Lab Marcet Boiler 35g4w
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- Pages: 12
TABLE OF CONTENT Title
Page
1.0
Abstract
2
2.0
Introduction
3
3.0
Objectives
4
4.0
Theory
4
5.0
Apparatus
5
6.0
Experimental procedure
6
7.0
Result
7
8.0
Sample calculation
9
9.0
Discussion
9
10.0
Conclusion
10
11.0 Recommendation
10
12.0 References
10
13.0 Appendices
11
1|Page
1.0 ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium. It was done also to demonstrate the vapor pressure curve. The Marcet Boiler unit was used in this experiment. The Marcet Boiler unit is connected to the power supply and distilled water was filled into the boiler into half of the boiler’s height. As the power is turned on, the temperature controller was set to 180 he valve at feed port was opened and the heater was turned on. The steam from the boiler was released for 30 seconds before the valve was closed. The steam temperature was recorded for every 1 interval of pressure started from 1.0 (bar) into 10.0 (bar). As the pressure increases, the temperature also increases. Thus, the relationship of the pressure and the temperature is directly proportional. The calculated slope was referred to the steam table and it been compared to the measured slope.
2|Page
2.0 INTR0DUCTION Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. It is also about the interchange of heat and work between a system and the surroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamics also concerned about the changes in properties of fluid. Most of thermodynamics substances such as gases and vapours are often referred as PV-T substances. An ideal gas obeys the equation of states that relates the pressure, specific volume or density and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant. It is different compared to real gas, which is it does not obeys the equation of states. The states of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the easier the molecules of the water surface. And cause less energy to require to achieve the state of equilibrium (boiling point). Saturated temperature where is the equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level. Saturated pressure is the pressure where equilibrium occurs at given temperature.
3|Page
3.0 OBJECTIVES The objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium and to demonstrate of the vapor pressure curve.
4.0 THEORY The Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The experimental slope (dT/dP)sat obtained is compared to the theoretical value determined through calculation from the steam table. Clausius-Clapeyron states:
Tv fg dT h fg dP SAT T (v f v g ) dT h f hg dP SAT T (v f v g ) Tv g dT h fg h fg dP SAT
and hf + hfg = hg hfg = hg - hf
as vg >> vf
which is: vf = specific volume of saturated liquid vg = specific volume of saturated vapor hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor hfg = latent heat of vaporization
4|Page
5.0 APPARATUS
Figure 1: Unit Construction for Marcet Boiler (Model: HE 169) 1. Pressure Transducer 2. Temperature Controller/Indicator 3. Pressure Indicator 4. Control 5. Bench 6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge 7. Temperature Sensor 8. Pressure Relief Valve 9. Water Inlet Port and Valve 10. Heater
5|Page
6.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1. Quick inspection was performed before the experiment ran. 2. The unit Marcet Boiler was connected to the nearest power supply. 3. The valve at the feed port and the level sight tube were opened. 4. The boiler was filled with distilled water through the feed port and the water level to be about half of the boiler’s height. The water level can be seen through the clear tube. 5. The valves at the level sight tube were closed and power supply is turned on. 6. The temperature controller was set at 180.0 °C at 10 bar (abs). 7. The valve at feed was opened and the heater was turned on. 8. The steam temperature was observed as the water boils. 9. The steam from the valve was allowed to out for 30 seconds before the valves were closed. This step is important to remove air from boiler to prevent inaccuracy of results. 10. The steam temperature, absolute pressure at 1.00 bar (abs) and time taken to reach 1.00 bar (abs) were recorded. 11. This step was repeated by increased the interval of pressure with 1.00 bar (abs) until the steam reached 10.0 bar (abs). 12. After reached 10.0 bar (abs), the heater was turn off and the steam temperature and pressure was dropped. 13. The boiler was allowed to cool down to room temperature. 14. The steam temperatures at different pressure readings was recorded when the boiler was heated and cooled.
6|Page
7.0 RESULT Table 1: Data Collected and Calculated Results
Pressure, P (bar)
absolute
Gauge
Temperature, T Measured
Calculated
Increase
Decrease
Average
Average
Slope,
Slope,
(0C)
(0C)
Tavc (0C)
Tavc (K)
dT/dP
Tvg/hfg
-
0.282
1.0
0.0
102.3
102.5
102.40
375.60
2.0
1.0
119.4
120.5
119.95
393.10
3.0
2.0
133.0
132.4
132.70
405.90
0.128
0.114
4.0
3.0
143.3
144.4
143.85
417.00
0.111
0.090
5.0
4.0
151.8
152.7
152.25
425.40
0.084
0.075
6.0
5.0
158.8
159.6
159.20
432.40
0.070
0.065
7.0
6.0
165.1
165.6
165.35
438.50
0.061
0.058
8.0
7.0
170.5
171.3
170.90
444.10
0.056
0.052
9.0
8.0
175.5
176.6
176.10
449.30
0.052
0.048
10.0
9.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
453.15
0.0385
0.044
0.175
0.158
7|Page
Graph temperature versus pressure (abs) 500 450 400 350 300 250
Graph temperature versus pressure (abs)
200 150 100 50 0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Figure 2: Graph of temperature versus pressure
0.3
0.25
0.2
dp/dT
0.15
Tvfg/hfg
Tvfg/hfg 0.1
0.05
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Figure 3: Graph dT/dP versus pressure and Tvfg/hfg versus pressure
8|Page
8.0 SAMPLE CALCULATION At absolute pressure 3.0 bar, 1) Measures slope dT/dP
=
(
)
(
)
= 0.128 K/KPa 2) Calculated slope (refer steam table)
=(
)
(
)
= 0.114K m3 /kJ
9.0 DISCUSSION It is necessary to remove the steam from the boiler which can affect the accuracy of the experimental results. When there were any traps air inside the boiler, the pressure readings will be affected thus, the temperature readings will also affected. Based on the graphs of temperature versus pressure (abs) , the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly proportional which
states that when the pressure increases, the temperature also
increase. When the liquid absorbed enough heat energy, it will change into vapour form. As the steam is not allowed to exit, it will cause an increase in pressure and automatically the temperature also increased. Based on graph dT/dP versus pressure and Tvfg/hfg versus pressure a comparison is made between theoretical slope and experimental slope. There is quite big deviation between the experimental slope and the theoretical slope at the beginning. However, the deviation between the theoretical slope and experimental slope become small at the end. There was probably because of some errors due to the measurement accuracy, pressure, and calculations. It also probably because some air was still traps inside the boiler during the experiment cause the inaccuracy happen. The absorption of heat during the boiling process change liquid into gas. There are many application of boiler in industries and some of the application of boilers include power plant, water boiler and cooking utilities.
9|Page
10.0 CONCLUSION As the pressure increase, the temperature also increases. This statement proved in the graph of temperature versus pressure (abs) which is directly proportional. The vapor pressure curve obtained was slightly deviate from the theoretical curve. The probably because of some slight errors of data such as the steam does not allow to completely out and also the
11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Make sure to completely remove from the valve to avoid any inaccurate readings. 2. Make sure to take the readings of temperature when the pressure is stable.
12.0 REFERENCES 1.
Marcet Boiler Experiment Lab Report. (2011). Retrieved on March 19, 2014, from http://www.slashdocs.com/pwxvx/marcet-boiler-lab-report.html.
2. Marcet Boiler lab report. (2013). Retrieved on March 19, 2014, from http://www.idoub.com/doc/15964163/Marcet-Boiler-lab-report.
3. Chemical Engineering Laboratory Manual. (CGE 536), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam.
4. Absolute Pressure, The Engineering ToolBox (n.d). Retrieved on March 19, 2014, from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressure-d_587.html
10 | P a g e
13.0 APPENDICS
Table 2: Saturated Water and Steam Tables
Pressure
Temperature
Specific Volume
Latent Heat of
P
T
of Steam, vg
Vaporization, hfg
C
m3/kg
kJ/kg
1.0
99.6
1.694
2258
2.0
120.2
0.8856
2202
3.0
133.5
0.6057
2164
4.0
143.6
0.4623
2134
5.0
151.8
0.3748
2109
6.0
158.8
0.3156
2087
7.0
165.0
0.2728
2067
8.0
170.4
0.2403
2048
9.0
175.4
0.2149
2031
Bars (Abs)
0
11 | P a g e
12 | P a g e
Page
1.0
Abstract
2
2.0
Introduction
3
3.0
Objectives
4
4.0
Theory
4
5.0
Apparatus
5
6.0
Experimental procedure
6
7.0
Result
7
8.0
Sample calculation
9
9.0
Discussion
9
10.0
Conclusion
10
11.0 Recommendation
10
12.0 References
10
13.0 Appendices
11
1|Page
1.0 ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium. It was done also to demonstrate the vapor pressure curve. The Marcet Boiler unit was used in this experiment. The Marcet Boiler unit is connected to the power supply and distilled water was filled into the boiler into half of the boiler’s height. As the power is turned on, the temperature controller was set to 180 he valve at feed port was opened and the heater was turned on. The steam from the boiler was released for 30 seconds before the valve was closed. The steam temperature was recorded for every 1 interval of pressure started from 1.0 (bar) into 10.0 (bar). As the pressure increases, the temperature also increases. Thus, the relationship of the pressure and the temperature is directly proportional. The calculated slope was referred to the steam table and it been compared to the measured slope.
2|Page
2.0 INTR0DUCTION Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. It is also about the interchange of heat and work between a system and the surroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamics also concerned about the changes in properties of fluid. Most of thermodynamics substances such as gases and vapours are often referred as PV-T substances. An ideal gas obeys the equation of states that relates the pressure, specific volume or density and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant. It is different compared to real gas, which is it does not obeys the equation of states. The states of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the easier the molecules of the water surface. And cause less energy to require to achieve the state of equilibrium (boiling point). Saturated temperature where is the equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level. Saturated pressure is the pressure where equilibrium occurs at given temperature.
3|Page
3.0 OBJECTIVES The objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium and to demonstrate of the vapor pressure curve.
4.0 THEORY The Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The experimental slope (dT/dP)sat obtained is compared to the theoretical value determined through calculation from the steam table. Clausius-Clapeyron states:
Tv fg dT h fg dP SAT T (v f v g ) dT h f hg dP SAT T (v f v g ) Tv g dT h fg h fg dP SAT
and hf + hfg = hg hfg = hg - hf
as vg >> vf
which is: vf = specific volume of saturated liquid vg = specific volume of saturated vapor hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor hfg = latent heat of vaporization
4|Page
5.0 APPARATUS
Figure 1: Unit Construction for Marcet Boiler (Model: HE 169) 1. Pressure Transducer 2. Temperature Controller/Indicator 3. Pressure Indicator 4. Control 5. Bench 6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge 7. Temperature Sensor 8. Pressure Relief Valve 9. Water Inlet Port and Valve 10. Heater
5|Page
6.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1. Quick inspection was performed before the experiment ran. 2. The unit Marcet Boiler was connected to the nearest power supply. 3. The valve at the feed port and the level sight tube were opened. 4. The boiler was filled with distilled water through the feed port and the water level to be about half of the boiler’s height. The water level can be seen through the clear tube. 5. The valves at the level sight tube were closed and power supply is turned on. 6. The temperature controller was set at 180.0 °C at 10 bar (abs). 7. The valve at feed was opened and the heater was turned on. 8. The steam temperature was observed as the water boils. 9. The steam from the valve was allowed to out for 30 seconds before the valves were closed. This step is important to remove air from boiler to prevent inaccuracy of results. 10. The steam temperature, absolute pressure at 1.00 bar (abs) and time taken to reach 1.00 bar (abs) were recorded. 11. This step was repeated by increased the interval of pressure with 1.00 bar (abs) until the steam reached 10.0 bar (abs). 12. After reached 10.0 bar (abs), the heater was turn off and the steam temperature and pressure was dropped. 13. The boiler was allowed to cool down to room temperature. 14. The steam temperatures at different pressure readings was recorded when the boiler was heated and cooled.
6|Page
7.0 RESULT Table 1: Data Collected and Calculated Results
Pressure, P (bar)
absolute
Gauge
Temperature, T Measured
Calculated
Increase
Decrease
Average
Average
Slope,
Slope,
(0C)
(0C)
Tavc (0C)
Tavc (K)
dT/dP
Tvg/hfg
-
0.282
1.0
0.0
102.3
102.5
102.40
375.60
2.0
1.0
119.4
120.5
119.95
393.10
3.0
2.0
133.0
132.4
132.70
405.90
0.128
0.114
4.0
3.0
143.3
144.4
143.85
417.00
0.111
0.090
5.0
4.0
151.8
152.7
152.25
425.40
0.084
0.075
6.0
5.0
158.8
159.6
159.20
432.40
0.070
0.065
7.0
6.0
165.1
165.6
165.35
438.50
0.061
0.058
8.0
7.0
170.5
171.3
170.90
444.10
0.056
0.052
9.0
8.0
175.5
176.6
176.10
449.30
0.052
0.048
10.0
9.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
453.15
0.0385
0.044
0.175
0.158
7|Page
Graph temperature versus pressure (abs) 500 450 400 350 300 250
Graph temperature versus pressure (abs)
200 150 100 50 0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Figure 2: Graph of temperature versus pressure
0.3
0.25
0.2
dp/dT
0.15
Tvfg/hfg
Tvfg/hfg 0.1
0.05
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Figure 3: Graph dT/dP versus pressure and Tvfg/hfg versus pressure
8|Page
8.0 SAMPLE CALCULATION At absolute pressure 3.0 bar, 1) Measures slope dT/dP
=
(
)
(
)
= 0.128 K/KPa 2) Calculated slope (refer steam table)
=(
)
(
)
= 0.114K m3 /kJ
9.0 DISCUSSION It is necessary to remove the steam from the boiler which can affect the accuracy of the experimental results. When there were any traps air inside the boiler, the pressure readings will be affected thus, the temperature readings will also affected. Based on the graphs of temperature versus pressure (abs) , the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly proportional which
states that when the pressure increases, the temperature also
increase. When the liquid absorbed enough heat energy, it will change into vapour form. As the steam is not allowed to exit, it will cause an increase in pressure and automatically the temperature also increased. Based on graph dT/dP versus pressure and Tvfg/hfg versus pressure a comparison is made between theoretical slope and experimental slope. There is quite big deviation between the experimental slope and the theoretical slope at the beginning. However, the deviation between the theoretical slope and experimental slope become small at the end. There was probably because of some errors due to the measurement accuracy, pressure, and calculations. It also probably because some air was still traps inside the boiler during the experiment cause the inaccuracy happen. The absorption of heat during the boiling process change liquid into gas. There are many application of boiler in industries and some of the application of boilers include power plant, water boiler and cooking utilities.
9|Page
10.0 CONCLUSION As the pressure increase, the temperature also increases. This statement proved in the graph of temperature versus pressure (abs) which is directly proportional. The vapor pressure curve obtained was slightly deviate from the theoretical curve. The probably because of some slight errors of data such as the steam does not allow to completely out and also the
11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Make sure to completely remove from the valve to avoid any inaccurate readings. 2. Make sure to take the readings of temperature when the pressure is stable.
12.0 REFERENCES 1.
Marcet Boiler Experiment Lab Report. (2011). Retrieved on March 19, 2014, from http://www.slashdocs.com/pwxvx/marcet-boiler-lab-report.html.
2. Marcet Boiler lab report. (2013). Retrieved on March 19, 2014, from http://www.idoub.com/doc/15964163/Marcet-Boiler-lab-report.
3. Chemical Engineering Laboratory Manual. (CGE 536), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam.
4. Absolute Pressure, The Engineering ToolBox (n.d). Retrieved on March 19, 2014, from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressure-d_587.html
10 | P a g e
13.0 APPENDICS
Table 2: Saturated Water and Steam Tables
Pressure
Temperature
Specific Volume
Latent Heat of
P
T
of Steam, vg
Vaporization, hfg
C
m3/kg
kJ/kg
1.0
99.6
1.694
2258
2.0
120.2
0.8856
2202
3.0
133.5
0.6057
2164
4.0
143.6
0.4623
2134
5.0
151.8
0.3748
2109
6.0
158.8
0.3156
2087
7.0
165.0
0.2728
2067
8.0
170.4
0.2403
2048
9.0
175.4
0.2149
2031
Bars (Abs)
0
11 | P a g e
12 | P a g e
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