How Does Machiavelli View Human Nature 6492p

1. How does Machiavelli view human nature? Machiavelli differs from the many political theorists who offer conceptions of a “natural state,” a presocial condition arising solely from human instinct and character. But while Machiavelli never puts forth a vision of what society would be like without civil government, he nonetheless presents a coherent, although not particularly comprehensive, vision of human nature. Machiavelli mentions explicitly a number of traits innate among humans. People are generally self-interested, although their affections for others can be won and lost. They remain content and happy so long they avoid affliction or oppression. They might be trustworthy in prosperous times, but they can turn selfish, deceitful, and profit-driven in adverse times. They ire honor, generosity, courage, and piety in others, but most do not harbor these virtues. Ambition lies among those who have achieved some power, but most common people are satisfied with the way things are and therefore do not yearn to improve on the status quo. People will naturally feel obligated after receiving a favor or service, and this bond is usually not broken capriciously. Nevertheless, loyalties are won and lost, and goodwill is never absolute. These statements about human nature often serve as justification for much of Machiavelli’s advice to princes. For example, a prince should never trust mercenary leaders because they, like most leaders, are overly ambitious. At the same time, while many of Machiavelli’s remarks on the subject seem reasonable, most are assumptions not grounded in evidence or popular notions and can easily be criticized. For example, a Hobbesian might argue that Machiavelli puts too much faith in people’s ability to remain content in the absence of government force. A related issue to explore, then, might be the extent to which Machiavelli’s political theory relies too heavily on any single, possibly fallacious depiction of human nature. 2. What are Machiavelli’s views regarding free will? His view was free will of the masses can be controlled two ways. And free will of the masses was the reasons that empires fell so free will of the masses must be controlled. Do not let them become educated, illiteracy of the masses is what you want if you wish to control them. Also, the masses should fear you not love you. If they love you they can turn on you but if they fear you they more likely will not. Can historical events be shaped by individuals, or are they the consequences of fortune and circumstance? According to Machiavelli, both. 3. In Discourses on Livy (1517), Machiavelli argues that the purpose of politics is to

promote a “common good.” How does this statement relate to the idea’s Machiavelli presents in the prince?

CHAPTER V — CONCERNING THE WAY TO GOVERN CITIES OR PRINCIPALITIES WHICH LIVED UNDER THEIR OWN LAWS BEFORE THEY

WERE ANNEXED Whenever those states which have been acquired as stated have been accustomed to live under their own laws and in freedom, there are three courses for those who wish to hold them: (1) the first is to ruin them, (2) the next is to reside there in person, (3) the third is to permit them to live under their own laws, drawing a tribute, and establishing within it an oligarchy which will keep it friendly to you. Because such a government[(3) the oligarchy] being created by the prince, knows that it cannot stand without his friendship and interest, and does its utmost to him; and therefore he who would keep a city accustomed to freedom will hold it more easily by the means of its own citizens than in any other way. How does a "Prince" promote "a common good" by (1) RUINING a state, he has acquired (by fraud or by force or both KB) where the citizens have been accustomed to living in freedom under their own laws??? The ideas expressed by Machiavelli in "The Prince" directly contradict the "common good" thesis of politics in "Discourses on Livy". The ideas of "The Prince" all patronize the "special interests" of Prince-rulers; arguably tyrants; CONTRARY to the "common good" of, alternatively, ruined or subjected formerly free people.

4. Do you agree with Machiavelli’s these that stability and power are the only qualities

that matter in the evaluation of governments? If not, what else matters?

5. Discuss class conflict in The Prince and its relationship to successful government.

6. Discuss The Prince’s Historical context. In what ways do the arguments and examples of the Prince reflect that context?

7. Discuss the form, tone, and rhetoric of The Prince. Does Machiavelli’s choice in this area lead to a persuasive argument? Why or why not?

8. How much of The Prince is relevant to contemporary society in an age when monarchies no longer are the primary form of government?

Politics are still a game of power, manipulation and control. I'd say it pretty much still applies (or at least quite a bit of it still does).

9. Below are various themes outlined in the text. Identify their locations in the text and then provide an explanation of them as given by Machiavelli:

Statesmanship & Warcraft

Machiavelli believes that good laws follow naturally from a good military. His famous statement that “the presence of sound military forces indicates the presence of sound laws” describes the relationship between developing states and war in The Prince. Machiavelli reverses the conventional understanding of war as a necessary, but not definitive, element of the development of states, and instead asserts that successful war is the very foundation upon which all states are built. Much of The Prince is devoted to describing exactly what it means to conduct a good war: how to effectively fortify a city, how to treat subjects in newly acquired territories, and how to prevent domestic insurrection that would distract from a successful war. But Machiavelli’s description of war encomes more than just the direct use of military force—it comprises international diplomacy, domestic politics, tactical strategy, geographic mastery, and historical analysis. Within the context of Machiavelli’s Italy—when cities were constantly threatened by neighboring principalities and the area had suffered through power struggles for many years—his method of viewing almost all affairs of state through a military lens was a timely innovation in political thinking.

Goodwill & Hatred

To remain in power, a prince must avoid the hatred of his people. It is not necessary for him to be loved; in fact, it is often better for him to be feared. Being hated, however, can cause a prince’s downfall. This assertion might seem incompatible with Machiavelli’s statements on the utility of cruelty, but Machiavelli advocates the use of cruelty only insofar as it does not compromise the long-term goodwill of the people. The people’s goodwill is always the best defense against both domestic insurrection and foreign aggression. Machiavelli warns princes against doing things that might result in hatred, such as the confiscation of property or the dissolution of traditional institutions. Even installations that are normally valued for military use, such as fortresses, should be judged primarily on their potential to garner for the prince. Indeed, only when he is absolutely sure that the people who hate him will never be able to rise against him can a prince cease to worry about incurring the hatred of any of his subjects. Ultimately, however, obtaining the goodwill of the people has little or nothing to do with a desire for the overall happiness of the populace. Rather, goodwill is a political instrument to ensure the stability of the prince’s reign. Human Nature

Machiavelli asserts that a number of traits are inherent in human nature. People are generally self-interested, although their affection for others can be won and lost. They are content and happy so long they are not victims of something terrible. They may be trustworthy in prosperous times, but they will quickly turn selfish, deceitful, and profitdriven in times of adversity. People ire honor, generosity, courage, and piety in others, but most of them do not exhibit these virtues themselves. Ambition is commonly found among those who have achieved some power, but most common people are satisfied with the status quo and therefore do not yearn for increased status. People will naturally feel a sense of obligation after receiving a favor or service, and this bond is usually not easily broken. Nevertheless, loyalties are won and lost, and goodwill is never absolute. Such statements about human nature are often offered up as justifications for the book’s advice to princes. While Machiavelli backs up his political arguments with concrete historical evidence, his statements about society and human nature sometimes have the character of assumptions rather than observations.

Virtue Machiavelli defines virtues as qualities that are praised by others, such as generosity,

comion, and piety. He argues that a prince should always try to appear virtuous, but that acting virtuously for virtue’s sake can prove detrimental to the principality. A prince should not necessarily avoid vices such as cruelty or dishonesty if employing them will benefit the state. Cruelty and other vices should not be pursued for their own sake, just as virtue should not be pursued for its own sake: virtues and vices should be conceived as means to an end. Every action the prince takes must be considered in light of its effect on the state, not in of its intrinsic moral value.

Political, social, and cultural climate of the time:

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The Prince was written during a time of political turbulence as a practical guide to help Lorenzo de’ Medici stay in power. Lorenzo did not agree with many of Machiavelli’s suggestions. The book appeared on the pope’s “Index of Prohibited Books” in 1559.

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Renaissance Era

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Italy at that time became the scene of intense political conflict. The city-states of Florence, Milan, Venice, and Naples fought for control of Italy, as did the papacy, , Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. Each of these powers attempted to pursue a strategy of playing the other powers off of one other, but they also engaged in less honorable practices such as blackmail and violence. The same year that Machiavelli returned to Florence, Italy was invaded by Charles VIII of —the first of several French invasions that would occur during Machiavelli’s lifetime. These events influenced Machiavelli’s attitudes toward government, forming the backdrop for his later imioned pleas for Italian unity.

The Prince is an extended analysis of how to acquire and maintain political power. It includes 26 chapters and an opening dedication to Lorenzo de Medici. The dedication declares Machiavelli's intention to discuss in plain language the conduct of great men and the principles of princely government. He does so in hope of pleasing and enlightening the Medici family. The book's 26 chapters can be divided into four sections: Chapters 1–11 discuss the different types of principalities or states, Chapters 12–14 discuss the different types of armies and the

proper conduct of a prince as military leader, Chapters 15–23 discuss the character and behavior of the prince, and Chapters 24–26 discuss Italy's desperate political situation. The final chapter is a plea for the Medici family to supply the prince who will lead Italy out of humiliation. The types of principalities Machiavelli lists four types of principalities: • Hereditary principalities, which are inherited by the ruler • Mixed principalities, territories that are annexed to the ruler's existing territories • New principalities, which may be acquired by several methods: by one's own power, by the power of others, by criminal acts or extreme cruelty, or by the will of the people (civic principalities) • Ecclesiastical principalities, namely the Papal States belonging to the Catholic church The types of armies A prince must always pay close attention to military affairs if he wants to remain in power. Machiavelli lists four types of armies: • Mercenaries or hired soldiers, which are dangerous and unreliable • Auxiliaries, troops that are loaned to you by other rulers—also dangerous and unreliable • Native troops, composed of one's own citizens or subjects—by far the most desirable kind • Mixed troops, a combination of native troops and mercenaries or auxiliaries—still less desirable than a completely native army The character and behavior of the prince Machiavelli recommends the following character and behavior for princes: • It is better to be stingy than generous. • It is better to be cruel than merciful. • It is better to break promises if keeping them would be against one's interests. • Princes must avoid making themselves hated and despised; the goodwill of the people is a better defense than any fortress. • Princes should undertake great projects to enhance their reputation. • Princes should choose wise advisors and avoid flatterers. Italy's political situation Machiavelli outlines and recommends the following: • The rulers of Italy have lost their states by ignoring the political and military principles Machiavelli enumerates. • Fortune controls half of human affairs, but free will controls the rest, leaving the prince free to act. However, few princes can adapt their actions to the times. • The final chapter is an exhortation to the Medici family to follow Machiavelli's principles and thereby free Italy from foreign domination.