Narrow Runway 6g4d2u
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Guidelines for Narrow Runway Operations Bruce Lindstrom The Boeing Company
BOEING is a trademark of Boeing Management Company. Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved.
How Narrow Is Narrow? ● 45m is standard runway width (for most large commercial jet operations) ● As of March, 2002, there were at least 63 airports worldwide with runway width 30m or less, being served by 737,757 or 767 aircraft. ● Boeing has received various requests from operators for guidance in operating aircraft on runways as narrow as 23m (75 ft).
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.2
Narrow Runway Issues ● Takeoff: 1.“GO” following engine failure 2.“RTO” following engine failure 3.Maximum recommended crosswind
● Landing: 1.Adverse weather (pilot decision-making) 2.Crosswind landing 3.Crosswind and engine failure 4.Autoland considerations
● MMEL/Inflight Failures affecting
directional control
● Ground Maneuvering and increased risk of FOD to
wing-mounted engines
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.3
Regulatory Background ● In CFR 14 Part 25 and JAR 25, there are currently no requirements to define a minimum runway width as part of the certification of an airplane type. ● No published AFM limitation. ● FAA does publish recommended runway design criteria in Advisory Circular 150/5300-13. ● ICAO also publishes recommended minimum runway width in Annex 14
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.4
Regulatory Background – Airworthiness Standards ● Runway width not directly addressed in FAR/JAR Part 25. ● FAR 25.149(e) does specify criteria to be used to determine minimum control speed on the ground (VMCG):
– No credit for nose wheel steering… – Maximum 30 ft (9.14m) deviation from centerline during recovery Note: Regulatory VMCG basis assumes zero crosswind
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.5
Maximum Allowable Deviation and runway width…
Initial offset?
Max Deviation
? 30 ft (9.1m) ½ gear track Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.6
VMCG on a 45m (150 ft) wide Runway (based on 2m initial offset)
737-700 Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
747-400 Lindstrom.7
Narrow Runway VMCG VMCG should be increased to provide adequate margins on narrow runways… Our approach is to scale the permissible deviation to the runway width, and then quantify the affect on VMCG: Sample 737-700 sea level example: Runway Width
Allowable deviation
VMCG Adjustment
45m (Baseline)
9.1m (30 ft)
baseline
30m
6.1m (20 ft)
Add 3-5 knots
Note: The increased VMCG causes an increase in minimum field length required for takeoff in a VMCG-limited situation. Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.8
What About Rejected Takeoff? ● Notice that the increased VMCG we just discussed protects us for a continued takeoff after V1, following engine failure, but it slightly increases our potential exposure to an RTO. ● An equally important consideration is the effect of a narrow runway on the RTO.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.9
RTO Physics • Engine failure below V1
STOP!
● Retard thrust on the operating engine as quickly as possible to remove thrust asymmetry ● Largest deviations occur on RTO…
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.10
Airspeed Effect on Maximum Deviation During RTO ● Higher speed increases rudder effectiveness and increases airplane momentum prior to engine failure. ● Thrust asymmetry reduces at higher speeds
Conclusion: Worst case for directional control is encountered on RTO when engine fails at slow speed
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.11
Crosswind ability for Engine Failure on Takeoff FAR/JAR Part 25 VMCG definition assumes zero crosswind…
Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind does not address engine failure…
Boeing’s Recommended Crosswind Guidelines are intended to address crosswind and engine failure. Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.12
737-6/7/8/900 Recommended Takeoff Crosswind Guidelines (45m runway)
As published in the Flight Crew Training Manual (FCTM): Crosswind – Knots* Runway Condition
-600
-700 -800 or -900 without / with without / with winglets winglets
Dry Wet Standing Water/ Slush Snow – No melting ** Ice – No Melting
36 20
36 / 34 23 / 21
36 / 34 27 / 25
14
16
19
18
21 / 19
26 / 24
7
7
8
*Winds measured at 10m (33 ft) tower height and apply for runway 45m
or greater in width ** Takeoff on untreated ice or snow should only be attempted when no melting is present Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.13
Recommended Takeoff Crosswind Guidelines and Runway Width The Recommended Takeoff Crosswind guidelines were originally developed for “standard” (typically 45m) runway widths, but recent analysis validates application of these wind guidelines down to the following minimum runway widths: Model
Minimum Runway Width with published Takeoff Crosswinds
737*
30m
757
30m
767
35m
777
40m
747 40m *737-500 may require aft CG curtailment at 30m runway width
Reduced crosswind guidelines are recommended for takeoff on runways narrower than the above minimum widths.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.14
Recommended Landing Crosswind Guidelines and Runway Width The Recommended Landing Crosswind guidelines were originally developed for “standard” (typically 45m) runway widths, but recent analysis validates application of these wind guidelines down to the following minimum runway widths: Model
Minimum Runway Width with published Landing Crosswinds
737
30m
757
33m
767
35m
777
37m
747
37m
Reduced crosswind guidelines are recommended for landing on runways narrower than the above minimum widths.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.15
Summary: Operational Recommendations ● Adjust VMCG (and associated minimum field length) appropriately for narrow runway ● Adjust recommended crosswind guidelines appropriately for narrow runway ● Use reduced takeoff thrust (when performance permits) to minimize thrust asymmetry following engine failure. ● Load to more forward CG to improve directional control. ● Address narrow runway appropriately in MEL.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.16
Summary: Flight Crew Recommendations ● Provide dedicated training and qualification for narrow runway operations (properly validated simulator can be very effective device for this). ● Be vigilant for and aggressive in responding to asymmetric spin-up or engine failure on takeoff roll. ● Be aware that differential braking may be required for RTO below 65 knots. ● Exercise conservative judgment with respect to approach and landing, especially in adverse weather
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.17
Summary: Regulatory Developments ● Discussions continue in various regulatory working
group forums on narrow runway operations
● Some manufacturers publish generic guidance in AFM
(although little formal regulatory guidance currently exists)
● Boeing provides specific advisory recommendations
upon request
● Individual airport and runway characteristics should
still be considered
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.18
Questions?
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.19
BOEING is a trademark of Boeing Management Company. Copyright © 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved.
How Narrow Is Narrow? ● 45m is standard runway width (for most large commercial jet operations) ● As of March, 2002, there were at least 63 airports worldwide with runway width 30m or less, being served by 737,757 or 767 aircraft. ● Boeing has received various requests from operators for guidance in operating aircraft on runways as narrow as 23m (75 ft).
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.2
Narrow Runway Issues ● Takeoff: 1.“GO” following engine failure 2.“RTO” following engine failure 3.Maximum recommended crosswind
● Landing: 1.Adverse weather (pilot decision-making) 2.Crosswind landing 3.Crosswind and engine failure 4.Autoland considerations
● MMEL/Inflight Failures affecting
directional control
● Ground Maneuvering and increased risk of FOD to
wing-mounted engines
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.3
Regulatory Background ● In CFR 14 Part 25 and JAR 25, there are currently no requirements to define a minimum runway width as part of the certification of an airplane type. ● No published AFM limitation. ● FAA does publish recommended runway design criteria in Advisory Circular 150/5300-13. ● ICAO also publishes recommended minimum runway width in Annex 14
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.4
Regulatory Background – Airworthiness Standards ● Runway width not directly addressed in FAR/JAR Part 25. ● FAR 25.149(e) does specify criteria to be used to determine minimum control speed on the ground (VMCG):
– No credit for nose wheel steering… – Maximum 30 ft (9.14m) deviation from centerline during recovery Note: Regulatory VMCG basis assumes zero crosswind
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.5
Maximum Allowable Deviation and runway width…
Initial offset?
Max Deviation
? 30 ft (9.1m) ½ gear track Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.6
VMCG on a 45m (150 ft) wide Runway (based on 2m initial offset)
737-700 Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
747-400 Lindstrom.7
Narrow Runway VMCG VMCG should be increased to provide adequate margins on narrow runways… Our approach is to scale the permissible deviation to the runway width, and then quantify the affect on VMCG: Sample 737-700 sea level example: Runway Width
Allowable deviation
VMCG Adjustment
45m (Baseline)
9.1m (30 ft)
baseline
30m
6.1m (20 ft)
Add 3-5 knots
Note: The increased VMCG causes an increase in minimum field length required for takeoff in a VMCG-limited situation. Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.8
What About Rejected Takeoff? ● Notice that the increased VMCG we just discussed protects us for a continued takeoff after V1, following engine failure, but it slightly increases our potential exposure to an RTO. ● An equally important consideration is the effect of a narrow runway on the RTO.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.9
RTO Physics • Engine failure below V1
STOP!
● Retard thrust on the operating engine as quickly as possible to remove thrust asymmetry ● Largest deviations occur on RTO…
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.10
Airspeed Effect on Maximum Deviation During RTO ● Higher speed increases rudder effectiveness and increases airplane momentum prior to engine failure. ● Thrust asymmetry reduces at higher speeds
Conclusion: Worst case for directional control is encountered on RTO when engine fails at slow speed
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.11
Crosswind ability for Engine Failure on Takeoff FAR/JAR Part 25 VMCG definition assumes zero crosswind…
Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind does not address engine failure…
Boeing’s Recommended Crosswind Guidelines are intended to address crosswind and engine failure. Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.12
737-6/7/8/900 Recommended Takeoff Crosswind Guidelines (45m runway)
As published in the Flight Crew Training Manual (FCTM): Crosswind – Knots* Runway Condition
-600
-700 -800 or -900 without / with without / with winglets winglets
Dry Wet Standing Water/ Slush Snow – No melting ** Ice – No Melting
36 20
36 / 34 23 / 21
36 / 34 27 / 25
14
16
19
18
21 / 19
26 / 24
7
7
8
*Winds measured at 10m (33 ft) tower height and apply for runway 45m
or greater in width ** Takeoff on untreated ice or snow should only be attempted when no melting is present Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.13
Recommended Takeoff Crosswind Guidelines and Runway Width The Recommended Takeoff Crosswind guidelines were originally developed for “standard” (typically 45m) runway widths, but recent analysis validates application of these wind guidelines down to the following minimum runway widths: Model
Minimum Runway Width with published Takeoff Crosswinds
737*
30m
757
30m
767
35m
777
40m
747 40m *737-500 may require aft CG curtailment at 30m runway width
Reduced crosswind guidelines are recommended for takeoff on runways narrower than the above minimum widths.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.14
Recommended Landing Crosswind Guidelines and Runway Width The Recommended Landing Crosswind guidelines were originally developed for “standard” (typically 45m) runway widths, but recent analysis validates application of these wind guidelines down to the following minimum runway widths: Model
Minimum Runway Width with published Landing Crosswinds
737
30m
757
33m
767
35m
777
37m
747
37m
Reduced crosswind guidelines are recommended for landing on runways narrower than the above minimum widths.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.15
Summary: Operational Recommendations ● Adjust VMCG (and associated minimum field length) appropriately for narrow runway ● Adjust recommended crosswind guidelines appropriately for narrow runway ● Use reduced takeoff thrust (when performance permits) to minimize thrust asymmetry following engine failure. ● Load to more forward CG to improve directional control. ● Address narrow runway appropriately in MEL.
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.16
Summary: Flight Crew Recommendations ● Provide dedicated training and qualification for narrow runway operations (properly validated simulator can be very effective device for this). ● Be vigilant for and aggressive in responding to asymmetric spin-up or engine failure on takeoff roll. ● Be aware that differential braking may be required for RTO below 65 knots. ● Exercise conservative judgment with respect to approach and landing, especially in adverse weather
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.17
Summary: Regulatory Developments ● Discussions continue in various regulatory working
group forums on narrow runway operations
● Some manufacturers publish generic guidance in AFM
(although little formal regulatory guidance currently exists)
● Boeing provides specific advisory recommendations
upon request
● Individual airport and runway characteristics should
still be considered
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.18
Questions?
Copyright © 2007 The Boeing Company
Lindstrom.19
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