

60


NIKROTHAL 40, 20 Wire

Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3


6.0-0.10 6.0-0.10

1.04 0.95

7.90 7.80

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: °C 20 N40 Ct 1.00 N20 Ct 1.00

100 1.03 1.04

200 1.06 1.10

300 1.10 1.14

400 1.12 1.17

500 1.15 1.21

600 1.17 1.12

700 1.19 1.16

800 1.21 1.28

900 1.22 1.30

1000 1.23 1.32

1100 1.24 1.34

To get NIKROTHAL 20, multiply the figures in the table with: Resistance at 20 °C cm2/Ω Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

0.913

0.987

1.095

Diameter mm


6.0 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25 4.0 3.75 3.5 3.25 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80

0.0368 0.0438 0.0530 0.0587 0.0654 0.0733 0.0828 0.094 0.108 0.125 0.147 0.169 0.196 0.212 0.274 0.331 0.367 0.409 0.458 0.517 0.589 0.676 0.784 0.920 1.09 1.32 1.47 1.63 1.83 2.07

1)

5125 3947 2966 2543 2162 1821 1518 1251 1017 814 641 521 417 371 253 190 163 138 117 97.2 80.1 65.1 52.1 41.0 31.6 23.7 20.3 17.3 14.6 12.1

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


223 188 155 140 126 112 99.3 87.3 76.0 65.5 55.8 48.6 41.9 38.8 30.0 24.8 22.4 20.1 17.9 15.9 14.0 12.2 10.5 8.93 7.51 6.20 5.60 5.03 4.48 3.97

188 173 157 149 141 134 126 118 110 102 94.2 88.0 81.7 78.5 69.1 62.8 59.7 56.5 53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1

28.3 23.8 19.6 17.7 15.9 14.2 12.6 11.0 9.62 8.30 7.07 6.16 5.31 4.91 3.80 3.14 2.84 2.54 2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503

Diameter mm


0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.475 0.45 0.425 0.40 0.375 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13

2.35 2.70 3.13 3.68 4.38 5.30 5.87 6.54 7.33 8.28 9.4 10.8 12.9 14.7 16.9 19.6 21.2 23.0 25.0 27.4 30.0 33.1 36.7 40.9 45.8 51.7 58.9 67.6 78.4


10.01 8.14 6.52 5.12 3.95 2.97 2.54 2.16 1.82 1.52 1.25 1.017 0.777 0.641 0.521 0.417 0.371 0.328 0.289 0.253 0.220 0.190 0.163 0.138 0.117 0.0972 0.0801 0.0651 0.0521

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


3.49 3.04 2.62 2.23 1.88 1.55 1.40 1.26 1.12 0.993 0.873 0.760 0.635 0.558 0.486 0.419 0.388 0.357 0.328 0.300 0.274 0.248 0.224 0.201 0.179 0.159 0.140 0.122 0.105

23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.8 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 8.17 7.85 7.54 7.23 6.91 6.60 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08

0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.177 0.159 0.142 0.126 0.110 0.0962 0.0804 0.0707 0.0616 0.0531 0.0491 0.0452 0.0415 0.0380 0.0346 0.0314 0.0284 0.0254 0.0227 0.0201 0.0177 0.0154 0.0133


61

NIKROTHAL 80, 60, 40 Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

NIKROTHAL 80 NIKROTHAL 60 NIKROTHAL 40

1.09 1.11 1.04

8.30 8.20 7.90

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: °C N80 Ct N60 Ct N40 Ct

20 1.00 1.00 1.00

100 1.01 1.02 1.03

200 1.02 1.04 1.06

300 1.03 1.05 1.10

400 1.04 1.06 1.12

500 1.05 1.08 1.15

600 1.04 1.09 1.17

700 1.04 1.09 1.19

800 1.04 1.10 1.21

900 1.04 1.10 1.22

1000 1.05 1.11 1.23

1100 1.06 1.12 1.24

1200 1.07 1.13

To get N60 or N40, multiply the figures in the table with:

N60 N40

Resistance at 20 °C cm2/Ω Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

1.018 0.954

0.988 0.952


4

3

2.5

2.0

11)

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80

0.296 0.329 0.370 0.423 0.494 0.592 0.740 0.987 1.48 1.97 2.96 0.395 0.439 0.494 0.564 0.658 0.790 0.987 1.32 1.97 2.63 3.95 0.474 0.527 0.592 0.677 0.790 0.948 1.18 1.58 2.37 3.16 4.74 0.592 0.658 0.740

0.982 1.048

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

338 298 259 222 186 152 119 87.1 56.7 42.0 27.7 203 178 154 131 109 88.6 68.9 50.1 32.4 23.9 15.7 148 129 111 94.5 78.5 63.3 49.0 35.4 22.8 16.8 11.0 101 88.1 75.6

30.5 27.5 24.4 21.4 18.3 15.3 12.2 9.16 6.11 4.58 3.05 22.9 20.6 18.3 16.0 13.7 11.5 9.16 6.87 4.58 3.44 2.29 19.1 17.2 15.3 13.4 11.5 9.55 7.64 5.73 3.82 2.86 1.91 15.3 13.7 12.2

100 98.0 96.0 94.0 92.0 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 60.0 58.0 56.0



3.68 3.31 2.94 2.58 2.21 1.84 1.47 1.10 0.736 0.552 0.368 2.76 2.48 2.21 1.93 1.66 1.38 1.10 0.828 0.552 0.414 0.276 2.30 2.07 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.15 0.920 0.690 0.460 0.345 0.230 1.84 1.66 1.47

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.2

0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50


0.846 0.987 1.18 1.48 1.97 2.96 3.95 5.92 0.658 0.731 0.823 0.940 1.10 1.32 1.65 2.19 3.29 4.39 6.58 0.790 0.878 0.987 1.13 1.32 1.58 1.97 2.63 3.95 5.27 7.90 8.78 9.87 1.23 1.41 1.65 1.97

cm2/Ω1) at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

63.8 52.7 42.2 32.4 23.3 14.9 10.9 7.09 85.1 73.8 63.2 53.2 43.8 34.9 26.7 19.1 12.2 8.89 5.77 63.3 54.7 46.6 39.0 31.9 25.3 19.2 13.7 8.61 6.27 4.05 3.62 3.20 32.4 26.9 21.9 17.2

10.7 9.16 7.64 6.11 4.58 3.05 2.29 1.53 13.7 12.4 11.0 9.62 8.25 6.87 5.50 4.12 2.75 2.06 1.37 11.5 10.3 9.16 8.02 6.87 5.73 4.58 3.44 2.29 1.72 1.15 1.03 0.916 7.33 6.41 5.50 4.58

54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 43.0 42.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 39.0 38.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.8 31.6 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0


1.29 1.10 0.920 0.736 0.552 0.368 0.276 0.184 1.66 1.49 1.32 1.16 0.994 0.828 0.662 0.497 0.331 0.248 0.166 1.38 1.24 1.10 0.966 0.828 0.690 0.552 0.414 0.276 0.207 0.138 0.124 0.110 0.883 0.773 0.662 0.552

(cont.)

9

62


(cont.)

NIKROTHAL 80, 60, 40 Ribbon ResisThick- tance Width ness at 20 °C mm mm Ω/m

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7 1)

0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.60 0.50

2.47 3.29 4.94 6.58 9.87 11.0 12.3 14.1 1.48 1.69 1.97 2.37 2.96 3.95 5.92 7.90 11.8 13.2 14.8 16.9 19.7 23.7 1.88 2.19 2.63 3.29 4.39 6.58 8.78 13.2 14.6 16.5 18.8 21.9 26.3 2.12 2.47 2.96 3.70 4.94 7.40 9.87 14.8 16.5 18.5 21.2 24.7 29.6 2.82 3.39

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

13.0 9.12 5.67 4.10 2.63 2.35 2.07 1.80 24.3 20.1 16.2 12.7 9.45 6.58 4.05 2.91 1.86 1.66 1.46 1.26 1.07 0.886 17.0 13.7 10.6 7.90 5.47 3.34 2.39 1.52 1.35 1.19 1.03 0.875 0.722 14.2 11.3 8.78 6.48 4.46 2.70 1.92 1.22 1.08 0.951 0.822 0.697 0.574 9.22 7.09

3.67 2.75 1.83 1.37 0.916 0.825 0.733 0.641 6.11 5.35 4.58 3.82 3.05 2.29 1.53 1.15 0.764 0.687 0.611 0.535 0.458 0.382 4.81 4.12 3.44 2.75 2.06 1.37 1.03 0.687 0.619 0.550 0.481 0.412 0.344 4.28 3.67 3.05 2.44 1.83 1.22 0.916 0.611 0.550 0.489 0.428 0.367 0.305 3.21 2.67

32.0 30.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.8 25.6 25.4 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.0 26.0 24.0

2

1)

Alloy


Density gcm-3

NIKROTHAL 80 NIKROTHAL 60 NIKROTHAL 40

1.09 1.11 1.04

8.30 8.20 7.90



0.442 0.331 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.099 0.088 0.077 0.736 0.644 0.552 0.460 0.368 0.276 0.184 0.138 0.0920 0.0828 0.0736 0.0644 0.0552 0.0460 0.580 0.497 0.414 0.331 0.248 0.166 0.124 0.0828 0.0745 0.0662 0.0580 0.0497 0.0414 0.515 0.442 0.368 0.294 0.221 0.147 0.110 0.0736 0.0662 0.0589 0.0515 0.0442 0.0368 0.386 0.322

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050


4.23 5.64 8.46 11.3 16.9 18.8 21.2 24.2 28.2 33.9 3.95 4.94 6.58 9.87 13.2 19.7 21.9 24.7 28.2 32.9 39.5 49.4 7.90 11.8 15.8 23.7 26.3 29.6 33.9 39.5 47.4 59.2 9.87 14.8 19.7 29.6 32.9 37.0 42.3 49.4 59.2 19.7 26.3 39.5 43.9 49.4 56.4 65.8 79.0

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

5.20 3.54 2.13 1.51 0.945 0.840 0.737 0.637 0.539 0.443 5.57 4.05 2.73 1.62 1.14 0.709 0.629 0.551 0.475 0.401 0.329 0.259 2.03 1.18 0.823 0.506 0.448 0.392 0.337 0.284 0.232 0.182 1.42 0.810 0.557 0.338 0.298 0.259 0.222 0.186 0.152 0.506 0.342 0.203 0.178 0.154 0.131 0.109 0.0886

2.14 1.60 1.07 0.802 0.535 0.481 0.428 0.374 0.321 0.267 2.29 1.83 1.37 0.916 0.687 0.458 0.412 0.367 0.321 0.275 0.229 0.183 1.15 0.764 0.573 0.382 0.344 0.305 0.267 0.229 0.191 0.153 0.916 0.611 0.458 0.305 0.275 0.244 0.214 0.183 0.153 0.458 0.344 0.229 0.206 0.183 0.160 0.137 0.115

22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.8 15.6 15.4 15.2 15.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.8 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 10.0 9.00 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

2

1)


0.258 0.193 0.129 0.097 0.0644 0.0580 0.0515 0.0451 0.0386 0.0322 0.276 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0828 0.0552 0.0497 0.0442 0.0386 0.0331 0.0276 0.0221 0.138 0.0920 0.0690 0.0460 0.0414 0.0368 0.0322 0.0276 0.0230 0.0184 0.110 0.0736 0.0552 0.0368 0.0331 0.0294 0.0258 0.0221 0.0184 0.0552 0.0414 0.0276 0.0248 0.0221 0.0193 0.0166 0.0138


63

NIFETHAL 70 and 52 Wire

Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3

NIFETHAL 70 NIFETHAL 52

4.0-0.10 4.0-0.10

0.20 0.43

8.45 8.20

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: °C NIFETHAL 70 Ct NIFETHAL 52 Ct

20 1.00 1.00

100 1.42 1.33

150 1.68 1.53

200 1.91 1.73

250 2.19 1.93

300 2.47 2.13

350 2.75 2.32

400 3.03 2.49

450 3.34 2.64

500 3.66 2.77

NIFETHAL 70 DiaResistance meter at 20 °C cm2/Ω1) mm Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


NIFETHAL 52 DiaResistance meter at 20 °C cm2/Ω1) mm Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.475 0.45 0.425 0.40 0.375 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10

21.5 19.2 17.0 14.9 13.0 11.2 9.56 8.03 6.64 5.99 5.38 4.79 4.25 3.73 3.25 2.80 2.39 2.01 1.66 1.50 1.34 1.20 1.06 0.933 0.813 0.680 0.597 0.520 0.449 0.415 0.382 0.351 0.321 0.293 0.265 0.240 0.215 0.192 0.170 0.149 0.130 0.112 0.0956 0.0803 0.0664

56.5 53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.8 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 8.17 7.85 7.54 7.23 6.91 6.60 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08 3.77 3.46 3.14

2.54 2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.177 0.159 0.142 0.126 0.110 0.0962 0.0804 0.0707 0.0616 0.0531 0.0491 0.0452 0.0415 0.0380 0.0346 0.0314 0.0284 0.0254 0.0227 0.0201 0.0177 0.0154 0.0133 0.0113 0.00950 0.00785

1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.475 0.45 0.425 0.40 0.375 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10

20.9 18.6 16.5 14.5 12.6 10.9 9.27 7.79 6.44 5.81 5.22 4.65 4.12 3.62 3.16 2.72 2.32 1.95 1.61 1.45 1.30 1.16 1.030 0.906 0.789 0.659 0.580 0.505 0.435 0.403 0.371 0.341 0.312 0.284 0.258 0.232 0.209 0.186 0.165 0.145 0.126 0.1088 0.0927 0.0779 0.0644

56.5 53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.8 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80 8.17 7.85 7.54 7.23 6.91 6.60 6.28 5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08 3.77 3.46 3.14

2.54 2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.177 0.159 0.142 0.126 0.110 0.0962 0.0804 0.0707 0.0616 0.0531 0.0491 0.0452 0.0415 0.0380 0.0346 0.0314 0.0284 0.0254 0.0227 0.0201 0.0177 0.0154 0.0133 0.0113 0.00950 0.00785

1)

0.0786 0.0881 0.0995 0.113 0.130 0.151 0.177 0.210 0.255 0.282 0.314 0.352 0.398 0.453 0.520 0.603 0.707 0.842 1.02 1.13 1.26 1.41 1.59 1.81 2.08 2.49 2.83 3.25 3.77 4.07 4.42 4.81 5.26 5.77 6.37 7.05 7.86 8.81 9.95 11.3 13.0 15.1 17.7 21.0 25.5

719 606 505 416 339 271 213 164 123 106 89.9 75.8 63.2 52.0 42.3 33.9 26.6 20.5 15.4 13.2 11.2 9.47 7.90 6.51 5.29 4.04 3.33 2.71 2.17 1.93 1.71 1.50 1.31 1.14 0.987 0.846 0.719 0.606 0.505 0.416 0.339 0.271 0.213 0.164 0.123

0.169 0.189 0.214 0.243 0.279 0.324 0.380 0.452 0.547 0.607 0.676 0.758 0.855 0.973 1.12 1.30 1.52 1.81 2.19 2.43 2.70 3.03 3.42 3.89 4.47 5.35 6.08 6.98 8.10 8.76 9.51 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.7 15.2 16.9 18.9 21.4 24.3 27.9 32.4 38.0 45.2 54.7


335 282 235 194 157 126 99.2 76.4 57.4 49.2 41.8 35.2 29.4 24.2 19.7 15.8 12.4 9.55 7.17 6.15 5.23 4.40 3.67 3.03 2.46 1.88 1.55 1.26 1.01 0.897 0.793 0.698 0.611 0.531 0.459 0.394 0.335 0.282 0.235 0.194 0.157 0.126 0.0992 0.0764 0.0574

9

64


Copper-Nickel Wire

Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3

CUPROTHAL 49 MANGANINA 43 CUPROTHAL 30 CUPROTHAL 15 CUPROTHAL 10 CUPROTHAL 05

4.0-0.10 8.0-0.10 4.0-0.10 4.0-0.10 4.0-0.10 4.0-0.10

0.49 0.43 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.05

8.90 8.40 8.90 8.90 8.90 8.90

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: 20 °C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Alloy CUPROTHAL 49 MANGANINA 43* CUPROTHAL 30 CUPROTHAL 15 CUPROTHAL 10 CUPROTHAL 05

100 °C 1.002 1.020 1.035 1.060 1.110

200 °C 1.002 1.030 1.070 1.110 1.250

300 °C 1.001 1.040 1.110 1.190 1.400

400 v 1.005 1.060 1.150 -

500 °C 1.017 -

600 °C 1.037 -

* The use of this alloy is limited to the range 15-35 °C. Multiply the figures in the table with: Resistance at 20 °C cm2/Ω Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

1.0 0.877 0.612 0.306 0.204 0.102

1.0 0.94 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.15 1.63 3.29 4.93 9.86

Diameter mm


10 9.5 9.0 8.25 8.0 7.5 7.35 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.75 4.5 4.25 4.0 3.75 3.5 3.25 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8

0.0062 0.0069 0.0077 0.0092 0.0097 0.0111 0.0115 0.0127 0.0148 0.0173 0.0206 0.0250 0.0277 0.0308 0.0345 0.0390 0.0444 0.0509 0.0591 0.0693 0.0796 0.0923 0.100 0.129 0.156 0.173 0.193

1)

50355 43173 36709 28275 25782 21244 19994 17272 13829 10877 8378 6294 5397 4589 3866 3223 2655 2159 1729 1360 1105 885 787 536 403 345 294


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m


Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

699 631 566 476 447 393 378 343 295 252 211 175 158 142 126 112 98.3 85.6 73.8 62.9 54.8 47.3 43.7 33.8 28.0 25.2 22.6

314 298 283 259 251 236 231 220 204 188 173 157 149 141 134 126 118 110 102 94.2 88.0 81.7 78.5 69.1 62.8 59.7 56.5

78.5 70.9 63.6 53.5 50.3 44.2 42.4 38.5 33.2 28.3 23.8 19.6 17.7 15.9 14.2 12.6 11.0 9.62 8.30 7.07 6.16 5.31 4.91 3.80 3.14 2.84 2.54

1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.475 0.45 0.425 0.40 0.375 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28

0.216 0.244 0.277 0.318 0.369 0.433 0.516 0.624 0.691 0.770 0.864 0.975 1.11 1.27 1.48 1.73 2.06 2.50 2.77 3.08 3.45 3.90 4.44 5.09 6.09 6.93 7.96

20.2 17.9 15.7 13.7 11.8 10.1 8.46 6.99 6.31 5.66 5.05 4.47 3.93 3.43 2.95 2.52 2.11 1.75 1.58 1.42 1.26 1.12 0.983 0.856 0.716 0.629 0.548

53.4 50.3 47.1 44.0 40.8 37.7 34.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 26.7 25.1 23.6 22.0 20.4 18.8 17.3 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.4 12.6 11.8 11.0 10.1 9.42 8.80


247 206 170 138 111 87.0 67.0 50.4 43.2 36.7 30.9 25.8 21.2 17.3 13.8 10.9 8.38 6.29 5.40 4.59 3.87 3.22 2.66 2.16 1.65 1.36 1.11


2.27 2.01 1.77 1.54 1.33 1.13 0.950 0.785 0.709 0.636 0.567 0.503 0.442 0.385 0.332 0.283 0.238 0.196 0.177 0.159 0.142 0.126

(cont.)


65

(cont.)

Copper-Nickel Wire

Alloy

Diameter range mm


Density gcm-3


4,0-0.10 8.0-0.10 4.0-0.10 4.0-0.10 4.0-0.10 4.0-0.10

0.49 0.43 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.05

8.90 8.40 8.90 8.90 8.90 8.90

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: 20 °C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Alloy CUPROTHAL 49 MANGANINA 43* CUPROTHAL 30 CUPROTHAL 15 CUPROTHAL 10 CUPROTHAL 05

100 °C 1.002 1.020 1.035 1.060 1.110

200 °C 1.002 1.030 1.070 1.110 1.250

300 °C 1.001 1.040 1.110 1.190 1.400

400 v 1.005 1.060 1.150 -

500 °C 1.017 -

600 °C 1.037 -

* The use of this alloy is limited to the range 15-35 °C. Multiply the figures in the table with: Resistance at 20 °C cm2/Ω Ω/m at 20 °C

Weight g/m

1.0 0.877 0.612 0.306 0.204 0.102

1.0 0.94 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.15 1.63 3.29 4.93 9.86


Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20

9.23 10.0 10.8 11.8 12.9 14.1 15.6

0.473 0.437 0.403 0.370 0.338 0.308 0.280

8.17 7.85 7.54 7.23 6.91 6.60 6.28

0.885 0.787 0.696 0.613 0.536 0.466 0.403


Diameter mm


Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13

17.3 19.3 21.6 24.4 27.7 31.8 36.9

0.252 0.226 0.202 0.179 0.157 0.137 0.118

5.97 5.65 5.34 5.03 4.71 4.40 4.08

0.345 0.294 0.247 0.2063 0.1699 0.1382 0.1106


9

1)


66


Copper-Nickel Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

CUPROTHAL 49

0.49

8.90

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: Alloy CUPROTHAL 49


4

3

2.5

2.0

1)

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10

0.133 0.148 0.166 0.190 0.222 0.266 0.333 0.444 0.666 0.888 1.33 0.178 0.197 0.222 0.254 0.296 0.355 0.444 0.592 0.888 1.18 1.78 0.213 0.237 0.266 0.304 0.355 0.426 0.533 0.710 1.07 1.42 2.13 0.266 0.296 0.333 0.380 0.444 0.533 0.666 0.888 1.33 1.78 2.66

20 °C 1.000

100 °C 1.002

200 °C 1.002

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

751 662 577 494 415 338 264 193.8 126.2 93.5 61.6 451 395 342 292 243 197 153 112 72.1 53.2 34.9 329 287 248 210 175 141 109 78.9 50.7 37.3 24.4 225 196.0 168 142 117 93.9 72.1 51.8 33.0 24.2 15.77

32.8 29.5 26.2 22.9 19.7 16.4 13.1 9.83 6.55 4.91 3.28 24.6 22.1 19.7 17.2 14.7 12.3 9.83 7.37 4.91 3.68 2.46 20.5 18.4 16.4 14.3 12.3 10.2 8.19 6.14 4.09 3.07 2.05 16.4 14.7 13.1 11.5 9.83 8.19 6.55 4.91 3.28 2.46 1.64

100 98.0 96.0 94.0 92.0 90.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 63.0 62.0 70.0 68.0 66.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 52.0 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 43.0 42.0

2

1)

300 °C 1.001

400 °C 1.005

500 °C 1.017

600 °C 1.037



3.68 3.31 2.94 2.58 2.21 1.84 1.47 1.10 0.736 0.552 0.368 2.76 2.48 2.21 1.93 1.66 1.38 1.10 0.828 0.552 0.414 0.276 2.30 2.07 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.15 0.920 0.690 0.460 0.345 0.230 1.84 1.66 1.47 1.29 1.10 0.920 0.736 0.552 0.368 0.276 0.184

1.8

1.5

1.2

1.0

1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 1.0 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15


0.296 0.329 0.370 0.423 0.493 0.592 0.740 0.986 1.48 1.97 2.96 0.355 0.395 0.444 0.507 0.592 0.710 0.888 1.18 1.78 2.37 3.55 3.95 4.44 0.555 0.634 0.740 0.888 1.11 1.48 2.22 2.96 4.44 4.93 5.55 6.34 0.67 0.76 0.89 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.7 3.6

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

189 164 141 118 97.3 77.7 59.5 42.6 27.0 19.77 12.84 141 122 104 86.7 71.0 56.3 42.8 30.4 19.2 13.9 9.01 8.06 7.12 72.1 59.9 48.7 38.3 28.8 20.3 12.6 9.12 5.86 5.23 4.61 4.01 54.1 44.7 36.0 28.2 21.0 14.6 9.01 6.48

14.7 13.3 11.8 10.3 8.84 7.37 5.90 4.42 2.95 2.21 1.47 12.3 11.1 9.83 8.60 7.37 6.14 4.91 3.68 2.46 1.84 1.23 1.11 0.983 7.86 6.88 5.90 4.91 3.93 2.95 1.97 1.47 0.983 0.884 0.786 0.688 6.55 5.73 4.91 4.09 3.28 2.46 1.64 1.23

56.0 54.0 52.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 39.0 38.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.8 31.6 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.8 25.6 25.4 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 23.0

2

1)


1.66 1.49 1.32 1.16 0.994 0.828 0.662 0.497 0.331 0.248 0.166 1.38 1.24 1.10 0.966 0.828 0.690 0.552 0.414 0.276 0.207 0.138 0.124 0.110 0.883 0.773 0.662 0.552 0.442 0.331 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.099 0.088 0.077 0.736 0.644 0.552 0.460 0.368 0.276 0.184 0.138

(cont.)


67

(cont.)

Copper-Nickel Ribbon

Alloy


Density gcm-3

CUPROTHAL 49

0.49

8.90

To obtain resistance at working temperature, multiply by the factor Ct in the following table: Alloy CUPROTHAL 49


1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

1)

0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070

5.3 5.9 6.7 7.6 8.9 10.7 0.85 0.99 1.2 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.9 5.9 6.6 7.4 8.5 9.9 11.8 0.951 1.11 1.33 1.66 2.22 3.33 4.44 6.66 7.40 8.32 9.51 11.1 13.3 1.27 1.52 1.90 2.54 3.80 5.07 7.61 8.45 9.51 10.9

20 °C 1.000

100 °C 1.002

200 °C 1.002

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

4.13 3.68 3.24 2.81 2.39 1.97 37.9 30.4 23.7 17.6 12.2 7.44 5.32 3.38 3.01 2.65 2.29 1.95 1.61 31.5 25.2 19.53 14.42 9.91 6.01 4.28 2.70 2.41 2.11 1.83 1.55 1.28 20.50 15.77 11.57 7.89 4.73 3.35 2.10 1.87 1.64 1.42

0.819 0.737 0.655 0.573 0.491 0.409 5.16 4.42 3.68 2.95 2.21 1.47 1.11 0.737 0.663 0.590 0.516 0.442 0.368 4.59 3.93 3.28 2.62 1.97 1.31 0.983 0.655 0.590 0.524 0.459 0.393 0.328 3.44 2.87 2.29 1.72 1.15 0.860 0.573 0.516 0.459 0.401

22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 15.8 15.6 15.4

2

1)

300 °C 1.001

400 °C 1.005

500 °C 1.017

600 °C 1.037



0.0920 0.0828 0.0736 0.0644 0.0552 0.0460 0.580 0.497 0.414 0.331 0.248 0.166 0.124 0.0828 0.0745 0.0662 0.0580 0.0497 0.0414 0.515 0.442 0.368 0.294 0.221 0.147 0.110 0.0736 0.0662 0.0589 0.0515 0.0442 0.0368 0.386 0.322 0.258 0.193 0.129 0.0966 0.0644 0.0580 0.0515 0.0451

0.7 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.060 0.050 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050


12.7 15.2 1.78 2.22 2.96 4.44 5.92 8.88 9.86 11.1 12.7 14.8 17.8 22.2 3.55 5.33 7.10 10.7 11.8 13.3 15.2 17.8 21.3 26.6 4.44 6.66 8.88 13.3 14.8 16.6 19.0 22.2 26.6 8.88 11.8 17.8 19.7 22.2 25.4 29.6 35.5

cm /Ω at 20 °C

Weight g/m

Surface area cm2/m

1.20 0.986 12.4 9.01 6.08 3.60 2.53 1.58 1.40 1.23 1.06 0.892 0.732 0.577 4.51 2.63 1.83 1.13 0.997 0.871 0.749 0.631 0.516 0.406 3.15 1.80 1.24 0.751 0.662 0.577 0.494 0.415 0.338 1.13 0.760 0.451 0.395 0.342 0.292 0.243 0.197

0.344 0.287 2.46 1.97 1.47 0.983 0.737 0.491 0.442 0.393 0.344 0.295 0.246 0.197 1.23 0.819 0.614 0.409 0.368 0.328 0.287 0.246 0.205 0.164 0.983 0.655 0.491 0.328 0.295 0.262 0.229 0.197 0.164 0.491 0.368 0.246 0.221 0.197 0.172 0.147 0.123

15.2 15.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.8 16.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2 11.0 10.8 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.80 9.60 9.40 9.20 9.00 10.0 9.00 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

2

1)


0.0386 0.0322 0.276 0.221 0.166 0.110 0.0828 0.0552 0.0497 0.0442 0.0386 0.0331 0.0276 0.0221 0.138 0.0920 0.0690 0.0460 0.0414 0.0368 0.0322 0.0276 0.0230 0.0184 0.110 0.0736 0.0552 0.0368 0.0331 0.0294 0.0258 0.0221 0.0184 0.0552 0.0414 0.0276 0.0248 0.0221 0.0193 0.0166 0.0138

9

68


10. Appendix 1. List of symbols The symbols used comply as far as possible with internationally approved standards. The following symbols are used:

Symbol

Meaning

Metric

Unit for Calculation Imperial

AC

Surface area of heating conductor

cm2

in2

b

Width (ribbon or strip)

mm

in

Ct

Temperature factor (ratio of resistivity at operating temperature to resistivity at room temperature)

d

Wire diameter

mm

in

D

Outer coil diameter

mm

in

I

Current

A

A

L

Length of heating conductor

m

ft

Le

Coil length

mm

in

p

Surface load of heating element

W/cm

P

Power

W

2

W/in2 W

2

in2

q

Cross-sectional area of heating conductor

mm

RT

Resistance at working temperature

Ω

Ω

R20

Resistance at room temperature (20 °C, 68 °F) Ω

Ω

s

Pitch

mm

in

t

Thickness (ribbon or strip)

mm

in

T. θ

Temperature

K, °C

K, °F

U

Voltage

V

V

α

Temperature coefficient of resistivity

K

°F -1

γ

Density (old marking)

g/cm3

lb/in3

ρ

Resistivity

Ω mm2m-1

Ω/smf*Ω/cmf

10

Balancing factor used in the formulas makes possible that the values can be used with units of section 1:

-1

e.g. wire diameter, d, in [mm] or [in] is different from length of heating conductor,L in [m] or [ft].

*

smf = square mil-foot cmf = circular mil-foot


69

2. Formulas and Definitions The following formulas and definitions are applied to all applications. Definition : Resistivity R

[Ωmm2/m] or [Ω/cmf ]

The resistance of a conductor, R20, is directly proportional to its length, L and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, q: R20 = ρ

L q

[1]

[Ω]

The proportional constant, ρ is defined as the resistivity of the material and is temperature dependent. The unit of ρ is in metric system [Ωmm2/m] respectively for imperial system [Ω/cmf ]. Definition : Temperature factor Ct

[--]

Resistivity or change in resistance with temperature, is non-linear for most resistance heating alloys. Hence, the temperature factor, Ct, is often used instead of temperature coefficient. Ct is defined as the ratio between the resistivity or resistance at some selected temperature θ °C and the resistivity or resistance at 20 °C (68 °F). RT = Ct · R20 [Ω]

[2]

Ct =

RT [--] R20

[3]

Ct = 1 + (θ – 20)α (Where θ is in °C) [4]

Ct = 1 + (θ – 68)α (Where θ is in °F) [5] Definition : Surface load p

[W/cm2] or [W/in2]

The surface load of a heating conductor, p, is its power, P, divided by its surface area, AC. p=

P [W/cm2] or [W/in2] Ac

[6]

metric / imperial Wire AC = π · d · L · 10 AC = π · d · L · 12

[7]

strip / ribbon AC = 2 · (b + t) · L · 10 AC = 2 · (b + t) · L · 12

[8]

10

70


General formulas

Definition: Cross sectional area q

U = RT · I [V]

[9]

A) Round wire q=

[W]

P=U·I

[10]

[mm2] or [in2]

π · d2 [mm2] or [in2] 4

[12]

Combining equations [1], [6], [7] and [12] gives the wire diameter, d: Combining equations [9] and [10] gives:

U2 R

Rating I

2.

U R

R

U.I P.R P I Voltage

P

I

U

R

I.R

P I2

Current P U P R U I U2 P Resistance

Combining equations [2], [6], [9] and [10] gives: AC I2 · Ct = R20 p

[cm2/Ω] or [in2/Ω] [11]

AC , used for determining wire, R20 strip or ribbon size, is tabulated for all alloys in the Kanthal Handbook. The ratio

d= 3

ρ·P 4 · π2 p · R20

[13]


71

metric L ρ·P 4 [mm] · · π2 p · R20 10

d= 3

[13]

ρ·P L 4 · [in] [13] · 2 p · R 15.28 · 106 π 20

Example: According to section 2 ρ = 1.35 Ω mm2/m = (812 Ω/cmf ) for Kanthal D P = 1000 W p = 8 W/cm2 (51.6 W/in2) R = 40 Ω

d= 3

π · (D – d) 2 L +1= Le s s=

L 4 812 ·1000 · · = 15.28 · 106 π2 51.6 · 40

metric

= 0.022 inch

π · (D – d) L Le

s=

2

[15’]

[14]

C) Ribbon: Since ribbons are made by flattening round wires, the cross-sectional area is somewhat smaller depending on size, than equation [14] indicates. As a rule of thumb, a factor 0.92 is used. [15]

2

➔ [16]

–1

π · (D – d) L · 1000 Le

B) Strip :

q = 0.92 · b · t

·b·t

(Equation [15] is, however, used throughout this Handbook).

4 1.35 ·1000 L · · = 0.55 mm 2 π 8 · 40 10

q=b·t

2

Definition: Coil pitch, s [mm] or [in] A round wire is often wound as a coil. For calculating coil pitch, s, the equation [16] applies:

According to equation [13]: d= 3

t 2·b

q = 0.985 –

imperial d= 3

Lately, investigations have shown that a more correct way of expressing the crosssectional area of ribbon is:

2

–1

[16’]

imperial s=

π · (D – d) L · 12 Le

2

–1

[16’]

When the pitch, s, is small relatively to coil diameter, D, and wire diameter, d. s Than << L , so that equation [16] π(D – d) can be simplified to:

10

72

s=


π · (D – d) · Le L

[17]

Relative pitch s/d The ratio s/d is often used. It is called the relative pitch or the stretch factor, and may affect the heat dissipation from the coil. s [--] r= d The ratio D/d is essential for the coiling operation, as well as the mechanical stability of the coil in a hot state. Example – wire calculation: Calculate the resistance of a 3-foot-long KANTHAL D wire, 22 B & S (0.02535 in diameter). Combining equation [1] and [12]: R20 = ρ R20 =

π L · d2 and q = q 4

ρ·L·4 π · d2

ρ = 1.35 Ω mm2/m = 812 Ω/cmf = = 637.79 Ω/smf L = 3 foot = 3 · 0.305 m d = 0.02535 in = 25.35 mil = 0.644 mm Metric units: 1.35 · 3 · 0.305 · 4 R20 = = 3.79 Ω π · 0.6442 Imperial units (cmf ): 812 · 3 R20 = π · (0.02535)2 R20 =

812 · 3 25.352

= 3.79 Ω

The unit Ω/smf is used principally for conductors with rectangular cross sections. Even here length is given in feet and width and thickness in mils. Example – ribbon calculation: Calculate the resistance of a KANTHAL D ribbon 10 feet long, where t = 0.04 in and b = 0.5 in. Combining equation [1] and [14]: R20 = ρ R20 =

L q

and q = 0.92 · b · t

ρ·L 0.92 · b · t

ρ = 1.35 Ω mm2/m = 812 cmf L = 10 foot = 10 · 12 in = 10 · 0.305 m t = 0.04 in = 40 mil = 0.04 · 25.4 mm = = 1.016 mm b = 0.5 in = 500 mil = 0.5 · 25.4 mm = = 12.7 mm Metric units: 1.35 · 10 · 0.305 R20 = = 0.346 Ω 0.92 · 12.7 · 1.016 Imperial units (smf ): R20 =

812 · 10 0.92 · 500 · 40 · 1.2732

= 0.346 Ω


73

3. Formulas for Values in Chapter 9, Tables In the Kanthal handbook values per meter of the material in each dimension are calculated and presented in the table as surface area, weight, resistance. Furthermore are the cross sectional area and area /Ω calculated. Below you can see formulas used (formulas include the unit correction) Metric units: Cross sectional area q [mm2] Based on equation [12] [14] res. [15]

mm =

π · d2 · γ 4

Strip

[12’]

[14’]

[15’] [cm2/m]

[1’]

ρ·4 π · d2

[1’]

ρ b·t

[1’]

Strip

Wire

R20/m = [7’]

Strip/Ribbon AC/m = 2 · (b + t) · 10

ρ q

Wire R20/m =

AC/m = π · d · 10

[18]

Resistance per meter R20/m [Ω/m] Based on equation [1]

Ribbon

Surface area per meter AC/m Based on equation [7] res. [8]

[18]

mm = 0.92 · b · t · γ

R20/m = q = 0.92 · b · t

[18]

Ribbon

Strip q=b·t

Wire

mm = b · t · γ

Wire q = π · d2 4

Weigth per meter, mm [g/m] Wire m = volume · γ = q · l · γ ➔ mm = q · γ

Ribbon R20/m =

[8’]

ρ 0.92 · b · t

[1’]

10

74


Surface area per Ω [cm2/ Ω] Combining [1’] and [7’] respectively [1’] and [8’] Wire AC/m π · d · q · 10 π2 · d3 · 10 = = ρ ρ·4 R20/m Strip AC/m R20/m =

R20/m =

=

R20/m · 1000 ρ · 1000 ρ · 1000 = = q·q·γ q2 · γ mm

Wire

2 · (b + t) · b · t ·10 = ρ Strip

=

Rkg =

Rkg =

Other equations which could be helpful Length per kilo, Lkg [m/kg] 1000 Based on equation [18] ➔ Lkg = mm Wire 4000 Lkg = 1000 · 4 = [18’] 2 π·d ·γ π · d2 · γ Strip Lkg = 1000 b·t·γ

[18’]

Ribbon 1000 = 1087 0.92 · b · t · γ b · t · γ

ρ · 1000 π · d2 4

2

·γ

=

ρ · 1000 π2 · d4 · γ 16

ρ · 1000 b2 · t2 · γ

Ribbon

2 · (b + t) · 0.92 · b · t ·10 = ρ

18.4 · (b + t) · b · t ρ

Lkg =

Rkg =

Rkg =

20 · (b + t) · b · t ρ

Ribbon AC/m

Resistance per kilo, Rkg [Ω/kg] Combining [1’] and [18] ➔

[18’]

ρ · 1181.5 ρ · 1000 = 2 2 2 b ·t ·γ 0.92 · γ

b2 · t2 ·


75

Ribbon

Imperial units ρ′wire’ = Ω /cir.mil foot respectively ρ′strip/ribbon= Ω /square mil foot.

mft = 0.92 · b · t · γ · 12 = 11.04 · b · t · γ [18’]

Cross sectional area q [in2] Based on equation [12] [14] res. [15]

Resistance per foot R20 / ft

Wire

Based on equation [1] ➔ R20 / ft =

q=

π · d2 4

[12’]

q= b · t

[14’]

q = 0.92 · b · t

[15’]

Surface area per foot AC / ft [in /ft] Based on equation [7] res. [8] Wire AC / ft = π · d · 12

[7’]

Strip/ribbon AC / ft = 2 · (b + t) · 12 = 24 · (b + t)

[8’]

ρ″ b · t · 10 6

[1’]

ρ″ 0.92 · b · t · 10 6

[1’]

Surface area per Ω [in2/Ω] Combining [1’] and [7’] respectively [1’] and [8’] Wire AC / ft π · d 2 · q ·12 ·10 6 π2· d 3· 3 ·10 6 = = ρ′ R20 / ft ρ′ Strip

6

Wire [18’]

Strip mft = b · t · γ · 12

[1’]

AC / ft 2 · (b + t) · b · t ·12 ·10 6 = = ρ″ R20 / ft

Weigth per foot [lb/ft] m = volume · γ = q · l · γ ➔ mft = q · γ

π · d 2 · γ · 12 = π · d 2 · γ · 3 4

ρ′ d · 10 6 2

Ribbon R20 / ft =

2

ρ q

Strip R20 / ft =

Ribbon

mft =

Wire R20 / ft =

Strip

[Ω/ft]

[18’]

= 24 · (b + t) · b · t ·10 ρ″ Ribbon AC / ft 2 · (b + t) · 0.92 · b · t ·12 ·10 6 = = R20 / ft ρ″ =

22.08 · (b + t) · b · t ·10 6 ρ″

10

76


Other equations which could be helpful Length per lb llb [ft/lb] 1 Based on equation [18] ➔ llb = mft Wire 4 1 llb = = [18’] 2· γ · 3 2 π · d π · d · γ ·12 Strip llb =

1 b · t · γ · 12

[18’]

1 1 = 0.92 · b · t · γ · 12 b · t · γ · 11.04

Wire

ρ′ = d 2·10 6 · π · d 2 · γ · 3 ρ′ = 4 6 d · 10 · π · γ · 3 Rlb =

Strip

Ribbon llb =

Resistance per lb Rlb [Ω/lb] Combining [1’] and [18] ➔ R ρ ρ Rlb = 20 / ft = = 2 m ft q · q · γ q ·γ

Rlb = [18’]

ρ″ b 2 · t 2 · γ · 12 · 10 6

Ribbon

ρ″ = b t 0.922 · γ · 12 · 10 6 ρ″ = b 2 · t 2 · 10.16 · γ · 10 6 Rlb =

2·

2·

4. Relationship between metric and imperial units Metric and imperial sytem conversion table 1 Ωmm2m-1 (µΩm) = 601.54 Ω/cmf 1 Ωmm2m-1 (µΩm) = 472.44 Ω/smf 1 Ω/smf = 1.2732 Ω/cmf 1 inch [in] 1 foot 1 mil 1 W/cm2 1 W/in2

= 1000 mil = 0.0254 m = 12 in = 0.3048 m = 0.001 inch = 0.0254 mm = 6.45 W/in2 = 0.155 W/cm2


77

5. Design Calculations for Heating Elements In this section an element is defined as the combination of heating wire and any ing and connecting materials. Electrical appliances equipped with a heating element are being used in domestic as well as industrial applications. Domestic applications are e.g. cooking, heating of fluids, drying, ironing, space heating and special purposes such as heating of beds, aquariums, saunas, soldering irons and paint strippers. Industrial applications are such as heat treatment, hardening and drying of inks, paints and lacquers. In vehicles, seats, motors and rear view mirrors are frequently electrically heated. The appliance and the element must meet requirements regarding performance, cost of raw material and manufacture, life and safety. The requirements may be opposed to each other. A long life and a high degree of safety means a low wire temperature, which results in a long heating up time and often also high raw material costs. Domestic heating appliances must not cause harm to individuals or damage to property. Safety specifications for each market may influence the design of the appliance and the element and limit their temperature. The life of a well designed element depends upon the make and the type of wire used. Our FeCrAl and NiCr(Fe) wires have excellent properties at high temperature and provide the best possible life. It should be kept in mind that the life of a wire increases with wire diameter and decreasing wire temperature.

Wire Temperature For embedded and ed element types the wire temperature depends upon both the wire and the element surface load. For the suspended element types the element surface load in most cases cannot be defined. In addition to the surface load, ambient temperature, heating dissipating conditions and presence and location of other elements will influence the wire temperature and therefore also the choice of wire surface load and element surface load.

Life test of elements.

10

78

Surface Load When calculating an element, voltage and rating are normally known. The element surface load means the rating divided by that part of element surface, which is close to the energised wire and therefore has an elevated temperature. Usually a range of surface loads and not one single figure is listed in the mentioned tables. The choice within the range depends upon the requirements for the element. It also depends upon voltage, rating and dimensions available. A high voltage and a low rating will result in a thin wire, which at the same temperature has a shorter life than a thick wire and will therefore require a low wire surface load. The wire surface is then found as the ratio between rating and wire surface load.

Life test of 4 mm wire.


Surface and Resistance After having calculated the resistance in cold state, the ratio between the surface and the resistance is found. This ratio is listed for all wire types and wire dimensions in the Kanthal handbook, and the correct wire size can therefore easily be found from these tables.

Bash test of alloys.


Coil Parameters The ratio between coil and wire diameter (D/d) must be calculated in order to check that the coil can easily be made. This ratio (D/d) should be in the range 5-12 if possible. In case of ed elements, this ratio must be compared with the deformation curve in Figure 3, page 23. When the coil length and diameter are known, the coil pitch (s) can be estimated by formula [17] in the Appendix. Coil pitch (s) is normally 2-4 times the wire diameter (d). For quartz tube heaters a smaller pitch is normally used. Preoxidised coils from KANTHAL FeCrAl in such elements can be used tightly coiled. For a straight wire on a threaded ceramic rod and for many elements of the suspended type the wire length is fixed. The resistance per meter can then be calculated and the wire size found from the tables of the Kanthal handbook. If this results in too high a surface load in case of a ribbon, a wider and thinner ribbon having the same cross section can be chosen.

79

Metal Sheathed Tubular Element The calculation of a metal sheathed tubular element is more complicated since the resistance is reduced 10 to 30 % as a result of the compression of the element. For such elements, the tube surface load is first determined according to the use of the element. The wire surface load is normally 2 to 4 times greater. After calculating the resistance from rating and voltage, it has to be increased 10 to 30 % in order to arrive at the resistance after coiling. The wire surface will become 2 to 7 % smaller when the element has been reduced. Since the tube length is increased through compression by rolling, the tube surface often remains unaltered.

Glowing coil inside tubular heating element.

10

80


Examples Tubular Element for a Flat Iron Rating, P Voltage. U Final tube diameter: Final tube length:

1000 W 220 V 8 mm (0.315 in) 300 mm (11.8 in)

If the terminal length inside the tube is 2 x 25 mm (2 x 1 in) the coil length (Le) will be Le = 300 mm – (2 x 25 mm) = 250 mm (9.8 in). Combining equation [9] and [10] gives as hot resistance U2 2202 48.4 Ω = = R= P 1000 According to equation [6] tubes surface load becomes P = P = ptube = Atube π · dtube · Le · 0.01

According to equation [6] the wire surface can be calculated to P p= Ac P = 1000 = 20.83 ≈ 21 cm2 (3.3 in2) Ac = p 48 KANTHAL D is a sensible choice and an average wire temperature of 700 °C (1290 °F) likely. Due to temperature factor of resistance (Ct for Kanthal D, table chapter 2, = 1.05 ) the resistance at room temperature is based on [2] calculated to: RT 48.4 = = 46.09 ≈ RT = Ct · R20 ➔ R20 = Ct 1.05 ≈ 46.1 Ω The ratio wire surface to resistance is cm2 AC 21 , = = 0.455 R20 46.1 Ω

W 1000 = (103 W/in2) = 15.91 cm2 π · 8 · 250 · 0.01 corresponding to a wire size of about 0.3 mm (0.012 in), based on the table for If we aim at three times higher wire surface KANTHAL D in chapter 9. load: W pwire = 3 · ptube = 3 · 15.91 = 47.74 ≈ 48 2 cm (309 W/in2)

=

Coils in grooved metal plates.

Metal sheathed tubular element.


We assume that a steel tube of initially 9.5 mm (0.37 in) diameter is being used and can then expect a resistance reduction of about 30 % upon rolling. The resistance of the coil should therefore be about 65.3 Ω. The wire surface prior to compression is 7 % bigger, or 22.5 cm2 (3.49 in2), and the ratio between wire surface and resistance 0.34 cm2/Ω (0.053 in2/Ω). The corresponding wire size is 0.26 mm (0.01 in). Tests with this wire size have to be made in order to check the resistance reduction as a result of compression. Coil suspended on a Mica-cross, element for a hair dryer Rating, P Voltage, U Length of coil, l Coil outer diameter, D

350W 55 V 250 mm 6 mm

For this application a surface load, p, of 7 W/cm2 is reasonable, using equation [6] gives a wire surface of: p=

P 350 = 50 cm2 P ➔ Ac = p = Ac 7

Assuming a wire temperature of 600 °C and choosing Kanthal D with an Ct value of 1.04. Next step is to calculate hot- and cold resistance, according to combining equation [9], [10] and [2]: 552 U = 8.64 Ω RT = 2 = P 350 R20 =

RT = 8.31 Ω Ct

By calculating the surface area to cold resistance ratio, a suitable wire dimension is found:

81

Combining [1’] and [7’], [8’] Wire cm2 AC 50 cm2 = = 6.01 Ω R20 8.31 Ω According to the table in chapter 9, Kanthal D Ø 0.70 mm has an area to resistance ratio of 6.27 cm2/Ω. ing the geometry of the coil, suitable values for the D/d ratio are between 6-12. D/d ratio has to be considered since too low as well as too high values will create problems in the coiling process. In this case: 6 mm D = 8.6 which is within limits = 0.7 mm d To get the length of wire we have to calculate the ratio between resistance needed and resistance per meter according to table chapter 9, KANTHAL D, d = 0.7 mm R20/m = 3.51 Ω/m. The length of the wire becomes: R20 8.31 Ω · m = L= = 2.367 m R20 / m 3.51 Ω Based on [17] the coil pitch, s, is calculated to: π · (D – d) · Le π · (7 – 0.7) · 250 = 2.09 mm = s= 2370 L and subsequently a relative pitch: s 2.09 = 2.98 r= = d 0.7 Finally the actual surface load is based on [6] calculated to: p=

P Ac/m · L

=

350 22 · 2.37

= 6.7 W/cm2

10

82


6. Wire Gauge Conversion Table Gauge no.

AWG or B&S inch mm

SWG inch

mm

Gauge no.

AWG or B&S inch mm

SWG inch

mm

4-0 3-0 2-0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

0.4600 0.4096 0.3648 0.3249 0.2893 0.2576 0.2294 0.2043 0.1819 0.1620 0.1443 0.1285 0.1144 0.1019 0.09074 0.08081 0.07196 0.06408 0.05707 0.05082 0.04526 0.04030 0.03589 0.03196 0.02846 0.02535 0.02257 0.02010 0.01790 0.01594 0.01420 0.01264

0.4000 0.3720 0.3480 0.3240 0.3000 0.2760 0.2520 0.2320 0.2120 0.1920 0.1760 0.1600 0.1440 0.1280 0.1160 0.1040 0.0920 0.0800 0.0720 0.0640 0.0560 0.0480 0.0400 0.0360 0.0320 0.0280 0.0240 0.0220 0.0200 0.0180 0.0164 0.0148

10.1600 9.4488 8.8392 8.2296 7.6200 7.0104 6.4008 5.8928 5.3848 4.8768 4.4704 4.0640 3.6576 3.251 2.946 2.642 2.337 2.032 1.829 1.626 1.422 1.219 1.016 0.914 0.813 0.711 0.610 0.559 0.508 0.457 0.417 0.376

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

0.01126 0.01003 0.008928 0.007950 0.007080 0.006305 0.005615 0.005000 0.004453 0.003965 0.003531 0.003145 0.002800 0.002494 0.002221 0.001978 0.001761 0.001568 0.001397 0.001244 0.001108 0.000986 0.000800 0.000600 0.000500 0.000400 0.000300

0.0136 0.0124 0.0116 0.0108 0.0100 0.00920 0.00840 0.00760 0.00680 0.00600 0.00520 0.00480 0.00440 0.00400 0.00360 0.00320 0.00280 0.00240 0.00200 0.00160 0.00120 0.00100 0.000878 0.000782 0.000697 0.000620 0.000552 0.000492 0.000438 0.000390 0.000347 0.000309

0.345 0.315 0.295 0.274 0.254 0.234 0.213 0.193 0.173 0.152 0.132 0.122 0.112 0.102 0.0914 0.0813 0.0711 0.0610 0.0508 0.0406 0.0305 0.0254 0.0223 0.0199 0.0177 0.0157 0.0140 0.0125 0.0111 0.00991 0.00881 0.00785

11.684 10.404 9.266 8.252 7.348 6.543 5.827 5.189 4.620 4.115 3.665 3.264 2.906 2.588 2.305 2.053 1.828 1.628 1.450 1.291 1.150 1.024 0.912 0.812 0.723 0.644 0.573 0.511 0.455 0.405 0.361 0.321

0.286 0.255 0.227 0.202 0.180 0.160 0.143 0.127 0.113 0.101 0.0897 0.0799 0.0711 0.0633 0.0564 0.0502 0.0447 0.0398 0.0355 0.0316 0.0281 0.0250 0.0203 0.0152 0.0127 0.0102 0.0076


83

7. Temperature Conversion Table If 10 degrees are read in Celsius, look in the right column and convert it to 50 °F. If 10 degrees F is read, look in the left column and convert it to -12,2 °C.

The numbers in the light shaded area indicate the temperatures as read. The corresponding temperatures in Fahrenheit are given on the right and those in Celsius on the left. °C –17.8 –17.2 –16.7 –16.1 –15.6 –15.0 –14.4 –13.9 –13.3 –12.8 –12.2 –11.7 –11.1 –10.6 –10.0 –9.44 –8.89 –8.33 –7.78 –7.22 –6.67 –6.11 –5.56 –5.00 –4.44 –3.89 –3.33 –2.78 –2.22 –1.67 –1.11 –0.56 0 0.56 1.11 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44 5.00 5.56

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

°F 32 33.8 35.6 37.4 39.2 41.0 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 50.0 51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 59.0 60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2 68.0 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2 77.0 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2 86.0 87.8 89.6 91.4 93.2 95.0 96.8 98.6 100.4 102.2 104.0 105.8 107.6

°C 6.11 6.67 7.22 7.78 8.33 8.89 9.44 10.0 10.6 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

°F 109.4 111.2 113.0 114.8 116.6 118.4 120.2 122.0 123.8 125.6 127.4 129.2 131.0 132.8 134.6 136.4 138.2 140.0 141.8 143.6 145.4 147.2 149.0 150.8 152.6 154.4 158.0 159.8 161.6 163.4 165.2 167.0 168.8 170.6 172.4 174.2 176.0 177.8 179.6 181.4 183.2 185.0 186.8

°C 30.6 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.6 36.1 36.7 37.2 38 43 49 54 60 66 71 77 82 88 93 99 100 104 110 116 121 127 132 138 143 149 154 160 166 171 177 182 188 193

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 212 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380

°F 188.6 190.4 192.2 194.0 195.8 197.6 199.4 201.2 203.0 204.8 206.6 208.4 210.2 212 230 248 266 284 302 320 338 356 374 392 410 413 428 446 464 482 500 518 536 554 572 590 608 626 644 662 680 698 716

cont.

10

84


cont. °C 199 204 210 216 221 227 232 238 243 254 260 266 271 277 282 288 293 299 304 310 316 321 327 332 338 343 349 354 360 366 371 377 382 388 393 399 404 410 416 421 427 432 438 443 449 454 460 468 471 477

390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890

°F 734 752 770 788 806 824 842 860 878 914 932 950 968 986 1004 1022 1040 1058 1076 1094 1112 1130 1148 1166 1184 1202 1220 1238 1256 1274 1292 1310 1328 1346 1364 1382 1400 1418 1436 1454 1472 1490 1508 1526 1544 1562 1580 1598 1816 1634

°C 482 488 493 499 504 510 516 521 527 532 538 543 549 554 560 566 571 577 582 588 593 599 604 610 616 621 627 632 643 649 654 660 666 671 677 682 688 693 699 704 710 716 721 727 732 738 743 749 754 760

900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400

°F 1652 1670 1688 1706 1724 1742 1760 1778 1796 1814 1832 1850 1868 1886 1904 1922 1940 1958 1976 1994 2012 2030 2048 2066 2084 2102 2120 2138 2174 2192 2210 2228 2246 2264 2282 2300 2318 2336 2354 2372 2390 2408 2426 2444 2462 2480 2498 2516 2534 2552

°C 766 771 777 782 788 793 799 804 810 816 821 827 832 838 843 849 854 860 866 871 877 882 888 893 899 904 910 916 921 927 932 938 943 949 954 960 966 971 977 982 988 993 999 1004 1010 1016 1021 1032 1038 1043

°F 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1820 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1890 1900 1910

2570 2588 2606 2624 2842 2660 2678 2696 2714 2732 2750 2768 2786 2804 2822 2840 2858 2876 2894 2912 2930 2948 2966 2984 3002 3020 3038 3058 3074 3092 3110 3128 3146 3164 3182 3200 3218 3236 3254 3272 3290 3308 3326 3344 3362 3380 3398 3434 3452 3470

cont.


85

cont. °C 1049 1054 1060 1066 1071 1077 1082 1088 1093 1099 1104 1110 1116 1121 1127 1132 1138 1143 1149 1154 1160 1166 1171 1177 1182 1188 1193 1199 1204 1210 1216 1221 1227 1232 1238 1243

°F 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260 2270

3488 3506 3524 3542 3560 3578 3596 3614 3632 3650 3668 3686 3704 3722 3740 3758 3776 3794 3812 3830 3848 3866 3884 3902 3920 3938 3956 3974 3992 4010 4028 4046 4064 4082 4100 4118

°C 1249 1254 1260 1266 1271 1277 1282 1288 1293 1299 1304 1310 1316 1321 1327 1332 1338 1343 1349 1354 1360 1366 1371 1377 1382 1388 1393 1399 1404 1410 1421 1427 1432 1438 1443 1449

2280 2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 2380 2390 2400 2410 2420 2430 2440 2450 2460 2470 2480 2490 2500 2510 2520 2530 2540 2550 2560 2570 2590 2600 2610 2620 2630 2640

°F 4138 4154 4172 4190 4208 4226 4244 4262 4280 4298 4316 4334 4352 4370 4388 4406 4424 4442 4460 4478 4496 4514 4532 4550 4568 4586 4604 4622 4640 4658 4694 4712 4730 4748 4766 4784

°C 1454 1460 1466 1471 1477 1482 1488 1493 1499 1504 1510 1516 1521 1527 1532 1538 1543 1549 1554 1560 1566 1571 1577 1582 1588 1593 1599 1604 1610 1616 1621 1627 1632 1638 1643 1649

2650 2660 2670 2680 2690 2700 2710 2720 2730 2740 2750 2760 2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830 2840 2850 2860 2870 2880 2890 2900 2910 2920 2930 2940 2950 2960 2970 2980 2990 3000

°F 4802 4820 4838 4856 4874 4892 4910 4928 4946 4964 4982 5000 5018 5036 5054 5072 5090 5108 5126 5144 5162 5180 5198 5216 5234 5252 5270 5288 5306 5324 5342 5360 5376 5396 5414 5432

Interpolation table °C 0.56 1.11 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44 5.00 5.56

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

°F 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 9.0 10.8 12.6 14.4 16.2 18.0

10

86


8. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors To Convert from: ampere-turns atmospheres btu’s btu’s btu’s btu’s btu’s btu’s btu’s btu’s btu’s/hour btu’s/minute btu’s/minute btu’s/sq ft btu’s/(sq ft)(min) btu’s/(hr)(sq ft) btu’s/(hr)(sq ft)(øF) calories Centigrade centipoise circular mils circular mils circular mils cubic cm degrees (angle) degrees/sec dynes dynes dynes dynes/sq cm dynes/sq cm dynes/sq cm Fahrenheit fathoms foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds/min foot-pounds/min foot-pounds/sec foot-pounds/sec

To: gilberts torr kilogram-calories foot-pounds horsepower-hours joules kilogram-meters kilowatt-hours gram-calories watt-hours watts watts foot-pounds/sec watt-hours/sq meter watts/sq inch watts/sq meter gm-cals/(sec)(sq m)(oC) joules Fahrenheit pascal-seconds square centimeters square inches square mils cubic inches radians revolutions/min grams newtons pounds kgs/sq meter pounds/sq foot pounds/sq inch Centigrade feet horsepower-hours joules newton-meters kilogram-calories kilogram-meters kilowatt-hours horsepower kilowatts horsepower kg-calories/min

Multiply by: 1.2566 760.00 0.25200 778.17 0.00039308 1054.0 107.59 0.00029307 252.00 0.29307 0.29307 17.584 12.961 3.1546 0.12203 3.1525 1.3562 4.1840 1.8 x (°C+32) 0.001 0.000005067 0.0000007854 0.78540 0.061024 0.017453 0.16667 0.0010197 0.00001 0.0000022481 0.010197 0.0020885 0.000014503 0.555 x (°F - 32) 6 0.00000050505 1.3558 1.3558 0.00032383 0.13826 0.00000037662 0.000030303 0.000022597 0.0018182 0.019443


To Convert from: foot-pounds/sec furlongs gallons (U.S.) gallons gallons gallons gallons/min gallons/min gauss gauss grams grams grams grams gram-centimeters gram-centimeters gram-centimeters gram-centimeters grams/cm grams/cu cm grams/cu cm grams/cu cm horsepower (electric) horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours hours inches inches inches joules joules joules joules kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilogram-calories

To: kilowatts miles gallons (Brit.) liters pints (liquid) quarts (liquid) cubic feet/sec liters/sec lines/sq inch webers/sq meter ounces ounces (troy) poundals pounds btu’s foot-pounds joules kilogram-meters pounds/inch pounds/cu foot pounds/cu inch pounds/circ mil foot horsepower (metric) kg-calories/min horsepower (metric) kilowatts watts joules kilogram-calories kilogram-meters seconds centimeters mils millimeters kilogram-calories volt-coulombs watt-hours watt-seconds dynes poundals pounds pounds (troy) tons (short) tons (long) kilogram-meters

87

Multiply by: 0.0013558 0.125 0.83267 3.7854 8 4 0.0022280 0.063090 6.4516 0.0001 0.035274 0.032151 0.070932 0.0022046 0.00000009301 0.000072330 0.000098067 0.00001 0.0055997 62.428 0.036127 0.00000034049 1.0143 10.686 1.0139 0.7457 745.7 2684520 641.19 273745 3600 2.54 1000 25.4 0.00023866 0.99984 0.00027778 1 980665 70.932 2.2046 2.6792 0.0011023 0.00098421 426.93

10

88

To Convert from: kilogram-calories kg-cals/minute kilogram-meters kgs/cu meter kgs/cu meter kgs/cu meter kgs/meter kgs/sq centimeter kgs/sq meter kgs/sq meter kilopascals kilowatt kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours liter liter liters liters/minute liters/minute meters meters meters meter-kilograms meters/second meters/second meters/second meters/second micrograms microhms microinches microinches microinches microliters microns microns microns miles millibars millibars millihenries millimeters nautical miles newtons


To: kilowatt-hours kilowatts kilowatt-hours grams/cu cm pounds/cu foot pounds/cu inch pounds/foot pounds/sq inch pounds/sq foot pounds/sq inch pounds/sq in btu’s/min btu’s horsepower-hours kilogram-calories joules cubic cm cubic inches quarts (liquid) cubic feet/sec gallons/sec inches kilometers yards pound-feet miles/hour feet/minute kilometers/hour miles/minute grams ohms inches microns millimeters liters inches meters millimeters feet torr pascals henries mils kilometers pounds

Multiply by: 0.001163 0.06978 0.0000027241 0.001 0.062428 0.000036127 0.67197 14.223 0.20482 0.0014223 0.14504 56.878 3413 1.3410 860 3600000 1000 61.023 1.0567 0.00058858 0.0044029 39.370 0.001 1.0936 7.2330 2.2369 196.85 3.6 0.037282 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 25.4 0.0254 0.000001 0.000039370 0.000001 0.001 5280 0.75006 100 0.001 39.370 1.852 0.22481


To Convert from: oersteds ohm - circular mil/foot ohm - circular mil/foot ohm - circular mil/foot ohms/foot ounces ounces (fluid) ounces (fluid) ounces (troy) ounces (troy) pound pound pound pounds (troy) pounds/sq foot pounds/sq inch pounds/cubic foot pounds/cubic inch radians radians/sec slugs square centimeters square feet square millimeters square mils square mils square mils stones watts watts watts watts watt-hours watt-hours

To: amperes/meter ohm - square mil/foot ohm - square mm/meter microhm cm ohms/meter pounds cubic inches liters grains pounds (troy) grams grains kilograms pounds (avdp) pounds/sq inch newton/sq meter kilograms/cubic meter grams/cubic cm revolutions revolutions/min kilograms square inches square meters circular mils circular mils square centimeters square inches pounds ergs/second foot-pounds/min foot-pounds/sec kg-calories/min foot-pounds kilogram-calories

89

Multiply by: 79.577 1.273 0.00166 0.16624 3.2808 0.0625 1.8047 0.02957 480 0.083333 453.59 7000 0.45359 0.82286 0.0069444 6894.8 16.019 27.680 0.15915 9.5493 14.594 0.15500 0.092903 1973.5 1.2732 0.0000064516 0.000001 14 10000000 44.254 0.73756 0.014331 2655.2 0.85985

10

90


11. The Kanthal Product Range Heating Alloys

Precision Wire

Appliance Wire 0.12-2 mm 0.00468-0.078 in Ribbon The heating source in most electric household appliances such as ovens, toasters, hair dryers, washing machines etc.

Precision Wire 0.015-0.12 mm 0.000585-0.00468 in Is used in electronic components such as resistors and potentiometers and for low temperature heating.

Industrial Wire 1-10 mm 0.039-0.47 in Strip For heating elements in industrial furnaces and processes. Alloy KANTHAL APM KANTHAL A-1 KANTHAL A KANTHAL AE KANTHAL AF KANTHAL D ALKROTHAL NIKROTHAL 80 NIKROTHAL 70 NIKROTHAL 60 NIKROTHAL 40 NIFETHAL 70 NIFETHAL 52

Max temperature 1425 °C 2595 °F 1400 °C 2550 °F 1350 °C 2460 °F 1300 °C 2370 °F 1300 °C 2370 °F 1300 °C 2370 °F 1100 °C 2010 °F 1200 °C 2190 °F 1250 °C 2280 °F 1150 °C 2100 °F 1100 °C 2010 °F 600 °C 1110 °F 600 °C 1110 °F

Special Alloys Alloys for thermocouples, extension and compensating cables. – Nickel-iron. – Controlled expansion alloys. – High temperature alloys for mechanical applications. – Copper-nickel alloys for special applications.

Precision wire 0.015 mm in the eye of a meedle.


91

Thermostatic Bimetal

Kanthal Super

Bimetal consists of two or more metallic strips with different thermal expansion bonded together. When heated up it bends in a pre-determined manner and can be used to monitor, measure or regulate heat. Its main applications are in thermostats for room heaters or water mixing but they are also used to control toasters and indicators in automobiles. Kanthal offers a wide range of some 30 standard types of thermostatic Bimetal with different specific deflection, manufactured in widths ranging between 170 and 1.0 mm 6.63 - 0.039 in and in thickness between 2.5 and 0.10 mm 0.097 - 0.0039 in. Bimetal is also manufactured to specifications suitable for the snap action disc applications.

High power and long life electric heating elements for use up to very high temperatures. Manufactured as ready-made elements, straight or bent in a broad range of standard dimensions. Used mainly in laboratory furnaces and production furnaces in the glass-, electronics-, steel-, ceramics and heat treatment industry. Quality Kanthal Super 1700 Kanthal Super 1800 Kanthal Super 1900 Kanthal Super HT Kanthal Super RA Kanthal Super ER Kanthal Super NC

Max temperature 1700 °C 3090 °F 1800 °C 3270 °F 1850 °C 3360 °F 1830 °C 3330 °F 1700 °C 3090 °F 1600 °C 2910 °F 1800 °C 3270 °F

SUPERTHAL® Heating modules with Kanthal Super elements and ceramic fibre in the form of halfcylinders, cylinders, s or completely tailor made for use up to 1550 °C 2820 °F. Superthal is used wherever concentrated heat is needed, for example in the electronicsand the glass industry as well as in dental furnaces. Thermostatic Bimetal.

Kanthal Super and Superthal

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Metallic Elements

FIBROTHAL®

Ready-made furnace elements manufactured in Kanthal workshops from KANTHAL or NIKROTHAL alloys for furnace temperatures between 50 °C – 1350 °C 120 – 2460 °F.

A complete modular system comprising heating elements and insulation for furnaces and processes up to 1200 °C 2190 °F.

FIBROTHAL. Metallic elements manufacturing.


93

TUBOTHAL®

Tubes

Powerful metallic element heaters for use inside all types of radiant tubes, ideally KANTHAL APM. Available in standard dimensions from 68 to 170 mm diameter 2.6 - 6.6 in.

KANTHAL APM and SANDVIK 253/353 MA extruded radiant tubes for gas- or electrically heated furnaces. Complete assemblies with inner tubes (gas) or suitable electric heating elements. Standard dimensions from 26 to 260 mm outer diameter 1.02- 10.2 in.

ECOTHAL® Ecothal is the world’s cleanest recuperative radiant heater. With electronically-controlled gas/air supply and double catalytic converters, nitrogen oxide emissions can be reduced by around 75 %. APM tube and Tubothal.

APM tubes.

Ecothal

Bild nr 539 Saknas original

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94


Heating Elements

Silicon Carbide

Furnace systems and complete heating elements for semiconductor wafer processing. Furnace rebuilds, upgrades and new replacement rnace systems to provide larger wafer processing capabilities.

Heating elements in a broad range for use up to 1650 °C 3000 °F. Manufactured in straight, spiralled, single or multi-shank designs for a variety of heat treatment and melting furnaces. Kanthal SiC is the standard element for production of float-glass. GLOBAR® FLOAT

Helix heating element. Silicon carbide elements.


95

Kanthal Machinery

Customer Service

Kanthal Machinery offers a complete range of machines for manufacturing of tubes and metal sheathed tubular elements. Available as either standard or custom built stand-alone machines to complete turnkey factory production lines.

Kanthal not only offers a complete range of products to generate or protect against heat, but of equal importance is the technical and commercial service we extend to our customers. Examples of this includes; advice on choice of material, design of ements, trouble-shooting, design and manufacturing of complete heating systems, development of new elements and alloys, installation service and follow-up.

Coiling machine. Electron Scanning Microscope.

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Visit www.kanthal.com

You will always find the latest information about Kanthal and our products on the web. Brochures, handbooks and data-sheets can be ed to your computer. You will find address, e-mail, fax- and telephone numbers to all Kanthal subsidiaries and representatives, press releases and other news.

Kanthal is a Sandvik Company. Sandvik is a high-technology engineering Group with advanced products and a world-leading position within selected niches – tools for metalworking, machinery and tools for rock-excavation, products in stainless steel, special alloys and high temperature materials. World-wide business activities are conducted through 300 companies and representation in 130 countries.

KANTHAL HANDBOOK KANTHAL HEATING ALLOYS Handbook

KANTHAL AB Box 502, SE-734 27 Hallstahammar, Sweden www.kanthal.com Tel +46 220 210 00 Fax +46 220 211 66 A Sandvik Company

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