Power Generation Using Speed Breakers 1d4g5
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
68
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ABSTRACT
This project harvests energy from speed breaker by making gear arrangement and using electronics gadgets. Large amounts amount of electricity can be generated saving lot of money.
And
if
implemented
will
be
very
beneficial
for
Government.
When vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when
vehicle
traveling
at
high
speed
strikes
the
wind.
The principle involved is POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION. There is a system to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip. When the breaker comes down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter) which in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity.
70
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
INTRODUCTION:
An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage, electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not entering a full crisis, political riots that occurred during the 2007 Burmese antigovernment protests were initially sparked by rising energy prices. Likewise the RussiaUkraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-consumption, infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. EMERGING SHORTAGES Crisis that currently exist include; • Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq. Iraq is #3 in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves. However some observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December 2005. If this is correct it is also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power • South African electrical crisis Solution for Energy Crisis NEXT time on the roads, don’t scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the highway. This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the SPEED BREAKERS. Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is always lost in environment and of which we can’t make 71
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
use of….OR directly we can say that all this energy that we can’t make use of is just the WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the principle of “POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to change the states of objects in the system when the energy is released If h is the height above an arbitrarily assigned reference point, then Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula: In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the breaker come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. “A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end of
72
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
the day,” he said. The Assam power ministry is expected to back the IIT pilot project. Das says a storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such rumble strip to store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per mega watt from speed-breakers will be nearly Rs 1 crore as opposed to about Rs 8 crore in thermal or hydro power stations.
Next time on the roads, don't scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the highway.An amateur innovator in Guwahati has developed a simple contraption that can generate power when a vehicle es over a speed breaker. Kanak Gogoi, a small time businessman, has developed a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. The innovation has caught the eye of the Indian Institute of Technology (iit), Guwahati, which will fund a pilot project to generate electricity from speed-breakers.
The idea is basic physics. Gogoi has welded five-metre-long metal plates into the speed-breaker instead of the conventional bitumen-and-stone-chip rumble strip. The plates are movable and inclined with the help of a spring-loaded hydraulic system. The fulcrum-attached plates are pushed down when a vehicle moves over them and bounce back to original position as it es. "When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip," Gogoi says. "When the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity," he explains.
IIT Guwahati has evaluated the machine and recommended it to the Assam ministry of power for large scale funding. A K Das, a professor at iit's design department 73
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
says it is a 'very viable proposition' to harness thousands of mega watts of electricity untapped across the country every day. "A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end of the day," he said.
The Assam power ministry is expected to back the iit pilot project.
Das says a storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such rumble strip to store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per mega watt.
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
simple energy conversion from mechanical to electrical. to generate electricity using the vehicle kinetic energy as input we can develope electricity from speed breakers they are using 3 different mechanisms: I. Roller mechanism II. Rack- Pinion mechanism III. Crank-shaft mechanism
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ROLLER MECHANISM:
ake use of….OR directly we can say that
A roller blind mechanism for winding and unwinding a rollable blind, the mechanism comprising a element, a drive sprocket which is rotatably mounted on the element for transmitting rotational movement to a blind ing member, and a manually-movable elongate flexible drive element which includes a plurality of interlinked tooth-engaging elements, the drive sprocket including a plurality of flexible teeth engagable with the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein a radial extent of the teeth of the
75
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
drive sprocket is equal to or greater than a maximum dimension of the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 2, wherein the radial extent is equal to or greater than twice the maximum dimension of the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the teeth of the drive sprocket flex in a circumferential direction of the sprocket.
Rack and Pinion mechanism:
GY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generat
Rack and pinion gears normally change rotary motion into linear motion, but sometimes we use them to change linear motion into rotary motion. They transform a rotary movement (that of the pinion) into a linear movement 76
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
(that of the rack) or vice versa. We use them for sliding doors moved by an electric motor.The rack is attached to the door and the pinion is attached to the motor. The motor moves the pinion which moves the rack and the door moves.
CRANKSHAFT MECHANISM: The crankshaft is a mechanism that transforms rotary movement into linear movement, or vice versa. For example, the motion of the pistons in the engine of a car is linear (they go up and down). But the motion of the wheels has to be rotary. So, engineers put a crankshaft between the engine and the transmission to the wheels. The pistons of the engine move the crankshaft and the movement becomes rotary. Then the rotary movement goes past the clutch and the gear box all the way to the wheels.
77
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF ROLLER MECHANISM: oil production peak occurred in December
Before starting I have one question to you all who is really very happy with the current situation of the electricity in India? I suppose no one . so this is my step to improve the situation of electricity with a innovative and useful concept ie Generating Electricity from a Speed breaker First of all what is electricity means to us? Electricity is the form of energy. It is the flow of electrical Power . Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside water falls that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Direct current (DC) electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines. How is electricity generated?
Electricity generation was first developed in the 1800's using Faradays dynamo generator. Almost 200 years later we are still using the same basic principles to generate electricity, only on a much larger scale. The rotor(rotating shaft) is directly connected to the prime mover and rotates as the prime mover turns. The rotor contains a magnet that, when turned, produces a moving or rotating magnetic field. The rotor is surrounded by a stationary casing called the stator, which contains the wound copper coils or windings. When the moving magnetic field es by these windings, electricity is produced in them. By controlling the speed at which the rotor is turned, a steady flow of electricity is produced in the windings. These windings
are
connected
to
the
electricity 78
network
via
transmission
lines.
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Now I m throwing some light on the very new and innovative concept ie GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM A SPEED BREAKER . Producing electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept that is under going research. The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if we convert some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into the rotational motion of roller then we can produce considerable amount of electricity, this is the main concept of this project. In this project, a roller is fitted in between a speed breaker and some kind of a grip is provided on the speed breaker so that when a vehicle es over speed breaker it rotates the roller. This movement of roller is used to rotate the shaft of D.C. generator by the help of chain drive which is there to provide 1:5 speed ratio . As the shaft of D.C. generator rotates, it produces electricity. This electricity is stored in a battery. Then the output of the battery is used to lighten the street lamps on the road. Now during daytime we don?t need electricity for lightening the street lamps so we are using a control switch which is manually operated .The control switch is connected by wire to the output of the battery. The control switch has ON/OFF mechanism which allows the current to flow when needed.
One question that u all are thinking is why I have apply this on the speed breaker and not on the rough road or plane road where the kinetic energy of the vehicle is more then what I m getting on the speed breaker I m giving u one example, just think over it.
A car or any heavy vehicle is coming with a speed of 100 mph on the road and ing over this roller which is fitted at the level of the road then this roller is gaining the speed nearly somewhere 90 mph (due to losses). So now suppose a cycle is coming with a speed of 20 mph and is going to this roller (which is moving at a speed of 90 mph) due to this difference in the speed there will be a collision that is the main reason for using this concept on the speed breaker
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Side View
Top View
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF RACK AND PINION MECHANISM:(POWER HUMP):
In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”. The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is connected to the electric dynamo and it produces electrical energy proportional to traffic density. This generated power can be regulated by using zenor diode for continuous supply .All this mechanism can be housed under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump. The generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic signals. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these power humps in series this generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electric devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some extent.
KEY WORDS:
Non-conventional sources, Kinetic energy, Electro-mechanical unit, Speed breaker, magnetic field.
81
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
INTRODUCTION:
In the present scenario power becomes the major need for human life .The availability and its percapita consumptions is regarded as the index of national standard of living in the present day civilization. Energy is an important input in all the sectors of any countries economy. Energy crisis is due to two reasons, firstly the population of the world has been increased rapidly and secondly standard of living of human beings has increased. India is the country, which majorly suffers with lack of sufficient power generation. The capital energy consumption of U.S.A. is about 8000 K.W.H., where as per INDIA is only 150 K.W.H. U.S.A. with 7% of world population consumes 32% of total power generation where as INDIA as developing country with 20% of world population consumes only 1% of total energy consumed in the world. The availability of regular conventional fossil fuels will be the main sources for power generation, but there is a fear that they will get exhausted eventually by the next few decades. Therefore, we have to investigate some approximate, alternative, new sources for the power generation, which is not depleted by the very few years. Another major problem, which is becoming the exiting topic for today is the pollution. It suffers all the living organisms of all kinds as on the land, in aqua and in air. Power stations and automobiles are the major pollution producing places. Therefore, we have to investigate other types of renewable sources, which produce electricity without using any commercial fossil fuels, which is not producing any harmful products. There are already existing such systems using renewable energy such as solar wind), OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversions) etc…for power generation. The latest technology which is used to generate the power by such renewable energy is the” POWER HUMP”. WORKING PRINCIPLE:
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage. POWER HUMP is a dome like device likely to be speed breaker.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Whenever the vehicle is allowed to over the dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome are compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So that the shafts will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density. Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an E.M.F (electro motive force) is induced in it. So, for inducing the E.M.F armature coil has to rotate, for rotating this armature it is connected to a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f, is induced, for this rotation kinetic energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is generated in both the directions; to convert this power into one way a special component is used called zenor diode for continuous supply. All this mechanism can be housed under the dome, like speed breaker, which is called HUMP. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these POWER HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electrical devices.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS: The various machine elements used in the construction of power hump are
RACK
SPUR GEAR
FLY WHEEL
BEARINGS
SHAFT
SPRINGS
ELECTRIC DYNAMO
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
A dome is mounted on four springs and in the bottom, a rack is clamped. The rack consists teeth on both the faces. It is connected to two gear wheels to rotate the gear wheels only in one direction. We have inserted a free wheel in each gear. The free wheel and the gear assembly are mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the same shaft and the shaft is simply ed at the both ends by means of ball bearings. Now a dynamo is connected to each shaft by belt drive. The output terminal of dynamo is connected to an electrical storing device. The total assembly is arranged in concrete pit. S.NO
NAME OF THE MATERIAL USED
QUANTITY
COMPONENT 1
RACK
MILD STEEL
1
2
SPUR GEAR
CAST IRON
2
3
FLY WHEEL
CAST IRON
2
4
SHAFT
MILD STEEL
2
5
SPRINGS
CHROME-
4
VANADIUM ALLOY STEEL 6
BEARINGS
HIGH
CARBON
4
CHROMIUM STEEL 7
ELECTRIC
____
DYNAMO
84
2
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
RACK: Its primary function is to convert translatory motion into rotary motion. It must have higher strength, rigidity and resistance to shock load and less wear and tear.
Fig: Line diagram of power hump
SPUR GEAR: It is a positive power transmission device with definite velocity ratio. In volute teeth profile is preferred for adjusting some linear misalignment. It should have high wear and tear, shock-absorbing capacity.
85
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
FLY WHEEL: The primary function of flywheel is to act as an energy accumulator. It reduces the fluctuations in speed. It absorbs the energy when demand is less and release the same when it is required. SHAFTS: It is a rotating element, which is used to transmit power from one place to another place. It s the rotating elements like gears and flywheels. It must have high torsional rigidity and lateral rigidity. SPRINGS: It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. It cushions, absorbs or controls energy either due to shocks or due to vibrations. BEARINGS: It is a machine element, which s another machinery. It permits relative motion between the ing surfaces while carrying the loads. They reduce the friction and transmit the motion effectively. ELECTRIC DYNAMO: It is a device, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works based on “faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction”.
FIRST LAW: Whenever a conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux an e.m.f is induced in it.
SECOND LAW: The magnitude of induced e.m.f is equals to the rate of change of flux.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
CONCLUSION: Energy is an important input to sustain industrial growth and standard of living of a country and can be directly related to per-capita energy consumption. The conventional sources energy like coal, oil, uranium etc… are depleting very fast and by the turn of the century man will have to depend upon non conventional sources of energy for power generation. The various types of non-conventional sources of energy are solar energy, wind energy, biogas etc… now by developing “POWER HUMP” we can generate power with out utilizing any external sources mentioned earlier. Now, vehicular traffic in big cities is more, causing a problem to human being. But this vehicular traffic can also be utilized for power generation by means of new technique called “POWER HUMP”. If it is placed in heavy traffic roads, the weight and kinetic energy of the vehicles can be used to produce mechanical power in shafts and this mechanical power is once again converted into electrical energy. As it does not utilize any external source, and traffic will never be reduced, these power humps are more reliable, and have more life than any other power source. It is also feasible from the customer point of view as follows. The total installation cost of the hump is 6000 rupees. Total cost = 6000 rupees Say with improvements in design it can glow 5 streetlights of 40-watt capacity, which will consume 2.7 K.W.H. per day. For t years electricity bill will be 2986.5*t T=2years i.e. the consumer will be repaid his investment with in 2 years period. From this onwards, there will be no investment and free of cost. The life of POWER HUMP is estimated to be 6 years. So the customer will get free power generation for 4 years period. But the major drawback of this POWER HUMP is design of springs. When we have less traffic and there is difficulty in design of springs also the generation of power is intermittent, we have to smooth out this variations.
87
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
With proper improvements in design and installation, we can produce 240v/230v with 5-10A power smoothly and can be used for public use like streetlights or traffic signals.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF RACK AND PINION MECHANISM:
This mechanism
is the third mechanism . it is the crank shaft mechanism
.whenever the vehicle going on the speed breaker ,the speed breaker goes downwards .so, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. here, we are used crank shaft 88
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
mechanism for the development of the small amount of electricity. the electricity saves on the battery storage unit .the crank shaft mechanism is regained its previous position vice versa..
Advantages:
Low budget electricity production Less floor area No obstruction to traffic Easy maintenance Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc. Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc
Disadvantages:
Selecting suitable generator. Selection of springs. Achieving proper balance of speed and torque. It gives low electric output
89
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Conclusion:
As day by day power consumption increases but electric crisis occur. So the minor needs of electricity such as street lights and traffic sigals can be generated from speed breakers. Instead of wasting kinetic energy of vehicles at speed breakers the minor needs can be met bt converting kinetic energy to electrical energy.
90
68
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ABSTRACT
This project harvests energy from speed breaker by making gear arrangement and using electronics gadgets. Large amounts amount of electricity can be generated saving lot of money.
And
if
implemented
will
be
very
beneficial
for
Government.
When vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when
vehicle
traveling
at
high
speed
strikes
the
wind.
The principle involved is POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION. There is a system to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip. When the breaker comes down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter) which in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity.
70
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
INTRODUCTION:
An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage, electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not entering a full crisis, political riots that occurred during the 2007 Burmese antigovernment protests were initially sparked by rising energy prices. Likewise the RussiaUkraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-consumption, infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. EMERGING SHORTAGES Crisis that currently exist include; • Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq. Iraq is #3 in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves. However some observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December 2005. If this is correct it is also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power • South African electrical crisis Solution for Energy Crisis NEXT time on the roads, don’t scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the highway. This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the SPEED BREAKERS. Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is always lost in environment and of which we can’t make 71
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
use of….OR directly we can say that all this energy that we can’t make use of is just the WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the principle of “POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to change the states of objects in the system when the energy is released If h is the height above an arbitrarily assigned reference point, then Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula: In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the breaker come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. “A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end of
72
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
the day,” he said. The Assam power ministry is expected to back the IIT pilot project. Das says a storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such rumble strip to store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per mega watt from speed-breakers will be nearly Rs 1 crore as opposed to about Rs 8 crore in thermal or hydro power stations.
Next time on the roads, don't scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the highway.An amateur innovator in Guwahati has developed a simple contraption that can generate power when a vehicle es over a speed breaker. Kanak Gogoi, a small time businessman, has developed a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. The innovation has caught the eye of the Indian Institute of Technology (iit), Guwahati, which will fund a pilot project to generate electricity from speed-breakers.
The idea is basic physics. Gogoi has welded five-metre-long metal plates into the speed-breaker instead of the conventional bitumen-and-stone-chip rumble strip. The plates are movable and inclined with the help of a spring-loaded hydraulic system. The fulcrum-attached plates are pushed down when a vehicle moves over them and bounce back to original position as it es. "When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip," Gogoi says. "When the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity," he explains.
IIT Guwahati has evaluated the machine and recommended it to the Assam ministry of power for large scale funding. A K Das, a professor at iit's design department 73
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
says it is a 'very viable proposition' to harness thousands of mega watts of electricity untapped across the country every day. "A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end of the day," he said.
The Assam power ministry is expected to back the iit pilot project.
Das says a storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such rumble strip to store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per mega watt.
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
simple energy conversion from mechanical to electrical. to generate electricity using the vehicle kinetic energy as input we can develope electricity from speed breakers they are using 3 different mechanisms: I. Roller mechanism II. Rack- Pinion mechanism III. Crank-shaft mechanism
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ROLLER MECHANISM:
ake use of….OR directly we can say that
A roller blind mechanism for winding and unwinding a rollable blind, the mechanism comprising a element, a drive sprocket which is rotatably mounted on the element for transmitting rotational movement to a blind ing member, and a manually-movable elongate flexible drive element which includes a plurality of interlinked tooth-engaging elements, the drive sprocket including a plurality of flexible teeth engagable with the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein a radial extent of the teeth of the
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
drive sprocket is equal to or greater than a maximum dimension of the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 2, wherein the radial extent is equal to or greater than twice the maximum dimension of the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the teeth of the drive sprocket flex in a circumferential direction of the sprocket.
Rack and Pinion mechanism:
GY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generat
Rack and pinion gears normally change rotary motion into linear motion, but sometimes we use them to change linear motion into rotary motion. They transform a rotary movement (that of the pinion) into a linear movement 76
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
(that of the rack) or vice versa. We use them for sliding doors moved by an electric motor.The rack is attached to the door and the pinion is attached to the motor. The motor moves the pinion which moves the rack and the door moves.
CRANKSHAFT MECHANISM: The crankshaft is a mechanism that transforms rotary movement into linear movement, or vice versa. For example, the motion of the pistons in the engine of a car is linear (they go up and down). But the motion of the wheels has to be rotary. So, engineers put a crankshaft between the engine and the transmission to the wheels. The pistons of the engine move the crankshaft and the movement becomes rotary. Then the rotary movement goes past the clutch and the gear box all the way to the wheels.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF ROLLER MECHANISM: oil production peak occurred in December
Before starting I have one question to you all who is really very happy with the current situation of the electricity in India? I suppose no one . so this is my step to improve the situation of electricity with a innovative and useful concept ie Generating Electricity from a Speed breaker First of all what is electricity means to us? Electricity is the form of energy. It is the flow of electrical Power . Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside water falls that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Direct current (DC) electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines. How is electricity generated?
Electricity generation was first developed in the 1800's using Faradays dynamo generator. Almost 200 years later we are still using the same basic principles to generate electricity, only on a much larger scale. The rotor(rotating shaft) is directly connected to the prime mover and rotates as the prime mover turns. The rotor contains a magnet that, when turned, produces a moving or rotating magnetic field. The rotor is surrounded by a stationary casing called the stator, which contains the wound copper coils or windings. When the moving magnetic field es by these windings, electricity is produced in them. By controlling the speed at which the rotor is turned, a steady flow of electricity is produced in the windings. These windings
are
connected
to
the
electricity 78
network
via
transmission
lines.
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Now I m throwing some light on the very new and innovative concept ie GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM A SPEED BREAKER . Producing electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept that is under going research. The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if we convert some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into the rotational motion of roller then we can produce considerable amount of electricity, this is the main concept of this project. In this project, a roller is fitted in between a speed breaker and some kind of a grip is provided on the speed breaker so that when a vehicle es over speed breaker it rotates the roller. This movement of roller is used to rotate the shaft of D.C. generator by the help of chain drive which is there to provide 1:5 speed ratio . As the shaft of D.C. generator rotates, it produces electricity. This electricity is stored in a battery. Then the output of the battery is used to lighten the street lamps on the road. Now during daytime we don?t need electricity for lightening the street lamps so we are using a control switch which is manually operated .The control switch is connected by wire to the output of the battery. The control switch has ON/OFF mechanism which allows the current to flow when needed.
One question that u all are thinking is why I have apply this on the speed breaker and not on the rough road or plane road where the kinetic energy of the vehicle is more then what I m getting on the speed breaker I m giving u one example, just think over it.
A car or any heavy vehicle is coming with a speed of 100 mph on the road and ing over this roller which is fitted at the level of the road then this roller is gaining the speed nearly somewhere 90 mph (due to losses). So now suppose a cycle is coming with a speed of 20 mph and is going to this roller (which is moving at a speed of 90 mph) due to this difference in the speed there will be a collision that is the main reason for using this concept on the speed breaker
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Side View
Top View
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF RACK AND PINION MECHANISM:(POWER HUMP):
In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”. The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is connected to the electric dynamo and it produces electrical energy proportional to traffic density. This generated power can be regulated by using zenor diode for continuous supply .All this mechanism can be housed under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump. The generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic signals. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these power humps in series this generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electric devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some extent.
KEY WORDS:
Non-conventional sources, Kinetic energy, Electro-mechanical unit, Speed breaker, magnetic field.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
INTRODUCTION:
In the present scenario power becomes the major need for human life .The availability and its percapita consumptions is regarded as the index of national standard of living in the present day civilization. Energy is an important input in all the sectors of any countries economy. Energy crisis is due to two reasons, firstly the population of the world has been increased rapidly and secondly standard of living of human beings has increased. India is the country, which majorly suffers with lack of sufficient power generation. The capital energy consumption of U.S.A. is about 8000 K.W.H., where as per INDIA is only 150 K.W.H. U.S.A. with 7% of world population consumes 32% of total power generation where as INDIA as developing country with 20% of world population consumes only 1% of total energy consumed in the world. The availability of regular conventional fossil fuels will be the main sources for power generation, but there is a fear that they will get exhausted eventually by the next few decades. Therefore, we have to investigate some approximate, alternative, new sources for the power generation, which is not depleted by the very few years. Another major problem, which is becoming the exiting topic for today is the pollution. It suffers all the living organisms of all kinds as on the land, in aqua and in air. Power stations and automobiles are the major pollution producing places. Therefore, we have to investigate other types of renewable sources, which produce electricity without using any commercial fossil fuels, which is not producing any harmful products. There are already existing such systems using renewable energy such as solar wind), OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversions) etc…for power generation. The latest technology which is used to generate the power by such renewable energy is the” POWER HUMP”. WORKING PRINCIPLE:
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage. POWER HUMP is a dome like device likely to be speed breaker.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Whenever the vehicle is allowed to over the dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome are compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So that the shafts will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density. Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an E.M.F (electro motive force) is induced in it. So, for inducing the E.M.F armature coil has to rotate, for rotating this armature it is connected to a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f, is induced, for this rotation kinetic energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is generated in both the directions; to convert this power into one way a special component is used called zenor diode for continuous supply. All this mechanism can be housed under the dome, like speed breaker, which is called HUMP. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these POWER HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electrical devices.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS: The various machine elements used in the construction of power hump are
RACK
SPUR GEAR
FLY WHEEL
BEARINGS
SHAFT
SPRINGS
ELECTRIC DYNAMO
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
A dome is mounted on four springs and in the bottom, a rack is clamped. The rack consists teeth on both the faces. It is connected to two gear wheels to rotate the gear wheels only in one direction. We have inserted a free wheel in each gear. The free wheel and the gear assembly are mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the same shaft and the shaft is simply ed at the both ends by means of ball bearings. Now a dynamo is connected to each shaft by belt drive. The output terminal of dynamo is connected to an electrical storing device. The total assembly is arranged in concrete pit. S.NO
NAME OF THE MATERIAL USED
QUANTITY
COMPONENT 1
RACK
MILD STEEL
1
2
SPUR GEAR
CAST IRON
2
3
FLY WHEEL
CAST IRON
2
4
SHAFT
MILD STEEL
2
5
SPRINGS
CHROME-
4
VANADIUM ALLOY STEEL 6
BEARINGS
HIGH
CARBON
4
CHROMIUM STEEL 7
ELECTRIC
____
DYNAMO
84
2
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
RACK: Its primary function is to convert translatory motion into rotary motion. It must have higher strength, rigidity and resistance to shock load and less wear and tear.
Fig: Line diagram of power hump
SPUR GEAR: It is a positive power transmission device with definite velocity ratio. In volute teeth profile is preferred for adjusting some linear misalignment. It should have high wear and tear, shock-absorbing capacity.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
FLY WHEEL: The primary function of flywheel is to act as an energy accumulator. It reduces the fluctuations in speed. It absorbs the energy when demand is less and release the same when it is required. SHAFTS: It is a rotating element, which is used to transmit power from one place to another place. It s the rotating elements like gears and flywheels. It must have high torsional rigidity and lateral rigidity. SPRINGS: It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. It cushions, absorbs or controls energy either due to shocks or due to vibrations. BEARINGS: It is a machine element, which s another machinery. It permits relative motion between the ing surfaces while carrying the loads. They reduce the friction and transmit the motion effectively. ELECTRIC DYNAMO: It is a device, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works based on “faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction”.
FIRST LAW: Whenever a conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux an e.m.f is induced in it.
SECOND LAW: The magnitude of induced e.m.f is equals to the rate of change of flux.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
CONCLUSION: Energy is an important input to sustain industrial growth and standard of living of a country and can be directly related to per-capita energy consumption. The conventional sources energy like coal, oil, uranium etc… are depleting very fast and by the turn of the century man will have to depend upon non conventional sources of energy for power generation. The various types of non-conventional sources of energy are solar energy, wind energy, biogas etc… now by developing “POWER HUMP” we can generate power with out utilizing any external sources mentioned earlier. Now, vehicular traffic in big cities is more, causing a problem to human being. But this vehicular traffic can also be utilized for power generation by means of new technique called “POWER HUMP”. If it is placed in heavy traffic roads, the weight and kinetic energy of the vehicles can be used to produce mechanical power in shafts and this mechanical power is once again converted into electrical energy. As it does not utilize any external source, and traffic will never be reduced, these power humps are more reliable, and have more life than any other power source. It is also feasible from the customer point of view as follows. The total installation cost of the hump is 6000 rupees. Total cost = 6000 rupees Say with improvements in design it can glow 5 streetlights of 40-watt capacity, which will consume 2.7 K.W.H. per day. For t years electricity bill will be 2986.5*t T=2years i.e. the consumer will be repaid his investment with in 2 years period. From this onwards, there will be no investment and free of cost. The life of POWER HUMP is estimated to be 6 years. So the customer will get free power generation for 4 years period. But the major drawback of this POWER HUMP is design of springs. When we have less traffic and there is difficulty in design of springs also the generation of power is intermittent, we have to smooth out this variations.
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
With proper improvements in design and installation, we can produce 240v/230v with 5-10A power smoothly and can be used for public use like streetlights or traffic signals.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF RACK AND PINION MECHANISM:
This mechanism
is the third mechanism . it is the crank shaft mechanism
.whenever the vehicle going on the speed breaker ,the speed breaker goes downwards .so, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. here, we are used crank shaft 88
POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
mechanism for the development of the small amount of electricity. the electricity saves on the battery storage unit .the crank shaft mechanism is regained its previous position vice versa..
Advantages:
Low budget electricity production Less floor area No obstruction to traffic Easy maintenance Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc. Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc
Disadvantages:
Selecting suitable generator. Selection of springs. Achieving proper balance of speed and torque. It gives low electric output
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POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKERS
Conclusion:
As day by day power consumption increases but electric crisis occur. So the minor needs of electricity such as street lights and traffic sigals can be generated from speed breakers. Instead of wasting kinetic energy of vehicles at speed breakers the minor needs can be met bt converting kinetic energy to electrical energy.
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