Petroleum Engineering Ppt r2f11

Oil and Gas From Deep in the Earth to Our Cars and Homes

What are Oil and Gas? • Oil and Gas are substances found within the earth’s crust.

• They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal matter. • Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago, and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organic materials were converted into the oil and gas which are found today.

(For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off methane gas)

What else do we know about oil and gas? Oil in it’s natural state can be thick or thin, black or light colored.

When oil is refined, many products can be obtained: –Energy for power –Gasoline for cars –Diesel fuel for trucks and trains –Hi-octane fuels for planes –Heating oil for houses

Many other materials also come from petroleum: –Plastics –Materials for clothes (example: polyester fabrics) –Chemicals for everyday use –Paints

Where do we find Oil and Gas?

Some people think that oil lies in big underground pools.

Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces between grains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

So, how do we find oil-bearing rocks?

• Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth. • These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeable rock above the trap prevents the oil and gas from migrating up to surface. An “impermeable” rock is one that fluid cannot through. • Without traps, the oil and gas (which are lighter than water) could migrate all the way to the surface and evaporate.

Here’s an example of a dome-shaped Oil reservoir.

Oil Water Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards. Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why? Oil and Gas are lighter than water, so they float upward (even underground)!

Here’s an example of a Gas reservoir.

Gas Water

Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from escaping.

Here’s an example of an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap

Gas Oil Water

Why do you suppose the gas is on top? Gas is lighter than oil and water so it rises to the top of the trap. Without a trap oil and gas can rise to the surface to form natural seeps.

How do we find the oil reservoirs? Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, and timing how long it takes for the sound to come back

Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth looks like underground.

source

t = 1.42 sec

t = 1.2 sec

t = 1 sec

receivers

Gas Oil

What do we do after we find a reservoir?

? ? ?

We Drill Into It! ! (of course!)

What do we drill with ?

A Drilling Rig ! Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available: Jackup Rig

Land Rig

For drilling in water depths from 20 ft to +/- 350 ft.

For drilling on land.

Semi-Submersible Rig Inland Barge

For drilling in water depths from 10 to 30 ft.

Drill Ship

Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in water depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.

What is a drilling rig ? A Drilling Rig is: A package of special equipment put together to enable us to drill into the earth.

• A drilling rig has many different parts: a derrick, a substructure, hoisting equipment, engines for power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control equipment, and many other pieces. Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as 6 miles? That’s as deep as Mt. Everest is tall!

This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig. This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is picked up in 30 foot long segments, or “ts”, of drill pipe. The hoisting equipment consists of: a a crown block, a travelling block, drilling line, and a drawworks to pull the drilling line up or down.

derrick

This shows a 30 foot section of drill pipe being added to the drill pipe already in the hole.

substructure

Drill string Drill bit

spare drill pipe

Here’s how the drill bit drills the rock.

The drill string is turned at surface, which turns the bit at the bottom of the hole.

The teeth on the drill bit grind the rock into fragments, or “cuttings”.

Drilling mud is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe, through jet nozzles in the bit, and into the “annulus”. This is the space between the sides of the hole and the drill pipe.

The mud lifts the cuttings and circulates them back to surface where they are removed.

The Drilling Mud Cycle 1) Clean drilling mud is taken from the steel mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the drill pipe. 4) The mixture is circulated across screens at surface

screens

5) Clean mud falls through the screens and is returned to the pits

3) the mixture of drilling mud and drill cuttings are circulated up the annulus

mud pump

6) The drill cuttings are removed, and form a cuttings pile. This can be hauled off and disposed of.

2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the drill bit.

The production facilities on surface separate out the gas, oil, and water into their separate phases.

Produced Gas

Oil

Production Separator

Produced Water

From there, the oil and gas may be refined further before being ready to market.

Production Separator

Produced Water

Storage Tanks

Oil

Oil Refinery

Finally, the gas and oil can be sold to power cars and heat homes.

And That’s How Oil and Gas Get From Deep in the Earth into YOUR Everyday Lives!

Role of Process Engineering in Organization

Introduction • What is Process Engineering – Process engineering an essential engineering role in chemical process industries to improve operating process performance and enhance the process management in projects – Process engineering classified in to two different applications such as facility process engineering and conceptual process engineering.

Applications Process Engineering Design – Process engineering design is the application of chemical engineering and Mechanical engineering in Oil & Gas Industry. – Involves in process related conceptual projects development, project planning, project design and project construction engineering and commissioning of the facilities

General Responsibilities Process Engineer – Prepares various studies of process cycles and systems for production improvements and enhancements. – Prepares economic studies associated with process performances. – Prepares conceptualized process schematics and ensures proper deliverables of the required modifications – Prepares economic studies associated with process performance – Evaluates competitive bids for process equipments

Inter Relationship Responsibilities Process Engineer must understand the importance of Inter Relationship. – Process Team is a part of Technical Services Team and Interacts with • • • • •

Operations Team, Maintenance Team Inspection Team Projects construction Team Project review design Team

– Appreciates each function may and often influence the process design decisions

Organization Structure Process Engineer Function may vary from industry to another Industry. – Oil & Gas Industry specifically will have the functionalities. • Operations ing Process Engineering • Technical Services Engineering • Project design engineering

– Oil & Gas EPC (Engineering, Procurement and construction) Industry will also have process engineering applications for detailed Engineering development – Oil & Gas PMC (Project Management consultancy) will have process engineering applications

Process Engineering Process Modeling and Simulation – Overview • Process modeling is one of the art of Process Engineering to find out process adequacy from gross root to construction capabilities. • Process simulation gives the bottom line approach on the plant Heat & Material balance • Process Simulation gives further direction for detailed Engineering.

Process Simulation Software's • Widely used Process Simulation software's as follows. – Facility oriented Process simulations • ASPEN PLUS • ASPEN HYSYS • UNISIM • Pro-II • CHEMCAD

Process Simulation Software's • Widely used Process Simulation software's as follows. – Pipe line oriented Process simulations • Pipe Phase • Pipe sim • ASPEN HYSYS • OLGA

Process Simulation Software's • Example for Facility process Simulation

Process Simulation Software's • Widely used software's as follows. – Thermal design of Heat Exchanger simulations • HTRI • ASPEN HTFS • ASPEN B-JAC

GAS OIL SEPARATION PLANT

LIST OF EPC COMPANIES Petrofac Mot MacDonald Foster Wheeler Saipem Technip Flour Daniel Bechtel Petrojet Jacobs Engineering Petro6 Samsung Engineering

Process Engineering Oil & Gas Facilities – Overview • Oil gathering facilities will located at centralized location called Gathering centers • Oil and Gas will be segregated from the Gathering centers and Oil will be exported to Tank farm for storage and further handling • Gas will be collected in individual headers and fed to Gas Booster stations to compress to required delivery pressures