Power In Ac Circuit Lab Report 2s1mc
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Power in AC Circuit Lab Report
Aims: 1. To differentiate between true power and apparent power in AC circuit. 2. To measure power in AC circuit using volt-ampere method and oscilloscope. Apparatus: •
Function Generator.
•
Dual channel oscilloscope.
•
Digital multimeter.
•
Capacitors 47nF and 100nF.
•
Resistor 100Ω.
Method: A: Determining Power Using the Volt-Ampere Method. 1. The resistance and the capacitance are measured using RCL meter or DMM and the values are recorded in Table 8-1 and Table 8-2. 2. The circuit in figure 8-1 is connected and the frequency of the signal generator is set to 10 kHz.
3. S1 is closed. The output voltage of the signal generator is increased to 3Vrms and this is maintained through out the course of the measurement. The voltage across the resistor (VR), the voltage across the capacitor (VC) and the total current (IT) are measured and the values is recoded in Table 8-1. 4. The corresponding phase angle (θ), power factor, apparent power (PA), and the true power (PT) are calculated using the formulas given and the values that was calculated is filled into Table 8-1. 5. S1 is opened; the 47nF capacitor is replaced with 100nF. 6. S1 is closed. The output voltage of the signal generator is increased to 3Vrms and this is maintained through out the course of the measurement. The voltage across the resistor (VR), the voltage across the capacitor (VC) and the total current (IT) are measured and the values is recorded in Table 8-1. 7. With the resistance, capacitances, Vrms, and th e frequency, the theoretical values are calculated and it is filled in Table 8-2 and the value for relative or percentage errors are calculated.
Nominal
Meas.
Values R=0.1kΩ
Values R=99.5Ω
C=47nF C=46.6nF R=0.1kΩ R=99.5Ω
VR
VC
0.78
2.89
0.654
6 2.5
C=0.1µF C=0.11µF
IT 7.86mA 16.21m
Phase
Power
PA
Angle Factor 74.9˚ 0.26 0.0236 77.4
0.218
PT 6.14
X10-3 0.0486 1.06 X10-2
A Table 8-1: Measured Values.
Nominal
Meas.
VR
VC
IT
Phase
Power
PA
PT
Values R=2.2kΩ
Values R=0.1kΩ
C=47nF
C=47.1nF
869.5
2.871
8.695
Angle Factor 72.37 0.3028 7.56m
25.0m
Table 8-2: Theoretical Values.
B: Determining Power Factor with Oscilloscope. 1. The dual-trace oscilloscope is connected to series RC circuit. The output voltage should be the lowest. 2. S1 is closed. The output from the generator is increased to 3Vrms. Channel 1 is the voltage reference channel. The oscilloscope is turned on. The controls on the oscilloscope are adjusted so that a single wave, about 6 div peak-to-peak fills the width of the screen. The horizontal and vertical controls are used to center the waveform on the screen. 3. Switch to channel 2, this is the current channel. The controls on the oscilloscope are adjusted so that a single wave, about 4 div peak-to-peak fills the width of the screen. The vertical controls are used to center the waveform vertically. The horizontal controls are not to be used. 4. The oscilloscope is turned to dual-channel where the channels 1 and 2 should appear together. The location where the curves cross the horizontal axis are noted whereby these are the zero points of the two sin waves. With a centimeter scale, the horizontal distance (d) between the two positive and the two negative peaks of the sine wave is measured accurately. The value for distance (D) from 0˚ to 360˚ for the voltage sine wave is measured and all the values are recorded in Table 8-2. 5. PSpice is used to simulate this circuit.
6. The 47nF capacitor is replaced with 100nF. 7. S1 is closed and steps 3 to 6 are repeated for 100nF capacitor.
Table of Results: Resistance Ω (nominal value)
Capacitance nF (nominal value)
100 100
47 100
Distance between zero points (d) cm 20 14
Width of sine wave (D) cm
Phase angle (calculated) Ө degree
Power factor % (calculated)
100 99
72˚ 68.4˚
30.9% 36.8%
Table 8-2 Calculations: For: Table 8-1 (where R=100Ω and C=45nF and VS=3V) Phase angle (Ө) = cos-1(VR / Vrms) = cos-1(0.78 / 3) = 74.9˚
P A = V S x IT = 3 x 7.86mA = 0.0236 W
Power factor = VR / VS = 0.78 / 3 = 0.26W
PT = VS x IT x cos Ө = 3 x 7.86mA x cos 74.9˚ = 6.14x10-3W
For: Table 8-2
(When C=47nF) Ө (degree) = (d /D) x 360˚ = ( 20 / 100 ) × 360 0 = 72˚
Power factor % = (cos θ) x 100% = ( cos 72 ) × 100% = 30.9%
(When C=100nF) Ө (degree) = (d /D) x 360˚ = (14 / 99 ) × 360 0 = 68.4˚
Power factor % = (cos θ) x 100% = ( cos 68.4 ) × 100% = 36.8%
Discussion and conclusion: According to the basic information and theory, power in AC circuits is consumed only by the resistive components. There is several ways to determine the power in AC circuit. Basically, apparent power PA in an AC circuit is the product of the source voltage and the line current PA = VS x IT, where V is the applied voltage and I is the current taken by the circuit. The true power dissipated by the circuit is the product of V and I and the power factor PF. The power factor is equal to the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current in the circuit in the circuit, that is, PT = VS x IT x cos θ . Besides that, other formulas for true power are PT = IT2 x R where IT is total current in the circuit in amperes, R is total resistance of the circuit in ohms, and VR is voltage measure across the total resistance of the circuit. Theoretically, we can calculate the VR by ohm’s law with VR = IT x R. The current flow in circuit can be determined by the reactant XC = 1/2 π f C, IT = VS / XC. For the phase angle between the applied circuit voltage Vs and the current IT, we can get it by determine the power factor of an AC circuit. The power factor is PT / PA and also equal to cos θ . So, we can also determine the phase angle from it by calculate cos-1 (PT / PA). As a conclusion, we can say that the different between true power and apparent power in AC circuits is about a cosine of phase angle. Power in an AC circuit may be determined by measuring the applied voltage V and the current I and the phase angle and substituting the measured values in the formula PT = VS x IT x cos θ . However the true power may be measured directly, using a wattmeter.
Figure 8-2
Figure 8-3
3 .0 V
(1 0. 00 0K ,2 .8 7 71)
- V r (4 7n F)
2 .0 V
1 .0 V
(1 0. 00 0 K, 849. 63 1m ) 0V 0 Hz
- Vr (4 7n F)
10 K Hz 2 0K H z V( C1 :2 ) V (R 1: 1, R1 :2 )
30 KH z
40 K Hz
5 0 KH z
60 KHz
7 0K Hz
80 KH z
90 KH z
1 0 0K Hz
60KHz
70KHz
80KHz
90KHz
100KHz
60KHz
70KHz
80KHz
90KHz
100KHz
Fr eq ue nc y
3.0V (10.000K,2.5402)
- Vc (100nF)
2.0V
(10.000K,1.5959)
1.0V
0V 0Hz
10KHz 20KHz V(C1:2) V(R1:1,R1:2)
- Vc (100nF)
30KHz
40KHz
50KHz Frequency
30mA
20mA
10mA
(10.000K,8.4963m)
0A 0Hz
10KHz
20KHz
; C=47nF
30KHz
40KHz
50KHz
I(V1) Frequency
30mA
20mA
(10.000K,15.959m)
; C=100nF
10mA
0A 0Hz
10KHz
20KHz
30KHz
40KHz
50KHz
I(V1) Frequency
60KHz
70KHz
80KHz
90KHz
100KHz
Aims: 1. To differentiate between true power and apparent power in AC circuit. 2. To measure power in AC circuit using volt-ampere method and oscilloscope. Apparatus: •
Function Generator.
•
Dual channel oscilloscope.
•
Digital multimeter.
•
Capacitors 47nF and 100nF.
•
Resistor 100Ω.
Method: A: Determining Power Using the Volt-Ampere Method. 1. The resistance and the capacitance are measured using RCL meter or DMM and the values are recorded in Table 8-1 and Table 8-2. 2. The circuit in figure 8-1 is connected and the frequency of the signal generator is set to 10 kHz.
3. S1 is closed. The output voltage of the signal generator is increased to 3Vrms and this is maintained through out the course of the measurement. The voltage across the resistor (VR), the voltage across the capacitor (VC) and the total current (IT) are measured and the values is recoded in Table 8-1. 4. The corresponding phase angle (θ), power factor, apparent power (PA), and the true power (PT) are calculated using the formulas given and the values that was calculated is filled into Table 8-1. 5. S1 is opened; the 47nF capacitor is replaced with 100nF. 6. S1 is closed. The output voltage of the signal generator is increased to 3Vrms and this is maintained through out the course of the measurement. The voltage across the resistor (VR), the voltage across the capacitor (VC) and the total current (IT) are measured and the values is recorded in Table 8-1. 7. With the resistance, capacitances, Vrms, and th e frequency, the theoretical values are calculated and it is filled in Table 8-2 and the value for relative or percentage errors are calculated.
Nominal
Meas.
Values R=0.1kΩ
Values R=99.5Ω
C=47nF C=46.6nF R=0.1kΩ R=99.5Ω
VR
VC
0.78
2.89
0.654
6 2.5
C=0.1µF C=0.11µF
IT 7.86mA 16.21m
Phase
Power
PA
Angle Factor 74.9˚ 0.26 0.0236 77.4
0.218
PT 6.14
X10-3 0.0486 1.06 X10-2
A Table 8-1: Measured Values.
Nominal
Meas.
VR
VC
IT
Phase
Power
PA
PT
Values R=2.2kΩ
Values R=0.1kΩ
C=47nF
C=47.1nF
869.5
2.871
8.695
Angle Factor 72.37 0.3028 7.56m
25.0m
Table 8-2: Theoretical Values.
B: Determining Power Factor with Oscilloscope. 1. The dual-trace oscilloscope is connected to series RC circuit. The output voltage should be the lowest. 2. S1 is closed. The output from the generator is increased to 3Vrms. Channel 1 is the voltage reference channel. The oscilloscope is turned on. The controls on the oscilloscope are adjusted so that a single wave, about 6 div peak-to-peak fills the width of the screen. The horizontal and vertical controls are used to center the waveform on the screen. 3. Switch to channel 2, this is the current channel. The controls on the oscilloscope are adjusted so that a single wave, about 4 div peak-to-peak fills the width of the screen. The vertical controls are used to center the waveform vertically. The horizontal controls are not to be used. 4. The oscilloscope is turned to dual-channel where the channels 1 and 2 should appear together. The location where the curves cross the horizontal axis are noted whereby these are the zero points of the two sin waves. With a centimeter scale, the horizontal distance (d) between the two positive and the two negative peaks of the sine wave is measured accurately. The value for distance (D) from 0˚ to 360˚ for the voltage sine wave is measured and all the values are recorded in Table 8-2. 5. PSpice is used to simulate this circuit.
6. The 47nF capacitor is replaced with 100nF. 7. S1 is closed and steps 3 to 6 are repeated for 100nF capacitor.
Table of Results: Resistance Ω (nominal value)
Capacitance nF (nominal value)
100 100
47 100
Distance between zero points (d) cm 20 14
Width of sine wave (D) cm
Phase angle (calculated) Ө degree
Power factor % (calculated)
100 99
72˚ 68.4˚
30.9% 36.8%
Table 8-2 Calculations: For: Table 8-1 (where R=100Ω and C=45nF and VS=3V) Phase angle (Ө) = cos-1(VR / Vrms) = cos-1(0.78 / 3) = 74.9˚
P A = V S x IT = 3 x 7.86mA = 0.0236 W
Power factor = VR / VS = 0.78 / 3 = 0.26W
PT = VS x IT x cos Ө = 3 x 7.86mA x cos 74.9˚ = 6.14x10-3W
For: Table 8-2
(When C=47nF) Ө (degree) = (d /D) x 360˚ = ( 20 / 100 ) × 360 0 = 72˚
Power factor % = (cos θ) x 100% = ( cos 72 ) × 100% = 30.9%
(When C=100nF) Ө (degree) = (d /D) x 360˚ = (14 / 99 ) × 360 0 = 68.4˚
Power factor % = (cos θ) x 100% = ( cos 68.4 ) × 100% = 36.8%
Discussion and conclusion: According to the basic information and theory, power in AC circuits is consumed only by the resistive components. There is several ways to determine the power in AC circuit. Basically, apparent power PA in an AC circuit is the product of the source voltage and the line current PA = VS x IT, where V is the applied voltage and I is the current taken by the circuit. The true power dissipated by the circuit is the product of V and I and the power factor PF. The power factor is equal to the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current in the circuit in the circuit, that is, PT = VS x IT x cos θ . Besides that, other formulas for true power are PT = IT2 x R where IT is total current in the circuit in amperes, R is total resistance of the circuit in ohms, and VR is voltage measure across the total resistance of the circuit. Theoretically, we can calculate the VR by ohm’s law with VR = IT x R. The current flow in circuit can be determined by the reactant XC = 1/2 π f C, IT = VS / XC. For the phase angle between the applied circuit voltage Vs and the current IT, we can get it by determine the power factor of an AC circuit. The power factor is PT / PA and also equal to cos θ . So, we can also determine the phase angle from it by calculate cos-1 (PT / PA). As a conclusion, we can say that the different between true power and apparent power in AC circuits is about a cosine of phase angle. Power in an AC circuit may be determined by measuring the applied voltage V and the current I and the phase angle and substituting the measured values in the formula PT = VS x IT x cos θ . However the true power may be measured directly, using a wattmeter.
Figure 8-2
Figure 8-3
3 .0 V
(1 0. 00 0K ,2 .8 7 71)
- V r (4 7n F)
2 .0 V
1 .0 V
(1 0. 00 0 K, 849. 63 1m ) 0V 0 Hz
- Vr (4 7n F)
10 K Hz 2 0K H z V( C1 :2 ) V (R 1: 1, R1 :2 )
30 KH z
40 K Hz
5 0 KH z
60 KHz
7 0K Hz
80 KH z
90 KH z
1 0 0K Hz
60KHz
70KHz
80KHz
90KHz
100KHz
60KHz
70KHz
80KHz
90KHz
100KHz
Fr eq ue nc y
3.0V (10.000K,2.5402)
- Vc (100nF)
2.0V
(10.000K,1.5959)
1.0V
0V 0Hz
10KHz 20KHz V(C1:2) V(R1:1,R1:2)
- Vc (100nF)
30KHz
40KHz
50KHz Frequency
30mA
20mA
10mA
(10.000K,8.4963m)
0A 0Hz
10KHz
20KHz
; C=47nF
30KHz
40KHz
50KHz
I(V1) Frequency
30mA
20mA
(10.000K,15.959m)
; C=100nF
10mA
0A 0Hz
10KHz
20KHz
30KHz
40KHz
50KHz
I(V1) Frequency
60KHz
70KHz
80KHz
90KHz
100KHz
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