Mcat Content Outline Tracker 4f6c1t

The SDN (Unofficial) AAMC Content Outline for the MCAT (Link to the official .pdf version from the AAMC)

Note: This content outline is the direct product of the combined work of many individual s on Student Doctor Network. This guide is meant to serve as

It is the original author's hope that someday soon, every one of these will have full definitions freely available to any student needing to study for th

that you have studied and have yet to study in an easy format (.xls). If you would like to use this guide, click on File -> as -> Micr

The 5 sheets represent the 5 areas of content from the AAMC: (1) Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems, (2) Chemical and Physical Fou

(3) Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior, (4) Scientific Inquiry and Reasoning Skills, and (5) Critical Analysis and Reasonin

Please note this guide, in general, does not have the AAMC abbreviations (BC, OC, etc.) that guides depth of content knowledge for the exam. This was for

will happily grant you access or you can repost one with them included. This guide has also not been extensively edited and may contain spelling &

... but you already knew that: you're a wicked smart premed, and you will indubitably well if you know and understand all of these topics. Bonam Fortunam

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems 1A. Structure and function of proteins and their constituent Amino Acids i. Amino Acids • Description - Absolute Configuration at the α position - Amino acids as dipolar ions - Classifications

• Reactions - Sulfur linkage for cysteine & cystine - Peptide linkage: polypeptides & proteins - Hydrolysis ii. Protein Structure • Structure - 1° structure of proteins - 2° structure of proteins - 3° structure of proteins - 4° structure of proteins • Confirmational Stability - Denaturing and folding - Hydrophobic interactions - Solvation layer (entropy) • Separation Techniques - Isolelectric point - Electrophoresis

iii. Non-Enzymatic Protein Function • Binding • Immune system • Motors iv. Enzyme Structure and Function • Function of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions • Enzyme classification by reaction type • Reduction of activation energy • Substrates and enzyme specificity • Active Site Model • Induced-fit Model • Mechanism of catalysis - Cofactors - Coenzymes - Water-soluble vitamins • Effects of local conditions on enzyme activity v. Control of Enzyme Activity • Kinetics - General (catalysis) - Michaelis-Menten - Cooperativity • regulation • Inhibition types: - Competitive - Non-competitive - Mixed - Uncompetitive • Regulatory enzymes - Allosteric enzymes - Covalently-modified enzymes - Zymogen

1B. Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein i. Nucleic Acid Structure and Function • Description • Nucleotides and nucleosides - Sugar phosphate backbones - Pyrimidine, purine residues • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): double helix, Watson-Crick model of • Base pairing specificity: A with T, G with C • Function in transmission of genetic information • DNA denaturation, reannealing, hybridization ii. DNA Replication

• Mechanism of replication: separation of strands, specific coupling • Semi-conservative nature of replication • Specific enzymes involved in replication • Replicating the ends of DNA molecules iii. Repair of DNA • Repair during replication • Repair of mutations iv. Genetic Code • Centra Dogma: DNA -> RNA -> Protein • Triplet code • Codon-anticodon relationship • Degenerate code, wobble pairing • Missense, nonsense codons • Initiation, termination codons • Messenger RNA (mRNA) v. Transcription

• Transfer RNA (tRNA); ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Mechanism of transcription • mRNA processing in eukaryotes, introns, exons • Ribozymes, spliceosomes, small nuclear ribonuclearproteins (snRN • Functional and evolutionary importance of introns vi. Translation

• Roles of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA • Role and structure of ribosomes • Initiation, termination co-factors • Post-translational modification of proteins vii. Eukaryotic Chromosome Organization • Chromosomal proteins • Single copy v. repetitive DNA • Supercoiling • Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin • Telomeres, centromeres viii. Control of Gene Expession in Prokaryotes • Operon Concept, Jacob-Monod Model • Gene repression in bacteria • Positive control in bacteria ix. Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes • Transcriptional regulation • DNA binding proteins, transcription factors • Gene amplification and duplication • Post-transcriptional control, basic concept of splicing (introns, exo • Cancer as a failure of normal cellular controls, oncogenes, tumor s • Regulation of chromatin structure

• DNA methylation • Role of non-coding RNAs x. Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology • Gene Cloning • Restriction enzymes • DNA libraries • Generation of cDNA • Hybridization • Expressing cloned genes • Polymerase chain reaction • Gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting • DNA sequencing • Analyzing gene expression • Determining gene function • Stem cells • Practical applications of DNA technology: medical applications, hu • Safety and ethics of DNA technology

1C. Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation and the processes that increase genetic div i. Evidence that DNA is Genetic Material ii. Mendelian Concepts • Phenotype and genotype • Gene • Locus • Allele: single and multiple • Homozygosity and heterozygosity • Wild-type • Recessiveness • Complete dominance • Co-dominance • Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity • Hybridization: viability • Gene pool iii. Meosis and Other Factors Affecting Genetic Variability • Significance of meosis • Important differences between meosis and mitosis • Segregation of genes - Independent assortment - Linkage - Recombination

- Sex-linked characteristics - Very few genes on Y chromosome - Sex deterimination - Cytoplasmic/extranuclar inheritance • Mutation

- General concept of mutation — error in DN - Types of mutations: random, translation err - Advantageous vs. deleterious mutations - Inborn errors of metabolism - Relationship of mutagens to carcinogens

• Genetic drif • Synapsis or crossing-over mechanism for increasing genetic divers iv. Analytic Methods

• Hardy-Weinberg Principle • Testcross (Backcross; concepts of parental, F1, and F2 generations) • Gene mapping: crossover frequencies • Biometry: statistical methods v. Evolution • Natural Selection

- Fitness concept - Selection by differntial reproduction - Concepts of natural and group selection - Evolutionary success as increase in percent • Speciation

- Polymorphism - Adaptation and specialization - Inbreeding - Outbreeding - Bottlenecks • Evolutionary time as measured by gradual random changes in gen 1D. Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism i. Principles of Bioenergetics • Bioenergetics/thermodynamics - Free energy/Keq

- Concentration - Endothermic/exothermic reactions - Free energy: G - Spontaneous reactions and ΔG°

• Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP - ATP hydrolysis ΔG<<0 - ATP group transfers • Biological oxidation-reductions - Half-reactions - Soluble electron carriers - Flavoproteins ii. Carbohydrates • Description

- Nomenclature and classification, common - Absolute configuration - Cyclic structure and confirmation of hexose - Epimers and anomers • Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides iii. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway • Glycloysis (aerobic), substrates and products - Feeder pathways: glycogen, starch metabo • Fermentation (anerobic glycolysis) • Gluconeogenesis • Pentose Phosphate Pathway • Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes iv. Principles of Metabolic Regulation • Regulation of metabolic pathways - Maintenance of dynamic steady state • Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis • Metabolism of glycogen • Regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown - Allosteric and homronal control • Analysis of metabolic control vii. Citric Acid Cycle • Acetyl-CoA production • Reactions of the cycle, substrates and products • Regulations of the cycle • Net molecular and energetic results of the respiration processes viii. Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Proteins • Description of fatty acids • Digestion, mobilization, and transport of fats • Oxidation of fatty acids - Saturated fats - Unsaturated fats

• Ketone bodies • Anabolism of fats • Non-template synthesis: biosynthesis of lipids and polysaccharides • Metabolism of proteins ix. Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Electron transport chains and oxidative phosphorylation, substrate • Electron transfer in mitochondria - NADH, NADPH - Flavoproteins - Cytochromes • ATP Synthase, chemiosmotic coupling - Proton motive force • Net molecular and energetic results of respiration processes • Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation • Mitochondria, apoptosis, oxidative stress x. Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Metabolism • Higher level integration of hormone structure and funxtion • Tissue specific metabolism • Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism • Obesity and regulation of body mass 2A: Assemblies of molecules, cells, and groups of cells within single cellular and multicellular organs • General function in cell containment i. Plasma Membrane • Composition of membranes - Lipid components

- Protein components - Fluid mosaic model • Membrane dynamics • Solute transport across membranes - Thermodynamic considerations - Osmosis - ive transport

- Active transport • Membrane channels • Membrane potential • Membrane receptors • Exocytosis and endocytosis • Intercellular junctions

- Gap junctions - Tight junctions - Desmosomes ii. Membrane-Bound Organelles and Defining Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

• Defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells: membrane bound nucleu • Nucleus - Compartmentalization, storage of genetic inf - Nucleolus: location and function - Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores • Mitochondria - Site of ATP production - Inner and outer membrane structure

- self replication

• Lysosomes: membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzyme • Endoplasmic reticulum - Rough and smooth components - Rough endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosom - Double membrane structure - Role in membrane biosynthesis - Role in biosynthesis of secreted proteins • Golgi apparatus: general structure and role in packaging and secretio • Peroxisomes: organelles that collect peroxides

iii. Cytoskeleton • General function in cell and movement • Microfilaments: composition and role in cleavage and contractility • Microtubules: composition and role in and transport • Intermediate filaments, role in • Composition and function of cilia and flagella • Centrioles, microtubule organizing centers

iv. Tissues Formed From Eukaryotic Cells • Epithelial cells • Connective tissue cells 2B: The structure, growth, physiology, and genetics of prokaryotes and viruses

i. Cell Theory • History and development • Impact on biology

ii. Classification and Structure of Prokaryotic Cells • Prokaryotic domains

- Archaea - Bacteria • Major classifications of bacteria by shape

- Bacilli (rod-shaped)

- Spirilli (spiral-shaped) - Cocci (spherical) • Lack of nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus • Lack of typical eukaryotic organelles • Presence of cell wall in bacteria • Flagellar propulsion, mechanism

iii. Growth and Physiology of Prokaryotic Cells

• Reproduction by fission • High degree of genetic adaptability, acquisition of antibiotic resistanc • Exponential growth • Existence of anaerobic and aerobic variants • Parasitic and symbiotic • Chemotaxis

iv. Genetics of Prokaryotic Cells

• Existence of plasmids, extragenomic DNA • Transformation: incorporation into bacterial genome of DNA fragmen • Conjugation • Transposons (also present in eukaryotic cells)

v. Virus Structure

• General structural characteristics (nucleic acid and protein, envelope • Lack organelles and nucleus • Structural aspects of typical bacteriophage • Genomic content — RNA or DNA • Size relative to bacteria and eukaryotic cells

vi. Viral Life Cycle

• Self-replicating biological units that must reproduce within specific h • Generalized phage and animal virus life cycles

- Attachment to host, penetration of cell me - Use of host synthetic mechanism to replica - Self-assembly and release of new viral parti

• Transduction: transfer of genetic material by viruses • Retrovirus life cycle: integration into host DNA, reverse transcriptase • Prions and viroids: subviral particles 2C: Processes of cell division, differentiation, and specialization

i. Mitosis

• Mitotic process: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interpha • Mitotic structures

- Centrioles, asters, spindles - Chromatids, centromeres, kinetochores

- Nuclear membrane breakdown and reorga - Mechanisms of chromosome movement • Phases of cell cycle: G0, G1, S, G2, M

• Growth arrest • Control of cell cycle • Loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells

ii. Biosignaling • Oncogenes, apoptosis

iii. Reproductive system • Gametogenesis by meiosis • Ovum and sperm

- Differences in formation - Differences in morphology

- Relative contribution to next generation

• Reproductive sequence: fertilization; implantation; development; bir

iv. Embryogenesis • Stages of early development (order and general features of each)

- Fertilization - Cleavage - Blastula formation - Gastrulation

- Neurulation • Major structures arising out of primary germ layers • Neural crest • Environment–gene interaction in development

v. Mechanisms of Development • Cell specialization

- Determination - Differentiation - Tissue types • Cell–cell communication in development • Cell migration • Pluripotency: stem cells • Gene regulation in development • Programmed cell death • Existence of regenerative capacity in various species • Senescence and aging

3A: Structure and functions of the nervous and endocrine systems and ways in which these systems coordinate the orga

i. Nervous System: Structure and Function • Major functions

- High level control and integration of body s - Adaptive capability to external influences • Organization of vertebrate nervous system

• Sensor and effector neurons • Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems: antagonistic con • Reflexes

- loop, reflex arc - Role of spinal cord and supraspinal circuits • Integration with endocrine system: control

ii. Nerve cell • Cell body: site of nucleus, organelles • Dendrites: branched extensions of cell body • Axon: structure and function • Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon • Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon • Synapse: site of impulse propagation between cells • Synaptic activity: transmitter molecules • Resting potential: electrochemical gradient • Action potential

- Threshold, all-or-none - Sodium/potassium pump

• Excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers: summation, frequency of firin • Glial cells, neuroglia

iii. Electrochemistry • Concentration cell: direction of electron flow, Nernst equation

iv. Biosignalling • Gated ion channels

- Voltage gated - Ligand gated • Receptor enzymes • G protein-coupled receptors

v. Lipids • Description; structure

- Steroids - Terpenes and terpenoids vi. Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Sources

• Function of endocrine system: specific chemical control at cell, tissue • Definitions of endocrine gland, hormone • Major endocrine glands: names, locations, products • Major types of hormones • Neuroendrocrinology ― relation between neurons and hormonal sys

vii. Endocrine System: Mechanisms of Hormone Action • Cellular mechanisms of hormone action • Transport of hormones: blood supply • Specificity of hormones: target tissue • Integration with nervous system: control

• Regulation by second messengers 3B: Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems

i. Respiratory system • General function

- Gas exchange, thermoregulation - Protection against disease: particulate matt • Structure of lungs and alveoli • Breathing mechanisms

- Diaphragm, rib cage, differential pressure - Resiliency and surface tension effects

• Thermoregulation: nasal and tracheal capillary beds; evaporation, pa • Particulate filtration: nasal hairs, mucus/cilia system in lungs • Alveolar gas exchange

- Diffusion, differential partial pressure - Henry's Law • pH control • Regulation by nervous control

- CO2 sensitivity ii. Circulatory system

• Functions: circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and fluids • Four-chambered heart: structure and function • Endothelial cells • Systolic and diastolic pressure • Pulmonary and systemic circulation • Arterial and venous systems (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins)

- Structural and functional differences - Pressure and flow characteristics • Capillary beds

- Mechanisms of gas and solute exchange - Mechanism of heat exchange - Source of peripheral resistance • Composition of blood

- Plasma, chemicals, blood cells - Erythrocyte production and destruction; sp - Regulation of plasma volume • Coagulation, clotting mechanisms • Oxygen transport by blood

- Hemoglobin, hematocrit - Oxygen content - Oxygen affinity • Carbon dioxide transport and level in blood • Nervous and endocrine control

iii. Lymphatic system • Structure of lymphatic system • Major Functions

- Equalization of fluid distribution - Transport of proteins and large glycerides - Production of lymphocytes involved in imm - Return of materials to the blood iv. Immune system • Innate (non-specific) vs. adaptive (specific) immunity • Adaptive immune system cells

- T lymphocytes - B lymphocytes • Innate immune system cells

- Macrophages - Lymphocytes • Tissues

- Bone marrow - Spleen - Thymus - Lymph nodes • Concept of antigen and antibody • Antigen presentation • Clonal selection • Antigen-antibody recognition • Structure of antibody molecule • Recognition of self vs. non-self, autoimmune diseases • Major histocompatibility complex

v. Digestive system • Ingestion

- Saliva as lubrication and source of enzymes - Ingestion; esophagus, transport function • Stomach

- Storage and churning of food - Low pH, gastric juice, mucal protection aga - Production of digestive enzymes, site of dig - Structure (gross) • Liver

- Structural relationship of liver within gastro - Production of bile - Role in blood glucose regulation, detoxifica • Bile

- Storage in gall bladder

- Function • Pancreas

- Production of enzymes - Transport of enzymes to small intestine • Small intestine

- Absorption of food molecules and water - Function and structure of villi - Production of enzymes, site of digestion - Neutralization of stomach acid - Structure (anatomic subdivisions) • Large intestine

- Absorption of water - bacterial flora - Structure (gross) • Rectum: storage and elimination of waste, feces • Muscular control

- peristalsis • Endocrine control

- Hormones - target tissues • Nervous control: the enteric nervous system

vi. Excretory system • Roles in homeostasis

- Blood pressure - Osmoregulation - acid/base balance - Removal of soluble nitrogenous waste • Kidney structure

- cortex -medulla • Nephron structure

- glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal tubule - Collecting duct • Formation of urine

- Glomerular filtration - Secretion and reabsorption of solutes - Concentration of urine - Counter-current multiplier mechanism • Storage and elimination: ureter, bladder, urethra

• Osmoregulation: capillary reabsorption of H2O, amino acids, glucose • Muscular control: sphincter muscle

vii. Reproductive system • Male and female reproductive structures and their functions

- gonads - genetalia - Differences between male and female stru • Hormonal control of reproduction

- Male and female sexual development - Female reproductive cycle - Pregnancy, parturition, lactation - Integration with nervous control viii. Muscular system • Important functions

- : mobility - Peripheral circulatory assistance - Thermoregulation (shivering reflex) • Structure of three basic muscle types: striated, smooth, cardiac • Muscle structure and control of contraction

- T-Tubule system - Contractile apparatus - Sarcoplasmic reticulum - Fiber type - Contractile velocity of different muscle typ • Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction • Oxygen debt: fatigue • Nervous control

- Motor neurons - Neuromuscular junction, motor end plates - Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervati - Voluntary and involuntary muscles ix. Specialized Cell - Muscle Cell

• Structural characteristics of striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle • Abundant mitochondria in red muscle cells: ATP source • Organization of contractile elements: actin and myosin filaments, cro • Sarcomeres: “I” and “A” bands, “M” and “Z” lines, “H” zone • Presence of troponin and tropomyosin • Calcium regulation of contraction

x. Skeletal system • Functions

- Structural rigidity and - Calcium storage - Physical protection

• Skeletal structure

- Specialization of bone types, structures - t structures - Endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton • Bone structure

- Calcium/protein matrix - Cellular composition of bone • Cartilage: structure and function • Ligaments, tendons • Endocrine control

xi. Skin system • Structure

- Layer differentiation, cell types - Relative impermeability to water • Functions in homeostasis and osmoregulation • Functions in thermoregulation

- Hair, erectile musculature - Fat layer for insulation - Sweat glands, location in dermis - Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in surfac • Physical protection

- Nails, calluses, hair - Protection against abrasion, disease organi • Hormonal control: sweating, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction

tline for the MCAT2015

Doctor Network. This guide is meant to serve as a "check off" list of every topic that is covered by the MCAT 2015 exam.

available to any student needing to study for the exam. Until then, this outline is meant to help you check

click on File -> as -> Microsoft Excel (.xls)

f Living Systems, (2) Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems,

Skills, and (5) Critical Analysis and Reasoning content knowledge for the exam. This was for simplicity's sake, and if you want to add the information in, the original author (To be MD)

xtensively edited and may contain spelling & other errors.

Always trust the official AAMC material over anything you find online.

understand all of these topics. Bonam Fortunam!

e Configuration at the α position acids as dipolar ions - Acidic or Basic - Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic

nkage for cysteine & cystine linkage: polypeptides & proteins

ture of proteins ture of proteins ture of proteins - Role of proline, cystine, hydrophobic bonding ture of proteins

ring and folding hobic interactions n layer (entropy)

ng biological reactions

oluble vitamins nzyme activity

tly-modified enzymes

hosphate backbones ine, purine residues ouble helix, Watson-Crick model of DNA structure

etic information , hybridization

ration of strands, specific coupling of free nucleic acids

RNA (rRNA)

s, introns, exons l nuclear ribonuclearproteins (snRNPs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) portance of introns

ption factors

sic concept of splicing (introns, exons) ellular controls, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes  Regulation of chromatin structure

rn blotting

chnology: medical applications, human gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, forensic evidence, environmental cleanup, agriculture

processes that increase genetic diversity

e, penetrance, expressivity

meosis and mitosis

ndent assortment

- Single crossovers - Double crossovers - Synaptonemal complex

- Tetrad ed characteristics w genes on Y chromosome

smic/extranuclar inheritance

concept of mutation — error in DNA sequence f mutations: random, translation error, transcription error, base substitution, inversion, addition, deletion, translocation, mispairin ageous vs. deleterious mutations errors of metabolism nship of mutagens to carcinogens

anism for increasing genetic diversity

of parental, F1, and F2 generations)

n by differntial reproduction ts of natural and group selection nary success as increase in percent representation in the gene pool of the next generation

tion and specialization

by gradual random changes in genome

- Equilibrium constant - Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

- Le Chatelier's Principle ermic/exothermic reactions

neous reactions and ΔG°

rolysis ΔG<<0 up transfers

electron carriers

clature and classification, common names e configuration ructure and confirmation of hexoses and anomers

and products pathways: glycogen, starch metabolism

sults of respiration processes

nance of dynamic steady state coneogenesis

s and breakdown ic and homronal control

es and products

sults of the respiration processes

nsport of fats

thesis of lipids and polysaccharides

xidative phosphorylation, substrates and products, general features of the pathway

motive force sults of respiration processes

mone structure and funxtion

multicellular organs

- Phospholipids (and phosphatids)

- Steroids - Waxes

components

dynamic considerations - Colligative properties; osmotic pressure

- Sodium/potassium pump

aryotic Cells

yotic cells: membrane bound nucleus, presence of organelles, mitotic division

tmentalization, storage of genetic information us: location and function envelope, nuclear pores

TP production nd outer membrane structure

esicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

nd smooth components ndoplasmic reticulum site of ribosomes membrane structure membrane biosynthesis biosynthesis of secreted proteins re and role in packaging and secretion ect peroxides

and movement d role in cleavage and contractility ole in and transport

a and flagella

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nto bacterial genome of DNA fragments from external medium

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s (nucleic acid and protein, enveloped and nonenveloped)

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material by viruses into host DNA, reverse transcriptase, HIV

phase, anaphase, telophase, interphase

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tids, centromeres, kinetochores

membrane breakdown and reorganization nisms of chromosome movement

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- First cell movements - Formation of primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

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n development

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h these systems coordinate the organ systems

el control and integration of body systems e capability to external influences

ic nervous systems: antagonistic control

ck loop, reflex arc spinal cord and supraspinal circuits

m: control

sulation of axon nerve impulse along axon tion between cells

old, all-or-none /potassium pump

ibers: summation, frequency of firing

lectron flow, Nernst equation

es and terpenoids

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locations, products

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hange, thermoregulation on against disease: particulate matter

gm, rib cage, differential pressure cy and surface tension effects

cheal capillary beds; evaporation, panting mucus/cilia system in lungs

n, differential partial pressure

nutrients, hormones, ions and fluids, removal of metabolic waste e and function

eries, arterioles, venules, veins)

ral and functional differences e and flow characteristics

nisms of gas and solute exchange nism of heat exchange of peripheral resistance

chemicals, blood cells cyte production and destruction; spleen, bone marrow on of plasma volume

obin, hematocrit

ation of fluid distribution rt of proteins and large glycerides tion of lymphocytes involved in immune reactions of materials to the blood

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s lubrication and source of enzymes n; esophagus, transport function

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blood glucose regulation, detoxification in gall bladder

tion of enzymes rt of enzymes to small intestine

tion of food molecules and water n and structure of villi tion of enzymes, site of digestion zation of stomach acid re (anatomic subdivisions)

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l of soluble nitrogenous waste

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bladder, urethra

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nd female sexual development reproductive cycle ncy, parturition, lactation tion with nervous control

ral circulatory assistance regulation (shivering reflex)

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tile apparatus asmic reticulum

tile velocity of different muscle types

muscular junction, motor end plates hetic and parasympathetic innervation ry and involuntary muscles

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https://aamc-orange.global.ssl.fastly.net/production/media/filer_public/f7/e5/f7e57fb2-44fa-4c00Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems 4A: Translational motion, forces, work, energy, and equilibrium in living systems i. Translational Motion

• Units and dimension • Vectors, components • Vector addition • Speed, velocity (average and instantaneous) • Acceleration ii. Force

• Newton’s First Law, inertia • Newton’s Second Law (F = ma) • Newton’s Third Law, forces equal and opposite • Friction, static and kinetic • Center of mass iii. Equilibrium

• Vector analysis of forces acting on a point object • Torques, lever arms iv. Work

• Work done by a constant force: W = Fd cosθ • Mechanical advantage • Work Kinetic Energy Theorem • Conservative forces v. Energy of Point Object Systems

• Kinetic Energy: KE = ½ mv^2; units • Potential Energy - PE = mgh (gravitational, local) - PE = ½ kx2 (spring)

• Power, units • Conservation of Energy vi. Periodic Motion

• Amplitude, frequency, phase • Transverse and longitudinal waves: wavelength and propagation 4B: Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange i. Fluids

• Density, specific gravity • Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle • Hydrostatic pressure

- Pascal's Law - Hydrostatic pressure; P = ρgh (pressu

• Viscosity: Poiseuille Flow • Continuity equation (A∙v = constant) • Concept of turbulence at high velocities • Surface tension • Bernoulli’s equation • Venturi effect, pitot tube ii. Circulatory system

• Arterial and venous systems; pressure and flow characteristics iii. Gas phase

• Absolute temperature, (K) Kelvin Scale • Pressure, simple mercury barometer • Molar volume at 0°C and 1 atm = 22.4 L/mol • Ideal gas - Definition -- Ideal Gas Law: = nRT Boyle’s Law: PVPV = constant - Charles’ Law: V/T = constant - Avogadro’s Law: V/n = constant

• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

- Heat capacity at constant volume and - Boltzmann’s Constant

• Deviation of real gas behavior from Ideal Gas Law

- Qualitative - Quantitative (Van der Waals’ Equation

• Partial pressure, mole fraction • Dalton’s Law relating partial pressure to composition 4C: Electrochemistry and electrical circuits and their elements i. Electrostatics

• Charge, conductors, charge conservation • Insulators • Coulomb’s Law • Electric field E - field lines - Field due to charge distribution

• Electrostatic energy, electric potential at a point in space ii. Circuit Elements

• Current I = ΔQ/Δt, sign conventions, units • Electromotive force, voltage • Resistance - Ohm’s Law: I = V/R - Resistors in series - Resistors in parallel

- Resistivity: ρ = R•A / L

• Capacitance - Parallel plate capacitor - Energy of charged capacitor - Capacitors in series - Capacitors in parallel - Dielectrics

• Conductivity - Metallic - Electrolytic

• Meters iii. Magnetism

• Definition of magnetic field B • Motion of charged particles in magnetic fields; Lorentz force iv. Electrochemistry

• Electrolytic cell

- Electrolysis - Anode, cathode -- Electrolyte Faraday’s Law relating amount of elem current - Electron flow; oxidation, and reductio

• Galvanic or Voltaic cells - Half-reactions - Reduction potentials; cell potential - Direction of electron flow

• Concentration cell • Batteries - Electromotive force, Voltage - Lead-storage batteries - Nickel-cium batteries

v. Specialized Cell - Nerve Cell • Myelin sheath, Schwann cells, insulation of axon • Nodes of Ranvier: propagation of nerve impulse along axon 4D: How light and sound interact with matter i. Sound

• Production of sound • Relative speed of sound in solids, liquids, and gases • Intensity of sound, decibel units, log scale • Attenuation (Damping) • Doppler Effect: moving sound source or observer, reflection of s • Pitch • Resonance in pipes and strings

• Ultrasound • Shock waves ii. Light, Electromagnetic Radiation

• Concept of Interference; Young Double-slit Experiment • Thin films, diffraction grating, single-slit diffraction • Other diffraction phenomena, X-ray diffraction • Polarization of light: linear and circular • Properties of electromagnetic radiation

-- Velocity equals constant c, consists in vacuo of Electromagnetic radiation fields; direction of propagation is perp

• Classification of electromagnetic spectrum, photon energy E = h • Visual spectrum, color iii. Molecular Structure and Absorption Spectra

• Infrared region

- Intramolecular vibrations and rotatio - Recognizing common characteristic gr

• Visible region

- Absorption in visible region gives com - Effect of structural changes on absorp

• Ultraviolet region - π-Electron and non-bonding electron - Conjugated systems

• NMR spectroscopy

- Protons in a magnetic field; equivalen - Spin-spin splitting iv. Geometrical Optics

• Reflection from plane surface: angle of incidence equals angle o • Refraction, refractive index n; Snell’s law: n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 • Dispersion, change of index of refraction with wavelength • Conditions for total internal reflection • Spherical mirrors - Center of curvature - Focal length - Real and virtual images

• Thin lenses

- Converging and diverging lenses - Use of formula 1/p + 1/q = 1/f, with s - Lens strength, diopters

• Combination of lenses • Lens aberration • Optical Instruments, including the human eye 4E: Atoms, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and atomic chemical behavior

i. Atomic nucleus

• Atomic number, atomic weight • Neutrons, protons, isotopes • Nuclear forces, binding energy • Radioactive decay

- α, β, γ decay - Half-life, exponential decay, semi-log p

• Mass spectrometer ii. Electronic structure

• Orbital structure of hydrogen atom, principal quantum number • Ground state, excited states • Absorption and emission line spectra • Use of Pauli Exclusion Principle • Paramagnetism and diamagnetism • Conventional notation for electronic structure • Bohr atom • Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle • Effective nuclear charge • Photoelectric effect iii. The Periodic Table - Classification of Elements into Groups by Electronic Structure

• Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals: their chemical characteristics • Halogens: their chemical characteristics • Noble gases: their physical and chemical characteristics • Transition metals • Representative elements • Metals and non-metals • Oxygen group iv. The Periodic Table - Variations of Chemical Properties with Group and Row

• Valence electrons • First and second ionization energy

- Definition - Prediction from electronic structure fo

• Electron affinity - Definition - Variation with group and row

• Electronegativity

- Definition - Comparative values for some represen

• Electron shells and the sizes of atoms • Electron shells and the sizes of ions v. Stoichiometry

• Molecular weight

• Empirical versus molecular formula • Metric units commonly used in the context of chemistry • Description of composition by percent mass • Mole concept, Avogadro’s number NA • Definition of density • Oxidation number - Common oxidizing and reducing agen - Disproportionation reactions

• Description of reactions by chemical equations

- Conventions for writing chemical equ - Balancing equations, including redox - Limiting reactants - Theoretical yields 5A: Unique nature of water and its solutions i. Acid/Base Equilibria

• Brønsted–Lowry definition of acid, base • Ionization of water - Kw, its approximate value (Kw = [H+ ][OH–] = 10–14 at 25°C, 1 atm) - Definition of pH: pH of pure water

• Conjugate acids and bases (e.g., NH4+ and NH3) • Strong acids and bases (e.g., nitric, sulfuric) • Weak acids and bases (e.g., acetic, benzoic)

- Dissociation of weak acids and bases w - Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids or ba - Calculation of pH of solutions of salts

• Equilibrium constants Ka and Kb: pKa, pKb • Buffers

- Definition and concepts (common buf - Influence on titration curves ii. Ions in Solutions

• Anion, cation: common names, formulas and charges for familia • Hydration, the hydronium ion iii. Solubility

• Units of concentration (e.g., molarity) • Solubility product constant; the equilibrium expression Ksp • Common-ion effect, its use in laboratory separations - Complex ion formation - Complex ions and solubility - Solubility and pH iv. Titration

• Indicators • Neutralization

• Interpretation of the titration curves • Redox titration 5B: Nature of molecules and intermolecular interactions i. Covalent Bond

•Lewis Electron Dot formulas - Resonance structures - Formal charges - Lewis acids and bases

• Partial ionic character

- Role of electronegativity in determinin - Dipole moment

• σ and π bonds

, sp2 , sp, and respective geometries - Valence shell electron pair repulsion a - Structural formulas for molecules invo - Delocalized electrons and resonance i

• Multiple bonding

- Effect on bond length and bond energ - Rigidity in molecular structure

• Stereochemistry of covalently bonded molecules - Isomers

- Polarization of light, specific rotation - Absolute and relative configuration

ii. Liquid Phase - Intermolecular Forces

• Hydrogen bonding • Dipole Interactions • Van der Waals’ Forces (London dispersion forces) 5C: Separation and purification methods i. Separations and Purifications

• Extraction: distribution of solute between two immiscible solve • Distillation • Chromatography: Basic principles involved in separation proces - Column chromatography

- Paper chromatography

- Thin-layer chromatography

• Separation and purification of peptides and proteins - Electrophoresis - Quantitative analysis - Chromatography

• Racemic mixtures, separation of enantiomers 5D: Structure, function, and reactivity of biologically-relevant molecules i. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides and nucleosides: composition - Sugar phosphate backbone - Pyrimidine, purine residues

• Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA; double helix • Chemistry • Other functions ii. Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins

• Amino acids: description

- Absolute configuration at the α positio - Dipolar ions - Classification

- Synthesis of α-amino acids

• Peptides and proteins: reactions

- Sulfur linkage for cysteine and cystine - Peptide linkage: polypeptides and pro - Hydrolysis

• General Principles - Primary structure of protein - Secondary structure - Tertiary structure - Isoelectric point iii. The Three-Dimensional Protein Structure

• Conformational stability - Hydrophobic interactions - Solvation layer (entropy)

• Quaternary structure • Denaturing and Folding

iv. Non-Enzymatic Protein Function

• Binding • Immune system • Motor v. Lipids

• Description, types - Storage

- Structural

- Signals/cofactors

vi. Carbohydrates

• Description

- Nomenclature and classification, com - Absolute configuration - Cyclic structure and conformations of - Epimers and anomers

• Hydrolysis of the glycoside linkage • Keto-enol tautomerism of monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides vii. Aldehydes and Ketones

• Description - Nomenclature - Physical properties

• Important reactions

- Nucleophilic addition reactions at C=O

- Oxidation of aldehydes - Reactions at adjacent positions: enola

• General principles

- Effect of substituents on reactivity of C - Acidity of α-H; carbanions viii. Alcohols

• Description

- Nomenclature - Physical properties (acidity, hydrogen

• Important reactions

- Oxidation - Substitution reactions: SN1 or SN2 - Protection of alcohols - Preparation of mesylates and tosylate ix. Carboxylic Acids

• Description - Nomenclature - Physical properties

• Important reactions - Carboxyl group reactions

- Reactions at 2-position, substitution x. Acid Derivatives (Anhydrides, Amides, Esters)

• Description - Nomenclature - Physical properties

• Important reactions - Nucleophilic substitution - Transesterification - Hydrolysis of amides

• General principles

- Relative reactivity of acid derivatives - Steric effects - Electronic effects - Strain (e.g., β-lactams)

xi. Phenols

• Oxidation and reduction (e.g., hydroquinones, ubiquinones): bio xii. Polycyclic and Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds

• Biological aromatic heterocycles 5E: Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics i. Enzymes

• Classification by reaction type • Mechanism

- Substrates and enzyme specificity - Active site model - Induced-fit model - Cofactors, coenzymes, and vitamins

• Kinetics - General (catalysis) - Michaelis–Menten - Cooperativity - Effects of local conditions on enzyme

• Inhibition • Regulatory enzymes - Allosteric - Covalently modified ii. Principles of Bioenergetics

• Bioenergetics/thermodynamics • Important reactions • Phosphorylation/ATP

- Free energy/Keq - Concentration - ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 - ATP group transfers

• Biological oxidation–reduction - Half-reactions - Soluble electron carriers - Flavoproteins iii. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions – Thermochemistry, Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamic system – state function • Zeroth Law – concept of temperature • First Law − conservation of energy in thermodynamic processes • PV diagram: work done = area under or enclosed by curve • Second Law – concept of entropy

- Entropy as a measure of “disorder” - Relative entropy for gas, liquid, and cr

• Measurement of heat changes (calorimetry), heat capacity, spe • Heat transfer – conduction, convection, radiation • Endothermic/exothermic reactions

- Enthalpy, H, and standard heats of rea - Hess’ Law of Heat Summation

• Bond dissociation energy as related to heats of formation • Free energy: G • Spontaneous reactions and ΔG° • Coefficient of expansion • Heat of fusion, heat of vaporization • Phase diagram: pressure and temperature

iv. Rate Processes in Chemical Reactions - Kinetics and Equilibrium

• Reaction rate • Dependence of reaction rate on concentration of reactants - Rate law, rate constant - Reaction order

• Rate-determining step • Dependence of reaction rate upon temperature - Activation energy

- Use of the Arrhenius Equation

• Kinetic control versus thermodynamic control of a reaction • Catalysts • Equilibrium in reversible chemical reactions

- Law of Mass Action - Equilibrium Constant - Application of Le Chaâ telier’s Principle

• Relationship of the equilibrium constant and ΔG°

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6A: Sensing the environment i. Sensory Processing • Sensation - Treshold - Weber's Law - Signal detection theory - Sensory adaptation - Psychophysics • Sensory Receptors - Sensory pathways - Types of sensory receptor ii. Vision • Structure and function of the eye • Visual Processing - Visual pathways in the brain - Parallel processing - Feature detection iii. Hearing • Structure and function of the ear • Auditory processing (e.g. auditory pathways in the brain) • Sensory reception by hair cells iv. Other Senses

• Somatosensation (e.g. pain perception) • Taste (e.g. taste buds/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals) • Smell - Olfactory cells/chemoreceptors that detect specific chemicals - Pheromones - Olfactory pathways in the brain • Kinesthetic sense • Vestibular sense v. Perception • Bottom-up/Top-down processing • Perceptual organization (e.g. depth, form, motion, constancy) • Gestalt principles 6B: Making Sense of the Environment i. Attention • Selective attention • Divided attention ii. Cognition

• Information-processing model • Cognitive development - Piaget's stages of cognitive development - Cognitive changes in late adulthood - Role of culture in cognitive development - Influence of heredity and environment on cognitive developm • Biological factors that affect cognition • Problem solving and decision making - Types of problem solving - Barriers to effective problem solving - Approaches to problem solving - Heuristics and biases (e.g. overconfidence, belief perserveran • Intellectual functioning - Theories of intelligence - Influence of heredity and environment on intelligence - Variations in intellectual ability iii. Consciousness • States of consciousness - Alertness - Sleep

- Stages of sleep - Sleep cycles and changes to sleep cycles - Sleep and circadian rhythms - Dreaming - Sleep-wake disorders - Hypnosis and meditation • Consciousness-altering drugs - Types of consciousness-altering drugs and their effects on the - Drug addiction and the reward pathway in the brain iv. Memory • Encoding - Process of encoding information - Processes that aid in encoding memories • Storage - Types of memory storage (e.g. sensory, working, long-term) - Semantic networks and spreading activation • Retrieval - Recall, recognition, and relearning - Retrieval cues - The role of emotion in retieving memories - Processes that aid in retrieval • Forgetting - Aging and memory

- Memory dysfunction (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Korsakoff's syn - Decay - Interference - Memory construction and source monitoring • Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning - Neural plasticity - Memory and learning - Long-term potentiation v. Language • Theories of language development (e.g. learning, Nativist, Interactionist) • Influence of language on cognition • Brain areas that control language and speech 6C: Responding to the world i. Emotion

• Three components of emotion (i.e. cognitive, physiological, behavioral) • Universal emotions (i.e. fear, angery, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, and sadn • Adaptive role of emotion • Theories of emotion - James-Lange theory - Cannon-Bard theory - Schachter-Singer theory • The role of biological processes in perceiving emotion - Brain regions involved in the generation and experience of em - The role of the limbic system in emotion - Emotion and the automatic nervous system - Physiological markers of emotion (signatures of emotion) ii. Stress

• The nature of stress - Appraisal - Different types of stressorys (e.g. cataclysmic events, persona - Effects of stress on psychological functions • Stress outcomes/response to stressors - Physiological - Emotional - Behavioral • Managing stress (e.g. exercise, relaxation, spirituality) 7A Individual Influences on Behavior i. Biological Basis of Behavior • The nervous system

-Neurons (e.g. the reflex arc) -Neurotransmitters

-Structure and function of the peripheral nervous system -Structure and function of the central nervous system -The Brain

-The spinal cord • Neuronal communication and its influence on behavior (PSY) • Influence of neurotransmitters on behavior (PSY) • The endocrine system -Components of the endocrine system -Effects of the endocrine system on behavior •Behavioral genetics -Genes, temperament, and heredity -Adaptive value of traits and behaviors -Interaction between heredity and environmental influences • Influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of behaviors -Experience and behavior (PSY) -Regulatory genes and behavior (BIO) -Genetically based behavioral variation in natural populations • Human physiological development (PSY) -Prenatal development -Motor development -Developmental changes in adolescence ii. Personality (PSY) •Theories of personality -Psychoanalytic perspective -Humanistic perspective -Trait perspective -Social cognitive perspective -Biological perspective -Behaviorist perspective •Situational approach to explaining behavior iii. Psychological Disorders (PSY) • Understanding psychological disorders -Biomedical vs. biopsychosocial approaches -Classifying psychological disorders -Rates of psychological disorders •Types of psychological disorders -Anxiety disorders -Obsessive-compulsive disorder

-Somatic symptom and related disorders -Bipolar and related disorders -Depressive disorders -Schizophrenia -Dissociative disorders -Personality disorders •Biological bases of nervous system disorders (PSY, BIO) -Schizophrenia -Depression -Alzheimer's disease -Parkinson's disease -Stem cell-based therapy to regenerate neurons in the central ner iv. Motivation (PSY) •Factors that influence motivation -Instinct -Arousal -Drives (e.g., negative systems) (PSY,BIO) -Needs •Theories that explain how motivation affects human behavior -Drive reduction theory -Incentive theory -Other theories (e.g., cognitive, need-based) •Biological and sociocultural motivators that regulate behavior (e.g., hunger, sex drive, s v. Attitudes (PSY) •Components of attitudes (i.e., cognitive, affective, and behavioral) •The link between attitudes and behavior -Processes by which behavior influences attitudes (e.g., foot-in-th -Processes by which attitudes influence behavior -Cognitive dissonance theory 7B. Social processes that influence human behavior i. How the presence of others affexts individual behavior (PSY) •Social facilitation •Deindividuation •Bystander effect •Social loafing •Social control (SOC) •Peer pressure (PSY, SOC) •Conformity (PSY, SOC) •Obedience (PSY, SOC) ii. Group decision-making Processes (PSY, SOC) •Group polarization (PSY) •Groupthink

iii. Normative and Non-normative Behavior (SOC) •Social norms (PSY, SOC) -Sanctions (SOC) -Folkways, mores, and taboos (SOC) -Anomie (SOC) •Deviance -Perspectives on deviance (e.g., differential association, labeling th •Aspects of collective behavior (e.g., fads, mass hysteria, riots) iv. Socialization (PSY, SOC) •Agents of socialization (e.g., the family, mass media, peers, workplace)

7C. Attitude and Behavior change i. Habituation and Dishabituation (PSY) ii.Associative Learning (PSY) •Classical Conditioning (PSY, BIO) - Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli -Conditioned and unconditioned response -Processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, general •Operant conditioning (PSY, BIO) -Processes of shaping and extinction -Types of reinforcement: positive, negative, primary, conditional -Reinforcement schedules: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interv -Punishment -Escape and avoidance learning •The role of cognitive processes in associative learning • Biological processes that affect associative learning (e.g., biological predispositions, in iii. Observational Learning (PSY) •Modeling •Biological processes that affect observational learning -Mirror neurons -Role of the brain in experiencing vicarious emotions •Applications of observational learning to explain individual behavior iv. Theories of Attitude and Behavior Change (PSY) •Elaboration likelihood model •Social cognitive theory •Factors that affect attitude change (e.g., changing behavior, characteristics of the mess 8A. Self-identity

i. Self-Concept, Self-identity, and Social Identity (PSY, SOC) •The role of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control in self-concept and self-identi •Different types of identities (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, class) ii. Formation of Identity (PSY, SOC) •Theories of identity development (e.g., gender, moral, psychosexual, social)

•Influence of social factors on identity formation -Influence of Individuals (e.g., imitation, looking-glass self, role-ta -Influence of groups (e.g., reference group) •Influence of culture and socialization on identity formation

8B. Social thinking i. Attributing Behavior to Persons or Situations (PSY) • Attributional processes (e.g., fundamental attribution error, role of culture in attributio •How self-perceptions shape our perceptions of others •How perceptions of the environment shape our perceptions of others ii. Prejudie and Bias (PSY, SOC) •Processes that contribute to prejudice -Power, prestige, and class (SOC) -the role of emotion in prejudice (PSY) -the role of cognition in prejudice (PSY) •Stereotypes •Stigma (SOC) •Ethnocentrism (SOC) -Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism iii. Processes Related to Stereotypes (PSY) •Self-fulfilling prophecy •Stereotype threat

8C. Social Interactions i. Elements of Social Interaction (PSY, SOC) •Status (SOC) -Types of status (e.g., achieved, ascribed) •Role -Role conflict and role strain (SOC) -Role exit (SOC) •Groups -Primary and secondary groups (SOC) -in-group vs out-group -Group size (e.g. dyads, triads) (SOC) •Networks (SOC) •Organizations (SOC) -Formal organization -Bureaucracy -Characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy -Perspectives on bureaucracy (e.g. iron law of o ii. Self-presentation and Interacting with Others (PSY, SOC) • Expressing and detecting emotion -the role of gender in the expression and detection of emotion

-the role of culture in the expression and detection of emotion •Presentation of self -Impression management -Front stage vs. back stage self (Dramaturgical approach) (SOC) •Verbal and nonverbal communication •Animal signals and communication (PSY, BIO) iii. Social Behavior (PSY) •Attraction •Aggression •Attachment •Altruism •Social (PSY, SOC) • Biological explanations of social behavior in animals (PSY, BIO) -Foraging behavior (BIO) -Mating behavior and mate choice -Applying game theory (BIO) -Altruism -Inclusive fitness (BIO) iv. Discrimination (PSY, SOC) •Individual vs. institutional discrimination (SOC) •The relationship between prejudice and discrimination •How power, prestige, and class facilitate discrimination (SOC)

9A. Understanding social structure i. Theoretical Approaches (SOC) •Microsociology vs. macrosociology •Functionalism •Conflict Theory •Symbolic interactionism •Social constructionism •Exchange-rational choice •Feminist Theory ii. Social Institutions (SOC) • Education -Hidden curriculum -Teacher expectancy -Educational segregation and stratification •Family (PSY, SOC) -Forms of kinship (SOC) -Diversity in family forms -Marriage and divorce -Violence in the family (e.g. child abuse, elder abuse, spousal abus •Religion

-Religiosity -Types of religious organizations (e.g. churches, sects, cults) -Religion and social change (e.g. modernization, secularization, fu •Government and economy -Power andauthority -comparative economic and political systems -Division of labor •Health and medicine -Medicalization -The sick role -Delivery of health care -Illness experience -Social epidemiology iii. Culture (PSY, SOC) • Elements of culture (e.g. beliefs, language, rituals, symbols, values) •Material vs. symbolic culture (SOC) •Culture lag (SOC) •Culture shock (SOC) •Asssimiliation (SOC) •Multiculturalism (SOC) •Subcultures and countercultures (SOC) •Mass media and popular culture (SOC) •Evoution and human culture (PSY, BIO) •Transmission and diffusion (SOC) 9B. Demographic characteristics and processes i. Demographic Structure of Society (PSY, SOC) •Age -Aging and the life course -Age cohorts (SOC) -Social significance of aging •Gender -Sex versus gender -the social construction of gender (SOC) -Gender segregation (SOC) •Race and ethnicity (SOC) -The social construction of race -Racialization -Racial formation •Immigration status (SOC) -Patterns of immigration -Intersections with race and ethnicity •Sexual Orientation ii. Demographic Shifts and Social Change (SOC)

•Theories of demographic change (i.e., Malthusian theory and demographic transiti •Population growth and decline (e.g., population projections, population pyramids) •Fertility, migration, and mortality -Fertility and mortality rates (e.g., total, crude, age-specific) -Patterns in fertility and mortality -Push and pull factors in migration •Social movements -Relative deprivation -Organization of social movements -Movement strategies and tactics •Globalization -Factors contributing to globalization (e.g., communication techno -Perspectives on globalization -Social Changes in globalization (e.g. civil unrest, terrorism) •Urbanization -Industrialization and urban growth -Suburbanization and urban decline -Gentrification and urban renewal 10A. Social Inequality i. Spatial Inequality (SOC) •Residential segregation •Neighborhood safety and violence •Environmental justice (location and exposure to health risks) ii. Social Clas (OSC) •Aspects of social stratification -Social class and socioeconomic status -Class consciousness and false consciousness -Cultural capital and social capital -Social reproduction -Power, priviledge, and prestige -Intersectionality (e.g., race, gender, age) -Socioeconomic gradient in health -Global inequalities •Patterns of social mobility -Intergenerational and intragenerational mobility -vertical and horizontal mobility -Meritocracy •Poverty -Relative and absolute poverty -Social exclusion (segregation and isolation) iii. Health Disparities (SOC) (e.g., class, gender, and race inequalities in health) iv. Healthcare Disparities (SOC) (e.g., class, gender, and race inequalities in health care)

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n and stratification

e.g. child abuse, elder abuse, spousal abuse) (SOC)

nizations (e.g. churches, sects, cults) nge (e.g. modernization, secularization, fundamentalism)

and political systems

e, rituals, symbols, values)

of gender (SOC)

and ethnicity

lthusian theory and demographic transition) lation projections, population pyramids)

ates (e.g., total, crude, age-specific)

globalization (e.g., communication technology, economic interdependence)

lization (e.g. civil unrest, terrorism)

rban growth ban decline

sure to health risks)

onomic status d false consciousness

ace, gender, age)

ntragenerational mobility

ation and isolation) ualities in health) nequalities in health care)

Skill 1. Knowlege of Scientific Concepts and Principles -Demonstrating understanding of scientific concepts and principles -Identifying the relationships between closely-related concepts Skill 2. Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving -Reasoning about scientific principles, theories, and models -Analyzing and evaluating scientific explanations and predictions Skill 3. Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research -Demonstrating understanding of important components of scientific research -Reasoning about ethical issues in research Skill 4. Data-Based and Statistical Reasoning -Interpreting patterns in data presented in tables, figures, and graphs -Reasoning about data and drawing conclusions from them

scientific research

Skill 1. Foundations of Comprehension - Understanding the basic components of the text - Inferring meaning from rhetorical devices, word choice, and text structure Skill 2. Reasoning Within the Text - Integrating different components of the text to increase comprehension

Skill 3. Reasoning Beyond the Text - Applying or extrapolating ideas from the age to new contexts - Assessing the impact of introducing new factors, information, or conditions to ideas from the pas

and text structure

omprehension

contexts tion, or conditions to ideas from the age