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List of automotive superlatives Wikipedia
List of automotive superlatives From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Automobiles are frequently judged in their industry by many superlatives: the smallest, largest, fastest, lightest, bestselling, and so on. They vary greatly in size, engine displacement, power, price, and many other traits. In order to keep the entries relevant, the list (except for the firsts section) is limited to automobiles built after World War II, and lists superlatives for earlier vehicles separately. The list is also limited to production road cars that: 1. are constructed principally for retail sale to consumers, for their personal use, and to transport people on public roads (no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible); 2. have had 25 or more instances made by the original vehicle manufacturer, and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition (cars modified by either professional tuners or individuals are not eligible); 3. are streetlegal in their intended markets, and capable of ing any official tests or inspections required to be granted this status.
Vehicle dimensions Contents
Length Longest Car Current production car – 6,499 mm (255.9 in) – 2016 MercedesMaybach Pullman Production car – 6,499 mm (255.9 in) – 2016 MercedesMaybach Pullman Production convertible – 6,096 mm (240.0 in) (29 produced) – 1933–35 (for the 1934–35 model years) Cadillac V16 Production coupe – 6,096 mm (240.0 in) (20 produced) – 1933–35 (for the 1934–35 model years) Cadillac V16 Production station wagon – 5,888 mm (231.8 in) 1974–76 (for the 1975–76 model years) Buick Estate Limited production convertible – 6,401 mm (252.0 in) – 1932 Bugatti Royale Weinberger Limited production coupe – 6,401 mm (252.0 in) – 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner Truck Pickup Truck – 7,137 mm (281.0 in) – 2015 Ford F650/750 Diesel, SuperCab [1] SUV Current SUV – 5,700 mm (224.4 in) – 2015 Chevrolet Suburban SUV – 5,758 mm (226.7 in) – Ford Excursion Van – 7,628 mm (300.3 in) Iveco Daily Shortest Current production car – 2,695 mm (106.1 in) – Smart Fortwo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
1 Vehicle dimensions 1.1 Length 1.2 Width (without mirrors) 1.3 Height 1.4 Wheelbase 1.5 Track 1.6 Curb weight 2 Engines 2.1 Engine displacement 2.2 Power 2.3 Torque 3 Fuel economy 4 Price 5 Performance 5.1 Acceleration 5.2 Top speed 5.3 Highest RPM redline 6 Sales 7 Firsts 7.1 Industry 7.2 Engine types 7.3 Engine technologies 7.4 Hybrid vehicles 7.5 Body 7.6 Transmission 7.7 Layout 7.8 Suspension 7.9 Brakes 7.10 Driver aids 7.11 ive restraint 7.12 Active restraint 1/19
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Production car – 1,340 mm (52.8 in) – 1962–65 Peel P50
Width (without mirrors) Widest Car
7.13 Tires 7.14 Lighting 7.15 Electrical system 7.16 Climate control 7.17 Incar entertainment 7.18 Other 8 Prewar 9 See also 10 References
Current production car – 2017 mm (81.5in) 2016 Tesla Model X Production car – 2,105 mm (82.9 in) – 1953–54 (for the 1954 model year) Chrysler Crown Imperial Production convertible – 2,096 mm (82.5 in) – 2004 Maserati MC12 Production station wagon – 2,070 mm (81.5 in) – 1959–60 (for the 1960 model year) Mercury Colony Park/Commuter, and Ford Country Squire/Country Sedan/Ranch Wagon Limited production convertible – 2,100 mm (82.7 in) (armoured) – 1938–43 MercedesBenz 770 W150[2] Pickup Truck – 2,438 mm (96.0 in) – Dodge Ram 3500 DRW SUV SUV – 2,197 mm (86.5 in) – 1991–2006 (for the 1992–2006 model years) Hummer H1 Van Current van – 2,126 mm (83.7 in) Ford Transit Van – 2,240 mm (88.2 in) MercedesBenz Vario Narrowest Current production car – 1,475 mm (58.1 in) – Daihatsu Move, Honda Life, Mazda Carol, Mitsubishi i, Suzuki Alto etc. along with other kei cars Production car – 990 mm (39.0 in) – 1962–65 Peel P50
Height Tallest Car Current production car – 1,641 mm (64.6 in) – RollsRoyce Phantom (extended wheelbase) Production car – 2,550 mm (100.4 in) – 19049 Fiat 60 HP Pickup Truck – 2,956 mm (116.4 in) – Brabus Unimog U500 Black Edition SUV Current SUV – 1,989 mm (78.3 in) – Ford Expedition and Lincoln Navigator SUV – 2,042 mm (80.4 in) – Ford Excursion Van – 3,055 mm (120.3 in) MercedesBenz Sprinter Lowest Current production car – 1,015 mm (40.0 in) – Caterham 7 CSR Production car – 810 mm (31.9 in) – 1956–58 Lotus Eleven Limited Production car – 736.6 mm (29.0 in) – 1969 Probe 15[3]
Wheelbase Longest Car Current production car – 4,418 mm (173.9 in) – 2016 MercedesMaybach Pullman Production car – 4,418 mm (173.9 in) – 2016 MercedesMaybach Pullman Production convertible – 3,912 mm (154.0 in) (29 produced) – 1933–37 (for the 1934–37 model years) Cadillac V16 Production coupe – 3,912 mm (154.0 in) (20 produced) – 1933–37 (for the 1934–37 model https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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years) Cadillac V16 Production station wagon – 3,340 mm (131.5 in) – 1950–51 (for the 1951 model year) Chrysler New Yorker Town and Country Limited production car – 4,572 mm (180.0 in) – 1927 Bugatti Royale Prototype Limited production coupe – 4,300 mm (169.3 in) – 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner Limited production sedan – 4,300 mm (169.3 in) – 1929–33 Bugatti Royale Pickup Truck – 4,379 mm (172.4 in) – Ford F250/F350 crew cab long bed SUV Current SUV – 3,327 mm (131.0 in) – Ford Expedition EL and Lincoln Navigator L SUV – 3,482 mm (137.1 in) – Ford Excursion Van – 4,332 mm (170.6 in) Nissan NV400, Opel/Vauxhall Movano and Renault Master Shortest Current production car – 1,867 mm (73.5 in) – Smart Fortwo Production car – 1,270 mm (50.0 in) – 1962–65 Peel P50
Track Widest Front Car Production car – 1,720 mm (67.7 in) – 2011 Lamborghini Aventador Production station wagon – 1,628 mm (64.1 in) – 1968–78 (for the 1969–78 model years) Mercury Colony Park/Marquis/Monterey Pickup Truck – 1,879 mm (74.0 in) – Ford F150 SVT Raptor SUV Current SUV – 1,745 mm (68.7 in) – Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet Suburban and GMC Yukon SUV – 1,819 mm (71.6 in) – 1991–2006 (for the 1992–2006 model years) Hummer H1 Van – 1,786 mm (70.3 in) Ford E150 Regular Wagon Widest Rear Car Production car – 1,722 mm (67.8 in) BMW i8 [4] Production convertible – 1,700 mm (66.9 in) – Lamborghini Aventador Production station wagon – 1,633 mm (64.3 in) – 1968–78 (1969–78 model years) Mercury Colony Park/Marquis/Monterey & Ford Country Squire/Country Sedan/Ranch Wagon Pickup Truck – 1,925 mm (75.8 in) – Dodge Ram 3500 DRW SUV Current SUV – 1,744 mm (68.7 in) – Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet Suburban and GMC Yukon SUV – 1,819 mm (71.6 in) – 1991–2006 (for the 1992–2006 model years) Hummer H1 Van – 1,915 mm (75.4 in) Ford E350 Super Duty Dual Rear Wheels Narrowest Front – 990 mm (39.0 in) – 1962–65 Peel P50 Narrowest Rear – 521 mm (20.5 in) – 1953–61 Isetta
Curb weight Heaviest Car Current production car – 2,745 kg (6,052 lb) – RollsRoyce Phantom EWB Production car – 4,800 kg (10,582 lb) (armouredat least 21 produced) – 1938–43 Mercedes Benz 770 W150[2] Production convertible – 2,721.5–2,857.5 kg (6,000–6,300 lb) (29 produced) – 1933–37 (for the 1934–37 model years) Cadillac V16 Production coupe – 2,721.5 kg (6,000 lb) (20 produced) – 1933–37 (for the 1934–37 model years) Cadillac V16 Production station wagon – 2,449.5 kg (5,400 lb) – 1973–74 (for the 1974 model year) Buick https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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Estate and Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser (with third seat and woodgrain) Limited production convertible – 4,400 kg (9,700 lb) (armoured) – 1938–43 MercedesBenz 770 W150[2] Limited production coupe – 3,175 kg (7,000 lb) – 1931 Bugatti Royale Kellner Pickup Truck – 6,600 kg (14,551 lb) – International XT SUV Current SUV – 5,900 kg (13,000 lb) – 2008 Conquest Knight XV SUV – 5,900 kg (13,000 lb) – 2008 Conquest Knight XV Van Current Van – 3,075 kg (6,779 lb) – Iveco Daily Van – 4,380 kg (9,656 lb) – MercedesBenz Vario Lightest Current production car – 456 kg (1,005 lb) – Ariel Atom Production car – 59 kg (130 lb) – 1962–65 Peel P50
Engines Engine displacement Smallest Current production car – 624 cubic centimetres (38.1 cu in) – 2008 Tata Nano Production car – 49 cubic centimetres (3.0 cu in) – 1962–65 Peel P50 Largest Current production car – 8,390 cubic centimetres (512.0 cu in) V10 2013 Dodge SRT Viper Production car – 13,503 cubic centimetres (824.0 cu in) I6 1912–18 PierceArrow Model 666 Raceabout and 1912–14 Peerless Model 660 Limited production car – 46,900 cubic centimetres (2,862.0 cu in) V12 BMW VI Brutus (only one car was ever produced)[5]
Power Highest power by engine type Petrol engine (naturally aspirated) – 633 kW (861 PS; 849 hp) – 2013 Ferrari FXXK, 6,262 cc (382.1 cu in) Ferrari F140CF V12 Petrol engine (forced induction) – 1,118 kW (1,520 PS; 1,499 bhp) – Bugatti Chiron, 8,000 cc (488.2 cu in) W16 Diesel engine (naturally aspirated) – 138 kW (188 PS; 185 bhp) – 1992 Ford F250/F350, 7,276 cc (444.0 cu in) – IDI Diesel V8 Diesel engine (forced induction) – 368 kW (500 PS; 493 bhp) – Audi Q7 V12 TDI, 5,934 cc (362.1 cu in) twinturbo TDI V12[6][7] Electric motor – 811 kW (1,088 hp) – 2015 Rimac Concept One[8] Highest power by body style Car – 1,118 kW (1,520 PS; 1,499 bhp) – Koenigsegg Regera, 5,065 cc (309.1 cu in) V8 and three Electric Engines https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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Pickup Truck – 430 kW (585 PS; 577 bhp) 2014 HSV Maloo GTS; 6,162 cc (376.0 cu in) V8 petrol SUV – 591.9 kW (805 PS; 794 bhp) 2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8 Hennessey HPE800; 7,000 cc (427.2 cu in) V8 petrol[9][10] Van – 255 kW (347 PS; 342 bhp) 2014 Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana; 5,967 cc (364.1 cu in) V8 petrol Highest specific power (powertoweight ratio) Naturally aspirated – 575 hp (1.22 hp/kg) 2007 Caparo T1 V8 engine 429 kW (583 PS; 575 hp) and 470 kg (1,036 lb) Forcedinduction – 1,244 hp (1 hp/kg) 2011 Hennessey Venom GT, 7,000 cc (427.2 cu in) V8 petrol 927.65 kW (1,261 PS; 1,244 hp) and 1,244 kg (2,743 lb) Highest specific engine output (power/unit displacement) Petrol/Gasoline (naturally aspirated) piston engine – 124.3 kW (169.0 PS; 166.7 hp) per litre 2009 Ariel Atom 500 372.9 kW (507 PS; 500 hp) 3.0 L[11] Petrol/Gasoline (forcedinduction) piston engine – 164.22 kW (223.3 PS; 220.2 hp) per liter – 2014 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X FQ440 MR 328.107 kW (446 PS; 440 hp) 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in) 4B11T I4 turbo[12] Biofuel piston engine – 200 kW (272 PS; 268 hp) per litre – 2013 Koenigsegg One:1 1,000 kW (1,360 PS; 1,341 hp) Diesel engine (naturally aspirated) – 33.38 kW (45.4 PS; 44.8 hp) per litre – 1993 Mercedes E 300 Diesel 100 kW (136 PS; 134 hp) DIN 2.996 L OM606 I6 Diesel engine (forcedinduction) – 93.33 kW (126.9 PS; 125.2 hp) per litre – 2012 BMW M550d 3.0 L I6 tripleturbo 280 kW (381 PS; 375 hp) DIN Pistonless rotary engine (naturally aspirated) – 140.5 kW (191.0 PS; 188.4 hp) per litre – Mazda RX8 Renesis 184 kW (250 PS; 247 hp) JIS 1.3 L Pistonless rotary engine (forcedinduction) – 158.46 kW (215.4 PS; 212.5 hp) per litre – Mazda RX7 206 kW (280 PS; 276 hp) JIS 1.3 L
Torque Highest torque by engine type Forced induction petrol engine – 1,600 N·m (1,180 lbf·ft) – 2016 Bugatti Chiron, 7,993 cc (487.8 cu in) W16 Naturally aspirated petrol engine – 814 N·m (600 lbf·ft) – 2012–present Dodge Viper, 8,390 cc (512.0 cu in) V10 Forced induction diesel engine – 1,254 N·m (925 lbf·ft) – 2017 Ford Super Duty 6.7 Powerstroke, 6,653 cc (406.0 cu in) V8[13] Naturally aspirated diesel engine – 488 N·m (360 lbf·ft) – 1988–94 Ford F250/350 IDI diesel, 7,276 cc (444.0 cu in) V8 Electric motor – 1,600 N·m (1,180 lbf·ft) – 2015 Rimac Concept One Highest torque by body style Car – 1,600 N·m (1,180 lbf·ft) – 2016 Bugatti Chiron, 7,993 cc (487.8 cu in) W16 petrol Pickup Truck – 1,254 N·m (925 lbf·ft) – 2017 Ford Super Duty 6.7 Powerstroke, 6,653 cc (406.0 cu in) V8 diesel[13] SUV – 1,115 N·m (822 lbf·ft) – Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8 HPE800, 7,000 cc (427.2 cu in) V8 petrol[9][14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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Van – 712 N·m (525 lbf·ft) – 2014 Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana, 6,599 cc (402.7 cu in) V8 diesel Highest specific torque (torque/unit displacement) The mean effective pressure (MEP) is a useful comparison tool, giving the average cylinder pressure exerted on the piston. Petrol engine (naturally aspirated) – MEP 15.08 bar, 120.03 N·m (89 lbf·ft) per litre – 2010 Ferrari 458 540 N·m (398 lbf·ft) Petrol engine (forcedinduction) – MEP 35.1 bar, 279.3 N·m (206 lbf·ft) per litre – 2014 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X FQ440 MR 558.6 N·m (412 lbf·ft) Petrol engine (naturally aspirated pistonless rotary engine) – MEP 21.5 bar, 170.8 N·m (126.0 lbf·ft) per litre – 2005 Mazda RX8 222 N·m (164 lbf·ft) Petrol engine (forcedinduction pistonless rotary engine) – MEP 30.3 bar, 241.38 N·m (178.0 lbf·ft) per litre – Mazda RX7 Turbo 313.8 N·m (231 lbf·ft) Diesel engine (naturally aspirated) – MEP 9.03 bar, 71.88 N·m (53 lbf·ft) per litre – 1999 Nissan Sunny B15 2.2D 157 N·m (116 lbf·ft) 2.184 L Nissan YD engine Diesel engine (forcedinduction) – MEP 31.9 bar, 254 N·m (187 lbf·ft) per litre 2015 Volkswagen at 500 N·m (369 lbf·ft) 1.968 L 2.0 TDI BiTurbo
Fuel economy The following are all vehicles sold in the United States. Some vehicles from other countries have better fuel economy. Highest MPG alldiesel production vehicle – 1984 Nissan Sentra with 41 combined / 37 city / 46 highway.[15] Highest MPG allgasoline production vehicle – 1986 Chevrolet Sprint ER with 48 combined / 44 city / 53 highway.[16] Highest MPG allnatural gas production vehicle – 2012 Honda Civic GX with 31 combined / 27 city / 38 highway.[17] Highest MPG E85 production vehicle – 2013 Ford Focus SFE FWD FFV with 23 combined / 20 city / 28 highway.[18] Highest MPG production electric hybrid – 2000 Honda Insight with 53 combined / 49 city / 61 highway.[19] Highest MPG production plugin electric hybrid – 2012 Toyota Prius Plugin Hybrid with 51 combined / 50 city / 49 highway MPG and 95 combined MPGe.[20] Highest MPGe production electric vehicle – 2013 Honda Fit EV with 118 combined / 132 city / 105 highway.[21]
Price Most expensive (production) – US$4,850,000 Koenigsegg Trevita[22] Leastexpensive (production) – US$125 (equivalent to $1,770 in 2015) – 1922 Briggs & Stratton Flyer Most expensive (auction) – US$38,115,000 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO (2014) Most expensive (private sale) – US$52,000,000 1963 Ferrari 250 GTO (2013)[23] Most expensive (concept car) – US$8,000,000 2005 Maybach Exelero
Performance Acceleration https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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Quickest 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) – 2.2 seconds – 2015 Porsche 918 Spyder[24][25] Quickest 0 to 161 km/h (0 to 100 mph) – 4.5 seconds – Bugatti Veyron Super Sport[26] Quickest 0 to 200 km/h (0 to 124 mph) – 6.6 seconds – Koenigsegg One:1[27] Quickest 0 to 300 km/h (0 to 186 mph) – 11.92 seconds – Koenigsegg One:1[27]
Top speed Highest top speed: Bugatti Veyron Super Sport – 431 km/h (268 mph).[28][29] Highest top speed (naturally aspirated engine): 1992–98 McLaren F1 – 391.23 km/h (243 mph) Highest top speed (forced induction diesel engine): BMW Alpina D3 BiTurbo – 278 km/h (173 mph)
Highest RPM redline Internal combustion production car: Ariel Atom 500 10,500 rpm[30] Electric production vehicle: 2008–12 Tesla Roadster 14,000 rpm
Sales See also: List of bestselling vehicle nameplates, List of automobile sales by model Bestselling models Bestselling vehicle nameplate – Toyota Corolla (more than 39,000,000 sold in nine generations since 1966) Bestselling single model – Volkswagen Beetle (21,529,464 of the same basic design sold worldwide between 1938 and 2003) Best singleyear sales – 1.36 million – 2005 Toyota Corolla[31] Best singlemonth sales – 126,905 – July 2005 Ford FSeries[32]
Firsts Mostly fullproduction vehicles are listed here. Many were preceded by racingonly cars. This list mainly includes developments that led to widespread adoption across the automotive industry.
Industry First fully functioning automobile – 1885 Benz PatentMotorwagen First production automobile – 1888 Benz PatentMotorwagen First automotive proving ground – 1915 Dodge Brothers Test Track, Hamtramck, Michigan First auto company technical institute – 1919 General Motors Institute (now Kettering University)
Engine types Straight engines First straightsix engine – 1903 Napier First production straighteight engine – 1918 Isotta Fraschini[33] V engines First production V4 engine – 1922 Lancia Lambda[34] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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First production V6 engine – 1950 Lancia Aurelia First V8 engine – 1904 Marmon First production V8 engine – 1910 De DionBouton CJ[35] First production Air cooled V8 Engine – 1956 Tatra 603 First V16 engine – 1929 Maserati Tipo V4[36] First production V16 engine – 1930 Cadillac V16 Flat engines First flatfour engine – 1900 Benz 20 hp racing car First production flatfour engine – 1901 WilsonPilcher First flatsix engine – 1904 WilsonPilcher First production flatsix engine – 1948 Tucker 48 First flattwelve engine – 1964 Honda RA271 Formula One First production flattwelve engine – 1973 – Ferrari 365 GT4 BB
Engine technologies engine configuration & other miscellaneous fundamental construction details first engine with removable cylinder head – 1889 Bernardi[37][38] first square engine – 1900 Georges Richard 3 1/2HP[39] first variable displacement engine – 1905 Sturtevant 38/45 six first counterbalanced crankshaft – 1908 Mercer Type 35 first aluminum engine block – 1922 Lancia Lambda[34] first splitplane crankshaft – 1922 (for the 1923 model year) Cadillac V8 engine first crankcase ventilation system – 1925 (for the 1926 model year) Cadillac V8 engine first aluminum cylinder head – 1928 Fiat[40] first diesel engined production car – 1935 Citroen Rosalie first gas turbine car – 1950 Rover first Miller cycle engine – 1996 Mazda Millenia first Atkinson cycle engine – 1997 Toyota Prius first Hydrogen vehicle – BMW Hydrogen 7 () Wankel engines first Wankel engine – 1964 NSU Spider first frontwheel drive car with Wankel engine – 1966 NSU Ro 80 first 2rotor Wankel engine – 1966 NSU Ro 80 first 3rotor Wankel engine – 1969 Mercedes C111 first 4rotor Wankel engine – 1970 Mercedes C111 first turbocharged Wankel engine – 1982 Mazda Luce and Cosmo valvetrain first overhead valve (OHV) engine – 1889 Bernardi[37][38] first overhead camshaft (OHC) engine – 1903 Marr Auto Car[41] first sleeve valve – 1909 Daimler (developed functional system from 1903 Knight Engine design)[42] first double overhead camshaft (DOHC) engine – 1921 Ballot multivalve engines first limited production 3valve engine – 1912 Bugatti Type 18 first limited production 4valve engine – 1913 Peugeot Grand Prix first limited production 5valve engine – 1921 Peugeot Grand Prix https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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first production 3valve engine – 1924 Bugatti Type 35 first production 4valve engine – 1973 Triumph Dolomite Sprint first multivalve turbocharged engine – 1980 Maserati Biturbo (AM452) first 6valve engine – 1985 Maserati Biturbo 2.0 L V6 36v 261 hp (prototype)[43] first production 5valve engine – 1989 Mitsubishi Dangan ZZ first 3valve diesel engine – 1989 Citroën XM first 4valve diesel engine – 1993 MercedesBenz CClass (OM604 engine) variable valve timing (VVT) first Variable Valve Timing (VVT) engine – 1980 Alfa Romeo Spider 2.0 L[44] first electronic VVT – 1987 Nissan 300ZR VG30DE NVCS V6 first camswitching VVT – 1989 Honda Integra RSi/XSi B16A VTEC 1.6 L DOHC I4 first VVT enger car diesel engine – 2010 Mitsubishi ASX 4N13 1.8 L DOHC I4 aspiration first supercharged car – 1921 Mercedes 6/25/40 hp first twinsupercharged car – 1935 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 first turbocharged car – 1961 (for the 1962 model year) Oldsmobile F85 (Turbo Jetfire) first application of a wastegate to regulate a turbocharger's boost – 1961 (for the 1962 model year) Oldsmobile F85 (Turbo Jetfire)[45] first turbocharged diesel car – 1978 MercedesBenz 300SD first supercharged and turbocharged car – 1985 Lancia Delta S4 Stradale first variablegeometry turbocharger – 1988 Honda Legend Wing Turbo[46] first variablegeometry turbocharger (diesel) – 1991 Fiat Croma[47] first twinturbocharged car – 1981 Maserati Biturbo first tripleturbocharged car – 2012 BMW M550d xDrive first quadturbocharged car – 1991 Bugatti EB110 fuel systems first carburetor – 1889 Bernardi[38] first carburetor air filter – 1889 Bernardi[38] first automatic choke – 1931 (for the 1932 model year) Oldsmobile first fourbarrel carburetor – 1940 (for the 1941 model year) Buick (Compound Carburetion) fuel injection (FI) first FI engine – 1910 AdamsFarwell Diesel first nondiesel FI engine – 1952 Goliath GP700 and Gutbrod first gasoline direct injection engine – 1952 Goliath GP700 and Gutbrod first Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) – 1957 Rambler Rebel (prototypes)[48] first limited production EFI – 1957 (for the 1958 model year) Chrysler 300D, DeSoto Adventurer, Dodge D500 and Plymouth Fury[48] first production EFI – 1968 Volkswagen Type 3 and Type 4 first diesel direct injection engine – 1987 Fiat Croma Turbo D i.d.[49] first turbocharged diesel direct injection engine – 1987 Fiat Croma Turbo D i.d.[49] first electronic gasoline direct injection – 1996 Mitsubishi Galant/Legnum 4G93 GDI I4 first enger car common rail diesel direct injection engine – 1997 Alfa Romeo 156 JTD[50] first turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine – 2000 Mitsubishi Pajero IO 4G93 ignition systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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first breaker point ignition – 1910 Cadillac Model Thirty / Delco first optional electronic ignition – 1963 General Motors / Delco first standard electronic ignition – 1968 Fiat Dino 2.0 / Dino 206 GT (Magneti Marelli Dinoplex)[51] first distributorless ignition – Citroën 2CV (???) general miscellany first California Ultra Low Emission Vehicle – 1995 Honda Accord first California Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle – 2000 Honda Accord I4[52] first flexfuel vehicle (bioethanol and gasoline)– 1908 Ford Model T
Hybrid vehicles First gaselectric hybrid – 1899 LohnerPorsche Mixte First modern hybrid car – 1904 AutoMixte (Belgium) First massproduced hybrid car – 1997 Toyota Prius First hybrid bus – 1997 Hino First allwheel drive hybrid – 2003 (for the 2004 model year) Ford Escape Hybrid First hybrid SUV – 2003 (for the 2004 model year) Ford Escape Hybrid First hybrid luxury car – 2004 (for the 2005 Japanese model year) Lexus RX 400h (introduced January 2004) First mild hybrid pickup truck – 2004 (for the 2005 model year) Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid First full hybrid pickup truck – 2008 (for the 2009 model year) Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra Hybrid First 4fuel hybrid – 2010 Monte Carlo Automobile Quadrifuel (powered with bioethanol, hydromethane, gasoline and LPG)[53][54]
Body First tricar – 1885 Benz Patent Motorwagen[55] First motorized truck – October 1896 Daimler First sedan/saloon – 1900 Renault Voiturette First production station wagon (estate) – 1908 Ford Model T First production closedbody car – 1910 Cadillac Model Thirty First cyclecar – 1910 GN/1910 Bédélia[56] First aerodynamic design – 1914 A.L.F.A. 40/60 HP Aerodinamica First production aerodynamic design – 1921 Rumpler Tropfenwagen First monocoque – 1922 Lancia Lambda[34] First shatterresistant windshield glass – 1925 (for the 1926 model year) Cadillac First minivan – 1932 Stout Scarab First allaluminium body – 1933 Riley Nine Kestrel First coupé convertible – 1934 Peugeot 401 D Eclipse First Pickup / Utility vehicle (Ute) – 1934 Ford Coupé utility First retractable hardtop roof – 1934 Pourtout Lancia Belna Eclipse (coachbuilt) First production retractable hardtop roof – 1957 Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner First flush mounted gas door – 1936 Cord 810 First fully boxed frame – 1938 ERA R4D (racing car) First fiberglass body – 1946 Stout Scarab Experimental (also first monocoque fiberglass body) First safety windshield – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Tucker (popout safety glass) First hardtop – 1948 (for the 1949 model year) Cadillac Coupe de Ville, Buick Roaster Riviera and Oldsmobile 98 Holiday First production minivan – 1946 Chenard et Walcker CHV First limited production fiberglass body – 1951 (for the 1952 model year) Woodill Wildfire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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First production fiberglass body – 1952 (for the 1953 model year) Chevrolet Corvette First hatchback – 1953 Aston Martin DB2/4 First body made of recycled material – 1954 Trabant P70 First 4door hardtop – 1955 (middle of the model year) Buick Century Riviera and Special Riviera and Oldsmobile 98 Holiday and 88 Holiday First hardtop station wagon – 1955 (for the 1956 model year) Rambler Six and V8 First production fiberglass monocoque – 1956 Berkeley SA322 First Mini MPV – 1956 Fiat 600 Multipla First fiberglass bodied convertible – 1952 (for the 1953 model year) Chevrolet Corvette First fiberglass bodied 4door Sedan – 1970 Anadol A2 First fiberglass bodied Station wagon / Estate car – 1973 Anadol SV1600 First electric boot spoiler – 1986 Lancia Thema 8.32 First allaluminium space frame – 1990 Honda NSX First carbon fibre monocoque – 1993 McLaren F1 First stressbearing engine acting like a structural member – 1995 Ferrari F50 First Crossover – 2002 Renault Avantime First singlepiece carbon fibre monocoque – 2003 Invicta S1 First fully boxed frame Pickup – 2003 (for the 2004 model year) Ford F150 (???)
Transmission Manual transmissions First Reverse – 1902 FIAT 8/16 HP First synchronized transmission – 1924 Isotta Fraschini 8A[57] First overdrive – 1933 (for the 1934 model year) Chrysler Airflow First modern cone synchromesh transmission – 1952 Porsche 356 First 3speed manual – 1894 Bernardi 3.5 HP [37] First 4speed manual – 1901 Ceirano 5 HP[58] First 5speed manual – 1948 Lancia Ardea Mk3 First 6speed manual – 1967 Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale First 7speed manual – 2011 Porsche 991 First 8speed manual – 1931 Maybach DS8[59] Automatic transmissions First automatic transmission – 1939 Oldsmobile (HydraMatic, also the first 4speed automatic) First torque converter automatic – 1948 (middle of model year) Buick Roaster (Dynaflow) First nonplanetary automatic – 1968 Honda (Hondamatic) First 2speed automatic – 1947 GM Dynaflow 1948 model year Buick Roaster First 3speed automatic – 1950 Borg Warner Automatic Drive Studebaker Land Cruiser First 4speed automatic – 1939 Oldsmobile (HydraMatic, also the first automatic) First 5speed automatic – 1989 Nissan Cedric, Nissan Cefiro, Nissan Gloria, Nissan Skyline, Nissan Laurel, (RE5R01A, Jatco/Nissan transmission)[60] First 6speed automatic – 2002 BMW E65 7Series (ZF 6HP26) First 7speed automatic – 2003 MercedesBenz (7GTronic) First 8speed automatic – 2007 Lexus LS 460 First 9speed automatic – 2013 Range Rover Evoque First selflocking differential – 1939 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport[61] First limited slip differential – 1955 (for the 1956 model year) Studebaker Note: In 1939, the Volkswagen Type 82 used a cam and pawl type differential which had a sliplimiting effect.)
First continuously variable transmission (CVT) – 1958 DAF 600 "AType" First electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) – 1987 Subaru Justy ECVT First active differential – 1986 Porsche 959 PSK (limited production of 200 vehicles) First toroidal continuously variable transmission – 1999 Nissan Cedric and Nissan Gloria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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First dual clutch transmission – 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32 (DirectShift Gearbox)[62]
Layout First FR layout car – 1895 Panhard et Levassor First RR layout car – 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen First FR layout transaxle car – 1898 De DionBouton First fourwheel drive car – 1910 Caldwell Vale First MR car – 1921 Rumpler Tropfenwagen First frontwheel drive car – 1924 Tracta (GregoireTracta) First transverse frontwheel drive car – 1931 DKW F1 First fourwheel drive car – 1966 Jensen FF First transverse frontwheel drive I6 car – 1970 Austin Kimberley and Austin Tasman First massproduced fourwheel drive car – 1972 Subaru Leone 4WD Station Wagon First transverse fourwheel drive car – 1983 Fiat Panda 4x4 First MR fourwheel drive car – 1983 Peugeot 205 Turbo 16 (homologation special, 200 road cars produced for Group B regulations.) First transverse frontwheel drive I5 car – 1991 Volvo 850[63]
Suspension First front independent suspension – 1898 Decauville First torsion bar suspension – 1921 Leyland First hydraulic shock absorbers – 1922 Lancia Lambda[34] First coil spring / shock absorber suspension – 1922 Lancia Lambda[34] First fully independent suspension – 1931 Alfa Romeo 8C First air suspension – 1946 Stout Scarab Experimental First Maherson strut suspension – 1949 Ford Vedette First selflevelling suspension – 1954 Citroën Traction Avant 15/6 "H" First antiroll bars – 1955 Citroën DS (front and rear) First selflevelling suspension on all four wheels – 1955 Citroën DS First production air suspension – 1956 (for the 1957 model year) Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (standard) First Chapman strut suspension – 1958 Lotus Elite First electronic adjustable suspension dampers – 1981 Nissan Skyline First electronically controlled semiactive suspension – 1983 Toyota Soarer (Japanmarket model Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension[64]) and Mitsubishi Galant (Electronic Steering Chassis) First active air suspension – 1987 Mitsubishi Galant active ECS First fully active suspension without antiroll bars: 1989 on Toyota Celica: Toyota Active Control Suspension[64] First semiactive hydraulic suspension – 1990 Citroën XM (Hydractive) First semiactive suspension scanning the road ahead (sonar) – 1990 Nissan Leopard/Nissan Cedric/Nissan Maxima/Nissan J30 DUETSS Super Sonic Suspension First active antiroll bars – 1994 Citroën Xantia Activa (Systeme Citroën de Contrôle Actif du Roulis) First active suspension optically scanning the road ahead – 2013 MercedesBenz SClass (W222) (MAGIC BODY CONTROL with ROAD SURFACE SCAN)[65]
Brakes First fourwheel brakes – 1910 Isotta Fraschini[33] First power brakes – 1919 HispanoSuiza H6 (mechanically assisted and 4wheel[66]) First hydraulic power brakes – 1921 Duesenberg Model A[67] (4wheel) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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First vacuumassist power brakes – 1927 (for the 1928 model year) PierceArrow First Inboard drum brakes – 1937 Lancia Aprilia First disc brakes – 1948 (for the 1949 model year) Chrysler Crown Imperial (4wheel and standard) First inboard disc brakes – 1955 Citroën DS19 First diagonally split, dual brake circuits – 1962 Saab 95/96 First antilock braking system – 1966 Jensen FF (Dunlop Maxaret system, previously used in aviation) First electrical & electronic antilock braking system – 1969 (for the 1970 model year) Lincoln Continental Mark III (standard) First 4wheel electrical & electronic antilock braking system – 1970 (for the 1971 model year) Imperial First asbestosfree brake pads – 1983 Saab Automobile First regenerative brakes – 1996 GM EV1 First electrohydraulic brakes – 2001 Toyota Prius First electric parking brake – 2002 BMW E65/E66
Driver aids First steering wheel – 1894 Panhard First speedometer – 1901 Oldsmobile First windscreen wiper – 1903 Mary Anderson (inventor) First electromechanical vehicle horn – 1908 Klaxon ("ahoogah") First tiltaway steering wheel – 1912 Peerless First standard rearview mirror – 1912 Marmon[68] First adjustable steering column – 1913 Lancia Theta First dashmounted fuel gauge – 1914 Studebaker First power windscreen wiper – 1916 WillysKnight First turn signals – 1919 Phianna First electric windscreen wiper – 1922 William M. Folberth (inventor) First windscreen defogger – 1927 (for the 1928 model year) Studebaker First horn ringed steering wheel – 1935 (for the 1936 model year) Cord 810 First windscreen washer – 1936 (for the 1937 model year) Studebaker First rear window defogger – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Cadillac First power steering – 1950 (for the 1951 model year) Chrysler Imperial First cruise control – 1956 (for the 1957 model year) Imperial First trip computer – 1958 Saab GT750 First tilt/telescope steering wheel – 1964 (for the 1965 model year) Cadillac First traction control system/anti slip regulation – 1970 (for the 1971 model year) fullsize Buick (MaxTrac) First LED display – 1976 Aston Martin Lagonda instrument cluster First originalequipment (OEM) Citizens Band radio – 1976 (for the 1977 model year) Lincoln, Cadillac, Buick (except Skyhawk), Oldsmobile (except Omega and Starfire) and Pontiac (except Ventura, Sunbird and Astre) First electronic trip computer – 1978 (in middle of model year) Cadillac Seville[69] First navigation system – August 1981 Honda Accord (analog, dealerinstalled)[70] First RainSensing Windshield Wipers – 1984 Nissan 200SX and Silvia First CRT display – 1984 Aston Martin Lagonda computer controlled instrument cluster First electronic fourwheel steering – 1985 Nissan Skyline HICAS First headsup display – 1987 (for the 1988 model year) Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme First drivebywire throttle – 1988 BMW 750iL First mechanical fourwheel steering – 1988 Honda Prelude 4WS First electrochromic rearview mirror – 1989 Lexus LS First digital navigation system – 1990 Acura Legend First original equipment GPS navigation – 1990 Mazda Eunos Cosmo TypeE CCS[71] First dynamic stability control system/Electronic Stability Programme/Vehicle Stability Control – 1995 BMW 7 Series (E38)(DSC III), MercedesBenz S 600 Coupé(ESP),[72] and Toyota Crown Majesta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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(VSC)[64] First adaptive cruise control – 1995 (for 1996 model year) Mitsubishi Diamante (like the later Toyota Celsior system, this LIDAR did not apply brakes, only throttle&shifting)[73] First telematics assist system – 1996 (for the 1997 model year) Cadillac Seville (OnStar) and Lincoln Continental (Motorola RESCU) First night vision – 1999 (for the 2000 model year) Cadillac Deville First navigation system with voice controls – 2002 Infiniti Q45 First radar Collision avoidance system – 2003 Toyota HarrierPreCollision System PCS[74] First self parking – 2004 Toyota Prius[75] First Blind Spot Intervention System – 2005 Volvo S80 First Driver drowsiness detection – 2007 on the Volvo S80Driver Alert Control[76] First driver eyelid monitoring system – 2008 on the Toyota CrownDriver Monitoring System[74][77] First Synchronized down shift revmatching system – 2009 Nissan 370Z and Fairlady Z First active pedestrian avoidance with steering correction – 2013 on Lexus LS (XF40) (Japan only)[78][79]
ive restraint First safety padding – 1936 (for the 1937 model year) Chrysler First seat belts – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Tucker First padded dash – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Tucker First rear seat belts – 1954 (for the 1955 model year) Ford First standard seat belts – 1958 Saab GT 750 ([2] (http://www.trollhattansaab.net/archives/2005/02/saab_inn ovation.html) [3] (http://www.trollhattansaab.net/page/5)) First shoulder belts – 1959 Volvo PV444/544 First standard shoulder belts – 1959 Volvo 122
Active restraint First airbags – 1973 (for the 1974 model year) fullsize Cadillac, Buick and Oldsmobile (Air Cushion Restraint System) First standard dual airbag – 1987 Porsche 944 First rearseat SRS airbags – 1993 Nissan President First side airbags – 1995 Volvo 850 First knee airbag – 1996 Kia Sportage First sixairbag system – 1997 Audi A8: 1 side airbag in every door + 2 front airbags. First head airbags – 1997 BMW 7Series First seatbelt airbags – 2010 Lexus LFA First front center airbag – 2013 Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave and GMC Acadia
Tires First use of pneumatic tires – 1895 Peugeot L'Eclair (Michelin) First standard pneumatic tires – 1896 Bollée Voiturette First radialply tires – 1946 Michelin "X" (Optional fitment on 1949 Peugeots, Citroën 11CV and Simca 8, standard on the 1950 Lancia Aurelia)[80] First selfrepairing tires – 1950 Goodyear First run flat tire – 1974 Mini 1275GT (Dunlop Denovo; optional)
Lighting First electrical lighting – 1898 Columbia electric https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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First bright headlamps – 1899 Bleirot carbide generator First standard lights – 1904 "PrestOLite" acetylene First standard electrical lights – 1908 Peerless First integrated electrical and lighting system – 1912 Cadillac Model 1912 Delco First "dipping" headlamps – 1915 Guide Lamp Company First originalequipment (OEM) "dipping" headlamps – 1917 Cadillac First stop or brake lights – 1919 Phianna First dualbeam headlamp – 1924 Bilux First directional headlamps – 1934 Tatra 77 First hidden headlamps – 1935 (for the 1936 model year) Cord 810[81] (hand cranked from dash) First flush mounted taillights with the body – 1935 (for the 1936 model year) Cord 810 First fog lights – 1937 (for the 1938 model year) Cadillac First power hidden headlamps – 1938 Buick YJob First production power hidden headlamps – 1941 (for the 1942 model year) DeSoto (standard) First autodimming headlamps – 1951 (for the 1952 model year) Cadillac and Oldsmobile (Autronic Eye) First autoon/off headlamps – 1959 (for the 1960 model year) Buick (Twilight Sentinel) First headlamp wipers – 1970 Saab (95, 96, 99)[82] First AC HID (lowbeam only) lights – 1991 BMW 7series First neon lights – 1994 (for the 1995 model year) Ford Explorer First DC HID lights – 1996 (for the 1997 model year) Lincoln Mark VIII First allLED tail lights – 1998 Maserati 3200 GT First lowbeam/highbeam HID headlamps (BiXenon) – 1999 on MercedesBenz CLClass[83] First allLED headlamps – 2007 Audi R8[84] First low beam, front position light and sidemarker LED headlights – 2008 Lexus LS600h First continuously adaptive highbeam (HID| – 2009 on the MercedesBenz EClass (W212)[85] First headlamps with pedestrian highlighting/warning – in 2011 on MercedesBenz CLClass (C216)[86] First fullLED car + tail lights with automatic variable intensity control – 2013 on the MercedesBenz S Class (W222)[87] First laser headlights – 2014 Audi R8 LMX[88]
Electrical system First magneto – 1897 Lanchester Motor Company[89] First electric selfstarter – Arnold (copy of the Benz Velo) before 1900.[90] First power door locks – 1914 ScrippsBooth First twinspark engine – 1914 Alfa Romeo Grand Prix First electric power windows – 1938 Buick YJob (see "Other" for nonelectric production power windows) First combination key and ignition switch – 1948 (for the 1949 model year) Chrysler First 12 volt system – 1948 Lancia Ardea mk3 First alternator – 1959 (for the 1960 model year) Plymouth Valiant First sealed battery – 1969 (for the 1970 model year) Pontiac "Freedom Battery" First multiplexing wiring – 1986 (for the 1987 model year) Cadillac Allanté First integrated car systems control – 1987 Toyota Soarer (Electro Multi Vision)[91]
Climate control First exhaust system heat – 1917 (???) First cooling system heat – 1926 (???) (Cadillac also lists heat as an option for $32 in the 1926 model year although it is not clear what the source is) First automobile air conditioning – 1939 (for the 1940 model year) Packard First automatic climate control – 1963 (for the 1964 model year) Cadillac https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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First heated seats – 1965 (for the 1966 model year) Cadillac First digital climate control – 1975 RollsRoyce Camargue First ventilated seats – 1998 Saab 95 First cooled seats – 2000 Lincoln Navigator
Incar entertainment First radio – May 1922 Ford Model T (fitted to the enger door by 18yearold George Frost, president of the Lane High School Radio Club in Chicago)[92] First radio installed by a corporation – November 1922 Daimler (installed in a limousine by the Marconi phone company)[92] First aftermarket radio – 1923 Springfield Body Corporation First originalequipment (OEM) radio – 1929 (for the 1930 model year) Cadillac and LaSalle First incar phonograph – 1955 (for the 1956 model year) Chrysler (optional on all makes) First FM radio – 1958 (for the 1959 model year) Lincoln First stereo – 1964 (for the 1965 model year) fullsize Chevrolet First 8track tape – 1965 (for the 1966 model year) Lincoln and Ford Thunderbird and Mustang First Compact Cassette – 1977 (for the 1978 model year) Cadillac and Buick (except Skyhawk) First steering wheel mounted audio controls – 1984 Nissan 300ZX AE First compact disc – 1986 (for the 1987 model year) Lincoln Town Car First active audio volume control – 1989 (for the 1990 model year) Chevrolet Corvette Bose/Delco Gold Series First front auxiliary input (for portable devices) (OEM systems) – 1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT and Galant VR 4 First Bluetoothcapable audio system – 1999 (for the 2000 model year) Chrysler First MP3capable audio system – 2001 Mazda Protegé MP3 First karaoke – 2003 Geely BL First active noise cancellation – 2005 Acura RL
Other First antitheft device – 1930 Ansaldo Tipo 22[93] First power windows – 1939 (for the 1940 model year) Packard 180 (hydroelectric) First power seat – 1947 (for the 1948 model year) Cadillac, Buick and Oldsmobile (hydraulic) First split folding rear seats – 1959 Auto Union (all makes) First composite wheels – 1970 Citroën SM First production car to achieve 200 mph (322 km/h) – 1987 Ruf CTR in April 1987[94] First standard composite wheels – 1989 Shelby CSX First active exhaust – 1991 Mitsubishi 3000GT
Prewar Bestselling prewar vehicle – Ford ModelT (15,000,000 sold between 1908 and 1928) Leastexpensive – US$125 (equivalent to $1,770 in 2015) – 1922 Briggs & Stratton Flyer Leastexpensive fullfeatured automobile – US$300 (equivalent to $4,017 in 2015) – 1926–27 (for the 1927 model year) Ford ModelT Fastest prewar stock production vehicle – Cord Automobile – 1937 supercharged 812 Beverly sedan 173 km/h (107.66 mph) – September 1937 at the Bonneville Salt Flats Fastest prewar limited production vehicle – Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 – 1939 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 clocked to 211 km/h (131 mph) average at Brooklands Speedway (41 made) Fastest prewar vehicle – Railton Mobil Special – 2SC Napier Lion V12 – 595 km/h (369.740 mph) – Driver John Cobb on August 23, 1939 at the Bonneville Salt Flats https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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Longest prewar production – 6,096 mm (240.0 in) – 1933–35 (for the 1934–35 model years) Cadillac V16 Longest prewar limited production – 6,400 mm (252.0 in) 1927–33 Bugatti Royale Longest prewar production wheelbase – 3,912 mm (154.0 in) – 1933–37 (for the 1934–37 model years) Cadillac V16 Longest prewar limited production wheelbase – 4,572 mm (180.0 in) 1927 Bugatti Royale Prototype Widest prewar – 2,100 mm (82.7 in) 1938–43 MercedesBenz 770 W150 (armoured) Widest prewar front track – 1,626 mm (64.0 in) – 1938–43 MercedesBenz 770 W150 Widest prewar rear track – 1,676 mm (66.0 in) – 1938–43 MercedesBenz 770 W150 Tallest prewar production car – 2,550 mm (100.4 in) – 19049 Fiat 60 HP Heaviest prewar curb weight – 4,800 kg (10,582 lb) – 1938–43 MercedesBenz 770 W150 (armoured) Largest prewar limited production car inlinefour engine 28.3 L (1,727 in3) 1911 Fiat S76[95][96] Largest prewar straight6 – 21,112 cc (1,288 in3) – 1905 Panhard et Levassor 50 CV Largest prewar limited production straight8 – 14,726 cc (899 in3) – 1927 Bugatti Royale Largest prewar V8 – 14,700 cc (897 in3) – 1910–12 De DionBouton Largest prewar V12 – 11,310 cc (690 in3) – 1935–38 HispanoSuiza J12 Largest prewar V16 – 8,048 cc (491 in3) – 1930–33 (for the 1931–33 model years) Marmon Series 16
See also Units of measurement International System of Units United States customary units Imperial units Power Torque Mass
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23. "Ferrari GTO Becomes Most Expensive Car At $52 Million". Motor Authority. 20131003. 24. "Performance Data and Complete Specs". Car and Driver. Retrieved 20140914. 25. "Porsche 918 Test Sheet – Car and Driver" (PDF). Car and Driver. 20140516. Retrieved 20140914. 26. "James drives Bugatti Veyron SS – Series 15 Episode 5". Top Gear. Retrieved 20160705. 27. "One:1 0–300 run". 28. Von Timo Friedmann. "Bugatti Supersport: Der 1200PSBoooahgatti auf Rekordfahrt – Auto". Bild.de. Retrieved 20100704. 29. "Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport sets land speed record at 267.81 mph!" (in German). autoblog.com. Retrieved 20100704. 30. "INDUSTRY: Ariel Atom V8 500". Racing News Network. 20130720. Retrieved 20140116. 31. "Happy Birthday, Corolla! The world's bestselling nameplate turns 40". Bloomberg. 20060906. Retrieved 20160731. 32. "Ford FSeries Sets New Monthly Sales Record .: News". Fordtrucks.com. Retrieved 20091031. 33. "1924 Isotta Fraschini Straight 8 Town Car". Alden Jewell. Retrieved 20140114. 34. "Lancia Lambda (1922)". autozine.org. Retrieved 20140114. 35. Wise, David Burgess, "De Dion: The Aristocrat and the Toymaker", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. The World of Automobiles (London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), Volume 5, p.514 36. "Tipo V4". maserati.com. Retrieved 20160111. 37. "BERNARDI mod 3,5 HP". museoauto.it. Retrieved 20150709. 38. "History of Automobiles and Early Transmissions". National Capital Freenet. Canada. Retrieved 20161010. "In 1889, Bernardi started building larger engines. One engine built in 1889 had the following innovations: 1) detachable head, 2) overhead valves actuated by a camshaft and rockers, 3) centrifugal governor on the inlet valve, 4) a constant level carburettor with a float and hand control, 5) filters for air and gas, 6) automatic lubrication of moving parts, 7) cooling by water circulation, 8) a tubular radiator, 9) a silencer, and 10) roller bearings for the transmission and wheel hubs." 39. "GEORGES RICHARD mod. 3 e 1/2HP". museoauto.it. Retrieved 20150709. 40. "1920/1930". fcagroup.com. Retrieved 20150709. 41. "Marr Auto Car Company – Welcome". Retrieved 20140604. 42. Georgano, p.43. 43. "The 6:36 'HiTech' Engine". maseratialfieri.co.uk. Retrieved 20121014. 44. "Alfa Romeo Spider FAQ" (PDF). alfaspiderfaq.org. Retrieved 20100817. 45. "Olds FAQ – Jetfire". Retrieved 20141005. 46. "AE: Honda revives turbo". Dwolsten.tripod.com. Retrieved 20130809. 47. "Turbo Pioneer". honeywell.com. Retrieved 20140122. 48. "1958 DeSoto Electrojector – World's First Electronic Fuel Injection". allpar.com. Retrieved 20140828. 49. "Air technologies – Heritage". fiat.com. Retrieved 20130117. 50. "New Powertrain Technologies Conference". autonews.com. Retrieved 20080408. 51. "Dinoplex Documentation, Wiring and Repair Guides". Retrieved 20150107. 52. [1] (http://hondanews.com/search/release/4104?q=first+sulev&s=honda) 53. Monte Carlo Automobile Quadrifuel (http://www.olecars.com/montecarloautomobilequadrifuel/) Archived (https://web. archive.org/web/20120525101002/http://www.olecars.com/montecarloautomobilequadrifuel/) 20120525 at the Wayback Machine. 54. "ALA 50 Project". Monte Carlo Automobile. 55. Chong, Chris (20060702). "History in its magnificence". starmotoring.com. Archived from the original on 200710 24. Retrieved 20080120. 56. Georgano, p.75. 57. "1929 Isotta Fraschini 8A". supercars.net. Retrieved 20121222. 58. "CEIRANO mod. 5 HP". museoauto.it. Retrieved 20150709. 59. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Exraordinary Automobiles, Giles Chapman 2009 60. "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology – Full range electronically controlled 5speed automatic (mounted on Nissan Cedric Y31)". Jsae.or.jp. Retrieved 20110803. 61. "Alfa Romeo". zf.com. Retrieved 20160828. 62. "Volkswagen DSG – World's first dualclutch gearbox in a production car". VolkswagenMediaServices.com (Press release). Volkswagen AG. 20021122. Archived from the original on 20060524. Retrieved 20091030. 63. "Volvo with four worldfirsts turns 20" (Press release). Volvo. 20110609. Retrieved 20150219. 64. "TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE – 75 Years of TOYOTA – Technical Development – Chassis". toyotaglobal.com. 65. http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0921154926711597435100159746301117028549340100000.html? TS=1419953561494 Suspension: The world's first suspension system with "eyes" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlatives
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66. Georgano, p.181. 67. Georgano, p.186. 68. Popular Mechanics – Dec 1985. Retrieved 20160421. 69. Van Bogart, Angelo (2003). Cadillac: 100 Years of Innovation. Krause publications. ISBN 0873496906. 70. "Honda Worldwide | History". World.honda.com. Retrieved 20091031. 71. "Great Cars of Mazda – Cosmo". Mazda.com. Retrieved 20141015. 72. http://www.daimler.com/Projects/c2c/channel/documents/1892377_CL_Klasse_e_2010.pdf CLClass press kit 73. http://www.uctc.net/papers/622.pdf 74. "TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE – 75 Years of TOYOTA – Technical Development – Electronics Parts". toyotaglobal.com. 75. "Technology | Selfparking car hits the shops". BBC News. 20030901. Retrieved 20091031. 76. "Volvo Cars introduces new systems for alerting tired and distracted drivers". Retrieved 20070828. 77. http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0122.html Toyota Enhances Precrash Safety System with Eye Monitor 78. "TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE". toyotaglobal.com. 79. http://www.toyota.com/esq/safety/activesafety/toyotadevelopsnewpedestriansafetytechnology.html Toyota Develops New Pedestrian Safety Technology 80. "Michelin and the Birth of the Radial Tyre". Auto Universum. Retrieved 20140114. 81. Robson, Graham (2001). The Illustrated Directory of Classic Cars. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0760310491. 82. "Saab Innovations at The SaabMuseum.com – a comprehensive and uptodate history of Saab cars". Saabmuseum.com. Retrieved 20091031. 83. http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/09216142331820664100001117028549340100000.html The history of the headlamp: From the candle lamp to motorway mode 84. "THE FULLLED TECHNOLOGY FOR AUTOMOTIVE LIGHTING". magnetimarelli.com. Retrieved 20140322. 85. "New headlamp and nightview systems: Adaptive Highbeam Assist selects the optimum light settings automatically – Daimler Global Media Site > Home". daimler.com. 20081125. 86. http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0921658892113540421000001263900100000.html New spotlight function for Active Night View Assist Plus: Enhanced safety for pedestrians 87. http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0921154926711597178100159746301117028549340100000.html? TS=1419953546476 Lights: The first ever car without a single light bulb 88. "Audi's New R8 Supercar Has Frickin' Lasers for Headlights – WIRED". WIRED. Retrieved 20141005. 89. Georgano, p.49. 90. Georgano, p.25. 91. "AutoSpeed – Burger With the Lot". Autospeed.drive.com.au. Retrieved 20091031. 92. "Top 10 Fascinating First in Motoring". listverse.com. Retrieved 20120208. 93. "Ansaldo "Tipo 22" – 1930". museonicolis.com. Retrieved 20140821. 94. Egan, Peter (20160529). "In 1987, The World's Fastest Cars Couldn't Catch A 211mph TwinTurbo Ruf". Road & Track. US. Retrieved 20160826. 95. "Fiat S76". teamdan.com. Retrieved 20121022. 96. "Fiat S76 (#1) 28.3 liter 1911". flickr.com. Retrieved 20121022.
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