Psc Book Gk Silver Jubilee Edition 1w486m

]nFkvkn _p≈-‰n≥ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-js‚ HutZym-KnI {]kn-≤o-I-cWw

XPq_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v˛2014

PSC BULLETIN SILVER JUBILEE SPECIAL ISSUE -2014 website: www.keralapsc.gov.in

1 e-mail:[email protected]

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

]n.-kF v.-k-kn.-v._ -kp-n.-≈ _-‰p-n≥ ≈-‰n≥ X -Pq-X_ -Pnen q-_hntinen hntijm¬j]Xn∏v m¬ ]Xn∏v 2 2 ]n.-F

KERALA KERALAPUBLIC PUBLICSERVICE SERVICECOMMISSION COMMISSION CHAIRMAN CHAIRMAN

DR.DR. K.S.K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN RADHAKRISHNAN

SMT. SMT. P. JAMEELA P. JAMEELA SMT. SMT. K.K. K.K. REMANI REMANI SHRI. SHRI. U. U. SURESH SURESH KUMAR KUMAR PROF.(DR.) PROF.(DR.) GRESAMMA GRESAMMA MATHEW MATHEW SHRI. SHRI. A.V.A.V. VALLABHAN VALLABHAN PROF. PROF. N. N. SELVARAJ SELVARAJ DR.DR. P. MOHANDAS P. MOHANDAS SHRI. SHRI. K. K. PREMARAJAN PREMARAJAN SHRI. SHRI. ASOKAN ASOKAN CHARUVIL CHARUVIL ADV. ADV. M.K. M.K. SAKEER SAKEER DR.DR. K. K. USHA USHA ADV. ADV. V.T.V.T. THOMAS THOMAS DR.DR. M.K. M.K. JEEVAN JEEVAN ADV. ADV. V.S.V.S. HARINDRANATH HARINDRANATH SHRI. SHRI. P. SIVADASAN P. SIVADASAN SHRI. SHRI. T.T.T.T. ISMAIL ISMAIL SMT. SMT. SIMMY SIMMY ROSEBELL ROSEBELL JOHN JOHN ADV. ADV. E. E. RAVINDRANATHAN RAVINDRANATHAN ADV. ADV. S. S. SHINE SHINE PROF. PROF. P.A.P.A. KOCHUTHRESIA KOCHUTHRESIA SECRETARY SECRETARY

SHRI. SHRI. P.C.P.C. BINOY BINOY

-X-PX q-_ -Pq-nen _nen hntihntijm¬ jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v ]n.-F ]n.--kFv.-k -kn.-v.-k _n.-p-≈ _p--‰≈ n≥-‰n≥ 3 3

PSC BULLETIN

SILVER JUBILEE SPECIAL ISSUE -2014 EDITORIAL BOARD CHAIRMAN Shri. Asokan Charuvil, Member, KPSC Dr. K. Usha, Member, KPSC Dr. M.K. Jeevan, Member, KPSC Adv. V.S. Harindranath, Member, KPSC Shri. P. Sivadasan, Member, KPSC ADVISORS (SPECIAL ISSUE) Shri. P.C. Binoy, Secretary, KPSC. Shri. Saju George, Controller of Examinations, KPSC Shri. S. Vijayadas, Additional Secretary, KPSC Smt. J. Henreetha Dores, t Secretary, KPSC CREATIVE HEAD (SPECIAL ISSUE) Shri. N. Sandeep, Public Relations Officer TEAM (SPECIAL ISSUE) Shri. K. Sebastin Shri. R.C. Suresh Kumar Shri. R. Pradeep Kumar Shri. D.Santhosh Kumar Shri. V. Anil Kumar Shri. B.S. Jyothi Shri. B. Rajesh Kumar Shri. C. Vijayakumaran Pillai LAYOUT Shri. S.R. Rajagopal Shri. N.T. Sajeev PHOTOS Shri. N. K. Chatterjee EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY P. C. BINOY, Secretary, Kerala Public Service Commission SECOND EDITION : September 2014 COVER DESIGN & PRINTING Akshara Offset, Thriuvananthapuram

4

Rights reserved: No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher.

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v Price: 100

NIKHIL NIKHILKUMAR KUMAR

RAJ RAJBHAVAN BHAVAN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695099 THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695099

GOVERNOR GOVERNOR OFOF KERALA KERALA

3 3December December2013 2013

MESSAGE MESSAGE It Itisisgood goodtotoknow knowthat thatthe theKerala KeralaPublic Public Service ServiceCommission Commission(KPSC) (KPSC)intends intendstotobring bring out outa aspecial specialedition editionofofthe thePSC PSCBulletin Bulletininin January January2014 2014highlighting highlightingitsitsfunctioning functioningand and procedures. procedures.The TheBulletin Bulletinpublishes publishes20,000 20,000 information copies copiesevery everyfortnight fortnightwith withinformation regarding regardingjob jobopportunities opportunitiesininGovernment Government and andPublic PublicSector SectorUndertakings. Undertakings. I wish I wishthe thespecial specialissue issueofofthe thePSC PSCBulletin Bulletin allallsuccess. success.

(Nikhil (NikhilKumar) Kumar) -X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥

55

]n.-kF v.-k-kn.-v._ -kp-n.-≈ _-‰p-n≥ ≈-‰n≥ X -Pq-X_ -Pnen q-_hntinen hntijm¬j]Xn∏v m¬ ]Xn∏v 6 6 ]n.-F

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥

77

]n.-kF v.-k-kn.-v._ -kp-n.-≈ _-‰p-n≥ ≈-‰n≥ X-Pq-X_ -Pnen q-_hntinen hntijm¬j]Xn∏v m¬ ]Xn∏v 8 8 ]n.-F

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥

99

10

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

FORMER FORMER CHAIRMEN CHAIRMEN V.K. V.K. VELAYUDHAN VELAYUDHAN (1956-62) (1956-62)

P. P. MARIYAR MARIYAR PUTHAM PUTHAM (1963-67) (1963-67)

M.K. M.K. KUMARAN KUMARAN (1972-75) (1972-75)

T.M. T.M. SAVANKUTTY SAVANKUTTY (1975(1975-8I)8I)

M.K. M.K. HEMACHANDRAN HEMACHANDRAN (1981-84) (1981-84)

K.K.G.G.ADIYODI ADIYODI (1984) (1984)

Prof. Prof. GOPALAKRISHNA GOPALAKRISHNA KURUP KURUP (1985-91) (1985-91)

R.R.CHANDRASEKHARAN CHANDRASEKHARANNAIR NAIR (1991-95) (1991-95)

G.G.GOPALAKRISHNA GOPALAKRISHNAPILLAI PILLAI (1996-2000) (1996-2000)

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ 1111 MM GANGADHARA GANGADHARA KURUP KURUP K.K. V.V. SALAHUDDIN SALAHUDDIN (2000-06) (2000-06) (2006-2011) (2006-2011)

KERALA KERALAPUBLIC PUBLICSERVICE SERVICECOMMISSION COMMISSION

CHAIRMAN CHAIRMAN

DR. DR.K.K.S.S.RADHAKRISHNAN RADHAKRISHNAN



U.U. SURESH SURESH KUMAR KUMAR

P. P. JAMEELA JAMEELA

K.K. K.K. REMANI REMANI

PROF.(DR) PROF.(DR) GRESAMMA GRESAMMA MATHEW MATHEW

A.A.V.V.VALLABHAN VALLABHAN

FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥-X -P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v 1212 ]n.-]n.PROF. PROF.N.N.SELVARAJ SELVARAJ DR. DR.P. P.MOHANDAS MOHANDAS

K.K. PREMARAJAN PREMARAJAN



ASOKAN ASOKANCHARUVIL CHARUVIL

ADV. ADV. M.K M.K SAKEER SAKEER

DR. DR.K.K.USHA USHA

ADV. ADV. V.V. T. T.THOMAS THOMAS

DR. DR. M.K. M.K. JEEVAN JEEVAN

ADV. ADV. V.S. V.S. HARINDRANATH HARINDRANATH

P. P. SIVADASAN SIVADASAN

T. T. T. T. ISMAIL ISMAIL

SIMMY SIMMYROSEBELL ROSEBELLJOHN JOHN

ADV. ADV. E.E. RAVINDRANATHAN RAVINDRANATHAN

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ 1313 ADV. ADV.S.S.SHINE SHINE PROF. PROF.P. P.A.A.KOCHUTHRESIA KOCHUTHRESIA

DÄt¸DÄt¸PP p-I p-I -f-f n n 

sNb¿ams‚ sNb¿ams‚ ktμiw ktμiw tUm. tUm.sI.sI.FF -k-k v. cm[mv. cm[mIr-I jr-j vWvW ≥≥



A`nA`nam-a\m-] - \q¿Δw ] - q¿Δw -XP - Xq_nen P - q_nen ]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v AtimAtimI≥ I≥NNhn¬ hn¬



]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. _p≈n. _p≈‰n≥: ‰n≥:Ign™ Ign™2525h¿jw h¿jw s{]m^. s{]m^.hn.hn.tKm]mtKm]me-I erjv -Irjv WWIpdp∏v Ipdp∏v



_p≈_p≈‰n≥ ‰n≥tkh\w tkh\wXpSXpScs´ cs´ Pn.Pn.tKm]mtKm]me-I erjv -Irjv WW]n≈ ]n≈



]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. sb n. sb i‡ni‡ns∏-sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø Ww Ww Fw. Fw.KwKmKwKm[c[Ipdp∏v c Ipdp∏v



knhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δokv k¿Δokvkwhnkwhn[m-[\m--Ø \-Ø ns‚ ns‚amXramXrt]-tS]--IS-I Ø-Ø n-\n--c\nsI -cnsI bp.bp.kptckptcjj vIvp-Iap-m¿am¿



`c-`cWW L - L - S- \ - S- bpw \ - bpw ]n.F]n.Fkk v.k - v.k - nbpw nbpw AUz. AUz.hn.Fkv hn.Fkv . lco. lco{μ-{\ μ-mYv \mYv



tIcf tIcf ]n.-]n.FF k - k - v.k - v.k - n.˛{]h¿Øn.˛{]h¿Ø\ß - \ß - fpwfpw \S-\S]S- ]n-{S- I-n-{Iahpw ahpw -]n.kn. -]n.kn._nt\mbv _nt\mbv



dm¶v dm¶v enÃn\pw enÃn\pw AssUAssUzk - zk - n-\n-p-\ap-n-Sab - n-Sn¬ b - n¬ _n. _n. {]Zo]v {]Zo]v



]n.-]n.FF k - k - v.k - v.k - n. _p≈n. _p≈‰n-\‰n-ns‚ \ns‚ Ncn{Xw Ncn{Xw F≥. F≥.kμo]v kμo]v



H‰-H‰ØØ h - W h - W nnkk vt{S-vtj {S-j \pw \pw Hm¨sse≥ Hm¨sse≥ ]co]co££ bpw bpw B¿. B¿.at\mPv at\mPv



tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoj\pw IΩoj\pwNcnNcn{Xhpw {Xhpw sI. sI.sk_msk_mÃÃ -y≥-y≥



s]mXps]mXphn-h ⁄ n-⁄ m\w m\w B¿.B¿.kk n. kptcn. kptcjj vIvp-Iap-m¿am¿

A\pA\p__ Ôw Ôw 

ap≥ ap≥ ]n.-]n.FF k - k - v.k - v.k - n. sNb¿am≥amw n. sNb¿am≥amw AwKAwKßß fpwfpw sk{Isk{I´d- ´n-ad- mw n-amw



sdmt´sdmt´jj ≥≥Nm¿´v Nm¿´v



]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.bpambn n.bpambn_‘_‘s∏´ s∏´hnhn[ hnhn[ slUv slUvHm^v Hm^vA°u≠pIƒ A°u≠pIƒ

taJem taJem ˛ Pn√m B^oB^ok p-m¬ Ip-]Xn∏v I -f]Xn∏v psS -fpsS hnemhnemkk ww FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.- _ p- ≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ X -P X˛ q--P_ q-Pn√m _ nen nenhntihntijk j m¬ 1414 ]n.-]n.-

1515 1717 1919 2020 2121 2323 2626 2929 3333 3535 3636 3939 4343 236 236 237 237 238 238 239 239

tUm. tUm.sI.sI.-F F-k -kv. v.cm[mcm[m-IIr-j r-jvW vW≥≥ sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am≥ tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥≥ c - f -c - \f - t\-hmthm∞∞ m-\m-Ø - \Ø - n-s‚ n-s‚ kr-krjj vS- n- b - vS- n- m-b -W m-W v C-v C- sN-sNøp-ø ∂p-∂ P-\ P-m-\[m-n-[ ]n--X ]y-Xa-yta-X-tX X--cXtkm-c tkmjj -y-e-yn--e Ãn-Ã v ]-v ]-

∂pIm-ImWW p-∂p-∂tI-tIc-fc-f]-ª ]-ª n-In-v Ik¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v v c-ac-m-a[m-n-[ In-m-Icm-cdn-∏ dn--ª ∏-ª n-In-v Icq-v ] cq-o-] Io--cIn-° -cn-° m-\m-pw \pwBBdn-∏ dn-- ∏tI tI∂p I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j s - ‚s - ‚ B-BZncqZncq]a - ]m-a -bm-b Xn-Xn-h -n-h Xn-mwXI mw-q¿ Iq¿ ªn-ªnIv I D-v b D-¿-bØ ¿-Ø n-∏n-n-∏ Sn-n-° Sn-° p-∂p-∂ kzmkzmX-{X ¥--{¥yw,yw, k-ka-Xa-zX w,-zw, ]-ª ]-ª n-In-v I k¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥.≥. Xn-Xn-h -n-h Xn-mwXI mw-q-I dn-q-sde n-se k¿k¿°° m¿m¿ D-tD-Z-tym-Z-K ym-wK]w c]-t- cZ-t- iZ-n-i In-ƒ Iƒ I-ø I-S- ø° - S- ° - n-shn-s® h-X - ®n-X - ns\-s\Xn-X sc-n-sbc-p-b ≈ p-≈ {]-{]t£mt£m`-a`m--aW m-W v a-e v a--b em--bfm-n fsan satΩmtΩmdn-b dn-¬. b¬.\m-\m\m-\Pm-m-PXm-nXa-n Xa--ÿ X-ÿ ¿ ¿H-cH-p-acn-p-® an-p®tN¿p tN¿∂∂ p p \-S\--Ø S-Ø n hnn hnP-b Pn--b ®n-- ®k- ka-ca-a-cm--abm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p Ap AXv.XAv. AXn-Xns‚s‚^-^e-aem--abm-nbXnn Xn-h -n-h Xn-mwXI mw-q-I dn-q-sde n-sek¿k¿°° m¿m¿D- DtZymtZymKwKkzw kztZ-tiZ-n-i In-f - Im-f - bm-b k-kh¿-hÆ ¿-Æ ¿-° ¿-° m-bm-n-b am-n--n.dn.A-Ah-K h-W - KW - n-°n-° s - ∏-s - ´∏-A´ Ah¿-hÆ ¿-Æ c - p-sc - Sp-skS kac - aa -c - m-a -bm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p Cup Cug-hg-s - ha-s - ta-ΩmtΩmdn-b dn-¬. b¬.A-AXv X hn-v hnPb - Pn-b - ®n-t- ®Xmt- XmsS-sbS-m-b W m-W v k¿v k¿°m¿ °m¿ D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym-wK\mw \m\m-\Pm-m-PXm-n-X In--ƒ I-° ƒ-° m-bm-nbXpn Xpd-∂ d-∂ p-Ip-n-In´n-b ´n--X bv.-XAv. AtXmtXmsSstbmS tbmK-yK-c-ym--cbm-b D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ -sc-sIc Is≠s≠ØØ m-\m-m-\bm-nbH-ncH-p ckwp kwhn-h [n-m-[\m-w\D-w≠ D-≠ m-tm-°t°≠≠ n-hn-- h∂p.∂p.Xn-Xn-h -n-h Xn-mwXI mw-q¿ Iq¿]-ª ]-ª n-In-v Ik¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥,≥, tI-tIc-fc]-f ª ]-ª n-In-v I k¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -\m--\bm-nb1956 n 1956 ¬¬ cq- cq]o-]oIr-I Xr--aXm--abm--tb∏mƒ -t∏mƒ A-AsXmsXm c`-pc`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-Sm-\ÿmm ÿm]-\ ]--a\m--abm-nbamn amdn.dn.\-Ω \-Ω p-sSp-s`-Sc`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-S-\ hn-hn`m-`hm--\ hw-\w

kmkmtlmtlmZ-cZ-y-cw -yFw F∂∂ o a-ol a-l m-am-q-e aq--ye-ß -y-ß ƒƒ ÿmÿm]n-] °n-° m- m\p-\pap-≈ ap-≈ a-l a-l m-ÿ m-ÿ m-]m--\ ]-a-\m--abm-nbk¿n k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -\p--\pIƒ Iƒ am-amd-W d-W -sa--s∂ a-∂ v \n-v \njj v-I¿-v-Ij ¿-j n-°n-° -s∏--s´∏-p.-´p.tI-tIc-fc]-f ª ]-ª n-In-v I k¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥≥ Cu Cu e-£ e-£ y y kmkm££ m-Xm-I -v Xm-I -v cØ m-- cØ - n-\n-m-\ bm-nb]-nc]-n-{c i-n-{ai-n-® an-p®hnp hnPb - Pn-b - ®n-® ÿmÿm]-\ ]--a\m--aW m-W v. v.A-AXp-X sImp-sIm≠≠ m-W m-W v Gv GXpX\np \nb-ab-\-a-h \pw -hpw ]n.--]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n. \n. S\--Ø S-Ø -W-W -sa--s∂ a-∂hymhym]-I ]-aIm--abm-bB-Bh- hiyw iyw C-tC-∏mt∏mgpwgpw \-Ω \-Ω p-sSp-skS kaq-l aq-l -Ø-Ø n¬n¬ \n-\n∂∂ v D-b v D-¿-b¿∂p∂p h-ch-p-∂ -∂ -Xv.-Xv.X¿-X¿°° n-In--_ I-_ p-≤p-≤ n-tbmn-tbmsSsFS F¥¥ n-t\n-t\bpw bpw hn-hna¿-ai¿-n-i °n-° p-∂p-∂ \-Ω \-Ω p-sSp-skS kaq-l aq-l -am--aW m-W v kwv kwi-b i- bc-l c-l n-Xn-a - Xm-a - bm-b hn-hniz- i m-k z- m-k y- X - y- X - Cu Cu ÿmÿm]\ - ]Ø -\ - Ø - n¬n¬ A¿A¿∏n-∏n®n-® cn-° cn-° p-∂p-∂ -Xv -XFv F∂∂ -Xpw -Xpw {i-{it≤t≤b-abm--aW m-W v. hnv. hni-zi m- -zmk-kyX - yb -X - pw b - pw kp-kpXm-Xcm-y- X c - y- b -X - pw, b - pw, D-Ø D-Ø c - h -c - m-h - Zm-n-X Zn-z- X t- _mz- t- _m[h - [pw h - pw H-sH-ØmsØm-act- p-abmt- bmsSsI¿S I¿ΩΩ c - q-] c - q-w]ssIw ssIhc - hn-° c - n-° p-∂p-∂ p Fp F∂-∂Xm-XW m-W v ]n.--v ]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n. bpn. bpsSs{]S {]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\ -\ N-cN-n-{cXw n-{Xw kmkm££ -y-s-y∏--sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø p-∂p-∂ -Xv.-XAv. AXp-X sImp-sIm≠≠ m-W m-W v C-v ∂ C-∂ p p Im-ImWW p-∂p-∂ kzokzoIm-Icm--yc-X-y-X ]n.--]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n. °v n. °v e-`e-n-® `n--X ®v.-X - v.-

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ 1515

hn-hni-zim-k-zm-k -y-X-yb-Xpw-bpw kp-kpXm-Xcm-y- X- cb -yX- pw, b - pw, D-Ø D-Ø -c-h-cm--hZn-m-XZn--zX-z -t_m-t_m[-h[pw-hpw H-sH-ØmsØm-ac-tp-abm--tbmsSsS I¿-I¿ΩΩ -cq--]cq-w]w ssIssIh-chn-° -cn-° p-∂p-∂ pp F-F∂∂ -Xm--XWm-W v v ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.bp-n.bpsSsS {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\ -\N-cN-n-{cXwn-{Xw km-km££ -y -y s- ∏-s- S∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø p-∂p-∂ X- v X- v

]-ª ]-ª n-In-v Ik¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -s‚-s‚I¿-I¿ΩΩ -]-c-]n-] -cn-m-]Sm-n- SnIƒIƒ°° v t\v t\Xr-X Xr-zw X\¬zw \¬In-I bn-b sN-sNb¿-ba¿-m≥am≥am-acm-pw, w, AwAwK-ß K-ß -fpw-fpw Cu Cu ÿmÿm]-\ ]-Ø \-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ \-s\-´-s√´-m-√bm-nb{]n {]h¿-h¿ØnØn®® Po-Poh-\ h-° \-° m-cm-pww H-sH-ØmsØm-acn-p-® an-v ®{]-v {]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø n-®n-- ®Xn-Xns‚s‚ ^-^e-aem--aW m-W v Cu v Cu hn-hni-zi m-k -zm-k y-Xy--b Xpw -bpw kzokzoIm-Icm--yc- -yX-b X-pw. bpw.C-¥ C-¥ y- b - y- n-b - se n-se C-X C-c - Xkwc - kwÿ ÿ m-\m-ß - \ß -f - n-sf -e n-se k¿k¿Δo-Δokk v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j \ - p-\ - Ip-ƒI° ƒ-° v A-v A]N - ]b -N - wb - D-w≠ D-≠ m-bm-nbFn F∂∂ v v ]-c]-t- camt- am∂∂ X - X - tImtImSX - Sn-X - In-ƒ Iƒ h-sh-cs\nc \nco-£ co-£ n-®n-t- ®∏mt- ∏mgpwgpw tI-tIc-fc-f]-ª ]-ª n-In-v Ik¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -\v -\X-v e X-eD-b D-¿-b¿ØnØn∏n-∏ Sn-n-® Sn-v ®\n¬v \n¬°° m-\m-m-\bm--X bv -XCu v Cu{]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\ -\co-coXnXn sImsIm≠≠ m-W m-W v. v. ]n.--]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n. bnn. bnsese D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ --s -cSp-sAwS AwK-k K-k w- wJyJy 1650 1650 ¬¬ Xm-Xmsg-sbg-m-bW m-W v. Cu v. Cu D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ cm-cmWW v v H-cH-p ch¿p h¿jj w 30 w 30e-£ e-£ w t]w t]-s cSp-sS]-c]-o-c £ o-£\-S\--Ø S-Ø p- p∂-∂Xv;Xiv; ci-m-cim--cin -cFn Fgp-∂ gp-∂ q-tdmq-tdmfwfdmw dm¶v ¶ ]-v ´]-n-I ´n--Iƒ -Iƒ D- D≠m≠m°° p-∂p-∂ -Xv;-XGv; GXm-X≠ m-≠ v H-vcH-p ce-p £ e-£ -Ø-Ø n ap-n ∏ ap--X ∏n--X \n-m-\mbn-bncwct]w t]scsdmc dm¶v ¶ ]-v ´]-n-I ´n--b In¬ -bn¬ Dƒ-Dƒs∏-sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø p-∂p-∂ -Xv;-Xv; i-ci-m-cim--cin -cap-n ∏ ap--Ø ∏-Ø n-tbn-tgb-m-gbm-n-b cwn-ct]¿w t]¿°° v \n-v \nb-ab-\-a-\ ip-ip]m¿]m¿i i\¬\¬Ip-I ∂p-∂ -Xv;-Xv;\n-\nb-ab-\-aw-\ew `e-n-® `n--h ®¿--h° ¿-° v thv th≠n ≠n h¿-h¿jj -Ø-Ø n¬n¬ c-≠ c-≠ p {]mp {]mh-i hyw -iyw 202202 C-\ C--Ø \-Ø n-en-m-embnbnh-I h-p-I ∏p-p-∏ Xp--e X-e]-c]-o-c £ o-£\-S\--Ø S-Ø p-∂p-∂ -Xv;-X\nv; \nb-ab-\-aw-\w t\-t\Sn-b Sn-b ap-gap-p-h gp-≥ h≥ D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ --t-cS-p-tbS-pw bpw \n-\nb-ab-\-a-\ ]- ]cn-tcn-imtim[\ - [\ - \-S\-Ø - SØ - p-∂p-∂ X - v.X - Cv. ° C-° m-cm-y- cØ - y- Ø - n¬n¬ R-Rßß s - fs - f k-kll m-bm-n-b °n-° p-∂p-∂ -Xv -X kvv kv -Iqƒ, -Iqƒ, tImtImtf-tPf-v,Pk¿v, k¿Δ-I Δ-e Im--emi-mi--em-eX-e X--ß e-ß -fn-s-fe n-se A-A°° m-Zm--aZn-I -an-I k-kaq-l aq-l -am--asm-WsW∂∂ - Xv Xv \-μ \-n-μ tbmn-tbmsSskv S kv -a-c-an-° -cn-° p-∂p-∂ p.- p.]n.--]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n. ]n. c]-o-c £ o-£ -bp--b sSp-stNmS tNmZ-yZ-ß -y-ß ƒƒ tNmtNmZ-yZ- -y°-°Se - Sm-e -k m-k v X-v ø X-m-ødm-d° m-° p-∂p-∂ A-A°° m-Zm-a - Zn-I a - n-v I hn-v hnZK - Zv[ -K - \ - v[ - pw, \ - pw, tNmtNmZ-yZ-° -y-° -S-e-Sm--ek m-k v A-v A®-S®n-° -Sn-° p-∂p-∂ skskI-yIq-c-yn-q-‰cnn-‰{]n {]   p- pIm-Imc-\w -\pw D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym-m¿Km¿∞∞ n-bn-pw bpw am-am{X-{aX-m-aW m-W v Imv ImWW p-∂p-∂ - Xv.Xv.]n.--]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n. bnn. bnsesesN-sNb¿-ba¿-m-a\m-pw \pwAwAwK-ß K-ß - fpwfpw D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ --a-c-Sp-a-° -S-° w Bw Bww A-AXpXImp ImWW m-tm-d-tdbn-bn√.√]. c]-o-c £ o-£ I-gI-n-™ gn-™ m¬m¬ D-SD-≥S≥ {]m{]mY-aYn-I -an-I D-Ø D-Ø - cc kq-kqNn-N In-I {]-{]kk n-≤n-≤ o-Io--cIn-° -cn-° p-∂p-∂ p. p.tNmtNmZ-yZ-ß -y-ß -fp--f sSp-sS

FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥-X -P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v 1616 ]n.-]n.-

\n-\ne-h em--hcm-wcD-wØ D-Ø -c-ß -c-ß -fn-s -fe n-se i-ci-n,csXn, sX‰p-I ‰p-ƒ Iƒ F-F∂∂ n- nh-sh-b-s√ b-mw √mw kq-kq££ v-a-av-am--abm-nb]-n c]-n-tcimn-tim[n-[ ®n-v ® Bv Bt£t£]- ]߃ ߃ D-∂ D-∂ b - n-b - °n-° m-\m-m-\bm-nbD-ntD-Z-tym-Z-K ym-m¿Km¿∞∞ n-In-ƒI° ƒ-° v ]-v Ø ]-Ø p p Zn-h Zn--k h-k w \¬w \¬Ip-I ∂p-∂ p. p.aq-∂ aq-∂ p hnp hnjj -b -b hn-hnZ-KZv-[ -K¿v-[A¿ AS- Sßpßp∂∂ k-kan-X an-nX]-n c]-m-cXm-n-X In-ƒ Iƒ ]-c]-n-tcimn-tim[n-[ ®n-v ® Xo¿v Xo¿∏p∏p I¬I¬∏n-∏ °n-° p-∂p-∂ p. Cu p. Cu kwkwhn-h [n-m-[\m--a\m--aW m-W v ]n.--v ]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n. n. ]-c]-o-£ co-£ b - p-b - sSp-skzoS kzoIm-I cm-y- X -cy- b -X - ° -v b - ° -v pw pw hn-hniz- i m-k z- m-k y- X - y- b -X - ° -v b - ° -v pw pw A-ASn-ÿ Sn-ÿ m-\m-w.-\w.C-s C-Xs√ X-mw √mw Im-Imc-yc-£ -y-£ -a-a-am--abm-nbsNn sNbv-X bp-v-X sImp-sIm≠≠ n-cn- cn°p°ptºmtºmgpwgpwsN-sNdn-b dn-bho-hogv-Ng-I vNƒ-I° ƒ-° v t]mv t]mepw epwcq-cq£-£am-abm-b hn-hna¿-ai¿--\ i-ß \-ß -fm--fW m-W v Rv Rßß ƒƒ t\-t\cn-S-n-∂ Sp-∂ -Xv -Xv F-F∂∂ -Xpw -Xpw Hm¿Hm¿°° p-∂p-∂ p. p.hn-hna¿-ai¿--\ i-ß -\-ß ƒƒ D-∂ D-∂ -bn--b °n-° p- ptºmƒ tºmƒ bm-bmsXmsXm c`-pb`-h - bpw h - pw Im-ImWW n-t°n-t°≠≠ X - n-X - √n-.√Im. Imc-W c-W w \nw \nßß -fp--f sp-SshnS hna¿-ai¿--\ i-ß \-ß ƒƒ R-Rßß -sf-sf Iq-IqSp- SpX¬ X¬Pm-PmK-cKq--I cq--cIm--c° m-° p-∂p-∂ p. p.Im-Ime-X em--Xam--k a-k -am--aW m-W v ]n.v ]n.F-Fkk v.k -- v.k -- n. n.t\-t\cn-S-n-∂ Sp-∂{]-{][m-[\m-\sh-sh√p-√ hp-n-h fn.n-fn.a-\a-p-\pjyjy kmkm≤≤ -y-a-ym--abm-b G-G‰-h‰pw -hpw Ip-Ipd-™ d-™ k-ka-ba-b ]-c]-n-[ cn-n-[n°p°p≈≈ n¬n¬ hn-hn⁄ ⁄ m-]m--\ ]w-\apwX ap-¬ X¬ \n-\nb-ab-\-a-\ ip-ip]m¿]m¿ii h-sh-c-sb c-p-b ≈ p-≈ Im-Imc-yc-ß -y-ß ƒƒ sN-sNbv-X bpv-XXo¿p Xo¿°° -W-W -sa--sa∂∂ e-£ e-£ y-ty-ØmtØmsS-sbS-m-bW m-W v Rv Rßß ƒƒ {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø n-°n-° p- p∂-∂Xv.XF¬.-v. F¬.-Pn.--PF n.--F -k-k v, F¬.-v, F¬.-UU n.--kn.--k n. Dƒn. Dƒs∏-ss∏-Ss{]S {][m-[m\\ X-k X-k v-Xn-v-X In--I-f In-t-fen-t° e-° p-≈ p-≈ \n-\nb-ab-\-a-Ø -\-Ø n-\n-p\thp th≠n≠nbp-b ≈ p-≈ hn-hn⁄ ⁄ m-]m--\ ]-t\Øm-tØmsSmsSm∏w∏dmw dm¶v ¶ ]-v ´]-n-I ´n-I {]-{]kk n-≤n-≤ o-Io--cIn-° -cn-° p-∂p-∂ Xo-Xob-X bn-XAn AS-° S-° w {]w {]JJ -ym--] ym-n-]n°m≥ °m≥ C-tC-∏mƒ t∏mƒ ]n.--]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k n.--- ° n.-° v I-v gI-n-b gn-p-b ∂p-∂ p-≠ p-≠ v. Fv. F√m√m hn-hn⁄ ⁄ m-]m--\ ]-ß \-ß ƒ°psamƒ°psam∏w∏dmw dm¶v ¶]-v ´]-n-I ´n-I {]-{]kn-kn≤≤ o-Io--cIn-° -cn-° p-∂p-∂ Xo-Xob-X bn-XIqn IqSn S{In {Iao-aIo--cIn-° -cn-° m-\m-pw \pw k-ka-ba-b _-_‘‘ n-Xn--aXm--abm-nbAn AXv X ]mv ]men-e °n-° m-\m-p-\ am-p-aW m-W v Rv R߃ ߃ ]-c]-n-{ci-n-{ai-n-° an-° p-∂p-∂ -Xv.-X - v.Hm¨sse≥ Hm¨sse≥]-c]-o-c £ o-£ m m\-S\--Ø S-Ø n-∏n-v ∏Av AS-° S-° -ap-≈ -ap-≈ Im-Imc-yc-ß -y-ß -fn-e -fn-q-e sSq-sCu S Cu e-£ e-£ yw yw kmkm££ m-Xm-v-° Xv-° -cn-° -cn-° m- m\m-\mIpw Ipw F-F∂∂ m-W m-W v Rv Rßß ƒƒ {]-{]Xo-X £ o-£ n-°n-° p-∂p-∂ X - v.X - - v.Cu Cu Pq-Pq__ n-en-neh¿n h¿jj -Ø-Ø n¬n¬ F-F√m√hmm hmb-\ b-° \-° m¿-m¿°pw °pw ]n.--]n.-FF -k-k v.k -- v.k -- n.bpn.bpsSsBS Biw-ik w-k -Iƒ. -Iƒ.

A`nA`nA`naam-am-\m-\\ ] -] -] - q¿Δw q¿Δw q¿Δw X X XPq_nPq_nPq_neee n-∏ n-∏ n-∏ -X-X-X n∏v n∏v n∏v AtimAtimAtimII ≥I ≥≥ NNNhh n¬ h n¬n¬ ]{Xm]{Xm]{Xm[[ n]kanXn [ n]kanXn n]kanXn sNb¿am≥, sNb¿am≥, sNb¿am≥, saº¿ saº¿ saº¿ tIcf tIcf tIcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj ≥j ≥≥

-f-s-fc--st-fc-b-stc-sb-tdsb-AdsAd`n-Aa`m-n-a\ `m-n--ta\Ømm--t\Øm-tØmSpwSpw kSpw kt¥mkt¥mtj ¥mj - j - bm- bmW bmW v ]n.W v ]n.F v ]n.F -kF -k v.-k -k v.-k n. v.-k _pn. _pn.≈ _p≈ - ‰≈ n≥ -‰n≥ -‰C-n≥ dC--ß dC--ß d p-∂ -ß p-∂ -Xp-∂ v-XFv-XFv FtØmtØmtØmSpwSpw IqSpw IqSn-Iqb Sn-m-b SW n-m-bW v m-tIW v tIcv tI-fc]-fcª ]-f ª ]n-Iª n-v I k¿n-v I k¿v k¿-∂∂k∂kXkyw Xyw XCu ywCu Cu A-AhA-k h-k h -c-Ø -k -c-Ø -cn-s-Ø en-s¶ en-sn-¶ een-¶ pw en-pw e Xp-pwXpd-∂ Xpd-∂ pd-∂ p p Δo-ΔokΔok v I-k vΩ I-v Ω o-I-jΩ o-j -so-‚ j -s‚ Hu-s‚ HutHuZ-tyZ-m-tK yZ-m-n-K I ym-n-K I {]n-I {]k{]k n-≤k n-≤ o- n-≤ o- o-]-d]--bd]--W bd-W b -sa-W -s∂ a--s∂ v a-R∂ v Rß v Rß ƒß ƒ Bƒ B{K-B{l K-{l n-K-° l n-° p-∂ n-° p-∂ p.p-∂ p.ÿmp.ÿmÿm\- \- \I-cI--W cI--W -acm--W -abm--ab ]n.m-b ]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.kn -k v.kn v._pkn _p≈ _p≈ - ‰≈ n-\ -‰n-n-\ -‰sn-‚ n-\ s‚ n-Cu s‚ Cu Cu c-Pc-- Pc-- P°- °b°-‰bw-‰bew-‰`ewn-® `e-n-pw ® `n-pw ® ÿpw ÿe ÿw-eaw-m-eadw-m-n-b -n-pw b dn-pw b h-pw ch-p-∂ ch-p-∂ ckmp-∂ km[kmm-[cm-[ - cm-- cXX Pq-X Pq_Pq_ n-e_ n-ne]n-neX ]-n n-X ]∏n-X v∏ ]pn-v ∏ ]pdv -Ø ]pd-Ø dn-d-Ø -° n-d-° n-p-d∂ -° p-∂ -Xp-∂ v.-XCv.-X¥ Cv. ¥ C-y-b ¥ -yn--b-yn--bW n- W a-W ´a-n-e ´a-n-p-e ´≈ n-p-e ≈ p-R≈ Rß Rß -fß p--f sSp--f sD-Sp-stD-SZ-tyD-Z-m-tK yZ-m--ÿ K ym--ÿ K¿-ÿ X¿ sX¿∂sX-∂b s∂m-bm-bmsesese am-am{X-am{aX--√ {aX--√tema-√temI tem-sIØ -sIØ -sØ X-sX-∂ sX-∂ sC∂X C--cX C--cX ]--c ª ]-ª ]n-Iª n-v In-v IWv v Wv_pWv_p≈ _p≈ - ‰≈ n≥ -‰n≥ -‰kwn≥kw_ kw_ -‘ _ -‘ -a-‘ m--abm--abNpm-bNpa-X Npa-e Xa-I -e Xƒ -I -eƒ -I \n¿ƒ\n¿\n¿k¿k¿Δ k¿o-Δ ko-Δ k v kwo-k v kwh v kwn-h [n-m-h [\n-m-[ ß - \m-ß -\ f - p-ß - af - m-p-ab f - m-p-nabXmm-nbXmcn X - Xmca -X -c y- s -aX - y-∏-s -aSy-∏-p-s -Ø S∏-p-Ø Sp-p-Ø p- Δp- l Δ-l n-Δ° l n-° p-∂ n-° p-∂ X - p-∂ v.X - ]v.X - t]v.£ t]-£ tA¿£ A¿∏ A¿W - ∏W -∏ t- _mW - t- _mt- [_mw[sImw[sImw≠ sIm≠ pw≠ pw pw tºmƒ tºmƒ tºmƒ Xn-Xnf-° Xnf-° -a fm¿-° -am¿∂ -am¿∂ H-∂ cH-p cHNp ccNpn-{cNX-n-{caX-n-m-{aXW m-aW v m-\W vΩ \-v Ω p-\-sΩ Sp-sSp-sSB-Bfl Bfl m¿-fl m¿∞m¿∞ X - ∞ X - sImX - sImsIm≠≠ pw≠ pw A-pw AhA¿hXm¿hXm¿ak -Xmak - w-ahk - w-n-h \w-n-mh \Imn-m\Imm Im]n.-]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.-k -k v.-k n-° v.-k n-° p-≈ n-° p-≈ -X p-≈ v.-XXpv.-XXpSv. -° XpS-° SIm-°ImeImweapweX apw¬ X ap-¬ X\m¬\m-\m-c-yc--tyi-c--tj yi--tj in t\j n t\Sn p-t\∂ Sp-∂ Sp p-F∂ p F∂ p F∂ -X∂ m--XW m--XW v m-Cu W v Cu v Cu {]-{]k{]k n-≤k n-≤ o-I n-≤ o--cI- o--cI- -cfn-X fn-p-X fnhp-s X - h-s - hCu cs - Cu c a-Cu l a-l m-a-{]l m-{ÿ ]-m-{ÿ ]-m-ÿ \m-Ø - \m-Ø - \n-\ Ø - n-v \ t\n-v \ t\Xv t\r-X Xr-X zw Xr-\¬zw X\¬zw \¬-W-WØ WØ n-sØ ‚ n-s‚ n-kus‚ ku`kum-`Km--y`Kw.m--yKw.-yw. In-InbInb _-b _l_l p-al m-p-a\m-p--ya\-cm--ym-\-cb-ym--cb sNm-b sNbsN¿-ba¿-b m≥ama¿-m≥amam≥am-tcS-p-tcbS-p-tpw bS-pw b sa-pw sa-sa- F-F√Fm-√Ø m-√Ø m--cØ w-c]w-cc]wn-ac]-n-n-X acn-n-X a In-n-X ƒIn-° ƒI° ƒpw° pw A-pw AIA-Ø I-Ø Ip\n-Ø p\n∂ p\n∂ p- ∂ p- pº¿º¿aº¿m-acm-p-atcm-S-p-tcbS-p-tpw, bS-pw, bH-pw, cH-p cHsXmp csXmp sXmgn¬ gn¬ gFn¬ F∂F∂ -X∂ n--X \n--X ∏ \n-p--∏ \ dwp--∏ d`-wp-d`-w `-sImsImsIm≠≠ v I≠ v gI-n-v™ gI-n-™ gn-™ C-cC-p-] cC-p--Ø ] --Ø ]n-b -Ø n--© bn--© bp -© h¿p h¿pj h¿j -am-j -abm--a nbImm-nbImn Imc-W c-W -L c-W -L -S-\ L -Sm--\] -Sm--\ -c]m--a-c] m--ab -cm--ab H-m-cb H-p cI¿H-p cI¿pØ I¿Ø -Ø - c-yca - ym-ca -bym-a -b C-m-b SC-t- ShC-t- fSh-tI - fh-ƒ I - fƒ I - C-ƒ √ C-m-√ Csm-X √sm-X ]n.sX ]n.-]n.hyw hyw hyw F-F∂F∂ \n∂ \ne-b \nen¬ -b en¬ -bI-n¬ Ω I-Ω o-I-jΩ o-j -so-\ j -s\-s\ F-FkFk v.-k k v.-k n.v.-k n._pn._p≈ _p≈ -‰≈ n≥ -‰n≥ -‰Cn≥d C--ß d C--ß dn- -ß n- ntktkh tkn-h ®n-h p®]nn-p®]n n-]n™ cn-™ cn--h ™ -chpw-chpwXp-wXpS-cXpSp--cSp--s°ms°ms°m≠≠ n-c≠ n-n-° cn-n-° -∂ n-° p-∂ p.p-∂ p.]n.-p.]n.F]n.F k - F k - v.k - k - v.k - n. v.k - n. n. ∂-∂h∂-chp-a -chm-p-a -cbm-p-ab Bm-b BbBn-b c-° n-b c-° n--W c-° -W -° -W -° n-\-° n-p\n-p\p bp-bpam-bpabm-nab_m-nb_‘ n _‘ s - ‘ ∏-s - ´∏-s - sXm´∏-sXm´ gsXmn¬ gn¬ gAn¬ A-APo-PohPo-\ h-° \ h-° \ m-c-° m-p-tcm-S-p-tcbS-p-tpw bS-pw b k-pw k∑k-t∑\m-t∑\m`-t-m\m`- -m`- -mh-k h-k h-c-ß k -c-ß -f c-ß p-s -fSp-s -fkSp-skSa-{kKa-{cKaq--] {cK-q--Ø ] cq--Ø ]n-e -Ø n-p-en-p-eph-ah-m-ahW m-aW v m-Cu W v Cu v Cu k-khkn-h tin-h tj in-tj i-N-j cN-n-{cNX-n-{cX-n-{X≈≈ A≈ Adn-Ab dn-n-b d∏n-n-b v,∏hnn-v,∏hni v, hn-Zi-a-Zi m--ab -Zm--ab ssSwm-b ssSwssSwØnØnsØn‚s‚ ]n≥s‚ ]n≥]n≥__ -e_ w. -ew. -ew. tS-tS_tS_ n-f_ p-n-I fp-n-ƒ, I fp-ƒ, IAƒ, At]At£ ]-t£ ]-k£ ka¿-ka∏¿-an-∏¿-n-∏ntI-tIctI-fc-f]n.c-f]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.-k -k v.-k n. v.-k n.\n¿n.\n¿Δ \n¿- Δ- Δ°¬°¬°¬˛-]˛-c-]o-˛-c £ -]o--c £ -˛o-£ -C-˛‚¿-C-˛‚¿-Ch‚¿yq hyq kwhyq kw_ kw_ - _ - ln-ln®lnp-® sImp-® sImp-≠ sIm≠ n-c≠ n-n-° cn-n-° -∂ n-° p-∂ hnp-∂ hn]p-hn] ep-a -] em-p-a - em-a - m‘n‘n® ‘n® D-t® D-Z-tyD-Z-m-tK yZ-m-m¿K ym-m¿∞ Km¿∞ n-I ∞ n-ƒIn-° ƒI° ƒp-≈ ° p-≈ p-≈ bb Np-b NpaX - Npae - XaI -e - Xf -I -e - p-tf -I - S-p-tf -bS-p-pw tbS-pw tkbpw tkhtk\ - hß -\ - hß -\ -- ß -- \n¿\n¿t\n¿±-ti±-tß - i±-ß -i ƒ,ß - ƒ, Npƒ, Np-Np° -° c∏ - p-° ´- ∏ - n-I ´- ∏ - n-,I ´- dmn-,Idm, dmfp-tfp-S-tfpbS-tpw bS-pw b H-w H-p csNH-p csNpdsNn-b dn-b dAwn-b Awi Awwiamwiamw am¶v ¶v]-¶v ´]-n-I ´]-n-I ´Xpn-IXpS-ß XpS-ß nS-ß ]n c]n o-c£ ]-o-c£ -I o-£ ƒ-Iƒ-Iƒ{X-{Xta{Xt_pat_pa≈ _p≈ -‰n-≈ \ -‰n-n-\ e -‰n-n-q-\ e sn-Sq-e sshSq-sshSfshn-sf∏n-sf∏n-s∏°p°p X°p ø X-m-ø Xsm-ø d-sSm-d-p-s° Sd-p-° Sp-∂ p-° p-∂ D-p-∂ tD-Z-tyD-Z-m-tK yZ-m-m¿K ym-m¿Km¿Sp-Ø Sp-Ø Sp-m≥ Ø m≥ \-m≥ a\-p-° a\-p-° ap p-I° p gI-pn-b gI-n-p-b g∂ n-p-b ∂ p-≈ p-∂ p-≈ p.p-≈ p. p. ∞n∞nI∞ns - Ifs - Ikfs - kf lkl m-bl m-n-b ° m-n-b ° p-∂ n-° p-∂ Xn-p-∂ Xn\p-Xn\ ≈ p-\ ≈ p-≈ sXmsXmsXmgn¬ gn¬ gAn¬ AhA-k h-k h -c-ß -k -c-ß -f c-ß p-a -fm-p-a -f bm-p-a nb_m-nb_n _am-amXamr-XIr-X mIr-mI tNmmtNmtNmZymZymhZ-e ymhn--e h bn--e pw bn-pw bhnpwhn-hnsXß sXß -aß w-a_mw-a_mwe _m-I er--I ejr--Ij v-W r-j v-W -≥v-W -≥ -≥ ⁄m‘-‘s‘∏-s´∏-sv ´\n∏-v ´\ncv -h \nc-[ hcn-[ h{]n-[{]k n {]k n-≤k n-≤ o-I n-≤ o--cI-o--cI- -c- sX⁄m⁄m\ \hn-\hnhhn-ch-h-chpw -h-w -h _ppw_p≈ _p≈ - ‰≈ n-\ -‰n-n-\ -‰n-n-\nW-Wß Wß ƒß ƒ C-ƒ ∂ C-∂ Cv a-∂ e v a--b e v a-m--b efm--b -Ø fm--Ø fn¬ -Ø n¬ C-n¬ C- Ceq-eqsSeqs\¬Ss\¬SI \¬p-I ∂p-I ∂ p.p-∂ p.\mp.\ma\m-aam--a{aXm--a{aXm-m-{aX-m-amd-ß d-ß p-d-∂ ß p-∂ p-≠ p-∂ p-≠ v. p-≠ D-v. tD-v.Z-tyD-Z-m-tK yZ-m-m¿K ym-m¿∞ Km¿∞ n-I ∞ n--f Ip-n--f sIS-p--f sbS-p-spw bS-pw b c-£ pw c-£ c-n-X £ n-m-Xn-m-Xm-b b hn-b hnehne Cue CuSCum-S° m-S° n-m-s° °mn-s°mn-s≠ °m≠ m-W ≠ m-W v m-_pW v _p≈ v _p≈ -‰n≥ ≈ -‰n≥ -‰D-n≥ tD-Z-tyD-Z-m-tyZ-m- ym°-°fp-°tfS-p-tf bS-p-tpw bS-pw D¬bpw D¬° D¬° W - ° W - vT W - {]vT {]vT k{]k n-≤k n-≤ o-I n-≤ o-c - IW - o-c - IW -c -c - w-W -c - Kw-Ø -c - Kw-Ø - Kv \Ø - v \-v \-Km¿Km¿∞ Km¿∞ n-I ∞ n-ƒIn-° ƒI° ƒv F° v FØ v FØ n-° Ø n-° p-∂ n-° p-∂ -Xp-∂ v-XFv-XF∂ v F∂ -X∂ n--X en--X pw en-pw e R-pwR-Rs√ms√mc s√mp cam¿p cam¿p° am¿° -‰n-° s-‰\n-s-‰Ø \n-sØ \--sØ ∂ -s∂ -scq-∂ ] cq--s] cq-∏--s]S∏--sp-Ø S∏-p-Ø Sn-p-b Ø n--X bn-m--X b bm--X nbm-nb߃n ߃߃°° v Nm° v Nmcv n-NmX cn-m-X c¿n-m-∞ X - ¿m-∞ - ¿y- a -∞ y-p-≠ a - y-p-≠ a - v. p-≠ Cu v. Cu v. Cu A-AhAk - hk -c h - Ø -k -c - Ø -c - n¬ Ø - n¬n¬ Im-ImW ImW p-∂ W p-∂ p.p-∂ p.Ap.AXAp-X sImp-X sImp-s≠ Im≠ v \≠ v s\-√mv s\-√ms c√mp ca-p c ’ a-p ’ a--c’ w-cB w-cB w BtI-tIctI-fc-Ø -fc-Ø -fn-s-Ø e n-se n-]n.se]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.kn-k v.kn° v.kn° v H-° v cH-pv cHHup cHuptHuZ-tyZ-m-tK yZ-m-n-K yIm-n-K In-I ta-taJtaJ -e-b J -en¬ -b -en¬ -b\-n¬ S\--° S\--° p-S∂ -° p-∂ p-≠ p-∂ p-≠ v.p-≠ Xnv. Xnv.IXn-® Ipw -® Ipw -® Hupw HutHuZ-tyZ-m-tK yZ-m-n-K ym-n-K{]n- {]k{]k n-≤k n-≤ o-I n-≤ o--cI-o-W -cI-W w-c-W Fw Fw∂F∂B∂BiB-b iw-b iapw-btapw∂mtap-∂mt´∂mp-s´hp-s´® hp-s® h-® I-aI-m-aIbm-ab H-m-cb H-p c{]H-p c{]k p {]k n-≤k n-≤ o-I n-≤ o--cI-W o--cI-W w-c-W Fw Fw∂F∂ \n∂ \ne\n-b en¬ -b en¬ -bRn¬ R-R-A-A∂A∂ -sØ ∂ -sØ -sØ _-_l_l p. l p.Awp.AwKAwwK{io. wK{io. w {io. sX-sXß sXß -aß w-a_mw-a_mwe _m- e- e߃ ߃ ߃ a-’ a-’ a--c’ -ß -c-ß -c ƒ--ß sƒ-°sƒ-°√ s°mw √mw √ C-mw ∏ C-p-∏ Cd-Ø p-∏ d-Ø p-dm--Ø W m-W v.m-W v.F-v.F¶Fn-¶n-¶Irn- IrjIrj v-Wj v-W -s‚ v-W -s‚ kv -s‚ kv -a-ckv -aW-c-aW° -cW° p-a° p-∂ ap-∂ an¬ p-∂ n¬ Rn¬ Rß Rß ƒß ƒ in-ƒ inc-  inc-  pc-  p p ¬-Ø ¬-Ø ¬-s - Ø ∂s - ∂b s - ∂pw bpw Dbtpw D-ZymtD-ZymK tZymm¿Km¿∞ Km¿∞ n-I ∞ n-ƒIn-° ƒI° ƒn-Sb ° - n-Sn¬ b - n-Sn¬ b - \-n¬ √ \-√ \n\-√ \n-\n-Ip-Ip\Ipn-\ °n-\ ° p-∂ n-° p-∂ p.p-∂ p. p. e-b e-n-b een-b p-e ≈ n-p-e ≈ p-kzo≈ kzoI kzom-Icm-I -yc-Xm--yc-X ]n.-y-X ]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.-k -k v.-k n. v._p-k n. _pn.≈ _p≈ -‰n-≈ \ -‰n-p-\ -‰n-p-\p- ]-ª ]-ª ]n-Iª n-v I k¿n-v I k¿vΔ k¿o-Δko-Δk v Io-k vΩ I-v Ω Io-j Ω o-j -\o-j p--\ Ip--\ -f Ip--f s ISp--f sÿmSp-sÿmS ÿm]- ]- ]≠v≠v . ≠v . . \w\w km\w kmakmq-l aq-l ay q-]l y c]yn-h c]-n-¿-h cØ n-¿-hØ ¿--\Ø -\ {]--\ {]{In{]{Inb{In-bn--b se n--b se n-kp{]se kp{]kp{]]-{]X-{]{X]-{{Xh ]-{¿-h ]-Ø ¿-hØ ¿--\Ø w-\Cw-\∂ Cw∂ Cv A∂ v Atv ßAtßb tß-‰bw-‰bs{]mw-‰s{]mw s{]m^^ - ^ - [m- [m\[m\ \m\ \mgn-\mI gn--° I gn--° I -√-° p--√ Ip--√ -f Im-p--f I bm--fn-b ´m-m-n-b ´W m-n-´W v m-CW v∂ C-v ∂ ]∂ p c]pn-K c]-n--W K cn--W K n- -W n- nj-j\j-e \n--e \ kn--e k w n-Bk w BwhB-i h-yi h-s-yi ∏--s-Sy∏--sp-∂ S∏-p-∂ SH-p-∂ cH-p cIH-p ce I-p -b e I-pw -b epw -b _npw _nk _nk n- k n- °pn- °p∂ °p∂ -X∂ v.-Xv.-X C-v.¥ C-¥ C-y-b ¥ -yn--b s-ye n--b se n-]n.se]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.kn -k v.kn v.IƒknIƒ° Iƒ° v `-° v c`-- v c`-- c\-  \-  \p-a  m-p-aW m-p-aW v.m-W v.sXmv.sXmsXmgn¬ gn¬ gcwn¬cwK-s cwKØ -sKØ -sØ ]-{]X-{]{X]-{{Xh ]-{¿-h ]-Ø ¿-hØ ¿-- Ø - W- WL WL -S-\ L -Sm--\] -Sm--\ -c]m--a-c] m--ab -cm--ab ]m-b Z]--hZ]-n--h b Zn--h pw bn-pw b s]mpw s]ms]mXpXhypXhyh p hy-ÿ h-ÿ h-I -ÿ - I- I\w\w B \w B taB taJtaJ -e-b J -en--b -e se n--b se n-Hsce H-p cH{]p c{][ p {]m-[\m-[\ kv m-\ kv -s]kv -sj ]--sj ]-ssej -sse-sse-fpwfpw\¬fpw\¬I \¬m-I\m-I p-\ ≈ m-p-\ ≈ p-{i≈{ia-Ø {ia-Ø an-\ -Ø n-n-\ sn-Sn-\ sS\n-sΩ S\-Ω p-\-sΩ Sp-sSp-`-scS`--W c`--W - c-W - tktkj tkj -\m-j -\W m--\W v.m-W ]v. t]v. £ t]-£ tA£ AΩAΩ -´n-e Ω -´n-p-e -´≈ n-p-e ≈ p-bm≈ bmsbmXmsXmscXmp chnp chnp hn-L-LS-\ LSmk-\Smk-\`mk\n` \n`co-\nc£ o-c£ n-o-® £ n-® Nnn-® NneNne kpe kp{]kp{[ ]-{m-[ ]\m-[\ hm-\ k h-k hv-Xk p-v-Xp-v-XpZ-KZ-v[ KZ-c - v[ Kp-tc - v[S-p-tc -bS-p-tpw bS-pw ]nbpw ]n¥]n¥ p-W ¥ p-W t- p-bm W t- bm t- kbm klkl m-bl m-t- bam m-t- bam Ct- am √ C-m-√ Csm-X√sm-X-sX-X-I X-ƒ I X-ƒ I D-ƒ ≠ D-≠ Dv. ≠ Fv. F√ v. Fmw √mw √C-mwh C-n-h CsSn-h sShnn-sShnhhn-chn-° -chn-° --∂ n-° p-∂ n-√ p-∂ n-.√H-n-.√H-. H-

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]-ª ]-ª ]n-Iª n-v I k¿n-v I k¿vΔ k¿o-Δk o-Δk v o-k v v I-Ω I-Ω Io-j Ω o-j -\o-j p--\ Ip--\ -f Ip--f s Ip-S-f sp-SsS ÿmÿmÿm]-\ ]w- \ ]kmw- \kmw akmq-a q-a qly ly ly ]-c]-n-c h ]-n-¿-c hØ n-¿-hØ ¿--\Ø -\ -\ {]-{]{In{]{Inb{In-bn--b se n--b se n-kqse kq-kq{]-{][{]m-[\m-[\ \mm-\ \mgn-\mI gn--° I gn--° I - -° - √p-√pI√p-f Im--f I bm--fn-b ´m-m-n-b ´W m-n-´W v m-C-W v C-v C∂p∂p ]∂p c]-n-K c]-n--W K cn--W K n-° -W n-° p-n-° p- p∂-∂X∂v.Xv.Xv.

-X-P Xq--P X_ q--P_ nen q-_ nenhntinenhntihntijj m¬j m¬]Xn∏v m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v ]n.-]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.-k-k v.-k n.-v._ -k n.-_ p-n.-≈ _ p-≈ -‰p-n≥ ≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥171717

t£t£{ X{ X {]-{]t h-ti h--i \ -\ hn-hnf w-f_ w- _ - c - a- -- a≠ p- ≠ m- bm- b h¿h¿jj w Xw Xs∂ s ∂tI-tIc-fc--Ø f-Ø n¬n¬ ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.- v.kn. kn. kwkwhn-h [n-m-[\m-Ø - \Ø - n- n\v \v Xp-XpS-° S-° w Ipw Ipdn-® dn-p®p F-F∂∂ - X-vXBv Bt emt emN- N\m-\ma r-aXr--X a m-- abm- b hn-hnjj - b-ab-m-aW m-W v. v.

Im-Imcywcyw am-am{Xw {Xw Nq-Nq≠≠ n-°n-° m-W m-W n-°n-° -s´.-s´.A-AXpX]n.p ]n.F-Fkk v.-kv.-k n. Iƒn. Iƒ°° p appº ap-º p-≈ p-≈ Im-Ime-b e-f b-h-fn--h se n-se k¿k¿°m¿ °m¿ \n-\nb-ab-\-a-ß -\-ß -fp-a -fm-p-abm-nb_n _‘‘ -s∏--s´∏-p ´\-p S\--∂ S-∂ n--n-∂ -∂ A-Acm-m--I P-X I-zX -h-zpw -hpw Po¿Po¿ÆÆ -X-b Xp--b am-p-aW m-W v. B v. B Po¿Po¿ÆÆ -X -X ]n-]n∂∂ o-Sv o-kSv kaq-l aq-l Ø - Ø - n-en-m-esm-IsI H-cH-p c]-p I ]-¿-I®¿-h - ®y- h - m-[ y- m-n[t]mn t]msese]-S]-¿-S∂ ¿-∂ nd-ß nd-ß n. n.k-kaq-l aq-l -Ø-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚D-]D--c]n-L -cn-L -S-\-S- \bn¬ bn¬ hn-hncm-m-n-P ®n-n-® -n-∂ -∂ H-cH-p c\yqp \yq\-] \-£ -]-£ hn-hn`m-`Km--Ø K-Ø n- n\p\p am-am{X-{aX-m-abm-nbAn A∂∂ v k¿v k¿°° m¿m¿ \n-\nb-ab-\-a-ß \-ß ƒƒ kwkwh-ch--W c-W w sNw sNø-s ø∏--s´∏-n-c´p-n-∂ -∂ p Fp F∂∂ p ]p d]--bdmw. -bmw.C-X C-v Xv A-A[-:[ ÿn-:ÿnXX ]n-]n∂∂ m-° m-° P-\ P--h \n--h `m-n-`Km--ß K-ß -fp--f sSp-sPoS Pohn-hnX-sX-Ø sØ k-kaq-l aq-l -Ø-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ ]p-]pd-tdºm-tºm°° n-ten-t° e-° p h-p e h-n-ens®-s®dn-™ dn-™ p Fp F∂∂ X - vX - H-c v H-p ch-p k h-k vX - p-vX - Xp-.XA. AXn-X t\n-t° \-° mƒmƒ {]-{][m-[\m-w\Irw Irjj n-bn-pw bpwssIssIsØmsØmgn-e gn-p-e am-p-abm-nbPon Pohn-hn®p-®pt]mt]m∂∂ h-e h-n-e sbmn-sbm chnp hn`m-`Km-wKPw\ P--X \-b Xp--b sSp-shnS hne- es∏-s∏´ I´ gI-n-h gn-n-h t\n-tb \-pw bpw A-A\p-\ `-h p-`-t-hØ-tØbpw bpw cm-cmjj v-{S-Ø v-{S-Ø n- n\v \v D-]D-b - ]p-b -‡ p-‡ a - √ -a - m-√ -Ø m-Ø co-X co-n-X bn-n¬ bn¬ ]m-]mgm-g° m-° n°-n°f™ - f™ - p p F-F∂∂ -Xm--XW m-W v. Cv. ¥ C-¥ -y-t-yb--ttb-∏mt∏msese kmwkmwkk v-Im-v-Icm-n-I cn--aIm--ambpw bpw kmkmaq-l aq-l n-In--aIm--abm-pw bpw hn-hn`n-∂ `n-∂ ti-tijj n-In-ƒ Iƒ ]p-]pe¿-e¿ØnØns°ms°m≠≠ v Bv Bbn-b c° - n-c° -W - W -° - ° - n-\n-p\h¿p h¿jj ß - ß -f - m-f - bm-nb\nn \ne-\ e-n¬\n¬°° p-∂p-∂ sN-sNdp-X dp-pw Xpw h-e h-p-e Xp-p-X am-p-abm-b P-\ P--h \n--h `m-n-`Km-- Kß-ßfp-f sSp-skS ka-Xap--X ep-n-e Xn--aXm--abm-b]-¶ ]-m-¶fm-n-Ø fn-Ø w hnw hnI-k I-k -\- \{]-{]{In-{Inb-bn--b en-pw epw cm-cmjj v-{S v-{]pS ]p\¿-\\¿-n¿\Ω n¿-Ω m-W m-W -Ø-Ø n-en-pw epw D- Dd-∏d-p∏hp ch-p-Ø -Ø -W-W -sa--s∂ a-∂ v `-v c`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-Sm-\inm inev-] en-v-] In-ƒ Iƒ

FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥-X -P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v 1818 ]n.-]n.-

\n-\n›› -bn--b ®n-p.®p. 1935 1935 sese C-¥ C-¥ ym ym K-h K-¨h¨sa‚ sa‚ v \n-v \nb-ab-a-a-\-ap--\ kp-k -cn- -cn®v ®vtI-tI{μ-{Ø μ-Ø n-en-pw epw{]-{]hn-h in--yi-I-y-f In-e -fn-pw epw]-ª ]-ª n-In-v Ik¿v k¿Δo-Δokk v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -\p--\ Ip-ƒ Iƒ \n-\ne-h en¬ -hn¬ h-∂ h-∂ n--n-∂ -∂ p. p.1930 1930 Iƒ IƒC-¥ C-¥ ym ym N-cN-n-{cX-n-{Ø X-Ø n-se n-se k-khn-h tin-tj i-j -am--abm-b H-cH-p Z-iZ--I i-aIm--aW m-W v. v1936 . 1936 ¬¬ Xn-XnhnhnXmwXmwIq-I dn¬ q-dn¬ ]-ª ]-ª n-In-v Iv k¿k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -W-W -dpw-dpw sImsIm®n-® bn-n¬ bn¬ ÃmÃm^^ v skv ske-£ e-£ ≥ ≥t_m¿t_m¿UU p-ap-≠ ap-≠ m-bm-n.bn.t£t£{X{X{]-{]th-ti h--\ i-\ hn-hnfw-f_ w-_ -c-a--≠ -ap-≠ m-bm-b h¿-h¿jj w Xw sX-∂ s∂ tI-tIc-fc-Ø -f-Ø n¬n¬ ]n.-]n.F-Fkk v.-kv.-k n. kwn. kwhn-h [n-m-[\m--Ø \-Ø n-\n-v \ Xpv XpS-° S-° w Ipw Ipdn-® dn-p®Fp F∂-∂Xv XBv BtemtemN-\ Nm--\am-r-aXr--aXm--abm-b hn-hnjj -b-abm--aW m-W v. vNp. Np-°-°ØØ n¬n¬tI-tIc-fc-f]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. tIn. tIc-fco--fbo-b\-t\-hmthm∞m∞m\-Ø \-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ Iq-IqSn Skn kZv-^ Zv-^ -e-a-em--asm-WsW∂∂ v ]-v d]--bdmw. -bmw. a- ae-b e-m-bfm-n fsan satΩmtΩmdn-b dn--e bn--e t‚n-tb ‚-pw bpw CuCug-hg-h sa-satΩmtΩmdn- dnb-e b-n-e t‚n-tb ‚-pw bpw a-l a-l -Ø-Ø m-bm-b kwkw`m-`hm--\ h.-\. A-AXp-X sImp-sIm≠≠ p-Xp--sX∂ -s∂ a-‰a-p ‰]n.p ]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. In. f I-n¬ fn¬ \n-\n∂∂ v hyv hyXy- X k - y- k -X v- a -X v m-a - bm-b N-cN-n-{cX-n-{h X-pw hpw hn-hnti-tj i-j s - ∏-s - ´∏-Zu´ ZuX-yX--hypw -hpw \-a\-p-° ap-° p-≠ p-≠ m-bm--X bn¬ -Xn¬ A-AXv-`Xp-X v-`p--Ø X-Ø n-\n-v \ Av Ah- hIm-Imi-ain-√ -an-.√.]-c]-n-acn-X an-n-X In-ƒ IƒF-F{X-{X X--sX∂ -s∂D-sD-≠s≠∂∂ m- mepw epw Cu Cu a-l a-l -Ø-Ø m-bm-b N-cN-n-{cX-n-{ZX-u-ZX u--yX-Ø -y-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ {]-{]Im-Imin-in°° p-∂p-∂ ap-J ap-wJshw shfn-sf∏n-sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø p-hp-m≥ hm≥ ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. n. _p-_p≈≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ {]-{]Xn-X ⁄ n-⁄ m-_ m-_ -≤-≤ am--aW m-W v. v.

]n.]n.-F F-k -kv.v-k .-kn.n._p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥: n≥: Ign™ Ign™CC-]]-Ø -Ønb©p nb©ph¿jw h¿jw s{]m^. s{]m^.hn. hn.tKm]mtKm]mee -I-I rjv rjv WW Ipdp∏v Ipdp∏v ap≥ ap≥sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am≥ tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥≥

F-Fkk v.kn. v.kn._p≈_p≈‰n≥ ‰n≥{]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--c I-W -c-W - Øns‚ Øns‚ CC]-Ø ]-Ø nb©p nb©p h¿jw h¿jw ]n∂n]n∂nSp- SpI-b I-m-bW m-W .v AXns‚ .v AXns‚ {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io-c - IWw c - Ww BcwBcw`n-° `n-° p∂p∂ kakabØv bØv CXpCXpt]mt]mep≈ ep≈ H H {]kn{]kn≤≤ o- oI-cI-Ww cWw \nehnep\nehnep≠≠ m-bm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ n-√n-.√DtZ. DtZym-K ym-m¿∞nKm¿∞nIƒ Iƒ AdnAdntb≠ tb≠ ImcImcyß - yß - ƒƒ AhAhcn¬ cn¬ FØnFØn°° m≥m≥ ]‰nb ]‰nb H H {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io-c - IW -c - W -a - mWv a - mWv A∂v A∂v `mh`mh\b - \n¬ b - n¬ D≠mD≠mbn-b -n-∂ -∂ -Xv.-Xv.C∂v C∂v Cu Cu cwKØv cwKØv sXmgn¬hmsXmgn¬hm¿Ø, ¿Ø,sXmgn¬hoYn sXmgn¬hoYnt]mep≈ t]mep≈At\Iw At\Iw{]kn{]kn≤o-≤oI-cI-W -c-W -ß-ß ƒƒ \ne\nehn-h en-p-e ≠ p-≠ v. v.ChChsb-s√ b-mw√X mw-s∂ Xs∂ tIctIcf-Ø f-Ø nse nse {]apJ {]apJ Zn\Zn\∏-{∏ X--{ß X-ß -fmWv -fmWv {]kn{]kn≤≤ o- oI-cI-n-° cn-° p-∂p-∂ Xv Xv F∂v F∂v \mw \mw Hm¿°Ww. Hm¿°Ww. ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. _p≈n. _p≈‰n\ns‚ ‰n\ns‚ {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--cIWw -cWw XpSXpSßß p- tp-ºmƒ t ºmƒRm≥ Rm≥]n.Fkv.kn ]n.Fkv.knbpsS bpsS sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am≥BbnBbn-∂ -∂ p. p.]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. n.°v°vH H {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--cIWw -cWw F∂ F∂ Bibw Bibw BZBZy-aymbn -ambn IΩoIΩoj-j\n¬ \n¬sIm≠sIm≠p-hp-∂ h-∂ -Xv-XA∂p v- A∂psaºsaºdm-dbm-n-b ∂ n-∂ CubnsS CubnsS ZnhwZnhwK-X K-\ Xmb -\mb sXßaw sXßaw _me_meIr-I jr-j vWvW - \m-\mbn-b -n-∂ -∂ p. p.]n∂oSv ]n∂oSv ]e]eX-e X-Ø -e-Ø nepw nepw CXnCXns\-s° \-° p- pdn®v dn®v N¿®Iƒ N¿®Iƒ \SØn \SØn AhAhkk m\w m\w H H {]kn{]kn≤≤ o- oI-cI-Ww cWw F∂ F∂ Bibw Bibw AwKoAwKoIc - In-° c - n-° p-Ip-bmIbmbn-b -n-∂ -∂ p. p. AXnAXn\ptijw \ptijw Kh¨sa‚pXeKh¨sa‚pXeØØ nepw nepw CXnCXns\-s\°p°pdn®v dn®vBiBib-h bn--h \n-n-\ abw n-abw\S-\SØØ p-Ip-bpw IbpwAwKoAwKoImcw Imcw t\Spt\SpIbpw Ibpw sNbv sNbv Xp.Xp.A∂v A∂v _lp_lpam-a\m-s - \∏´ s - ∏´ sI.sI.Ic - Ip-W c - p-W m-Im-c - I\ -c - m-\ - bm-n-b ∂p n-∂p tIcf tIcf apJapJya - {-y¥n. a - {- ¥n.IΩoIΩojs‚ js‚{]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io-c - IW -c - W -Ø - Ø - n\vn\vBhBhiy- ia - y-mb a - mbF√m F√m kzmkzmX{- X ¥-{- ¥yhpw yhpw \ne\ne\n¿Øm≥ \n¿Øm≥ th≠ th≠ klklIc - IWw c - Ww At±At±ll Ø - Ø - ns‚ ns‚ `mK`mKØØ p-\p-n∂pw \n∂pw e`ne`n®n-® -n-∂ -∂ p. p. Kh¨sa‚ Kh¨sa‚ v {] n¬ v {] n¬ A®A®Sn-® Sn-n-® -n-∂ -∂ -t∏m-t∏mgp≈ gp≈ _p≤n_p≤nap-´ap-I ´p-ƒ Iƒadn-adnI-SI-° -S-° m\pw m\pw_p≈_p≈‰n≥ ‰n≥kakab- bØpØpXs∂ Xs∂ {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--cIn-° -cn-° m\pw m\pw IgnIgn™ ™ p. kzp. kzIm-Imc-yc{- ]-y{-   ]-  n¬n¬ A®A®Sn-® Sn-® -n-∂ -∂ t- ∏mƒ t- ∏mƒ D≠mb D≠mb A\pA\p`hw `hw Hm¿°pHm¿°pI-b Im--bW m-W v. {]knv. {]kn≤≤ o-Io--cI-W -c-W -Ø-Ø n-\n-p≈ \p≈ am‰¿ am‰¿ Xømdm°n Xømdm°n{] n¬ {] n¬FØnFØn®p-® Ip--gIn-™ -gn-™ m¬m¬BB {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--cI-W -c-W -ime -imeCd-Cd°° p∂p∂CXpCXpt]mt]mep≈ ep≈ {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--cI-W -c-W -Ø-Ø n\vn\v BhBhi-yi-a-ymb -amb am‰¿ am‰¿ \Ωƒ \Ωƒ sImSpsImSp°° p-∂p-∂ -Xn¬ -Xn¬\n∂v \n∂vtiJtiJcn-® cn--t®i--tj i-j tata]n.-]n.Fkv Fkv .kn .kn_p≈_p≈‰n≥ ‰n≥A®Sn°pA®Sn°pam-abm-n-b -n-c ∂p-∂ p-≈ p-≈ p. p. Cßs\ Cßs\ ]e ]e t¢it¢ißß fpwfpw BZBZy-Iym--Iem-Øv eØv A\pA\p`- `h-sh-∏-s´∏-n-c´p-n-∂ -∂ p. p. ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. n._p≈_p≈‰n\ns‚ ‰n\ns‚{]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--cI-W -c-W - -

]n ]n

tØmtØmS-\Sp--\ _p-_ -‘-‘ n-®n-p-®DZv p- DZv LL m-Sm-\S\ ktΩktΩf\w f\w bqWnbqWnth-thgvk gvk n‰nn‰nÃpU‚ ÃpU‚ vkvk v sk‚v sk‚dn¬h®v dn¬h®v\S-\SØØ m≥m≥ XoXoam-a\m-n-\ ®n-p.®p._lp_lpam-a\m--s\∏´ -s∏´ tIcf tIcf apJapJy-ay{¥n -a{¥n sI. sI. IIWW m-Im--cI≥-c≥ {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io--cIWw -cWw \n¿Δ\n¿Δll n-°n-° p- pI,I, A∂sØ A∂sØ hm¿Ømhm¿Ømhn-h \n-\ ab - n-ah - bI -h - p-I - ∏p-p-∏ a{¥n p-a{¥n BZy BZy -{]Xn -{]XnG‰pG‰phm-hß m-ß p-Ip-,ItbmK, tbmKØØ n¬n¬]n.-]n.FF kvkv .kn .kn sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am≥ F∂ F∂ \ne\nebn¬ bn¬ Rm≥ Rm≥ A≤A≤y£w y£w hlnhln°p-°pIbpw Ibpw saº¿ saº¿ sXßaw sXßaw _me_meIr-I jr-j W v W v ≥≥ BiwBiwk-kIƒ Iƒ A¿∏nA¿∏n°° p-Ip-bpw Ibpw sNøpI sNøpI F∂F∂Xm-Xbm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p p ]cn]cn]m-]Sm-n.Sn.\nd\nd™ ™ p-Ip--h In™ -hn™ kZkZ   ns\ ns\ km£nkm£n\n¿Øn \n¿Øn ]n.Fkv ]n.Fkv .k - .k - n. _p≈n. _p≈‰ns‚ ‰ns‚ DZvDZv LL m-Sm-\w S\w awKawKf-af-mbn ambn \S-\S∂∂ p. p.A\pA\pkk y- qXw y- qXw {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io-c - IWw c - Ww \S-\S°pI °pIF∂pF∂p≈≈ Xv Xvkt¥mkt¥mjj -I-cI-a-cm--aW m-W v. v.Ign™ Ign™ CC]-Ø ]-Ø ©p©psImsIm√-Ø √-Ø n-\n-p-\ ≈ p-≈ n¬n¬ ]e ]e {]kn{]kn≤≤ o-Io-- Ic-W c-W ß - ß - fpwfpw Cu Cu hgn°v hgn°v DtZDtZym-K ym-m¿∞nKm¿∞nIƒ°v Iƒ°v hnhhnhc-ß c-ß ƒƒ AdnAdnbm≥ bm≥ kuIkuIc-yc-a-ymbn -ambn XpSßnXpSßnbn-b ´p-n-≠ ´p-≠ v. v. ]t£ ]t£ ChChbvsb°√mw vs°√mw hgnhgnIm-I´m-n-b ´n-mbn bmbn ]n.-]n.FF k - k - v.k - v.k - n. n. _p≈_p≈‰n≥ ‰n≥ \ne\nesImsIm≈≈ p-∂p-∂ p. p. Ign™ Ign™ CC]-Ø ]-Ø nb-nb©© p-hp-¿jh¿j°° mew mew tIcf tIcf ]n.-]n.FF k - k - v.kn. v.kn. sbsb kw_kw_‘‘ n®vn®v kph¿Ækph¿ÆIm-Iem-L - eL - ´w´w BbnBbn-∂ -∂ p F∂pp F∂p]-d]-b-dm≥ -bm≥IgnIgnbpw. bpw. C‚¿hC‚¿hyq- yqam¿°pam¿°pIƒ Iƒ IpdIpdbv° bv° p-∂p-∂ X - nepw X - nepw sXcsXcs™s™Sp-∏ Sp-ns‚ ∏ns‚ kakakk vX-tvXa--tJ a-J -e-b -enepw -bnepwhnihnizm-k zm-k -yX-yX\ne\ne\n¿Øp\n¿Øp∂-∂Xn\v Xn\vBhBhi-yi-a-ymb -amb]cn]cnjj vIm-vIcm--ß c-ß ƒ ƒG¿G¿s∏-sS∏-p- SpØpØphm\pw hm\pw ]n.Fk.v ]n.Fk.v vkvk n °p n °p IgnIgn™ ™ n-´p-n-≠ ´p-≠ v. CXpv. CXpX-sX-∂s∂bmWv bmWv ]pXn]pXnbX - bmbn X - mbn IqSpIqSpX¬ X¬ Xkv Xkv Xn-X In-I - f - In- f - nte°p te°psXcsXcs™s™Sp∏v Sp∏v\S-\SØØ p-hp-m-h\m-p≈ \p≈NpaNpaXe Xe ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. bn¬ n. bn¬ \n£n\n£n]vX ]amvXam°° p-∂p-∂ -Xv.-Xv. C¥y C¥ykz-kzX-{X ¥--{¥am-abm--tbijw -tijwImcImcy-aymb -ambam‰am‰ßtfm ßtfm ]cn]cnjj vIm-vIcm--ß c-ß tfm tfm D≠mD≠mImØ ImØ H H taJtaJe-b e-mWv bmWv]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. AXns‚ n. AXns‚\nb\nba-\a-Ø \-Ø nepw nepw A[nA[nIm-Icm--Ø c-Ø nepw nepw am‰am‰ßß ƒƒ htchtc≠≠ -Xp--X ≠ p-≠ v. AXnv. AXns\∏‰n s\∏‰nH HhnNnhnNn¥¥ \w\w1935 1935seseKh¨sa‚ Kh¨sa‚ v v Hm^v Hm^v C¥y C¥y BIv BIv Sn-\ Sn-p-\ tijw p-tijw D≠mD≠mbn-b ´n-n-√ ´n--X √-sX∂. -s∂. Ct∏mƒ Ct∏mƒ N¿®N¿®sN-sø N--sø∏--sS∏-p∂ Sp∂ PUv PUv Pn-P am-n-acm-psS sS sXcsXcs™s™S p∏v S p∏vk{ºk{ºZ m-Zbm- w-btw-]mse t ]mseFs¥¶nepw Fs¥¶nepw ]n.Fkv ]n.Fkv .-k.-k n. n.bpsS bpsSImcImcy-Ø y-Ø nepw nepwD≠mD≠mh-W h-W w. w. CXpCXpsImsIm≠≠ p-am-p-a{Xta m-{Xta Cu Cu ÿm]ÿm]\Ø - \Ø - ns‚ ns‚ hnihnizm- zmkyX kyX \ne\ne\n¿Øm≥ \n¿Øm≥ IgnIgnbp-b Ip-b - Ip-b -≈ p-≈ p. p.AXnAXn\p≈ \p≈ N¿®N¿®Iƒ Iƒ A\nA\nhm-h cym-- a-cmbpw y- a- mbpw D≠mD≠mIWw IWw F∂v F∂v B{KB{Kln-ln°° p-∂p-∂ p. p.

II g ng™ n ™C C c pc- ]p - ] - Ø©pØ©ps Ims Im√-Ø √-Ø n- n\p-\p≈≈ n¬n¬ ]e ]e {]kn{]kn≤≤ o - Io - I -c-W - ß- ß f pfw p w -c-W Cu Cu hgn°v hgn°v DtZDtZym-ymKK m ¿m ∞ ¿∞ n-I n-I ƒƒ °° v v hnhhnhc-ß c-ß ƒ ƒAdnAdnbb m ≥m ≥kk uI uI - c - yc- - y ambn ambn XpSßnXpSßnbn-b ´p-n-´p≠v. ≠v.]t£ ]t£ChChbvbv s°√mw s°√mwhgnhgnIm-Im´n- b ´n-mbn b mbn]n.-]n.FF - k- k v. v. kk n . n . __ p≈ p≈ - ‰ n- ‰≥n ≥ \ne\nesImsIm≈≈ p-∂p-∂ p. p.

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ 1919

_p≈_p≈-‰‰n≥ n≥ tkhtkh-\\wwXpSXpS-ccs´ s´ Pn.Pn.tKmtKm]] m-e m-e -I-I r-j r-j vW vW -]-] n-≈ n-≈ ap≥ ap≥sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am≥ tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥≥ -cn-° -cn-° ¬¬ \n-\ne-® ep--® t]mp-t]mbb ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. _pn. _p≈≈ - ‰n≥ ‰n≥ho-ho≠≠ pw pw{]-{]kk n-≤n-≤ o-Io--cI-W -c-W w Bw Bcw-c`w-n-° `n-° - W-Wsa-s∂ a-∂ \n¿\n¿t±-ti±-wiFw Fs‚s‚ {i-{i≤≤ -bn¬-bn¬s∏-sS∏-p- SpØnØnb-X bv-XD-v ∂ D-∂ -X -Xcm-cmjj v-{So-v-{b So--Ø b-Ø n¬n¬\n-\n∂∂ pw pw]n.-]n.FF - kvkv .-k.-k n. bnn. bnte-tb e-v-° bv-° v I-v SI--∂ S-∂ p-hp--∂ h-∂ H-cH-p cap≥ p ap≥ AwAwKwKw C-° C-° m-cm-ywcyw sS-sSen-e t^mn-t^mWW n¬n¬ D-∂ D-∂ -bn--b ®n--t®∏m-t∏mgm-gW m-W v. H-v. H am-amXn-X cn-n-scbmn-sbms° s° \-S\-Ø - SØ - n-sImn-sIm≠≠ p-t]mp-t]mbm¬ bm¬ t]mt]mepw epw e-£ e-£ ° - ° -W - W -° - ° - n-\n-v \ D-tv D-Z-tyZ-m-K ym-m¿Km¿∞∞ n-In-ƒI° ƒ-° v {]-v {]kk n- n≤o-≤oIc - IW -c - W - w {]w {]tbmtbmP\ - Ps -\ - ∏-s - S∏-p-sSa-p-s∂ a-∂ p-≈ p-≈ Im-Imcy- cØ - y- Ø - n¬n¬ kwkwib - is - bams - am∂∂ p-an-p-√ an-m-√bm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p. p.A-AXp-X sImp-sIm≠≠ pX-pXs∂ s∂ F-F¥¥ p-sImp-sIm≠≠ p \np \n∂∂ p-t]mp-t]mbnbFn F∂∂ -Xn--X s\n-s∏ \--‰∏n -‰hn hen-enbb A-At\-tz\j - zj - WW -s - ams - am∂∂ pw pw \-S\-Ø - SØ - m-sm-XsX ho-ho≠≠ pw pw {]-{]kn-kn≤≤ o-Io--cIn-° -cn-° m-\m-p-\ ≈ p-≈ Xo-Xo-acm-p-a\m--a\p-≠ -ap-≠ m-bm-n.bn.H-∂ H-∂ n¬n¬ Iq-IqSp-X Sp-¬ X¬ I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥≥ tbmtbmKß - Kß -f - n¬ f - n¬ hn-hniZ- ia - Z- m-a - bm-nbN¿n N¿®® sN-sNbv-X bv -X -hv -c-hm--chm-p-h ∂p-∂ X-SX--  S-  -ß-ß -sf-sIpf Ipsd-ssd-bmsbms° s° hn-hne-b en--b -n-Ø -Ø n An Ahh D-≠ D-≠ m-Im-m-IXm-n-X cn-° cn-° m-\m-p-\ ≈ p-≈ ]-e ]-e ap≥ap≥I-cIp-X ---e Xp--e Ip--f Ip--s fa-p-sSa-p-Ø Sp-Ø m-bm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p Xop Xo-acm-p-a\m-w.\w. ]p-]p\-c\m--ccm-w-c`w-n-® `n--t®i--tj i-j w hw ch-n-° cn-° m-cm-p-s cSp-sFS FÆÆ -Ø-Ø n- nep-ep≠≠ m-bm-b {I-{Iam-a\m-p-\ Kp--X K-aXm--abm-b h¿-h¿≤≤ -\-h \v -h H-vcH-p ch-p e h-n-e bn-b ip-ip`k - `k - q-Nq-\ - Nb -\ - m-b - bm-nb_n _‘‘ s - ∏-s - ´∏-h - ´¿h - Im¿ ImWW p-Ip-b - Ipw b - pw sN-sNbv-X bvp.-Xp.H-cH-p cZ-piZ--I i-Ø I-Ø n-en--[ en--[ In--aIm--abm-nb{]n {]kk m-[m--I [¿-IA¿ Ab-® b-p-® Xp--cXp-∂ --∂e-° e-° -ß-ß ƒ ƒRm≥ Rm≥ap-Sap--° S-° w Iqw IqSm-Ssm-XsX hm-hmbn-b °n-° p-∂p-∂ p-≠ p-≠ v. Gv. GsX-s¶ X-n-¶ en-pw epw X-SX--  S-  -ß-ß ƒƒ D-≠ D-≠ m- mbm¬ bm¬ A-Ah-shbm-sbms° s° ]-c]-n-l cn-l -cn-® -cn-p®ap-p Sap--° S-° w Iqw IqSm-Ssm-XsX

HH

A-Ad n-dhn-n-hsn-‚ s ‚im-imJJ - Iƒ Iƒ h-fh--sfc-shnc hn]p-] ep-- eam-amb-X bp--X sp-ImsIm≠≠ v Gv GXm-Xm\ pw \ pwe- ° e- ° - ß- ß - f n-- f nem-embnbGn GsXs¶ X-n-¶ en-pw epw H-cH-pcimp imJJ Xr-Xr]v-X ]vn--XnI-Ic - acm-- abm-nbssIn ssII m-I mcyw cywsNsNø m≥ ø m≥I-Ig n- g ns™s™∂∂ p ph-hc n-c√n-.√ . F-F∂∂ m-em-pw epw F-FUU n-‰¿-n-‰¿am¿ am¿ {i-{i≤≤ n-®n-m¬ ®m¬ G-GsXsX¶ n-¶ en-pw e pw H- cH-pc]op ]ocn-b cn--U b-U n¬-n¬˛-H˛-t-H∂m -t∂m c- ct≠m t≠m h¿-h¿jj w sImw sIm≠v≠v H-cH-pch-p ´h-w´Fw F√m√m im-imJJ - I- I f pw - f pwhn-hni -i Z- -Zam-amb nbssIn ssII m-Icm-yw c yw sN-sNøm-ø\m-pw \pw A-AXp-X hp-- hgn gn C-Ct∏mt∏mg-sgØ -sØ co-coXn-Xnbn¬ bn¬ h¿-h¿jj -ß-ß -ƒ -ƒ sN-sNeh - eg -h - n-® g - n-v ® X-v ø X-m-øsm-d-sdSp-Sp∏ p∏\p S\-- Ø S-Ø p- ∂ p- ∂D- DtZ-tZy m-yKm-m¿K m¿∞∞ n- In- ƒI ƒ°v°vA-AS p-S° p- ° pw pwNn-Nn´- ´bp-bpam-abm-nbX-n ø X-m-øsm-d-sSd-p- Sp∏v ∏v \-S\--Ø S-Ø m-\m-pw \pw D-]D-- ]I-c I-n-c ° n-° pw.pw.

FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥-X -P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v 2020 ]n.-]n.-

\-S\--Ø S-Ø m≥m≥ I-gI-n-b gn-p-b ∂p-∂ p-shp-s∂ h-∂ -Xv -X Av A`n-a`m-n-a\m--I \-cI-a-cm--aW m-W v. v. kwkwi-b i-abn-√ -an-.√. ]n.F]n.Fkk v.-kv.-k n. bpn. bpam-abm-nb_n _‘‘ -s∏--s´∏-´t\mt\m´n-^ ´n-^ n- nt°t°jj -\p--\ Ip-ƒ Iƒap-X ap-¬ X¬dm-dm¶v ¶env enÃà p-Ip-ƒ Iƒh-sh-cscH-cH-p ]m-]mSv ImSv Imc-yc-ß -y-ß ƒƒ k-ka-ba-Ø b-Ø n-\n-v \ D-vtD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym-m¿Km¿∞∞ n-In-ƒIƒ°-°dn-b dn-m≥ bm≥ kukuI-cI-y-ca-yp-≠ -ap-≠ -m-I-mp--I ∂p-∂ -Xv -X Iq-v IqSm-Ssm-XsX a-’ a-’ - c c]-c]-o-c£ o-£ -Iƒ -Iƒt\-t\cn-S-n-∂ Sp-∂ -Xn--X \n-v \Gv G‰-h‰p--h ap-X ap--I Xp--I ∂p-∂ s]ms]mXp-X hp-n-h ⁄ n-⁄ m-\m-\ kwkw__ ‘ - ‘ -a - m-a -bm-b hn-hnhc - hß -c - ß -f - pwf - pw Cu Cu {]-{]kk n-≤n-≤ o-Io--cI-W -c-W -Ø-Ø n-en-p-e s≠p-s≠∂∂ -Xp-Xh-p fh--sfc-s\c√ \-√ Im-Imc-yc--aym--aW m-W v. Av. Adn-h dn-n-h s‚ n-s‚ im-imJJ -Iƒ -Iƒ h-fh--sfc-shnc hn]p-] ep--aem--amb-X b-p-X sImp-sIm≠≠ v G-v GXm-X\m-pw \pw e-° e-° -ß-ß -fn-e -fn-m-ebm-nbGn GsX-s¶ X-n-¶nepw epw H-cH-p cimp imJJ Xr-Xr]v-X ]n-v-X In--cI-a-cm--abm-nbssIn ssIIm-Icm-ywcyw sN-sNøm≥ øm≥ I-gI-n-sg™n-s™∂∂ p hp ch-n-√ cn-.√F. F∂∂ m-em-pw epw F-FUU n-‰¿-n-‰¿am¿ am¿ {i-{i≤≤ n-®n-m¬ ®m¬ G-GsX-s¶ X-n-¶ en-pw epw H-cH-p c]op ]ocn-b cn--U b-U n¬-n¬˛- ˛H-tH-∂m t∂mc-tc-≠m t≠mh¿-h¿jj w sImw sIm≠≠ v H-v cH-p chp ´h-w´Fw F√m√m im-imJI -Jf - Ipwf - pw hn-hniZ- ia - Z- m-a - bm-nbssIn ssIIm-Icm-ywcyw sN-sNøm-ø\m-pw \pw A-AXp-Xph-ghn -gC-n tC-∏mt∏mg-sgØ -sØ co-coXn-X bn-n¬ bn¬ h¿-h¿jj -ß-ß -ƒ -ƒ sN-sNe- eh-gh-n-® gn-v ® X-v ø X-m-øsm-d-sSd-p-∏ Sp-p∏\-p S\-Ø - SØ - p-∂p-∂ D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym-m¿Km¿∞∞ n-In-ƒIƒ°v°v A-ASp-° Sp-° pw pw Nn-Nn´-b´p--b am-p-abm-nbXnø X-m-øsm-d-sSd-p-∏ Sp-v ∏\-v S\--Ø S-Ø m- m\pw \pw D-]D--I ]-cIn-° -cn-° pw.pw. ]n.-]n.FF k - k - v.k - v.k - n. bnn. bnsese h-fh-s - fcs - s{]mc s{]m^^ j - j - WW - ¬¬ B-Bbb Po-Poh-\ h-° \-° m-cm-p-s cSp-skS kll m-bm--tbØm-tØmSp SIqp IqSn S]n.n ]n.FF - kvkv .-k.-k n. _pn. _p≈≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ A-AXn-X s‚ n-s‚ tktkh-\ hw-\hw fh--sfc--s° c-° m- mewew Xp-XpS-cS-s-c´--ss´-b-s∂ b-∂ m-im-w-ik w-k n-°n-° p-∂p-∂ p. p.

]n.]n.-F F-k -kv.vknsb .knsbi‡ni‡n-ss∏-∏-SSp-p-Ø Ø-W -Www Fw. Fw.KwKmKwKm[[ -c-° c-° p-dp-p∏v dp∏v ap≥ ap≥sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am≥ tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥≥ ¿-° ¿-° m¿m¿ k¿k¿Δo-Δ ko-k n-ten-t° e-° p-≈ p-≈ dn-{dnIq-{Iq´v-s´a‚ v-sa‚ v v \-S\--Ø S-Ø p-Ip-,ID-,tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ --s -cSp-sÿS ÿcn-sc∏n-sS∏-p- SpØ-Øepw epw s{]s{]tamtamjj -\pw -\pw kwkw__ -‘-‘ n-®n-® tbmtbmK-yK--Xym--X\m-n¿\Æ n¿-Æ -b-Ø b-Ø n-en-pw, epw, k¿k¿Δo-Δ ko-k v kwv kw__ -‘-‘ -am--abm-b a-‰a-p ‰Imp Imc-yc-ß -y-ß -fn-e -fn-pw epw K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚n\p\i-p ci-n-b cn-m-bbm-b D-]D-- ]tZ-tZiwi\¬w \¬Ip-I Ip-IXp-XpS-ß S-ß n-bn-bkp-kp{]-{[ ]-m-[bm-bNp-Npa-Xa-e X- -eIƒ Iƒ \n¿\n¿Δ-l Δ-l n-°n-° p-∂p-∂ `-c`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-Sm-\ÿmm ÿm]-\ ]-a-\m--aW m-W v v ]-ª ]-ª n-In-v Ik¿v k¿Δo-Δko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥.≥.tI-tIc-fc-Ø -f-Ø n¬n¬ k¿k¿°m¿ °m¿k¿k¿Δo-Δko-k n-\n-p\]pp ]pd-tda-ta{]-{]tX-tyX--Iy-I\n-\nb-ab-\-an¿-\n¿Ωm-ΩmWW Ø - Ø - n-en-q-e sSq-ss]mS s]mXp-X ta-p-tJ a-e -Jm-e - ˛k - m-˛k -l - l -I - c - IW -c - W - ÿmÿm]-\ ]-ß - \ß -f - n-tf - en-t° e-° p-≈ p-≈ dn-{dnIq-{Iq´vs - ´a‚pw vs - a‚pw ]n.F]n.Fkk v.kn v.kn sbsb G¬G¬∏n-∏ ®n-® ´p-n-≠ ´p-≠ v. ev. £ e-£ ° - ° -W - W -° - ° - n-\n-v \ A-v At]-t£ ]-£ I - c - In¬ c - n¬ \n-\n∂∂ v Gv G‰-h‰pw -hpw A-A\p-\ tbmp-tbmP-yP-c-ym--cbm-b B-Bfp-f Ip--sIf-sf kwkwh-ch--W c-W X-X X--zX -ß -z-ß ƒƒ Ir-IrX-yX-a-ym--abm-nb]mn ]men-e ®n-p-® sImp-sIm≠≠ v \n-v \njvjv -]-£ ]-£ -hpw -hpw \o-\oXn-X ]n-q¿]Δ q¿--I Δ-h Ip--h am-p-abm-b \-S\--]S-S]n-{-SI-n-{aI--ß a-ß - fn-e fn-q-e sSq-sIS sI-≠s≠ØØ n hnn hnhn-h [n-[ X-k X-k v-Xn-v-X In--I-f In¬ -fn¬ \n-\nb- ban-° an-° p-Ip-IF-F∂∂ -Xv-Xh-v fh--sfc-sc{i-{ia-Ia-cI-h-w -hpwkmkmaq-l aq-l n-In-- I{]m{]m[m-[\m--y\-a-yp-≈ -ap-≈ -Xp--X am-p-abm-b {]-{]{In-{Inb-bm--bW m-W v. Cu v. Cu I-SI--aS-a \n¿\n¿Δl - Δl - n-°n-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚ns‚s‚ \n-\nb{¥b{¥WW Ø - Ø - n- n\p\phn-hnt[-tb [--ab-√-am--√Ø m-ØH-cH-p ckzp kzX-{X ¥-{¥kwkwhn-h [n-m-[\m-w\w B-Bhi - hy- i a - y-m-a - sm-WsW∂∂ `-c`-W - cW -L - L - S- \ - S- m\ - \n¿m \n¿ΩΩ m-Xm-m-X° m-° f - p-sf - Sp-sS Zo¿-Zo¿LL ho-ho££ W - W -Ø - Ø - n-s‚ n-s‚ A-ASn-ÿ Sn-ÿ m-\m-Ø - \Ø - n-en-m-eW m-W v tIv tI{μ-{μ˛-k ˛-k w-ÿ w-ÿ m-\m-\ X-e X--ß e-ß -fn¬ -fn¬ ]-ª ]-ª n-In-v I k¿v k¿Δo-Δko-k v I-v IΩo-Ωojj -\p--\ Ip-ƒ Iƒ cq-] cq--o]-I-o-cIn-° -cn-° m-\m-p-\ ≈ p-≈ hy-hyh-ÿ h-ÿ -Iƒ -Iƒ `- `c-W c-W -L-L -S-\-S-b -\n¬ -bn¬ Dƒ-Dƒs°ms°m≈≈ n-®n--X ®v.-Xv. tI-tIc-fco--f bo-b k-kaq-l aq-l -Ø-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ D-b D-¿-b∂ ¿-∂ kmkmaq-l aq-l n-In-I ho-ho££ -W-W -Ø-Ø n-t‚n-tb ‚-pw bpw \o-\oXn-X t_mn-t_m[-Ø [-Ø n-t‚n-tb ‚-pw bpw A-ASn-ÿ Sn-ÿ m-\m--Ø \-Ø n¬n¬ a-‰a-p ‰kwp kwÿ ÿ m-\m--ß \-ß -fn¬ -fn¬ \n-\n∂∂ p hyp hyX-yX--ÿ y-ÿ -am--abm-nbtIn tIc-fc]n.-f ]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. bpn. bpsSs{]S {]kk -‡ -‡ n- nbpw bpw {]m{]m[m-[\m--y\-h-ypw -hpw h-fh--sfc-sc h-e h-p-e Xp-m-XW m-W v. vkp. kpXm-Xcm-y-cyhpw hpw I-fI-¶ - fc - ¶l -c - l - n-Xn-h - Xp-h - am-p-abm-b {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø \ - ß -\ - ß -f - n-e f - n-q-e sSq-stIS tIc-fc-f]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. t\n. t\Sn-sSbn-sSb-p-Ø Sp-Ø n-´p-n-≈ ´p-≈hn-hni-zi m-k -zm-k -y- -yX-b X-pw bpw C-X C-n-X \n-p-\ ≈ p-≈ Im-Imc-W c-W -am--aW m-W v. vIq. IqSp-X Sp-¬ X¬ Iq-IqSp- SpX¬ X¬\n-\nb-ab-\-a-ß \-ß ƒ ƒ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. hn. gh-n-b gn-m-bIm--W I-W -sa--sa∂∂ P-\ P--I \o--I bo-m-bhm--i hyw -iyw Cu Cu hn-hni-zi m-k -zm-k -y-X-y-b Xp--b sSp-ssXS sXfn- fnhm-hmWW v. v\n. \nd-tdh--t‰h--s‰∏--sS∏-m-S\m-p-\ ≈ p-≈ I¿-I¿ØØ -h-yh-ß -y-ß ƒ,ƒ, k-kaq-l aq-l -Ø-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ {]-{]Xo-X£ o-£ -°-° pw pw B-Bh-i h-yi-ß -y-ß ƒ-° ƒ-° p-a-\ p-ap--\pk-kcn-® cn-p®\n¿p \n¿Δ-l Δ-l n-°n-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ I-gI-n-b gn-p-b ∂p-∂ p-t≠m p-t≠m F-F∂∂ ]-c]-n-tcimn-tim[-\ [-b -\pw -bpw hn-hne-b en--b -n-Ø -Ø -epw -epw A-A\p-\ kp-k -yq-X -yq-wX\w \S-Ø S-Ø n-s°mn-s°m≠≠ pw pw Ip-Ipd-hdp--h Ip-ƒ Iƒ ]-c]-n-l cn-l -cn-® -cn-p-® sImp-sIm≠≠ pw pw am-am{X-{tX-atCu a Cu hn-hni-zi m-k -zm-k -y-X-y-X \n-\ne-\ en¿-\Ø n¿-Ø m-\m-pw \pw i-‡ i-‡ n- ns∏-s∏Sp-Ø Sp-Ø m-\m-pw \pw I-gI-n-b gn-q.bq. dn-{dnIq-{Iq´v-s´a‚nv-sa‚nseseIm-Ime-X em--Xam--k a-k -am--aW m-W v tIv tIc-fc-f]- ]ªn-ªnIv I k¿v k¿Δo-Δko-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥≥ C-∂ C-∂ p t\p t\cn-S-n-∂ Sp-∂ G-G‰- ‰hpw hpw{]-{][m-[\m-\{]-{]iv-\ iw. v-\w.H-gH-n-h gn-p-h Ip-ƒ Iƒdn-tdn-∏mt∏m¿-´¿p-s -´Np-sNbv-X bvn--X ´pn-´Imp ImØØ n-cn-° cn-° p-∂p-∂K-h K-¨h¨sa‚ sa‚ v Unv Un∏m¿∏m¿´p- ´psa‚psa‚pI-f Ipw-fpw ÿmÿm]-\ ]-ß \-ß -fpw-fpw ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n-bn-p-b sSp-shnS hna¿-a¿i-I i-cIm--chm-p-h Ip-I kz-kz`m-`hm-n-h In--h Ip--h am-p-aW m-W v. Av. AXp-X t]mp-t]msese X-sX-∂ s∂ H-cH-p op Pohn-h Xn--aXm¿-am¿§-Ø §-Ø n-\n-p-\ thp-t≠ h-≠ n h¿n h¿jj -ß-ß - fm-fmbnb{]n {]Xo-X £ o-£ t- bmt- bmsSsImS ImØØ n-cn-n-° cn-° p-∂p-∂ sN-sNdp-∏ dp-° - ∏° - m¿m¿ ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.kn v.kn sbsb i-] i-n-] °n-° p-∂p-∂ -Xn--X \n-pw \pw Ip-Ip‰w‰]w d]--bdm≥ -bm≥

k k

I-gI-n-b gn-p-b Ip--b In--b √n-.√.Cu Cu h-e h-n-e bn--I bm--Iem--X em--Xam--k a-k w Kwh K-¨h¨sa‚ sa‚ v k¿v k¿Δo-Δ ko-k n-s‚n-sb ‚-pw bpw s]ms]mXp-X ta-p-tJ a-J -em--eÿ m-ÿ m-]m--\ ]- \ß-ßfp-tfS-p-tbS-pw bpw Im-Imcy- c£ - y- £ - a - X -a - t- Xb-t- b b-pwbpwA-A`y- `k - y- k - vX - h - vXn-h - Zy- n-c Z- y-m-c - mbb bp-bphm-h° m-° fp-s fp-SsPoS Pohn- h XtØn- XtØbpw bpw F-F{X-{aX-m-a{Xw m-{Xw tZmtZmj-jI-cI-a-cm--abm-nb_mn _m[n-[ °n-° p-∂p-∂ p Fp F∂∂ p hnp hni-Zio--ZIo--cIn-t-c°n-t°≠≠ Im-Imc-yc-a-yn-√ -an-.√Np. Np-° -° -Ø-Ø n¬n¬ ]n-]n.F-.Fkk v.-kv.-k n.-bn.-p-b sSp-sS {]-{]kk -‡ -‡ n-sbn-sX b--sX∂ -s∂ a-ß a-ß -te¬-te¬∏n-∏ °n-° p-∂p-∂ ÿnÿnXn-X bn-n-bnte-te°° v Cu v Cu {]-{]iv-\ iwv-\amw amdn-b dn-n-b ´p-n-≠ ´p-≠ v. v. Kp-Kp-X --cX-a-cm--abm-bCu Cu{]-{]iv-\ i-Ø v \-Ø n-\n-v \Av ASn-b Sn--¥ b-¥ n-c n-c ]-c]-n-l cn-l m-cm-wcImw ImWW p-∂p-∂ -Xn--X \n-p-\ ≈ p-≈ k-kX-zX -c -z\-c S\--]S-S]n-I -Sn-ƒ Iƒ ]n.-]n.FF k - k - .v k - .v k - n.-bn.-p-b tS-p-tbS-pw bpw K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚nt‚-tb ‚-pw bpw `m-`mKØ - KØ - p- p\n-\n∂∂ p-≠ p-≠ m-Im-pw Ipw F-F∂∂ m-W m-W v F-v Fs‚s‚ {]-{]Xo-X£ o-£ . A. AUU v- van-\ an-n-\ kn-k t-v {S-t-v j {S-j ≥≥ Iq-IqSp-X Sp-¬ X¬ i-‡ i-‡ a - m-a -° m-° n-s°mn-s°m≠≠ pw,pw, Po-Poh-\ h--° \-° m-cm-p-s cSp-sSI¿-I¿ΩΩ -ti--tj i-j n ]-n c]--acm--ahm--[ hn-[D-n ]D--t]bm-tbmK- Ks∏-s∏Sp-Ø Sp-Ø n-s°mn-s°m≠≠ pw pw Ir-IrXy- X a - y-m-a - bm-b B-Bkk q-{X-q-{W X-W Ø - Ø - n-en-q-eqsS-sSbpw bpw hn-hne-b en--b -n-Ø -Ø -en--e en-q-e sS-q-sbS-pw bpw e-£ e-£ -y-ß -y-ß ƒƒ t\-t\Sn-sSn-b-sSb-p-° Sp-° m-\m-p-\ ≈ p-≈ {i-{i≤≤ m-]m-q¿]Δ q¿--aΔm--abm-b ]-c]-n-{ci-n-{ai--ß a-ß ƒƒ I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j s - ‚s - ‚ `m-`mKØ - KØ - p-\p-n-\ ∂n-∂ p-≠ p-≠ m-Im-W - IW - w. w.F-F∂∂ m¬m¬ C- CXp-XpsImsIm≠≠ p-am-p-a{Xw m-{Xw C-∂ C-∂ -sØ -sØ kmkmll -N-cN-y-c-s-yØ -sØ a-da-n- dnI-SI--° S-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ I-gI-n-b gn-p-b Ip--b In--b √n-.√tPm. tPmene`mn `mcwckww kw__ - ‘n‘n®p®Irp IrX-yX-a-ym--abm-b hn-hne-b en--b -n-Ø -Ø ¬¬ \-S\--Ø S-Ø n An AsX-sX√mw √mw k-ka-ba-_ b-_ -‘-‘ n-Xn--aXm--abm-nbsNn sNbv-X bp-v-X Xp-o¿Xo¿°° p-∂p-∂ -Xn--X \n-v \v b-Y b-m¿Ym¿∞∞ -Ø-Ø n¬n¬ F-Fs¥s¥√mw √mw kwkwhn-h [n-m-[\m--ß \-ß -fm--fW m-W v v ]p-]pXp-X Xp-m-Xbm-nb]n.n ]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. bn¬ n. bn¬ D-≠ D-≠ m-tm-°t°≠≠ -Xv -X F-v F∂-∂Xv X kwv kw__ -‘-‘ n-®n-v ® hyv hy‡‡ -am--abm-b ]T-]T\w\\w S\--Ø S-Ø -W-W w. w. I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥≥ AwAwK-ß K-ß -fpw-fpw D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ -w-w B-Bh-i h-yi- -ysa-sa¶n¬ ¶n¬ K-h K-¨h¨sa‚ sa‚ v {]-v {]Xn-X \n-\ [n-[ In-f - Ipwf - pw Dƒ-Dƒs°ms°m≈≈ p- p∂∂H-cH-p ckp kan-X an-n-X sb n-sbC-X C-n-X \n-p-\ thp-t≠ h-≠ n \nn \ntbmtbmKn-K °n-° p- p∂-∂Xpw Xpw\-√ \--X √m--XW m-W v. v.Im-Imc-yc-ß -y-ß ƒ ƒXm-Xma-k a-k n-∏n-n-∏ °n-° m≥-m≥th-th≠≠ n I-n Ω I-Ω n-‰n-I ‰n-ƒ Iƒ cq-] cq-o-] Io--cIn-° -cn-° p-∂p-∂ -Xp--X t]mp-t]mse-sb e-m-bmIm-ImsXsX h-fh--sfc--ssc-∏-ss∏-´-s∂ ´-∂ p-Xp--sX∂ -s∂]T-]T\w\]q¿w ]q¿ØØ n-bn-m-bm°-°WW w. w. im-imkk v-{Xov-{Xob-abm--abm-b Cu Cu ]T-]T\-Ø \-Ø n‚n‚ A-ASn-ÿ Sn-ÿ m-\m-- \Øn¬ Øn¬ Po-Poh-\ h-° -\-° m-cm-p-s cSp-sFS FÆÆ -Ø-Ø n-en-pw epw ]-› ]-› m-Ø m-Ø -e -e kukuIc - Iy- c -ß y- ß -f - n-e f - n-pw epw F-F{X-{aX-m-a{Xw m-{Xw h¿-h¿≤≤ \ - h -\ - p-h -≠ p-≠ m-Im-W - IW -- sa-sa∂∂ p \np \n›› -bn--b °n-° -W-W w. w.b-Y b-m¿Ym¿∞∞B-Bh-i h-yi-I-y-X I- Xbp-bpsSsAS ASn-ÿ Sn-ÿ m-\m--Ø \-Ø n-en-m-ebm-n-b cn-° cn-° -W-W w Cu w Cu I-sI-≠s≠ج. ج.]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-bn.-p-b sSp-s{]S {]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\co-\coXn-X In--f In¬ -fn¬ h-ch-p-tcØp-tØ≠≠ am-am‰-ß ‰-ß -fpw, -fpw, Im-Ime-X em--Xam--  a-  -Ø-Ø n-\n-p\Imp Imc- cW-Wam-aIm-p-I ∂p-∂ \-S\--]S-S]n-{-SI-n-{aI--ß a-ß ƒƒ ]-c]-n-j cn-j v-Icnv-Ib cn-v-° bv-° -epw -epw Cu Cu ]T-]T\-Ø \-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ `m-`mK-aKm--a° m-° mw.mw.{]-{]tbmtbmP-\ P-a\n-√ -an-m-√msXsX h-e h-n-e bn-b en-enÃà p-Ip-ƒ Iƒ {]-{]kk n-≤n-≤ o-Io--cIn-° -cn-° p-∂p-∂ C-tC-∏mt∏mg-sg-Ø sØ co-coXn,XF≥.n, F≥.kk n.-F n.-F . dn-. {dnIq-{Iq´v-s´a‚ v-sa‚ v, dmv, dm¶v ¶en-v enÃp-ÃpIf - Ip-s f - Sp-sImS Imem-ehm-[ - hn[ - \on \o´¬, ´¬, Xp-XpSß - Sß - n-bn-h - bb -h - pw b - pw Cu Cu ]T-]T\-Ø \-Ø n¬n¬ DƒDƒs°ms°m≈≈ n-°n-° m-hm-p-h ∂p-∂ -Xm--XW m-W v. hnv. hnZ-yZm--ym`-y`-m-k ym-k tbmtbmK-yK-X-y-b Xp--b sSp-sAS ASn-ÿ Sn-ÿ m-\m--Ø \-Ø n¬n¬ Hm-Hmtcm tcm h¿-h¿jj -hpw -hpw\m-\mtem temA-At©m t©ms]ms]mXpX]p c]-o-c£ o-£ -Iƒ -Iƒ \-S\--Ø S-Ø n enn enÃà p Xpø X-m-ødm-m-d° m-° p-Ip--b Ipw -bpwA-Ah-b hn¬ -bn¬DƒDƒs∏-s∏´-h´¿--h° ¿-° p amp am{X-{aX-m-abm-nbss^n ss^\¬ \¬ skske-£ e-£ ≥≥ ]- ]cn-acn-n-X an--sX∏--sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø -p-I-p-b Ipw -bpw sN-sNbv-X bm-v-Xem-p-e ≠ p-≠ m-Im-p-I ∂p-∂ tPmtPmen-en°° p-dh - p-dpw h - pw k-kab - ae - bm-e - `m-h - `pw h - pw ]-c]-n-tcimn-tim[n-[ °n-° m-hm-p-h ∂p-∂ X - m-X - m-

Kp-Kp-X --cX-a-cm--abm-b Cu Cu {]-{]iv\ - ivØ -\ - Ø - n-\n-v \ A-v ASn-b Sn-¥ - b¥ - n- nc ]c c]-n-l cn-l m-cm-wcImw ImWW p- p∂-∂Xn-X \n-p-\≈ p-≈k-kX-zX -c-z-c \-S\--]S-S-]n-I -Sn-ƒ Iƒ ]n.-F-F -k-k v.- v.]n.--]n.]n.--k-k n.-n.---bn.-n.--p--b tS-p-tbS-pw bpw K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚nt ‚t ‚b pw b pw`m-`mK- KØpØp\ n-\∂ n- ∂ p- ≠ p- ≠ m- Im- pw I pw F-F∂∂ m-W m-W v F-v Fs‚s‚ {]-{]Xo-Xo££ . A. AUU v-an-\ v-an-n-\ kn-k v- vt{S-t{Sjj ≥≥ Iq-IqSp-X Sp-¬ X¬ i- i‡‡ - a - ma- ° m-° n - sn - ° s° m-m≠pw, ≠pw, Po-Poh-\ h-° \-° m-cm-p-sSsS I¿-I¿ΩΩ -ti--tj i-j n ]-n c]-- cam-amh[ - hn[ - D-n]D-t- ]bmt- bmKs - K∏-s - ∏Sp-Ø Sp-Ø n-s°mn-s°m≠≠ pw pw Ir-IrXy-Xyam-abm-b B-Bkk q-{X-q-{W X-W - ØnØneq-esq-S-sbS-pw bpwhn-hne- ebn-bn-Ø -Ø -en--e en-q-e sS-q-sbS-pw bpw e-£ e-£ y- ß - y- ß - ƒƒ t\-t\Sn-sSbn-sbSp-Sp°° m-\m-p-\≈ p-≈{i-{i≤≤ m- m]q¿]q¿Δ-aΔm--abm-b ]-c]-n-{ci-n-{a i-- a߃ ߃I-IΩΩ o- j o- j -s‚ -s‚ `m-`mKØ - KØ - p-\p-n-\ ∂n-∂ p-≠ p-≠ m-Im-- IWw Ww

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ 2121

kv-kvs ]s ]jj -y¬ - y ¬dqƒdqƒkpw kpw A-A®-S®-° -S-° - \-- S\--]S- -]Sn-I Sn--f Ipw-fpw a-‰a-pw‰pw kwkw__ - ‘n‘n®® D-]D--t]Z--tiZ--ß i-ß ƒƒ Ir-IrX -X y-k -y-k -a-b -a-b Ø -Ø v X-v Xs∂ s∂ \-e \-v-I evp--I∂ p-∂ -X-pƒXpƒs∏-s∏sS-sIS- SI--aS-I-a-sI - f--s√f-mw √mw ^-^e-{e ]--{Z]--aZm--abm-nb\n¿n \n¿Δ- Δln-ln°° p- hp-m≥ h m≥I-Ig n- b g n--b Ww. Ww.A-Aßß -s\--sa\-m-a{Xm-{Xta,ta, ]n-]n.F-.Fkk v.-kv.-k n.-bn.-p-bpsSsS {]-{]kk ‡ - ‡ - n-bn-pw bpw {]m{]m[m-[m\-y\-h-ypw -hpw kwkwc-£ c-£ n- n°-°s∏-sS∏-p-I Sp--b Ip--b ≈ p-≈ p. p.

WvWv . A. AXn-X s‚n-ss‚-bmsbm∂∂ pw pw hn-hni-Zi-a-Zm--abm-b hm-hmZ-aZp-J -ap--J ß-ß -fn- -fnte-te°° v Cu v Cu sN-sNdn-b dn-b Ip-Ipdn-∏ dn-n¬ ∏n¬ I-SI--° S-° p-∂p-∂ n-√n-.√tPm. tPmen`men`mc-Ø c-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚h¿-h¿≤≤ -\-° \-° -\p--\ kp-k -cn-® -cn-v ®]n.v ]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n n bn-bnsese {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\ -\ kukuI-cI-y-cß -y-ß ƒƒ h¿-h¿≤≤ n-∏n-n-∏ °n-° p-Ip-I F-F∂∂ -Xm--XW m-W v {]-v {][m-[\m-\ Im-Imc-ycw.-yw. \-Ω \-Ω p-sSp-sknS knhn¬ hn¬ k¿k¿Δo-Δko-k n-s‚ n-s‚ Im-Imc-yc-£ -y-£ -a-X-a- Xtb-tbbpw bpw A-AXp-X hp--ghn -gkwn kwÿ ÿ m-\m--Ø \-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ kmkmºº -Ø-Ø n- nI-˛I--k ˛-k m-am-q-l aq-l n-In-I hn-hnI-k I-k -\-t\Ø-tØbpw bpw t\-t\cn-´n-´_mp _m[n-[n°p-°p∂∂ Cu Cu {]-{]iv-\ iwv-\D-wØ D-Ø -c-h-cm--hZm-n-X Zn-ztØmXztØmsSsGS Gs‰-s‰Sp-° Sp-° m≥m≥ ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n-bn-pw bpw K-h K-¨h¨sa‚pw sa‚pw X-ø X-m-ødm-m-dmI-W I-W w. w.kmkmºº -Ø-Ø n-In-I_m_m≤≤ -y-X-y-b Xpw -bpwa-‰a-pw‰pwNq-Nq≠≠ n- n°m°m´n ´Xn SX--  S-  -ß-ß ƒƒ kr-krjj v-Sn-° v-Sn-° m≥m≥ {i-{ian-° an-° p-∂p-∂ -h¿-h¿ ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. Zp¿n. Zp¿∫∫ -e-s-e∏--sS∏--W S-W -sa--s∂ a-∂ v Bv B{K-{l K-l n-°n-° p- p∂-∂h-chm--cW m-W v. v]n≥. ]n≥hm-hXm-n¬ Xn¬ \n-\nb-ab-\-aw, -\w, Xm-Xmev-° ev-° m-em-n-enII \n-\nb-ab-\-aw, -\w, {I-{Ia-ca-l -c-l n-Xn-X s{]ms{]mtamtamjj -\p--\ Ip-ƒ Iƒ Xp-XpS- Sßnßnbb A-Ahn-h ln-l n-Xn-X \-S\--]S-S]n-I -Sn-ƒ Iƒ \n¿\n¿__ m-[m-w[\w S\--° S-° - W-Wsa-s¶a-n¬ ¶n¬]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.kn v.knbp-bpsSsS{]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\-ß \-ß ƒƒ a-μa-o-μ`o--h`n--h ∏n-n-∏ °n-° -W-W -sa--s∂ a-∂ v Av Ah¿-h° ¿-° -dn-b -dn-mw. bmw.hn-hnX-W X-W v- vU-Uhm-hZm--ß Z-ß -sf-sXf≈ X-≈ n-°n-° -f-™ -f-™ p-sImp-sIm≠≠ v C-v — C-m-—im--‡ i-‡ n- ntbmtbmsSsXoS Xo-acm-p-a\m-ß - \ß -s - f-s - Sf-p-° Sp-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚n\p\p I-gI-n-b gn--W b-W w. w.K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚ns\s\ C-X C-n-X s‚ n-s‚ A-A\n-\ hn-m-hcm--yc- -yXX t_mt_m≤≤ -y-s-y∏--sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø m≥m≥ ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.kn v.kn °pw °pw I-gI-n-b gn-- bWw. Ww.]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. bpn. bpsSsS{]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\-t\i--tj i-j n Cn C∂-∂tØtØXn-X s‚ n-s‚ C-cC--´cn-s-´bn-s¶ b-n-¶ en-p-e am-p-a° m-° n amn am‰p-h ‰p-m-h\m-p-\ ≈ p-≈ [o-[oc-acm--abm-b \-S\--]S-S]n-I -Sn--f In-e -fn-q-e sSq-samS am{X-{tX-atdna {dnIq-{Iq´v-s´a‚nv-sa‚nsese A-A££ -¥-¥ -h-yh-a-ym--abm-b Im-Ime-X em--Xam--k a-k -sa--s∂ a-∂ Kp-Kp-X --cX- -cam-amb b{]-{]iv-\ i-Ø v \-Ø n-\n-v \]-v c]-n-l cn-l m-cm-wcImw ImWW m≥m≥I-gI-n-b gn-q.bq. A-AXp-X hp--ghn -gkwn kwÿ ÿ m-\m--Ø \-Ø n-\n-p\t\p t\Sm≥ Sm≥I-gI-n-b gn-p-b ∂p-∂ - hn-hnI-k I-k -\ -\ t\-t\´-ß ´-ß ƒ-° ƒ-° p-ap-∂ ap-∂ n¬n¬ sN-sNe-h e-ghn-° -gn-° m-hm-p-hp∂∂Xp-XpI-b Ip--b sSp-sSh-e h-p-e ∏p-w∏Fw F{X-{\ X-n-\  n-  m-cm--acm--abm-n-b cn°pn-cn°psa-sa∂∂ v _v _‘‘ -s∏--s´∏--h´¿-ha-¿\a--  \-  n-en-m-e° m-° -W-W w. w. k-ka-{Ka-{aK-m-abm-b H-cH-p chnp hn]p-] ep-o-e Io--cI-W -c-W ]-≤ ]-≤ -Xn-XX-n ø X-m-ømdm-dm°° n K-n h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚n\pw \pw B-Bkk q-{X-q-{I X-¿-I° ¿-° pw pw P-\ P--{\ ]--{]Xn-Xn\n-\ [n-n-[ In-ƒI° ƒ-° pw pw \-e \-v-I en-v-I s°mn-s°m≠≠ v k-v ka-ba-_ b-_ -‘-‘ n-Xn-- Xam-ambnb\-n S\--∏Sm--∏° m-° p-∂p-∂ -Xn--X \n-p-\ ≈ p-≈ {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\-ß \-ß ƒƒ ]n.-]n.F-Fkk v.-kv.-k n. kwn. kwLL -Sn-∏ -Sn-n-∏ °n-° -W-W w. w.D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ -ta--t[a-m-[mhn-hnI-f Ip--f sSp-sZ-SbZ-m-bZm-Z£ m-£ n-Wn-W -y-X-yz--X Ø z-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ am-am{Xw {Xw A-ASn- Snÿmÿm\-Ø \-Ø n¬n¬ `-c`--W c-W -\-S-\-]-S-S-]n-I -Sn-ƒ Iƒ \o-\oßß n-s°mn-s°m≠≠ n-cn-n-cn°p°p∂∂ C-∂ C-∂ -sØ -sØ kmkmll -N-cN-y-cØ -y-Ø n¬n¬ ]-≤ ]-≤ -Xn-XHun Hu]- ]Nm-Nmcn-I cn--aIm--abm-nbK-n h K-¨h¨sa‚n\p sa‚n\p k-ka¿-a∏¿-n-∏ ®n-n-® ´p-n-I ´p-m-IØ m-Ø n- n-∂ -∂ m¬m¬ am-am{Xw {Xw t]mt]mcm,cm, k-kaq-l aq-l -Ø-Ø n-s‚n-sb ‚-m-bsm-IsI {i-{i≤-≤bn-b ¬n-¬ -s°m-s°m≠≠ p h-p ∂ h-∂ p-sImp-sIm≠≠ v H-vcH-p cs]mp s]mXpXBp Bh- hi-yi-a - ym-a - bm-nbC-n X C-n-X s\ n-s\ am-am‰n-s‰bn-sSb-p-° Sp-° m≥m≥ I-gI-n-b gn-W - bW - w. w.Im-Ime-X e-m-Xam--k a-k -Ø-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ Im-Imc-W c-W -ß-ß -fpw-fpw A-AXv X A-v Ah-k h-k m-\m-n-\n∏n-∏n°° p-∂p-∂ -Xn--X \n-p\]n.p ]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. \n. S\--Ø S-Ø p-∂p-∂]-c]-n-{ci-n-{ai-- aß-ßfpwfpw _-_ll p-Pp--\ P-ß \-ß -sf--sb f-m-bsm-IsI t_mt_m≤≤ -y-s-y∏--sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø - Ww. Ww.A-Aßß -s\--sa\-m-a{Xm-{tX-atima imi-zi -X-z-aXm--abm-b {]-{]iv-\ i]v-\c]-n- cnlmlmcwcwkmkm≤≤ -y-a-ym--aIm-q.Iq.hn-hn]p-] ep-o-e Io--cI-W -c-W ]-≤ ]-≤ -Xn-X\-n S\-- S∏m-∏mbn-b °n-° g- n-™ g- n-™ m¬, m¬, \n-\nba - b\ -a - m-\ - [m-n-[ In-m-Icm-n-I cn-f - Ip-sf - Sp-sAS A`y¿`y¿∞-∞\\ e-`e-n-® `n-p®Fp F{X-{aX-m-ak m-k -ß-ß ƒ-° ƒ-° -Iw-I\nw \nb-abn-° -an-° -s∏--s∏tS-tS≠≠ -h-chp-s -cSp-s]S ´]-n-I ´n-I\-e \-v-I em≥ v-Im≥I-gI-n-b gn-p-b sap-s∂ a-∂ v ap≥v ap≥Iq-Iq´n ´{]n {]JJ -ym-] -ym-n-] °n-° -W-W w. w.A-AXpXIrp IrX-yX-a-ym--abm-nb]mn ]men-en°p-°p∂∂ -Xn--X \n-p-\ ≈ p-≈ F-F√m√kwm kwhn-h [n-m-[\m--ß \-ß -fpw-fpw ]n-]n.F-.Fkk v.- v.kn.bn¬ kn.bn¬ D-≠ D-≠ m-Im--W I-W w. w.kvkv -s]--sj ]-j -y¬-y¬ dqƒdqƒkk pw pw A-A®-S®--° S-° - \-- S\--]S-S]n-I -Sn--f Ipw-fpwa-‰a-pw‰pwkwkw__ -‘-‘ n-®n-®D-]D--t]Z--tiZ-- i߃ ߃Ir-IrX-yX-k -y-k -a-b-a-Ø b-Ø v X-v sX-∂ s∂\-e \-v-I ep-v-I ∂p-∂ -Xpƒ-Xpƒs∏-s∏sS-sSI-SI-a - SI -a - s - If-s - √f-mw √mw ^-^e{- e ]-{- Z]-a - Zm-a - bm-nb\n¿n \n¿Δl - Δl - n-°n-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ I-gI-n-b gn--W b-W w. w.A-Aßß -s\--sa\-m-a{Xm-{tX-a,ta, ]n-]n.F-.Fkk v.-kv.-k n.-bn.-p-b sSp-sS {]-{]kk -‡ -‡ n-bn-pw bpw {]m{]m[m-[\m--y\-h-ypw -hpw kwkwc-£ c-£ n-°n-° -s∏--sS∏-p-I Sp-- Ibp-bp≈≈ p. p. \-Ω \-Ω p-sSp-scmS cmPy- PØ - y- Ø - n-s‚ n-s‚ `-c`-W - cW -h - y- h -h - y- ÿ -h - ÿ - b - p-b - sS-p-sbS-m-bmsIsI\n-\nbm-bam--Ia-L I-L -S-I-S-aIm--aW m-W v C¥v C¥y≥y≥`-c`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-S.-\.

FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥-X -P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v 2222 ]n.-]n.-

`-c`-W - cW -L - L - S- \ - S- m-\ - Xm-X - z- X ß - z- ß - t- f-t- bf-pw bpw hy-hyhÿ - hÿ - I - t- If-t- bf-pw bpw AwAwKo-KoI-cIn-t-c°n-t°≠≠ -Xpw -Xpw B-BZ-cZn-t-c°n-t°≠≠ -Xpw -Xpw `-c`--W c-W -t\--tX \-r-XrX-zX-Ø z-Ø n-s‚n-sb ‚-pw bpw D-tD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym--ÿ K-ÿ -hr--h μr--Ø μ-Ø n-t‚n-tb ‚-pw bpw I-SI--aS- -abm-bmWW v. `-v. c`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-Sm--\ÿ m-ÿ m-]m--\ ]-ß \-ß -sf-sf AwAwKo-KIo--cIn- -cnt°t°≠≠ X - pw X - pw A-Ahc - hp-sc - Sp-sD-S]D-t- ]Z-t-iZ-\ - in¿\ - tn¿-±-ti±-ß - iß - ƒ-° ƒ-° p {]mp {]m[m-[m\yw \yw\-e \-v-teI-v-t≠ I-≠ -Xpw -XpwC-X C-n-X s‚ n-s‚`m-`mK-aKm--aW m-W v. v.F-F∂m¬ ∂m¬ C-X C-n¬ Xn¬ \n-\ns∂s∂√mw √mw hy-hyXn-X Nn--e Nn--e °n-° p-∂p-∂ \n-\ne- e]m-]mSp-I Sp--fIm--fW m-W v ]-v e ]--te∏m-t∏mgp-agp-≠ ap-≠ m-Im-p-I ∂p-∂ -Xv.-XCv. e C--£ e-£ ≥≥ I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -t\--tb \-pw bpw kn.kn.FF .-P.-n.Ptbn. tbbpw bpw t]mt]msese `-c`--W c-W - L-LS-\S-t\\--tc\-n-´n-´krp krjj v-Sn-® v-Sn-n-® ´p-n-≈ ´p-≈H-cH-p cÿmp ÿm]-\ ]-s\a--sa∂∂ \n-\neb - en¬ b - n¬ K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚ns‚s‚ Dƒ-Dƒs∏-ss∏-S-sbS-p-b ≈ p-≈ kzmkzm[o-[o\-ß \-ß ƒ-° ƒ-° p \np \nb-{b ¥--{¥WW -ß-ß ƒ-° ƒ-° p-a-X p-ao--X Xo--aXm--abm-nbkzn kzX-{X¥-{¥am-abm-nb{]n {]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø n-t°n-t°≠≠ `-c`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-Sm-\ÿmm ÿm]-\ ]--a\m--aW m-W v ]nv ]n.F-.Fkk v.kn. v.kn.]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojs‚ js‚ sN-sNe-h ep--h Ip-ƒI° ƒ-° v \n-v \nb-ab-k -a-k -`-b-`p--b sSp-sthmS thm´p-t´]mp-t]mepw epw B-Bh-i h-yi-a-yn-s-a√n-s∂ √-∂ p `-pc`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-S-\ hy-hyh-ÿ h-ÿ -sN--sNøp-øp∂∂ p. Ip. Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥ ≥sN-sNb¿-ba¿-m-atm-\-tb \-pw bpwAwAwK-ß K-ß -sf--sfbpw bpw \n-\nb-abn-° -an-° p-∂p-∂ K-h K-¿-hÆ ¿-Æ ¿-° ¿-° p-t]mp-t]mepw epw A-Ah-shc-sc \o°w \o°wsN-sNøm≥ øm≥A-A[n-[ In-m-Icm--acn-√ -an-.√. kn-kn‰nw-‰K nw-v Kkpv kp{]ow{]owtImtImSX - SnX - P-n U P-U P v- n-P v-bn-p-b sSp-sAS At\-tz\j - zj - WW -Ø - Ø - n-s‚n-sb ‚-pw bpw No-No^^ v P-v à P-à n-kn-k n-s‚ n-s‚ ip-ip]m¿]m¿i-b ip--b tS-p-tbS-pw bpw A-ASn-ÿ Sn-ÿ m- m\-Ø \-Ø n¬n¬C-¥ C-¥ y≥y≥{]-{]kk n-Un-U ‚n-‚n\p-\ am-p-a{Xm-{tX-atasN-sNb¿-b¿am-amt\-tt\-bm tbm AwAwK-tKØ-tØtbm tbm \o-\o°° w sNw sNøm≥ øm≥ I-gI-n- gnbq.bq.dn-´dn--b´¿-bs¿-a‚nsa‚n\p\tip tijj w t]mw t]mepw epwtI-tI{μ{μkwkwÿmÿm\\ K-h K-¨h¨sa‚psa‚pI-f Ip--f sSp-sIoS Iogn¬ gn¬ H-cH-p cD-ptD-Z-tyZ-m-K ym-- Khpw hpw A-Ah¿hkz¿ kzo-Io-cIn-° -cn-° m≥m≥ ]m-]mSn-sS√n-s∂ √-∂ pw pw tktkh-\ h-˛-\- -˛th-thX-\ X-\ hy-hyh-ÿ h-ÿ -I-f In-s-femn-sem∂∂ pw pw A-Ah¿-h° ¿-° v tZmv tZmjj -I- Ic-ac-m-abm-b co-coXn-X bn-n¬ bn¬ am-am‰w‰hw ch-p-Ø -Ø --s -cXp-s∂ X-∂ pw pw `-c`--W c-W - L-LS-\Sbn¬ -\bn¬ hy-hyh-ÿ h-ÿ sN-sNbv-X bn-v-X ´p-n-≠ ´p-≠ v. kzv. kzX-{X ¥--{¥]- ]Z-hZ-nhD-nb D-¿-bØ ¿-Ø n-∏n-n-∏ Sn-n-° Sn-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -\p-\kmp km≤≤ -y-a-ym--amIp-Iphm≥ hm≥ th-th≠≠ n-bn-m-bW m-W v Cu v Cu ]-c]-n-c-£ n-c-£ -I-f Ipw-fpw ]-Z]--hZn--hnbpw bpw \-e \-vI - en-vI - bn-n-b ´p-n-≈ ´p-≈ X - v.X - Cv. Ø C-Ø c - Ø -c - Ø - n-en-p-e ≈ p-≈ H-cH-p cÿmp ÿm]-\ ]--Ø \-Ø n-s‚ n-s‚ kp-kpK-aK-a-am--abm-b {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø -\-Ø \-Ø n-\n-v \Bv Bh- hi-yi--aym--abm-bkmkmll -N-cN-y-c-ß -y-ß ƒ ƒH-cH-p-° -° n-s°mn-s°mSp-tS°p-t°≠≠ _m_m≤≤ -y-X-y-X K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚n\p-\ ≠ p-≠ v. v. A-AtXtX k-ka-baw-bXnw XnI-™ I-™ D-Ø D-Ø -c-h-cm--hZm--n-X Z-n-zX -t_m-z-t_m[-t[-ØmtØmsS-sbS-pw bpw kmkmaq-l aq-l n-In--{I ]--{X ]-n-X _n-_ -‘-‘ -tbm-tbmsS-sbS-pw bpw kz-kz¥¥ w wI-SI--aS-I-aƒ -Iƒ\n¿\n¿Δ-l Δ-l n-t°n-t°≠≠_m_m[-y[-X-y-XI- IΩo-Ωojj -\p--\ ap-≠ ap-≠ v. knv. knhn¬ hn¬ k¿k¿Δo-Δko-k n-s‚ n-s‚ Im-Imc-yc-£ -y-£ - a-Xa--h X¿--h≤ ¿-≤ n-∏n-n-∏ °n-° m-\m-pw \pw K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚ns‚s‚ {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø \- \ß-ßsfskmf kmll -bn--b °n-° m-\m-pw \pw ]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. {]n. {]Xn-X ⁄ n-⁄ m- m_≤am_≤amWW v. v.`-c`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-S-t\bm-tbmSpwSpwA-AXp-X hp--ghn -gP-n \ P-- \ß-ßtfmtfmSpwSpw]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n. °p n. °pt\-t\cn-´cv n-´D-v Ø D-Ø -c-h-cm--hZm-n- ZnX-zX-ap-z≠ -ap-≠ v. Iv. Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -s‚-s‚ A-A[n-[ In-m-Icm--]c-c-]n-[ -cn-n-[ bn-n¬ bn¬ h-ch-p-∂∂ Im-Imcy-cß y-ß -fn¬ -fn¬ K-h K-¨h¨sa‚nsa‚ns‚s‚ sX-sX‰m-‰bm-b Xo-Xo-am-am\-ß \-ß -fpw-fpw \n¿\n¿t±-ti±--ß i-ß -fp-a -fp-≠ ap-≠ m-bm-m¬ bm¬ A-Ah-b hv-sb°v-s°Xn-Xnscsci-‡ i-‡ -am--abm-b\n-\ne-] em--]sm-S-sSS-p-° Sp-° m≥m≥I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j -\p-\p I-gI-n-b gn-W - bW - w. w.cm-cmjj {v- So-{v- b So-wbDƒw Dƒs∏-ss∏-S-sbS-p-b ≈ p-≈ Im-Imcy- c ß - y- ß - ƒƒ C-X C-n-X \n-p\Xp SX--k S-k -am--aIm-m≥ Im≥ ]m-]mSn-√ Sn-.√h. fh--sfc-ssk≥c sk≥kk n- n‰o-‰ohv h Bv Bbb H-cH-p ctap taJJ -e-b -en¬ -bn¬ {]-{]h¿-hØ ¿-Ø n-°n-° p-∂p-∂ `-c`-- cW-WLL -S-\-Sm-\ÿmm ÿm]-\ ]-s-\a--s∂ a-∂ \n-\ne-b ev-° bv-° v sXv sX‰p-I ‰p-p-I ‰-ß p-‰-ß - fn-√ fn-m-√sm-XsX k-kX-yX-‘ -y-‘ -am--abm-pw bpw \n-\njj v-]-£ v-]-£ -am--abm-pw bpw {]-{]h¿-h¿ØnØn°° m≥m≥ I-Ω I-Ω o-jo-j ≥≥ Xn-XnI-™ I-™ Pm-Pm{K-{X K-X ]p-]pe¿-eØ ¿-Ø - Ww. Ww. A-Agn-ag-X n-an--X bn-pw bpw{I-{Ia-ta°-t°Sp-I Sp--f Ipw-fpwA-Ac-ß c-ß p-Xp-- XI¿-I¿°° p-∂p-∂ C-∂ C-∂ s - Ø s - Ø kmkmaq-l aq-l y- k - y- k - m-l m-l N - c -N - y- c -ß y- ß -f - n-e f - n-pw epw ]-c]-n-i cn-p-i ≤p-≤ n-bn-p-b sSp-sH-ScH-p cXpp Xp-Ø -Ø m-bm-m-bW m-W v tIv tIc-fco--f bo-b k-kaq-l aq-l w ]n.w ]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n-sb n-sb Im-ImWW p-∂p-∂ -Xv.-XCu v. Cu a-l a-l -\o--\ob-X b--b Xv-° bv-° v H-v cH-p ct]mp t]md-edp--e t]mp-t]mep-e ta¬p-ta¬°° m-sm-XsX kwkwc- c£n£n°° p-Ip--b Ipw -bpw i-‡ i-‡ n-s∏n-sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø p-Ip--b Ip--b am-p-aW m-W v G-v G‰-h‰pw -hpw {]-{][m-[\m-\I-SI--aS. -a. F-F¶n¬ ¶n¬am-am{X-{tX-ata`-c`--W c-W -L-L -S-\-Sm-\m kwkwc-£ c-£ -W-W -Ø-Ø n-\n-pw \pw ]-Z]--hZn--h bn-v-° bv-° p-sa-p-s√a-mw √mw A¿A¿∞∞ -ap- -ap≠m≠mIp.Ip.

knhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokvkwhnkwhnkwhn[[[ m-\ m-\ m-\ Ø -Ø -Ø - ns‚ ns‚ ns‚ amXramXramXrtt]-t]-]SSI - SI -I -Ø Ø -Ø - n-\n-\n-\ c- c- n-c-sn-sn-I sII bp.bp.bp.kk p-k tp-cjv tp-cjv tcjv Ipam¿ Ipam¿ Ipam¿ saº¿ saº¿ saº¿ tIcf tIcf tIcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj ≥j ≥≥ ≠-≠\≠nse \nse \nse ]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv AUv AUv AUv an-\ an-n-\ ak n-n-\ k vtn-{Sk vtj {S-vtj {S≥j ≥ ≥tijtijtijam-abm-an-b cm-p-n-b ∂ -n-∂ .p-∂ p.knhn¬ p.knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv Gsd Gsd Gsd aeoaeoaeoC‚¿\mC‚¿\mC‚¿\mjj -Wj -W ¬-W ¬ (PAI-Public ¬ (PAI-Public (PAI-Public istraistraistra-a-k a-k a - a-m-k a - bm-a -n-b sm-°mn-b s°mn-s≠ °m≠ n-c≠ p∂ n-∂ n-cH p∂ H ]›mH ]›m]›mØØ e -Ø Ø -e - Ø -e - n-e Ø - n-m-ebn-m-e n-bm-n-bntion tion tion International) International) International) F∂ F∂ F∂ ÿm]\w ÿm]\w ÿm]\w∂p ∂p ∂p CØCØCØc-scam -scam -sam IΩn‰n IΩn‰n IΩn‰n Cu Cu Cu hnjbw hnjbw hnjbw ]Tn]Tn° ]Tn° p- ° p- pF√mF√mF√mh¿jhpw h¿jhpw h¿jhpw \hw\hw\hw__ ¿_ amk¿ amk¿ amkØØ n-e Ø n-mWv en-mWv emWv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv∂Xpw, ∂Xpw, ∂Xpw, ]cn]cnj ]cnj I v m-j I v cm-ß -I v cm-ß -ƒ cß -ƒ \n¿t±ƒ \n¿t±\n¿t±in-i °n-i ° p-∂ n-° p-∂ X - p-∂ pw. X - pw. X - {][mpw.{][m{][mk¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj \ - p-j \ - Ip-\ ƒ°m- Ip-ƒ°mIƒ°mbp≈ bp≈ b]cnp≈ ]cni]cno-i eo-i \ eo-\ ]cne\ ]cn]cn-\-a\-mbpw a\-mbpw ambpw Cu Cu Cu IΩnIΩnIΩn‰n°v ‰n°v ‰n°v \mep \mep \mep \n¿t±\n¿t±\n¿t±i-ß i-ß i -f-ß m--fm--fm-]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv ]m-]mSn-]mI Sn-ƒ I Sn-ƒ I kwLƒ kwLkwLSn-∏ Sn-∏ ° Sn-∏ ° m-dn-° m-p-≈ dm-p-≈ dX - p-≈ v.X - 2009 v.X - 2009 v. 2009 apX¬ apX¬ apX¬ Cu Cu Cubn∂p bn∂p bn∂p \¬Ip\¬Ip\¬Iphm-h\m-h p-\ ≠ m-p-\ ≠ m-p-b ≠ m-n-b cm-p-n-b ∂ -n-∂ c-Xp-∂ v.-Xv.-Xv. II ΩI Ω o-j Ω o-j - o\- j -\ p-I -\ p-I ƒp - I ƒ °ƒ ° v ° v v ]cn]cn] ]cnm-]Sm-n-] b Sm-n-n-b Stn-e°v n-b te°v n-te°v tIcf tIcf tIcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩo- 1. \nb1. \nb1. \nba\߃ a\߃ a\߃ ]q¿Æ]q¿Æ]q¿Æambpw ambpw ambpw tbmKtbmKtbmKy-Xy-b XypsS -b XpsS -bpsSamXramXramXrI-b I-mbn b I-mbn bmbn {_n´{_n´{_n´j≥ j≥ j≥ AwKAwKAwKßß sf ß sf {]Xnsf {]Xn{]Xn\n-\ [n-nI\ [n-nIf [mbn nIfmbn fAbmbn AbAb°° m-d° m-p≠v dm-p≠v d. p≠v . ASn. ASnASnÿ ÿ m-ÿ \m--Ø \m--Ø \n¬ -Ø n¬ Xpd∂ n¬ Xpd∂ Xpd∂ a’a’a’c-ß c-ß -tcfmsS -ß -tfmsS -tfmsS BbnBbnBbn-Wn¬ Wn¬ Wn¬ cq]w cq]w cq]w sIm≠ sIm≠ sIm≠ 2012 2012 ¬ 2012 ¬ \S∂ ¬ \S∂ \S∂ ]cn]cn]]cnm-]Sm-n-] b Sm-n-n¬ b Sn-n¬ bCu n¬ Cu teJCu teJteJI\pw I\pw Ikl\pw klkl-cn°cn°cn°WW w.W w. w. BiBiBib-b ß-b ß -f-ß psS -fpsS -fNcnpsS NcnNcnAwAwKAwa - Kmb a - Kmb a - {ioaXn mb {ioaXn {ioaXn sI.sI.ssI.I.sI.csa - I.cW -a - cW - nbpw a - W - nbpw nbpw BWv BWv BWv ]s¶]s¶]s¶- 2. CØ2. CØ2. CØc-Ø c-Ø cn¬ -Ø n¬ hn¬ h∂ h∂ -h∂ ¿-h\√ ¿-h\√ ¿ \√ s]mXps]mXps]mXphn-h Z-yn-h Zm- -yn-Zm- -ym-{X-{X]{X-c]-a-c]mb -a-cmb -ahnImmbhnImhnImkk - k - Sp-Ø Sp-Ø Sp--XØ v.-Xv.-X hnhn[ v.hnhn[ hnhn[ `qJ`qJW `qJW vUW vU -ßvU -ß -f-ß n-e -fn-mbn e -fn-mbn embn ]S¿∂p ]S¿∂p ]S¿∂p`ymkw `ymkw `ymkw t\Snt\Snt\Snbh - bc -h -b m-c -b h - m-n-c -b cm-n-n-° b cn-n-° c W - n-° W - w. W - Ahsc w. Ahsc w. Ahsc GIoIrX GIoIrX GIoIrX{]-{]{In{]{Inb{In-I b-s I bf--s I ° f--s° p-f-d° n®v p-dn®v p-dn®v InSInS° InS° p∂ ° p∂p∂ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj -\p-j -\ Ip--\ -f IpsS p--f IpsS -fpsSknhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δok¿Δok¿Δokk n-tek n-t° en-t° em-b ° m-n-b cm-n-b ° cn-° cWw n-° Ww Ww H H H hIphIphIp-IqSpIqSpIqSpX¬ X¬ X Dƒ°m¬ Dƒ°mDƒ°mgvNg- vNg- vN{]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø\-ß \-ß \ƒ-ß ƒt\m°nƒt\m°nt\m°n°° m-W ° m-W p-m-hW p-m-h\ p-m-hp≈ \m-p≈ \p≈ H H H∏n-∏nte-∏nt° e-t° em-b ° m-n-b cm-n-n-b ° cn-n-° c-cn-pXv ° -Xv -c\nbpXv \nb\nban°p∂Xv an°p∂Xv an°p∂Xv . . . bb p-≠ b p-≠ pm- ≠ -° m-° mp - h ° p - mhp\ - mhp\mw p\w p w PmePmePmeI -I a m--I abm-- an-bm-cn-b p∂p cn-p∂p c p∂p Cu Cu Cu ]cn]cn]cn] m-]Sm-] n.Sm-n.Shnhn[ n. hnhn[ hnhn[ 3. \nb3. \nb3. \nban-° an-° a-sn-∏° -sS∏--sp-∂ S∏-p-∂ S-hp-∂ sc -hsc -ht{KUpsc t{KUpt{KUpI-f IpsS -f IpsS -fASnpsS ASnASn-knhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv tIma¨sh¬Øv tIma¨sh¬Øv tIma¨sh¬Øv cmPcmPycmPß - yß -ƒ yß -ƒ GXp ƒ GXp GXp co-X co-n-X cobn-X n-b en-n-mWv b en-mWv emWvÿmÿmÿm\Ø - \Ø - \n¬ Ø - n¬ {Ian¬ {Iaa{Iam-abm-n-ab tm-hWw n-b thWw n-thWw ImWm≥. ImWm≥. ImWm≥. IΩoIΩoIΩojj - \j - p-\I- p-\I - fp-n-I - fen-- fp-en- p-e pXßXßXßfpsS fpsS fknhn¬ psS knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv kwhnkwhnkwhn[m\w [m\w [m\w sI´nsI´nsI´n- 4. DtZ4. DtZ4. yDtZm-K ym--° K ym--° K -b-° ‰w -b‰w -b Ign‰w Ignh Ignn-h s‚ n-h s‚ n-ASns‚ ASnASnÿ ÿ m-ÿ \m--Ø \m--Ø \n- -Ø n- n-≠m≠mh ≠mp∂ hp∂ h]cnp∂ ]cnj ]cnj vIj vm-Ivm-Im∏-S∏-p-Ø S∏-p-Ø Sn-p-cØ n-° cn-° -∂ n-° p-∂ Xvp-∂ Xv F∂p Xv F∂p F∂p a\-a\  a\  n-e  n-m-e° n-m-e° p-m-h° p-m≥ hp-m≥ hCu m≥ Cu Cuem-emhem-W h-W h w.-W w. Ah w. Ah Ah hmßphmßphmßphmt\m hmt\m hmt\m ]cn]cnK]cn-W K-W K -\-W -I \-f I -\psS -f IpsS -fpsSc- ß c- ß c-sfß sf° sf° p- d° p-n-d®p-n-dp≈ ®n- p≈ ® p≈ ]cn]cn] ]cnmSn ]mSn ]hfsc mSnhfsc hfsc Gsd Gsd Gsd klmklmklmbn-b ®n-b p.®n-p.®2012 p.2012 2012 \hw\hw\hw-ASnASnASnÿ ÿ m-ÿ \m--Ø \m--Ø \n¬ -Ø n¬ \¬Ipn¬ \¬Ip\¬Iphmt\m hmt\m hmt\m ]mSn]mSn]mSn√.√.√. [mc[mc[mcWW - IW -ƒ I -ƒ I]¶pƒ]¶p]¶ph- h- h_¿ _¿ _¿ 12 12 \mbn12 \mbn\mbn-∂ -∂ p-]cn∂ p ]cnp]]cnmSn ]mSn ]BcwmSn BcwBcw`n-® `n-X -® `.vn-X - ®CXns‚ .v X - CXns‚ .v CXns‚ knhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv DtZDtZyDtZm-K ym--ÿ K ym--ÿ K-∑ -ÿ m¿ -∑m¿ -∑k¿°mm¿ k¿°mk¿°m-b b v °b v° pv h ° ph mp\h m\ pma\ pmab pmab nm- b n- n`mK`mKa`mKmbn ambn ambn bp.-bp.sbp.I. sI. sknhn¬ I. knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj ≥,j ≥,≥,cns\ cns\ cns\ s]mXps]mXps]mXphmbn hmbn hmbn I≠pI≠pI≠psImsIms≠ Im≠ √≠ √adn®v √adn®v adn®v XßXßXß-∂p ∂p ∂p ]cn]cn] ]cnmSn ] mSn ] mSn e- e- e]m¿e]m¿e]m¿es a‚ s a‚ sv a‚ Hm^ov Hm^ov Hm^okk v, k vIΩn‰n , vIΩn‰n , IΩn‰n Hm^v Hm^v Hm^v Ãm≥Ãm≥Ãm≥-fpsS fpsS fpsS a{¥na{¥na{¥nam¿°pam¿°pam¿°pth-t≠ h-t≠ hn-b≠ n-m-bbn-m-b n-b cm-p∂p n-b ∂p n-∂p {]h¿Øn{]h¿Øn{]h¿Øn®n-®n-®n-£y£ya £yn-´an-n-c´ap-n-n-∂ c´p-n-∂ c-Xp-∂ v.-Xv.-Xv. tUUv tUUv tUUv kk v Hm^okv k v Hm^okv v Hm^okv F∂nh F∂nh F∂nh kμ¿inkμ¿inkμ¿in°° p-h° p-m\pw hp-m\pw hm\pw-∂ -∂ Xv∂ Xv F∂v Xv F∂v F∂v dnt∏mdnt∏mdnt∏m¿´v¿]cm´v¿]cm´v a]cm¿ina¿ina® ¿inp.®p.® \nbap.\nba\nba\-ß \-ß \ - -ß - ]ªnIv ]ªnIv ]ªnIv AUv AUv AUv an-\ an-n-\ ak n-n-\ k vtn-{Sk vtj {S-vtj {S≥j ≥skeIv ≥skeIv skeIv Sv SIΩ‰n v SIΩ‰n v IΩ‰nfnse fnse fnse c- £ c- £ c-m-£ Im-¿XrIm-¿XrI ¿XrX -X z hpw -X z hpw - z hpw (Patronage) (Patronage) (Patronage) kz-kz-kzA≤A≤A≤y-£ y-£ y\pw -£ \pw \pw ]m¿e]m¿e]m¿es a‚ s a‚ s va‚ AwKv AwKv AwKh p-hap-h mb ap-mb a mbP\]£P\]£P\]£]m-]Xm-]hpw Xm-hpw Xhpw (Nepotism) (Nepotism) (Nepotism) BWv BWv BWv Cu Cu Cu AhAhAhs_¿Wm¿Uv s_¿Wm¿Uv s_¿Wm¿Uv sP≥In≥ sP≥In≥ sP≥In≥ Dƒs∏Dƒs∏Dƒs∏sSbp≈ sSbp≈ sSbp≈ apXn¿∂ apXn¿∂ apXn¿∂ÿbv ÿbv ÿbv °° p≈ ° p≈ apJyp≈ apJyapJyIm-ImcW -ImcW -ß - cW -ß - ƒß -ƒ F∂pw ƒ F∂pw F∂pw dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v DtZDtZyDtZm-K ym-ÿ -K ym-ÿ - K∑ -ÿ - m-∑ - cm-p-∑ - acmbn m-p-acmbn p-aIqSnmbn IqSnb IqSnm-b temm-b temm-N tem\ - NI -\ - Nƒ I -\ - ƒ I -\S-ƒ \SØ \SØ p- Ø p- p-A`nA`nA`n{]m{]mb {]m-sb∏´p. -sb∏´p. -s∏´p. \n›n\n›n\n›nX-tXbm-tXbm-tKbm-yK-X-yK -b X-yp≈ -b Xp≈ -bp≈ F√mF√mF√mhm\pw hm\pw hm\pw km[nkm[nkm[n®p.®p.® ]ªnIv p.]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj -\p-j -\p--\p-h¿°pw h¿°pw h¿°pw At]At]At]££ n-° £ n-° p-h n-° p-m≥ hp-m≥ hIgnm≥ Ignb Ignp∂ bp∂ bcoXnp∂ coXncoXnbn¬ bn¬ bn¬ Iƒ°v Iƒ°v Iƒ°v amXramXramXrI-b Imbn -b Imbn -bmbn {_n´{_n´{_n´WW n¬ W n¬cq]w n¬cq]w cq]w sIm≠ sIm≠ sIm≠BhWw BhWw BhWw sXcsXcsXcs™s™sS™p∏p Sp∏p Sk{ºp∏p k{ºk{ºZmbw Zmbw Zmbw F∂v F∂v F∂v Cu Cu Cu BiBiBibß - bß -b f - ß psS -f - psS f - NcnpsS Ncn{XNcn{] X-{c -] X-a -c -] mb a -c - mb a - hnImmb hnImhnImkk {- ]-k {- ]In-{- ]Inb{InI - b- I b- Idnt∏m¿´p - dnt∏m¿´p dnt∏m¿´p \n¿t±\n¿t±\n¿t±in-i ° n-i ° p-n-∂ ° p-∂ p.p-∂ p. Hmtcm p. Hmtcm Hmtcm Xkv Xkv Xkv Xn-Xn-Xnsf-sf°sf° p-d° n®v p-dn®v p-dIqSpn®v IqSpIqSpX¬ X¬ X Dƒ°m¬ Dƒ°mDƒ°mgvNg-b vNgp--b vN ≠ p--b ≠ m-p-° ≠ m-° p-m-h° p-m\pw hp-m\pw hm\pwIbv Ibv ° Ibv ° pw° pw th≠p∂ pw th≠p∂ th≠p∂ tbmKtbmKtbmKyX - yI - Xyf -I X - pw, f - Ipw, {]hrØn f - pw, {]hrØn {]hrØn ]cn]cn]cnknhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj \ - p-j \ - Ip-\ f - In-p-e f - In-p-e ≠ f - n-p-e ≠ m-p-h ≠ m-p∂ hm-p∂ h]cnp∂ ]cn]cn-N-b N-hpw b N-hpw b\n¿t±hpw \n¿t±\n¿t±in-i °n-i ° m-h n-° m-p-h ∂ m-p-h ∂ X - p-∂ m-X - sm-W∂pw X - sm-W∂pw sW∂pw CXv CXv CXv kw_kw_kw_jvjv Ijv m-Icm-I -ß cm-- ß csf-ß sf° sf° p- d° p-n- ® dp-n-p≈ ® d n-p≈ ® p≈ [mc[mc[mcWW - IW -ƒ I-ƒ I]¶pƒ]¶p]¶ph - h - h‘n®v - ‘n®v ‘n®v AhAhAhiyw iyw i th≠ yw th≠ th≠ ]ck]ck]ckyhpw, yhpw, yhpw, {]N{]N{]Nc-W c-W hpw c-W hpw hpw bv° bv° bv phm\pambn° phm\pambnphm\pambn∂p ∂p ∂p ]cn]cn]]cnmSn ]mSn ]e£mSn e£e£ya - yn-´a - n-yn-c´a - p-n-∂ n-c´p-n-∂ cX - p-∂ v.X - v.X - \¬Iv. \¬I\¬IWW s - a∂pw W s - a∂pw s - a∂pw Xpd∂ Xpd∂ Xpd∂ a’a’a’cß - cß -f - cm-ß -f - hm-Ww f - hm-Ww hWw G¿s∏G¿s∏G¿s∏AtXmAtXmAtXmsSm∏w sSm∏w sSm∏w hnhn[ hnhn[ hnhn[ cmPcmPycmPß - yß -f - yn¬ ß -f - n¬ f - \n∂pw n¬ \n∂pw \n∂pw h∂ h∂ h∂Sp-tSp-ØtSp-Øt≠ Ø≠ Xv≠ Xv F∂pw Xv F∂pw F∂pw Cu Cu Cu dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v \n¿t±\n¿t±\n¿t±in-i °n-i ° p- n-° p- pIΩoIΩoIΩojj ≥j ≥ AwK≥ AwKAwKßß ƒ°v ß ƒ°v ƒ°v BiBiBibh - bn-h -\ bn-h -\ abw n-\ abw n-a\Sbw \SØ \SØ p- Ø p- p-∂p. ∂p. ∂p. knhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv kwhnkwhnkwhn[m-[\m-[ Øns‚ \m-Øns‚ \Øns‚ ASnASnASnhm\pw hm\pw hm\pw XßXßXßfpsS fpsS fpsS {]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø\-ß \-ß \ -s-ß f--s° f--s° p-f-d° n-p-® dn-p-p≈ ® dn-p≈ ®p≈ÿmÿmÿm\- \ \nb-\ \nb- \nbaß -- aß -- ƒ aß -- ƒ ASƒ ASß ASß p∂ ß p∂ Cu p∂ Cu Cu dnt∏m¿´ns\ dnt∏m¿´ns\ dnt∏m¿´ns\ hnhhnhhnhc-ß c-ß c ƒ-ß ƒ]¶ƒ]¶p]¶-hpbv -hp° bv -h° bv p-h° p-m\pw hp-m\pw hm\pw AhAhAhkk cwk cwe`cwe`y- e`y- yXpS¿∂mWv - XpS¿∂mWv XpS¿∂mWv 1855 1855 1855 ¬¬¬ {_n´{_n´{_n´WW n¬ W n¬n¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ am-ambamn-b -n-b ∂ -n-∂ .p-∂ p. p. k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoIΩojj ≥j ≥ cq]o≥ cq]ocq]oIc - In-° c - In-° c -sn-∏° s - ´∏-X s - ´∏-v.X - ´GXm≠v v.X - GXm≠v v. GXm≠v knhn¬ knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv F∂ F∂ F∂ kwhnkwhnkwhn[m-[\m-[ -Ø \m--Ø \ns‚ -Ø ns‚ ns‚CXn\p CXn\p CXn\p sXm´psXm´psXm´pap-º ap-º am-b p-º m-n-b cm-p-n-b ∂ -n-∂ .p-∂ bp.p. bp.p.F bp.F -kF -k v.-F -k v.-F . v.bn¬ -F . bn¬ . bn¬ hf¿®hf¿®hf¿®bpsS bpsS bIYpsS IYI IYƒ Iƒ I Cu ƒ Cu \mfpCu \mfp\mfpIf - In¬ f - In¬ f - khnn¬ khnkhnkk X v k cw X v cw X v cw‘`cn‘`cn° ‘`cn° p-∂ ° p-∂ h - p-∂ ¿°v h - ¿°v h - ¿°v Ah¿°v Ah¿°v Ah¿°v th≠p∂ th≠p∂ th≠p∂ DtZDtZyDtZm-K ym-ÿK ym-ÿKÿN¿®N¿®N¿®I ƒ°p I ƒ°p I ƒ°p hnt[hnt[hnt[b -b a m--b abm-- an-bc m- n-b p-c∂ n-p-c∂ p.p- ∂ p. knhn¬ p. knhn¬ knhn¬∑msc ∑msc ∑msc \nb\nb\nba n- ° a n- ° am≥’ n- ° m≥’ m≥’ F∂p F∂p F∂p {]J{]J{]Jy m-y]m-n-y] ° m-n-] ° p∂ n- ° p∂p∂ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv kw_kw_kw_‘‘ n-® ‘ n-p≈ ®n-p≈ ®ASnp≈ ASnASnÿ ÿ m\ ÿ m\ k¶¬∏m\ k¶¬∏k¶¬∏-kvkv t]mbn¬kv kv t]mbn¬kv t]mbn¬kv kwkwhkwn-h [n-h m\w [n-m\w [m\w (Spoils (Spoils (Spoils System) System) System) \S-\S-\S߃ ߃ ߃ cq]cq]scq]∏-s´∏-sXv´∏-Xv 1854 ´Xv 1854 1854 sese t\m¿Øv se t\m¿Øv t\m¿Øv tIm´v tIm´v tIm´v ˛s{S˛s{Sh ˛s{Sm-hm-hm-∏m-∏m° ∏m° n-b° n-Xv bn-Xv b F∂pw XvF∂pw F∂pw Hm¿t°Hm¿t°Hm¿t°≠≠ -X≠ p--X ≠ p--X ≠ v. p-≠ v.1829˛1837 v.1829˛1837 1829˛1837 en≥ en≥ en≥ (Northcote-Trevalyn (Northcote-Trevalyn (Northcote-Trevalyn Report) Report) Report) dnt∏m¿´n\p dnt∏m¿´n\p dnt∏m¿´n\pImeImeImef-b f-h b fn¬ -h bn¬ -hbp.n¬bp.F bp.F -kF -k v.-F -k v.-F . v.-F bpsS . bpsS . bpsS F´mF´mF´masØ asØ asØ

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-X-P Xq--P X_ q--P_ nen q-_ nenhntinenhntihntijj m¬j m¬]Xn∏v m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v ]n.-]n.F]n.F -kF -k v.-k-k v.-k n.-v._ -k n.-_ p-n.-≈ _ p-≈ -‰p-n≥ ≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥232323

{_n{_n´o-´jo-j v `-v c`--W c-W -Ø-Ø n- nem-embb n- cn-p-c∂ p- ∂C-C¥¥ -y- -ybn¬ bn¬ tem¿tem¿UU v eov eobp-bpsSsS A-A≤≤ -y-£ -y-£ -X-b Xn¬ -bn¬ D-∂ D-∂ -X -X kn-knhn¬ hn¬ k¿k¿Δo-Δokk n- sn-\s \°° p- dp-n-d∏n-p∏ p ]Tn]Tn°° m≥m≥ cq-cq]o-]Io--c In--cn°-°s∏-s´∏-´tdmtdmb¬ b¬I- IΩo-Ωojj ≥ ≥1924 1924¬¬k-ka¿-a¿∏n-∏ ®n-® dn-tdn-∏mt∏m¿-´¿v ip-´v ip]m¿]m¿i-i b- b \p--\kp-k -cn--c ®n-m-®mWvWv 1926 1926 H-I H-v-I tSmv-tSm__ ¿¿ 1 \v1 \v B-BZy-Zsy-Ø sØ ]-ª ]-ª n- nIvIvk¿k¿Δo-Δk o-k v I-v Ω I-Ω o- oj≥ j≥ cq-] cq-o-]Io--c In-® -cn--X ®v-.Xv.

{]kn{]knUU ‚mbn ‚mbnsXcsXcs™s™Sp-° Sp-° -s∏´ -s∏´B≥{Up B≥{Up PmIv PmIv kk ¨¨(Andrew (Andrew Jackson) Jackson)BbnBbn-∂ -∂ p. p.Cu Cu kwhnkwhn[m\w [m\whymhym]-I ]-aImbn -ambn\S-\S∏m-∏° m-° n-bn--X bv.-Xv.hnPhnPbn-bn°° p-≈ p-≈ -XmWv -XmWv sIm≈sIm≈ap-X ap-¬ X¬ (to(to the the victor victor gogo the the spoils) spoils)F∂F∂Xm-Xbm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p Cu p CuXXXXz-Ø z-Ø ns‚ ns‚ ASnASnÿ ÿ m\w. m\w. {_n´ojv {_n´ojv`cW`cWØØ n-en-m-ebm-n-b ∂ n-∂C¥C¥y-by-n¬ bn¬ tem¿Uv tem¿Uv eobpsS eobpsS A≤A≤y£ - y£ - X - b -X - n¬ b - n¬ D∂X D∂X knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δok¿Δokk n-s\n-s° \-° p-dn∏p p-dn∏p ]Tn]Tn°° m≥m≥ cq]ocq]oIc - In-° c - n-° s - ∏´ s - ∏´ tdmb¬ tdmb¬IΩoIΩojj ≥ ≥1924 1924¬¬ka¿∏n® ka¿∏n®dnt∏mdnt∏m¿´v¿´v ip-ip]m¿i]m¿ib-\ bp--\ kp-k -cn-® -cn-mWv ®mWv1926 1926HIv HIv tSmtSm__ ¿ ¿1 \v 1 \v BZysØ BZysØ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ cq]oIcq]oIcn- cn®-X ®-v.X1935 v. 1935 sese KhKh¨¨ -sa‚ -sa‚ v Hm^v v Hm^v C¥y C¥y BIv BIv Sn- Sns\-s\ØØ p-S¿∂v p-S¿∂vCXv CXvs^Us^Ud¬ d¬]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj -\mbn -\mbnamdn. amdn. C∂sØ C∂sØcoXncoXnbnep≈ bnep≈ {]h¿Ø\ {]h¿Ø\ kzmkzmX{- X ¥-{- ¥ys - yam∂pw s - am∂pw BZBZyI - ym-I - em-Øv eØv e`ye`yam-ambn-b -n-∂ -∂ n-√n-.√ae. aebmfn bmfnsatΩmsatΩmdn-b dn-¬, b¬,Cugh Cugh satΩmsatΩmdn-b dn-¬, b¬,\nh¿Ø\ \nh¿Ø\{]t£m{]t£m`Ww `WwF∂nF∂nh-b h-psS bpsS IqSn IqSn ^e^eambn ambn GXm≠v GXm≠v CtX CtX ImeImeb-f b- -fhn-hnemWv emWv XnXnhn-h Xn-mwXI mw-q-I dn¬ q-dn¬ 1936 1936 ¬¬ H H ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj -W-W sdsd \nb\nban-° an-° p-∂p-∂ Xv.Xv1929 . 1929 ¬¬ Xs∂ Xs∂ a{Zma{Zmkk n¬n¬ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ cq]ocq]oIcnIcn® n-® cn-p-c∂ p- ∂ - X-p-Xsp-Im≠v s Im≠vae-ae__ m- dm-nse d nseknhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv \nb\nba-\a-ß -\-ß ƒƒ AXnAXns‚s‚ IognIognem-ebm-n-b °n-° -gn- -gn™n™n-∂ -∂ p. p.CtX CtX ImeImeb-f b-h-fn¬ -hn¬ 1936 1936 sk]v sk]v ‰w-‰_ w-_ - dn¬ dn¬sIm®nsIm®nbn¬ bn¬Ãm^v Ãm^v skske-£ e-£ ≥ ≥t_m¿Uv t_m¿Uv F∂ F∂ H H kz-kzX{¥ X{¥ ÿm]ÿm]\hpw \hpw cq]ocq]oIc - In-° c - n-° s - ∏´p. s - ∏´p. 1947 1947 ¬¬ sIm®n sIm®n \nb\nba-k a-k ` ]mkm` ]mkm°° nbnb H H \nb\nba- Ø a- Ø n- sn-‚ s ‚ASnASnÿ ÿ m- \m- -\ Ø -Ø n¬n¬t_m¿Uns‚ t_m¿Uns‚ ÿm\Øv ÿm\ØvsIm®n sIm®n]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥≥

\ne\nehn¬ hn¬ h∂p. h∂p.1949 1949 ¬¬ XnXnhn-h Xn-mwXI mw-q-I ¿˛-q-¿s˛-Im®n sIm®n kwtbmkwtbmP\ - Ps -\ - Øs - ØXp-X S¿∂v p-S¿∂v XnXnhn-h Xn-mwXI mw-q¿I˛q¿-s - ˛Im®n s - Im®n ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ \ne\nehn¬ hn¬ h∂p. h∂p. NpNp°° -Ø-Ø n¬n¬ kz-kzP-\ P-] \-£ -]-£ -]m--]Xm-w, Xw, AgnAgna-Xan,-Xn, cmjv cmjv {Sob {Sob kzmkzm[o-[ \o-w,\ssI°qen w, ssI°qen XpSXpSßß nbnb kmaqkmaqly ly Xn∑Xn∑Isf Isf H H ]cn]cn[n-[ hn-sc hsc Hgn-Hgnhm-h° m-° n-s°m≠v n-s°m≠v ImcImcy-£ y-£ -a-h-apw, -hpw,\njv \njv ]-£ ]-£ -hp--h amb p-ambH Hknhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ D≠mD≠m°° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ klmklmbn-b °n-° pIpI F∂F∂XmWv XmWvGXp GXp]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj - s‚bpw s‚bpwDØDØc-hcm--hZm-n-X Zn-zw XzwF∂p F∂pImWpImWphm≥ hm≥IgnIgnbpw. bpw.F∂m¬ F∂m¬e≠e≠\n¬ \n¬h®v h®vhnhn[ hnhn[cmPcmPy-ß y-ß - fnse fnse IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ AwKAwKßß -fp-a -fm-p-abm-pw, bpw, Cu Cu kwhnkwhn[m-[m\-ß \-ß -fpsS -fpsS “amXr“amXrt]-tS]-Iw” SIw” F∂p F∂p hntihntijj n-∏n-∏ °n-° m- mhp∂ hp∂ “bp.“bp.sI. sI. knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δok¿Δokk nse” nse” A[nA[nIm-Imcn-I cn--f Ip--f ambpw p-ambpw D≠mb D≠mb ]mc]mckk v]-cv]-y-cß -y-ß -fn¬ -fn¬ \n∂pw \n∂pw a\-a\   n-en-m-e° m-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥km[nkm[n®Xv ®XvCu Cukwhnkwhn[m-[\m-- \Øns‚ Øns‚ LSLS\-b \n¬Xs∂ -bn¬Xs∂ cq]cq]]-c]-a-cmb -amb am‰am‰ßß ƒƒ kw`hnkw`hn®p-® sImp-sIm≠≠ n-cn-° cn-° p∂p p∂p F∂F∂Xm-XW m-W v. tIcv. tIcf- fØn¬ Øn¬\n∂pw \n∂pwe≠e≠\n-\ sen-sØ e-Ø nbnbR߃ R߃C°mC°mcy-cyØØ n-en-p≈ ep≈ RßRßfpsS fpsS BiBi¶I - ¶ƒ -I - ƒ - AhnsS AhnsS tcJtcJs∏-s∏Sp-Ø Sp-Ø -Ibpw -Ibpw sNbv sNbv Xp.Xp. Cw•Cw•≠≠ n¬n¬ bp.-bp.sI. sI. knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoj≥ j≥ C∂v C∂v henb henb am‰am‰ßß ƒ°p ƒ°p hnt[hnt[ba - bm-a - bm-n-b s°mn-s°m≠n≠ncn-° cn-° p∂p p∂p F∂Xp F∂Xp t\-t\cn´p cn´p a\-a\   n-en-m-e° m-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ Cu Cu]cn]cn]mSn ]mSnRßsf Rßsfklmklmbn-b ®n-p.®p. knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv {]am{]amWW -ß-ß -fpsS -fpsS ASnASnÿ ÿ m-\m--s\a∂v -sa∂v IIX-sX-∏-sS∏-p∂ Sp∂1854 1854seset\m¿Øv t\m¿Øv tImtIm´v-˛´-sv-˛{S--sh {S--e h-y-em≥ -ym≥ \n¿t±\n¿t±i-ß i-ß ƒ ƒ]men]men°° -s∏--sS∏-p∂p Sp∂pF∂p F∂p]d-]dbp-bptºmgpw tºmgpw]e ]eknhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δokv k¿Δokv\nb\nba-\a-ß \-ß fpwfpw C∂p C∂p k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ XeXeØØ n-en-mWv emWv \S-\S°° p-∂p-∂ -Xv -X F∂v F∂-

teJteJI\pw I\pw (h-(heØv eØv \n∂v \n∂v c≠mc≠ma-Xav)-XtIcf v) tIcf ]n.]n. Fkv Fkv . kn. . kn. AwKw AwKw {ioaXn {ioaXn sIsI sIsI ca-caWW nbpw nbpw (C-(CSØv SØv \n∂v \n∂v aq∂maq∂ma-Xav)-XtIma¨sh¬Øv v) tIma¨sh¬Øv cmPycmPyßß -fnse -fnse ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥≥ AwKAwKßß -tfm-tfmsSm∏w sSm∏w

FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥-X -P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v 2424 ]n.-]n.-

h¿h¿kΩkΩXn-X °n-° p-∂ p-∂ p. p. sXcsXcs™s™Sp-° Sp-° -s∏-sS∏-p-∂ Sp-∂ - h¿°p≈ h¿°p≈ s]mXps]mXpam-a\m--Z\-W -Z-W vUvU -ß-ß ƒƒ \n¿Æ\n¿Æbn-b t°n-t°≠Xv ≠Xv IΩoIΩojj s‚s‚ DØDØc-hcm--hZm--n-X Z-n-zX -Ø -z-Ø n¬n¬ Xs∂Xs∂bm-bmWvWv F∂p F∂p ]d-]dbp-b tºmgpw p-tºmgpw Ah Ah a{¥na{¥nam-acm-psS sS AwKoAwKoImcImcØØ n\vn\vhnt[hnt[b-abm--atm-°t°≠≠ -Xp--X s≠∂pw p-s≠∂pwAh¿ Ah¿ kΩkΩXn-X °n-° p-∂p-∂ p. p.knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv ]cn]cnjj vI-cvI-W -c-W - ØnØn\mbn \mbn 2010 2010 ¬¬ {_n´ojv {_n´ojvKh¨sa≥p Kh¨sa≥p \S-\S∏m-∏m°nb °nb \nb\nbaw˛Constitutional aw˛Constitutional Reforms Reforms and and GovGovernance ernance ActAct 2010 2010 sese Nne Nne \n¿t±\n¿t±iß - iß - ƒƒ ChnsS ChnsS tcJtcJs∏-sS∏-p-Ø Sp-Ø p-∂p-∂ XpXp\∂m\∂mbn-b cn°pw n-cn°pwF∂p F∂pIIXp-Xp∂∂ p. p. Section Section 1111 Recruitment Recruitment Principles. Principles. 1111 (i)The (i)The Commission Commission must must publish publish a set a set ofof principles principles toto bebe applied applied forfor the the purposes purposes ofof the the requirements requirements in in Section Section 1010 (2)(2) 1111(ii)(ii) Before Before publishing publishing the the setset ofof principles principles (Or(Or any any revision revision ofof it)it) the the CommisCommission sionmust mustconsult consultthe theMinister Ministerforforthe theCivil Civil Service. Service. bp.-bp.sI. sI.knhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥ ≥\nb\nba\w a\w \¬Ip∂ \¬Ip∂ tdmfn¬ tdmfn¬ \n∂pw \n∂pw \nb\nb{¥-{¥Is‚ Is‚ tdmtdmfn-fnt e°p t e°pamdnamdns °ms °m≠≠ n- cn- c ° n- ° pIbmpIbmWW v (From v (From

Recruiter Recruiter toto Regulator). Regulator). CXns‚ CXns‚ IqSn IqSn `mK`mKam-abm-n-bn´mWv ´mWv Ct∏mƒ Ct∏mƒ s]mXpcwKs]mXpcwKØØ p≈ p≈ {]h¿Ø{]h¿ØI¿°p I¿°p th≠p∂ th≠p∂tbmKtbmKy-Xy-I Xƒ -Iƒ\n¿Æbn\n¿Æbn°° phmphm\p≈ \p≈ {ia{iaßß ƒƒ \S-\SØØ p-∂p-∂ Xv Xv (Committee (Committee onon Standard Standard in in Public Public Life) Life)CXp CXphgn hgns]mXps]mXpP-\ P-h \n--h in--zi mkw -zmkw knhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δok¿Δokk n-en-p≠m°nep≠m°nsbsSb-p-° Sp-° m-\m-mhpw \mhpw F∂F∂h¿hhni¿ hnizk - zk - n-°n-° p-∂p-∂ p. p.{]kv {]kv XpX XpX IΩIΩ‰n-b ‰n-psS bpsS A≤yA≤y££ -\mb -\mb{InÃ{InÃ^^ ¿ ¿sI√nsI√nbp-b ap-mbn ambnCu Cu hnjbw hnjbwt\cn´p t\cn´pN¿® N¿®sNøpsNøphm\pw hm\pwAhAhkk -cw-cw e`ne`n°° p-Ip--b Ip--b ≠ p-≠ m-bm-n.bn.N¿®N¿®bn¬ bn¬C¥C¥y-byn¬ -bn¬\S-\S∏m°n ∏m°n h∂ h∂ tkhtkh\m-\hm-I - hmi I - mi \nb\nbas - aØs - Ø°° p-dn®v p-dn®v (Right (Right toto Service) Service) Rm≥ Rm≥]cm]cma¿ina¿in®p.®p.]ew ]ew A¤pA¤pXt- XØmt- ØmsS-sbS-mWv bmWv CXv CXv tI´tI´Xv.Xv. F√m F√m{]Xn{]Xn\n-\ [n-n-[ In-fpw IfpwXßXßfpsS fpsS\m´nse \m´nse IΩoIΩojj s‚s‚H Hkw£n]v kw£n]v X X{]h¿Ø\ {]h¿Ø\Nn{Xw Nn{Xw AhAhX-cXn-∏ -cn-n®p ∏n®p sIm≠p sIm≠p kwkmkwkmcn-° cn-° p-Ip--b Ip--b ≠ p-≠ m-bm-n.bn. tIcf tIcf]n.-]n.FF kvkv .kn .knbpsS bpsS{]h¿Ø\{]h¿Ø\ßß -fnse -fnse kpXmkpXmc-yc-X-yb -- -Xpw, b -- pw, kmt¶kmt¶XnI XnI hnZhnZy-bypsS -bpsS D]-D]tbmtbmK- Khpw, hpw,ssIImssIImc yw c ywsNøp∂ sNøp∂At]At]££ -I-I f psS - f psS _mlp_mlpe-yehpw -yhpwR߃ R߃hnhhnhcn-® cn-p.®p. tatetate°° n-S- n-Sbnse bnse Xkv Xkv Xn-X In-I - Iƒ I - ƒ am{Xam{Xa√a√ DtZDtZym-K ym-t- K{it- {iWW n-bn-nse bnse G‰hpw G‰hpw XmsgXmsg°° n-Sb - n-Snse b - nse PohPoh\°msc \°msc hsc hsc sXcsXcs™s™Sp-° Sp-° p∂Xv p∂Xv tIcf tIcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoj-j\mWv \mWv F∂p F∂p R߃ R߃ AdnAdnbn-b ®n-p.®p.tIctIcfØ - fØ - n¬n¬ h∂v h∂v Cu Cu {]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø\-ß \-ß ƒƒ ImWWw ImWWw F∂p F∂p ]e ]e AwKAwKßß fpwfpw B{Klw B{Klw {]I{]ISn-∏ Sn-∏ ®n-p.®p.AXns‚ AXns‚ `mK`mKam-ambn-b ´m-n-´bm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p Cu p Cu ASpØ ASpØ \mfp\mfpI-f In¬ -fn¬ audoaudoj-jy-k y-k nse nse ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ sNb¿amsNb¿am\mb \mb {io {io inhinh\ -\ μ- ≥ μ ≥ Zmkv Zmkv i¶¿ i¶¿ (Shivunundundass (Shivunundundass Sungker) Sungker) sk{Isk{I´d - ´n-b d - n-p-b samØv p-samØv XnXnh-\ h-¥ -\-¥ -]pcw -]pcw kμ¿inkμ¿in®-X ®v.-Xv. tIcf tIcf]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n-bn-n¬ bn¬Ct∏mƒ Ct∏mƒG‰hpw G‰hpw IqSpIqSpX¬ X¬ At]At]££ -I-cImbn -cmbn hh∂∂ Xv Xv h\nh\nXIXf I-m-fmsW∂p sW∂p R߃ R߃ ]d-]d™ ™ p. p.(bq-(bqWW nt^mw nt^mw t^mgv t^mgv kk v v Hgn-HgnsI) sI){Sn\n{Sn\nUU mUv mUv -˛sSm_mtKm -˛sSm_mtKmF∂ F∂IcoIco__ n- nb≥ b≥cmPcmPy-Ø y-Ø p-\p-n∂pw \n∂pw4 {]Xn4 {]Xn\n-\ [n-n-[ In--f In¬ -fn¬aq∂paq∂pt]w t]wh\nh\nX-I X-f Im--fbm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p. p.CtX CtXA\pA\p]mXw ]mXw Xs∂Xs∂bmWv bmWvXßXßfpsS fpsSknhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δok¿Δokk nepw nepw F∂F∂h¿h¿ ]d-]d™ ™ p. ]pp. ]pjj -∑m¿ -∑m¿ Gsdbpw Gsdbpw aZ-aZy-]y- -]∑mw ∑mw AeAekk ≥am≥am-scams°bmbn p-sams°bmbn amdnamdns°ms°m≠≠ n- ncn-° cn-° p∂p p∂p F∂F∂h¿h]d¿ ]d™ ™ p. temIp. temIamsI amsI ]pXnb ]pXnb Xcw XcwamXramXrIIII I-ƒ IƒD≠mD≠mhp∂p hp∂pF∂v F∂vXncnXncn®-d®n- -dnbpIbpIbm-bbm-n-b ∂p n-∂p R߃. R߃. {_n´ojv {_n´ojv]mc]mcºº - c - y- c- Ø -y-Ø n¬n¬cq-cq] w-]sw-Im≠v s Im≠v hf¿∂p hf¿∂ph∂ h∂knhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δokv k¿ΔokvC∂p C∂ptemItemIamsI amsI am‰am‰ßß ƒ°pw, ƒ°pw, BflBfl]-c]n-t-cimn-tim[-\ [-I -\ƒ°pw -Iƒ°pw hnt[hnt[ba - bmbn a - mbn hcnIbmhcnIbmWW v. hfsc v. hfsc i‡i‡amb amb H H ]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥ ≥kwhnkwhn[m\w [m\w\ne\ne\n¬°p\n¬°p∂∂ p-s≠p-s≠¶nepw ¶nepw amdp∂ amdp∂ ImeImeØØ n-s\mØv n-s\mØv knhn¬ knhn¬k¿Δokv k¿Δokv]cn]cnjj v I v- I c n-- c ° n- ° p- hp-m≥ h m≥\mw \mw th≠{X th≠{X Pm{KX Pm{KX {]I{]ISn-∏ Sn-∏ °n-° p-∂p-∂ pt≠m pt≠m Fs∂m Fs∂m kwibw kwibw R߃°pR߃°p≠≠ m-bm-n.bn.F∂m¬ F∂m¬ `c-`cWW L - L - S- - S- \-b \-psS bpsS`mKambn `mKambncq]ocq]oI-cIn-° -cn-° -s∏´ -s∏´C¥C¥y-bynse -bnse ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ incinc   p-bp-¿Ønb¿ØnXs∂ Xs∂ \n¬°p∂p \n¬°p∂pF∂v F∂vXncnXncn®-d ®n--™ d n- ™ p- sp-Ims Im≠≠ mWv mWv AXn\v AXn\vXpS°w XpS°wIpdn® Ipdn®aÆn¬ aÆn¬\n∂v \n∂vR߃ R߃ aS-aSßß n-bn-X - bv.X - v.

{_n{_n´o-´jo-j v ]mv ]mc-º c-º -c-y-c- -yØn¬ Øn¬ cq-] cq-w-]sw-ImsIm≠≠ v v h-f h-¿-f∂ ¿-∂ p hp ∂ h-∂kn-knhn¬ hn¬k¿k¿Δo-Δk o-k v Cv C∂p∂p temtemI-aIm--asm-IsI am-am‰-ß ‰-ß ƒ-ƒ°° pw,pw,B-Bflfl - ]-]c n-ctn-imt im[ -[ \- \ - I- I ƒ-ƒ°pw °pwhn-hnt[-tb [--b am--abm-nbn h-ch-n-I cn--b Im--bW m-W v. hv. fh--sfc-sc i-i‡‡ - a m-- abm- bH- cH-p]- ]ªn-ªnIvIk¿v k¿Δo-Δk o-k v I-v IΩo-Ωojj ≥ ≥kwkwh n-h [n-m-[ m\w\w \n-\ne-\ en¬-\n¬°° p-∂p-∂ p- ps≠s≠¶n-¶ en-pw epw am-amdp-d∂ p-∂ Im-ImeØ - eØ - n-s\mn-s\mØØ v knv knhn¬ hn¬ k¿k¿Δo-Δko-k v ]-v c]-n- cnjvjv -I-cIn-° -cn-° p-hp-m≥ hm≥ \mw \mw th-th≠≠ {- X{- X Pm-Pm{K-{X K-X {]-{]I-SI-n-∏ Sn-n-∏ °n-° p-∂ p-∂ p-t≠m p-t≠m F-Fs∂ms∂m ckwp kwi-b iw-bw R-Rßß ƒ-° ƒ-° p-≠ p-≠ m-bm-n.bn.

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ 2525

`cW-L-S-\bpw ]n.-F-kv.-kn.bpw AU-z. hn.-F-kv. lco-{μ-\mYv saº¿ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥

1935 se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥ym B-Iv-Sv {]-Im-cw tI-{μ-Øn¬ s^- U - d ¬ ]- ª n- I v k¿- Δ o- k v I- Ω o- j \pw {]-hn-i-y-I-fn¬ s{]m-hn-≥j - y- ¬ ]-ªnIv k¿-Δo-kv I-Ωo-j\p-I-fpw cq-]o-Ir-Xam-bn.

26

`mcX `c-W-L-S-\-bnse 315 apX¬ 323 hscbp≈ A\p-t—-Zß - f - n-emWv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj-\p-Is - f-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - .v F∂m¬ 1950 ¬ `mcX `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h-∂-Xn\p apºv Xs∂ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ \ΩpsS cmP-yØv {]h-¿Øn-®p-h∂ - n--∂p-sh∂v Ncn{Xw ]dbp-∂p. {_n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv 1919 se Kh¨sa‚ v Hm^v C¥ym BIv‰n-emWv `c-W-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn\p≈ DtZ-ym-Kÿ \nba-\-Øn-\mbn ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ F∂ Bibw Dƒs°m-≈n®-Xv. F∂m¬ C¥ym°msS Bi-bm-`n-emj߃°\p-kc - n-®p-≈X - √ {]kvXpX IΩo-js - \∂v \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ hna¿i-\-ap-∂-bn-®p. 1924 ¬ eo {]`p sNb¿am-\m-bp≈ tdmb¬ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´nse \n¿t±-i-ß-f-\p-k-cn®vv 1926 ¬ k¿ tdmkv _m¿°¿ sNb¿am-\mbn BZysØ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. Cu IΩo-j\pw C¥-ym-°m-sS Ah-Im-i-߃°v th≠-{X- ]-cn-K-W\ \evIp-∂-X-s√∂v \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ ho≠pw i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn. Aßs\ 1935 se Kh¨sa‚ v Hm^v C¥ym BIvSv {]Imcw tI{μ-Øn¬ s^U-d¬ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j\pw {]hn-i-y-I-fn¬ s{]mhn≥jy¬ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j-\p-Ifpw cq]oIr-Xa - m-bn. Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ F∂v aq∂v {]tZ-iß - f - m-bn- hn`-Pn-°s - ∏´n∂ tIcf kwÿm\sØ ae-_m¿ {]tZ-iß - ƒ a{Zmkv {]kn-U≥knbpsS `c-WØ - n≥ Iogn-em-bn--∂p. a{Zm-kn-emWv BZ-ysØ s{]mhn≥j-y¬ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj≥ cq]o-Ir-Xam-b-Xv. Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ 1935 Pq¨ 25 \v tUm. Pn.-Un. t\mIvkv F∂ sslt°mSXn PUvPn-sbbmWv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-jW-dmbn \nb-an-®-Xv. 1949 Pqsse 1 \v Xn-˛sIm®n kwÿm\w \ne-hn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ Xn-˛sIm®n ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j\v cq]w \evIn. 3 AwK- ß - f - S - ß nb {]kv X pX IΩo- j s‚ sNb¿am≥ kn.-Ip-™n-cm-a\ - m-bn--∂p. 1956 \hw_¿ 1 \v `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ tIcf kwÿm\w cq]o-IrX-am-b-t∏mƒ {io. hn.-sI.-th-em-bp-[≥ sNb¿am- \ mbn aq∂v AwK tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. `c-W-L-S-\-bnse 315 (1) A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ tI{μ-Øn¬ bqWn-b≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj\pw Hmtcm kwÿm-\Øpw H kwÿm\ ]ªnIv k¿Δo-kv IΩoj\pw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - mWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. 315 (2) A\p-t—-Z-Øn¬ H∂n-e[ - nIw kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v thW-sa-¶n¬ s]mXp-hmbn H IΩo-j≥ cq]o-Ic - n-°m-hp-∂X - m-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ Bb-Xn-tebv°v {]kvXpX

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

kwÿm-\ß - f - psS \nb-ak - `- I - ƒ Hmtcm∂pw, H∂ne-[nIw k`-If - p≈ kwÿm-\Øv C k`-Ifpw, AØcw H {]tabw ]m m-°n-bm¬ ]m¿esa‚ n\v \nbaw hgn {]kv X pX kwÿm- \ ߃°mbn H kwbp‡ kwÿm\ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ cq]o-Ic - n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. H kwÿm-\sØ apgp-h-\ptam GsX-¶neptam Bh-iy- ß - ƒ \ndth-‰W - s - a∂v B kwÿm\sØ Kh¿Æ¿ At]-£n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ bqWnb≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j\v cmjv{S]-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-ct- Øm-Sp-IqSn A{]-Imcw {]h¿Øn-°mhp-∂-Xm-sW∂v `c-W-L-S-\-bnse A\p-t—Zw 315 (4) ¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. bqWn-b≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j-s‚bpw kwbp‡ IΩo-j-s‚bpw sNb¿am≥am-scbpw AwK-ß-sfbpw cmjv{S-]-Xnbpw kwÿm-\- IΩoj≥ sNb¿am-s\bpw AwK-ß-sfbpw Kh¿Æ-dpamWv \nb-an-t°-≠-sX∂v A\p-t—Zw 316 (1) ¬ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-. Hmtcm ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-js - ‚bpw AwKß-fn¬ Ign-bp-∂n-S-tØmfw ]Ip-Xn°v ASp-Øph--∂{X AwK-߃ Ipd-™Xv 10 h¿j-sa-¶nepw `mc-Xk¿°m-cns‚ Iogntem H kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ Iogntem DtZ-ymKw hln-®n-´p≈ Bfp-Iƒ Bbn-cn-t°-≠X - m-Wv. IΩo-js‚ sNb¿am≥ DtZ-ym-KØ - n¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-Ip∂ kml-N-c-y-Øntem sNb¿ams‚ Akm-∂n-≤-y-Øntem sNb¿ams‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥, bp.-]n.-Fk - v.k - n. bpsS Imc-yØ - n¬ C¥y≥ {]kn-U‚n\pw, kwÿm\ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. IfpsS Imc-yØ - n¬ Kh¿Æ¿°pw as‰m-cmsf NpaX-e-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmsW∂pw `c-W-L-S\ hy-hÿ-sN-øp-∂p. DtZ-ym-K-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p∂ XobXn apX¬ Bdp-h¿jw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-h-sctbm bqWnb≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j\ - m-sW-¶n¬ 65 hb p- Xn-I-bp-∂-Xp-h-sctbm kwÿm\ IΩo-j-\msW-¶n¬ 62 hb- p-Xn-Ib - p-∂X - ph-sctbm Ch-bn¬ GXmWv BZ-y-sa∂m¬, AXp-hsc IΩo-j≥ AwK-߃°v DtZ-ymKw hln-°m-hp-Xm-sW-∂mWv A\p-t—Zw 316 (2) se hy-hÿ. bqWn-b≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ AwKØn\pw kwbp‡ IΩo-j≥ AwK-Øn\pw cmjv{S]-Xn°pw kwÿm\ ]ªnIv k¿-Δokv IΩo-j≥ AwK-Øn\pw kwÿm\ Kh¿W¿°pw kz¥w ssI∏-Sb - n¬ FgpXn Ab®v Xs‚ DtZ-ymKw cmPnh-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v A\p-t—Zw 316 (2) (a) {]Xn-]mZn-°p-∂p. ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo- j ≥ AwK- a mbn DtZymKw hln-°p∂ Hcmƒ Xs‚ DtZ-ymK Imem-

h-[n-h°[p-tn-° ijw p-tijw ho≠pw ho≠pw B ÿmB ÿm\Øv\\nbØv \nban-°a- n-°≠ntbm - ≠ntbm As√As√¶n¬¶kwÿm\ n¬ kwÿm\ k¿°mk¿°mcn\pcn\p s∏-Ss∏m≥SA¿lm≥ A¿l\s√∂v \s√∂v A\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 316 (3) 316]d(3)b]dp- bp-th≠ntbm th≠ntbm GsXGsX¶nepw ¶nepw I-cm-Idp-cam-mtbm dp-amtbm DS-ºDS- º∂p≠v ∂p≠v . . Snbpamtbm Snbpamtbm _‘_‘s∏-Ssp-I ∏--b Sp-m-Is-b W-m-¶ sWntem ¶ntem GsXGsX]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj≥j sNb¿am≥ sNb¿amt\tbm t\tbm¶nepw ¶nepw Iº\nIº\nbp-ambn bp-ambn _‘_‘s∏-´s-h∏--\´m--h b-\n-cm-n-b °n-- n-°pHcw-KHcwt- ØKt- Øbm-I tbmp-dn®v Ip-d kzn®v`mhZqjyw kz-`mhZqjyw kw_kw_‘n® ‘n®Itbm, Itbm, AXns‚ AXns‚ em`-em`Øntem Øntem KpW-KpWØntem Øntem ]cm-X ]cmn-bX p-≠ n-bm-p-b ≠m¬ m-bBbXv m¬ BbXv cmjvcmjv {S-]Xn {S-]kp{]owXn kp{]ow-GsXGsX¶nepw ¶nepw hn[-hn[Øn¬ Ø`mKn¬ `mK`m-°`m-m-I °p-∂ m-I-pshp-∂-pshtIm-StImX - n°v SX - d^¿ n°v d^¿ sNtøsNtø≠X - ≠ m-sW∂pw X - m-sW∂pw AXn-AXnt∑¬t∑¬¶ntem ¶ntem BbXv BbXv {]kv{]kv XpXXAwKØns‚ pX AwKØns‚ Zp¿hrZp¿hrkp{]owkp{]owtIm-StXn Im-S145 Xn mw 145A\pmw A\pt—-Zt-Ø —-Zn¬ -Ø\n¿Æn¬ \n¿Æ-Øn-b ØnmbnbIWmbn IW°m-° °p-∂ m-° X - p-∂ m-sW∂v X - m-sW∂v A\p-A\pt®Zwt®Zw 317 317 bn-°bns - ∏° ´n-s - ´∏p≈ ´n-´\Sp≈]\SS- n-{I]aS- a - n-{I\ - p-ak a - \ -c - n®v p-kAt\c - n®v At\zj - W zj - W(4) ]d(4)b]dp-∂bp.p-∂p. hnNmcW hnNmcW \SØn \SØn ka¿∏nka¿∏n°p∂ °p∂ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ bqWnbqWnb≥ b ]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj-s‚bpw j-s‚bpw ASn-ASnÿm-ÿ \Ø - m-\n¬ Ø - cmjv n¬ cmjv {S-]Xn {S-]]pdXn s]pd∏Sp-sh ∏Spn-°hp-∂ n-°- p-∂kwbp‡ - kwbp‡ IΩo-IΩoj-s‚bpw j-s‚bpw Imc-Imcy-Øyn¬ -Øcmjv n¬ cmjv {S-]- {S-]D-ØD-c -Ø hv hgn c - hv am{Xta hgn am{Xta {]kv{]kv XpXXsNb¿ampX sNb¿amt\tbm t\tbmXnbvXnbv °pw°kwÿm\ pw kwÿm\ IΩo-IΩojs‚ js‚ Imc-Imcy-Øyn¬ -Øn¬ AwK-AwKtØtbm tØtbm \o°w \o°w sNøm≥ sNøm≥ ]mSp-]mSp≈p-s≈ h∂v p-sh∂vkwÿm\ kwÿm\ Kh¿W¿°pw Kh¿W¿°pw dKp-tdKpe-jt≥ e-j hgn ≥ hgn IΩo-IΩoA\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 317(1)317(1) hy-‡ hy--a‡ mbn-ambn {]Xn-{]Xn]m-Zn-] ° m-Zp-∂ n-°p- p-∂p-j≥j≥ AwK-AwKß-fß psS-fFÆhpw psS FÆhpw Ah-AhsSctkh\ psS tkh\ ≠v. ≠vCØcw . CØcw kmlkmlN-c-yN -ß - c- f y-ß n¬-fn¬ bqWnbqWnb≥ b≥thX\ thX\ hy-hhyÿ - hI -ÿ - fpwI - \n›fpw \n›bn-°b m-h n-° p-∂ m-h X - p-∂ m-sW∂ X - m-sW∂ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩojs - ‚tbm js - ‚tbm kwbp‡ kwbp‡ IΩo-IΩo-hy-hhyÿ - hb -ÿ - mWv b - A\pmWv A\ptt—Zw tt—Zw 318 ep≈318 ep≈X.v F∂m¬ X.v F∂m¬ j-s‚tbm j-s‚tbm Imc-Imcy-Øyn¬ -Øcmjv n¬ cmjv {S-]-X {S-n°pw ]-Xn°pw H H]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj-\j nse -\nse Hcw-K Hcw-ØKns‚ -Øns‚ kwÿm\ kwÿm\ IΩo-IΩojs‚ js‚ Imc-Imcy-Øyn¬ -Økwÿm\ n¬ kwÿm\tkh\hytkh\hyh-ÿ h-I -ÿ ƒ -IAt±ƒ At±l-Ø lns‚ -Øns‚ \nb-\nba-\- a-\Kh¿Æ¿°pw Kh¿Æ¿°pw kp{]okp{]owtIm-wStIm-Xn-b S-X ntebv n-bntebv °v d^¿ °v d^¿Øn\p Øn\p tijw tijw At±-At±l-Ø ln\v -Ø{]Xnn\v {]XnIq-eI -ambn q-e-ahymbn hykw-m-ÿ \ m-]-\ª]n-Iª v n-Iv sNbvsNbv Xn-cn-X °n-∂ n-°Bsf p∂ Bsf kw_kw_‘n®v ‘kp{]on®v kp{]owtIm-wtIm-X-ym-k X-y-sm-∏kS-sp-Ø ∏-Sp-p-h Ø m≥ p-h]mSnm≥ ]mSn√m-sb∂pw √m-sb∂pw `c-W`c-L W -S- L-S-kw-ÿ k¿Δ k¿ok Δ v Iok Ω v Ioj Ω ≥ oj ≥ S-Xn-b S-X psS n-bdnt∏m¿´v psS dnt∏m¿´v e`n®v e`n®v cmjvcmjv {S-]Xn {S-]DØXn DØchv chv\-bn¬ \-b]dn¬b]dp-∂bp-≠ p-∂v. p-≠v. sNb sN¿a b m≥ ¿a m≥ bqW bqnW n]m m]m m° p- ∂ °- X p- ∂ p- h- X sc p- h sc X¬ÿmX¬ÿm\ Øv\ Øv \n∂pw \n∂pw HutZHutZym-KnI ym-KImemnI Imemh[ - n-° h[ - p-tn-° ijw p-tijw bqWnbqWnb≥ b≥ b≥ b≥ ]ª ]nI ª v k¿nI v Δ k¿oΔ okkvkkv s]‚p s]‚p sNømsNømhp-∂h X - p-∂ m-sW∂v X - m-sW∂v A\p-A\ptt—Zw tt—Zw 317 317]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩojs‚ jsNb¿am\v s‚ sNb¿am\v `mc-X `mc- XΩo-I-jΩ≥o-j sN≥bsN¿- b¿(2) ]d(2)b]dp-∂bp-≠ p-∂v. p-≠v. k¿°mk¿°mcn-s‚tbm cn-s‚tbm kwÿm\ kwÿm\ k¿°mcnk¿°mcns‚tbm s‚tbmkv I-kv am\ ammt \ bm mt Awbm K Awa m-K-amH H]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩoj ≥j ≥Iogn¬ Iogn¬ ho≠pw ho≠pw DtZ-yDtZm-K-Ø ym-Kn¬ -Ø{]thn¬ {]thin-°ip-h n-° m≥ p-hm≥ tbm tbm As √A¶ s n¬ √¶ an¬ t ‰a-t‰sNb¿amt\m sNb¿amt\m AwKtam AwKtam (1) \n¿[(1) \n¿[\-\m-\s-\ W∂v m-sW∂vA¿lA¿lXD - ≠ -X D -m-b ≠ - n-cm-n-b °n--∂ n-°X - p-∂ √ - .X - √ - . sX¶ sXne ¶ pw ne kwpw ÿ kwmÿ mhn[n-hn[n°-s∏°S-spItbm ∏-SpItbm (2) Xs‚ (2) Xs‚ DtZ-yDtZm-K-I ym-m-K e-I m-h m-e -[m-n-h-[n- H H kwÿm\ kwÿm\ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj≥j≥ \ΩIo- j Ω≥ o- jsN≥ sN°n-S°n-bn¬ S-bXs‚ n¬ Xs‚ DtZ-yDtZm-K-Ø ym-Kn\v -Ø]pdn\v t]pda-btp-≈ a-bXpw, p-≈Xpw,sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am≥ bqWnbqWnb≥ b ]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩo-\ Im-\m-atm-bm \m-t\nbm b\n-an- b-anthX\w thX\w ]‰p-∂ ]‰p-X∂ pamb -Xpamb GsXGsX¶nepw ¶nepw tPmentPmenbn¬bn¬j≥j≥ sNb¿amsNb¿am\mtbm \mtbm AwK-AwKamtbm amtbm As√As√¶n¬¶n¬b¿-ab¿°s ∏°S s ph ∏m≥ S ph amm≥ { Xw am-{Xw G¿s∏G¿s∏Sp-Itbm Sp-Itbm (3) cmjv (3) cmjv {S-]-X {S-n-] b-X psS n-bA`npsS A`n{]m-b{]m- bat‰- sat‰X-¶snepw X-¶nepw kwÿm\ kwÿm\ IΩo-IΩoj≥jsNb¿am≥ sNb¿amA¿l A¿\ l mb \ nc mnb ° nc p∂ n°- p-∂Øn¬ Øn¬ am\-k am\n-Ik tam n-Iimcotam imcocn-Itam cn-IBb tam Bb Zu¿_Zu¿_-\mtbm \mtbm \nban\nban°-s∏°S-sp-h ∏-m≥ Sp-ham{Xw m≥ am{Xw A¿lA¿l\m-b\n- m-bntI-{μtIØ {μ-n-tØ emn-tem eyw eyw \nanØw \nanØw DtZ-yDtZm-KØ - ym-Kn¬ Ø - XpSn¬ cXpSp-hm≥ -h]‰mØ m≥ ]‰mØcn°p-cn°p∂Xpw ∂Xpw tI{μtI{μØntem Øntem kwÿm\tØm kwÿm\tØmXpw Xpw kw-m-ÿ \-tm-Øm \-tØm a- aBfmBfmbn-cn-b °n--I n-° tbm p-Itbm sNøp∂ sNøp∂ kmlkmlN-c-yN -Ø -c-yn¬ -Øn¬as‰m as‰m DtZ-yDtZm-K-Ø ym-Kn\pw -Øn\pw A¿lA¿l\-√m-\Ø -√m--XØ p-am--Xp-am-kw-ÿ s‰mc s‰mp Dc t p Zy Dmt K ZØ y mK n- -ØnH {]tXH {]tXyI DØyI DØchv hgn chv {]kv hgn {]kv XpXXBsf pX Bsf DtZymDtZym-Ip∂p. Ip∂p. \pw \pw A¿l A¿\ l √ m\ Ø √ m-- ØK-ØK-n¬ Ø\n∂v n¬ \n∂v \o°w \o°w sNøm≥ sNøm≥ A\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 317 317 bqWnbqWnb≥ b]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj-\nse j-\nse Iap-∂ m-Ip.p-∂p. (3) cmjv (3) cmjv {S-]-X {S-n°v ]-XA[nn°v A[nImcwI\ev mcw I \ev p∂p. Ip∂p. HcwKw HcwKw bqWnbqWnb≥ b ]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj≥j≥Xp-am-XpH H]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩoj ≥j ≥sNb¿amsNb¿am\mtbm \mtbm H kwÿm\ H kwÿm\ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv sNb¿amt\m sNb¿amt\m AwKtam AwKtam `mcX `mcX k¿°mk¿°mcn-\p-ctn-h\p-th-IΩo-IΩoj≥jsNb¿am≥ sNb¿am\mtbm \mtbm \nb-\nban-°a-sn-∏°S-sm≥ ∏-Sm≥

-X-Pq-X_ -Pnen q-_hntinen hntijm¬j]Xn∏v m¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F]n.-kF v.-k-kn.-v._ -kp-n.-≈ _-‰p-n≥ ≈-‰n≥27 27

A¿lA¿l\m-b\n-cm-n-b °n--∂ n-°Xpw p-∂Xpw kwÿm\tØm kwÿm\tØm tI{μtI{μ-k¿Δok¿Δok p- Ik- fp-psS I - f psS Imc-Imcy - Øyn¬ - Ø n¬ Kh¿Æ¿°pw Kh¿Æ¿°pw Øntem Øntem as‰m as‰m DtZ-yDtZm-KØ - ym-Kn\pw Ø - n\pw A¿lA¿l\√ - m-\ Ø √ - Xpm-ØXp-]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj\ - p-j ambn \ - p-aBtemmbn BtemNn-t°≠ Nn-t°≠ am-Ip∂p. am-Ip∂p. Bh-Bhiy- a - n-i √y- mØ a - n-√mØ hnj-hnjbß - b ƒß - \n¿t±ƒ \n¿t±in®p-isn®pIm≠v sIm≠v H kwÿm\ H kwÿm\ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩojs‚ js‚sdKp-sdKpte-jt≥ e-j D≠m≥ D≠m°m-h° p-∂ m-hX - p-∂ m-W X - v.m-Wv. HcwKw HcwKw bqW-bqWnb≥nb≥ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj≥j≥ bqWnbqWnb≥ b IΩo≥ IΩoj\pw jkwÿm\ \pw kwÿm\ IΩo-IΩoj-\p-j-\psNb¿amsNb¿am\mtbm \mtbm AwK-AwKam-tbm, am-tbm, kwÿm\ kwÿm\ IΩo-IΩo-Iƒ°pw Iƒ°pw IqSp-IqSpX¬ Xÿm]¬ ÿm]\-ß\ -f-ß psStbm -fpsStbm Xt±-Xt±i- ijs‚ js‚ sNb¿amsNb¿am\mtbm \mtbm at‰sXat‰sX¶nepw ¶nepw kwÿm\ kwÿm\kzbw kzbw `c-W`cÿ - Wm-ÿ - ]\ - m-ß - ]\ -f - p-ß - sStbm f - p-sStbm tIm¿∏tIm¿∏td-jt\ - d-p-j\ - pIΩo-IΩoj≥jsNb¿am≥ sNb¿am\mtbm \mtbm \nb-\nban-°a-sn-∏Sm≥ °-s∏Sm≥I-fp-tI-Stbm fp-tStbm A[nI A[nI Npa-X Npa-e-I Xƒ -e-I \n¿Δƒ \n¿Δln-° lp-∂ n-°- p-∂A¿lA¿l\m-b\n-cm-n-b °n--∂ n-°Xpw p-∂Xpw kwÿmkwÿm\tØm \tØm tI{μtI{μ-Xn-\Xnp≈\p≈ A[n-A[nImcwImcw \evI \ev m-\I p≈ m-\p≈ \nb-\nba-\n¿Ωma-\n¿ΩmØntem Øntem as‰m as‰m DtZ-DtZy m- K y- Ø m- Kn\pw - Ø n\pw A¿lA¿l\ - \W- Ø W-n\v Ø ]m¿en\v ]m¿esa‚n\pw sa‚n\pw \nb-a \nbk - `- aI -k - ƒ°pw `- I - ƒ°pw A[n-A[n√mØXpw √mØXpw BIpBIp∂p. ∂(Ap. \(Ap-t—Zw \p-t—Zw 319) 319) Im-ca - Imp-≠ ca - m-p-b ≠ n-cm-n-° bn--∂ n-°X - p-∂ m-sWX - m-∂ sWmWv ∂mWv A\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 321 321 tI{μ tI{μ k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ k¿Δok¿Δokn-te°pw kn-te°pw kwÿm\ kwÿm\¬ ]d¬b]dp-∂bXvp-∂ . Xv. k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ k¿Δok¿Δokp-Ik -fp-n-I te--f° n-tep-a° p≈ p-ap≈ \nb-\nba-\- a-\- bqWnbqWnb≥ b ]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj-s‚bpw j-s‚bpw ߃°p߃°pth≠n th≠n ]co-£ ]co-I - £ ƒI -\S-ƒØ \S-p-∂ Ø Xvp-∂ bYmXv bYm{Iaw{Iawkwÿm\ kwÿm\ IΩo-IΩoj-\pIj-\ fp-pIsSbpw fp-sSbpw AwK-AwK߃°pw ߃°pw bp.-]bp.n.-F]-k n.-F v.-k -kn. v.-k bpsSbpw n. bpsSbpw kwÿm\ kwÿm\ ]n.-F]n.-kF v.- -kDtZv.- yDtZm-K-ÿ ym-K¿°pw -ÿ¿°pw D≈D≈ iº-iºfhpwfhpw _Ø_ØIfpwIfpw kn-Ikn-fp-sISbpw -fp-sSbpw Npa-X Npa-e-b Xm--es-b W∂v m-sW∂v A\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 320 320s]≥j\pw s]≥j\pw Dƒs∏Dƒs∏sS-bsp≈ S-bp≈ sNe-sNehp-Ih ƒp-ItI{μ ƒ tI{μ (1) hy(1)‡ hy--a‡ m-°-ap-m-∂ °p.p-∂p. k¿°mk¿°mcns‚bpw cns‚bpw kwÿm\ kwÿm\ k¿°mk¿°mcn-s‚bpw cn-s‚bpw hnti-hntijm¬jtbmKm¬ tbmKyX - I - yf -X - p≈ I - f - DtZp≈yDtZmKm-y¿mKm∞n-¿I∞nsfIsfk©nX k©nX \n[n-\n[nbn¬b\n∂v n¬ \n∂v bYm-bYm{Iaw{Iaw \S-t\SØ-t≠ Ø- ≠Bh-Bhiy- a - p≈ iy- a - k¿Δop≈ k¿Δokp-Ik f - n-p-tI e°v f - n-te°v kwbpkwbp‡a -‡ mbna - mbnXm-sXmW∂v sW∂v A\p-A\pt®Zwt®Zw 322 ¬ 322]d¬b]dp-∂bp.p-∂p. kw-hkw-c-W h-cX--W XzwX-IrXzw Ir-dn{Iq-dn{Iq´nwKv´\SnwKvØ \S-W -Ø s - a∂v W - s - a∂v ct≠m ct≠m AXn-AXne[ - n-I e[ -tam n-Itam bqWnbqWnb≥ b ]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj≥j sNbv ≥ sNbv X X X- y - aXm- b y - an m- b ]m-n e]mn- ®ev n- ®kwÿmv kwÿm\ß - \ ƒß - Bhƒ Bhiy- s - ∏i´y- s -m¬ ∏-´B m¬NpaBX NpaeX \nde \nd-tPmentPmensb kw_‘n®v sb kw_‘n®v h¿jwh¿jwtXmdpw tXmdpw cmjvcmjv {S-]- {S-]_ m -_ l my - lky - Ωk¿- -Ω ± - ¿ - ±th- tth‰-≠tXv ‰-≠bqWnXv bqWnb≥ b]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩo-Xn°vXn°v H H dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏nka¿∏nt°-≠ t°Xpw ≠Xpw A{]-A{]Im- Im߃-߃°v h-° iv w-h-hi -Z-w-ch m- -Z-cm-js‚ js‚ Npa-X Npa-e-b Xm--es-b W∂v m-sW∂v A\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 320 (2) 320 ¬ (2) ¬c-ap≈ c-ap≈ dnt∏m¿´p dnt∏m¿´p In´n-In´nbm¬bm¬ cmjvcmjv {S-]Xn {S-]B Xn B Im-sImX ksXXk-y-k X-‘ -y-k- -‘]d- b]dp-∂bp.p-∂p. dnt∏m¿´ns‚ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ tIm∏n tIm∏n IΩo-IΩojs‚ jD]s‚tD]ZiwtZiw kzo-I kzo- Iam-bamn knbnhknn¬hk¿n¬ k¿- knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δok¿Δokn-tk e-° n-tep≈ °p≈ dn{Iq-dn{Iq´vsa‚ ´vsv a‚cn-v °cnmØ °mØ kwK-kwKXn-Iƒ Xn-I GsXƒ GsX¶n-ep-¶ ap-n-s e≠p-ap-¶ s≠n¬¶Ah n¬ Ah Δo-kΔon-tk e-° n-tep-≈ °p-\n≈ \n-kw_kw_‘n® ‘ F√m n® F√m hnj-hnjbß - b sfß - ∏sf‰ - nbpw ∏‰ - nbpw \nb-a \nb\w,a\w,kzo-I kzo-cn-° I-cm-n-X °n-cm-p∂Xn\p≈ Xn-∂Xn\p≈ Imc-ImcW߃ W߃ kw_kw_b-a-\b--ß a-\ƒ-ß \-ƒ S-Ø \-Sp--Øp-DtZ-yDtZm-K-° ym-K -b-° ‰w-bF∂nh ‰w F∂nh \evI \ev p-∂I-Xp-∂ n\pw -Xn\pw H H‘n® ‘n® Ipdn-Ipdnt∏mSp t∏mSp IqSnIqSn ]m¿e]m¿esa‚ns‚ sa‚ns‚ C-k C-`- k-`I FI∂F-D-∂ ØD--cØ -hm--c-hm-k¿Δok¿Δokn¬k\n∂v n¬ \n∂v as‰m as‰m k¿Δok¿Δokn-te°v kn-te°v am‰p-am‰p-I-fnepw I-fnepw hbvthbv °-≠ t°-X≠ m-s-X W∂v m-sW∂v A\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 323 (1) 323 (1) Zn-X-zZn-am-XW -z-av m-]n.W-F v ]n.-k-F v.- --- -k∂v.- --- X∂]n.-]n.-n-\X p≈ n-\p XX≈ zXX-ß-sz-ß f-° -sp-f-d° n®pw p-dn®pw DtZ-yDtZm-K-° ym-K -b-° ‰w-b‰w¬ {]Xn]mZn¬ {]Xn]mZn°p-∂ °p.p-∂p. kn. °pkn.≈ °p-X≈ v. `--X c-W v. `-- c-W\¬- I \¬p-∂I-Xp-∂ n\pw -Xn\pw am‰p-am‰p∂-X∂ n-\-X p-an-p≈ \p-ap≈ A\p-A\ptbm-tbmkwÿm\ kwÿm\ IΩo-IΩoj≥j sNbv ≥ sNbv X tPmensb X tPmensb L-S-\ L-mSin-\meinv-]n-e Iv-] ƒn-IƒPyXsb PyXsb kw_kw_‘n®paS°w ‘n®paS°w F√mF√m Imc-yImcß - f - ynepw ß - f - nepwkw_kw_‘ n®v ‘ n®v h¿jwh¿jwt Xmdpw t Xmdpw kwÿm\ kwÿm\ F-IFv-kI n-Iv-k -yp-´n-I o-h -yp-n-´so-‚ hn-s‚k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ ]n.-F]n.-kF v.-k -kn- v.bpsS -kn- bpsS D]-tD]ZiwtZiw tXtStXtS≠- ≠Kh¿W¿°v - Kh¿W¿°v dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏nka¿∏nt °- ≠ t °-- X≠ m- W - Xv .m- W v . \n-b\n-{¥-bW -{¥-ß Wƒ--ß °ƒv °Xmv W Xm.v W.v kwbp‡ kwbp‡ IΩoIΩoj - \j m- s- \Wm- s¶Wn¬¶ n¬ _‘s∏´ _‘s∏´ ]p-d-Ø ]p-dv -Ø H-v H-kz Xkz- X- k¿°mk¿°mcns‚cns‚ Iogn¬ Iogn¬ tkh\w tkh\w A\p-A\pjvTn-jvTn-kwÿm\ kwÿm\ Kh¿W¿am¿s°√mw Kh¿W¿am¿s°√mw dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v {¥ {¥ `- c - W `- c- L - W- S- L - \ m-- S - \ m-°p∂ °p∂ DtZ-yDtZm-K-ÿ ym-K-c-ÿ psS-cA®psS A®S-°-h S-° p-ambn -hp-ambn _‘_‘-ka¿∏nt°ka¿∏nt°≠-X≠ m-W -Xv.m-W A{]v. A{]Imcap≈ Imcap≈ dnt∏m¿´v dnt∏m¿´v ÿm-ÿm]-\-a]m-b -\-a n ]n.m-b-F n ]n.- -Fs∏´ - s∏´ ]n.-]n.-hnj-hnjb-ßb -f-ß nepw -fnepw DtZ-yDtZm-K-ÿ ym-K¿°v -ÿ¿°v \nb-\nba- -\-Sa- - -\-SIn´n- In´nbm¬bKh¿W¿ m¬ Kh¿W¿ AXns‚ AXns‚ H ]I¿∏v H ]I¿∏v , IΩo, IΩokv.-k kvn sb .-kn \nsbe\n-\n¿e-\n¿-]-Sn-I ]-ƒ Sn-I kw_ƒ kw_‘n®v ‘hlnn®v hlnt°-≠ t°n-h≠ -∂ n-h-csNehv p∂ sNehvjs‚ js‚ D]-tZiw D]-tZiw kzo-I kzoc - n-° Ic mØ - n-°mØ kwK-kwKXn-Iƒ Xn-I GsXƒ GsXØn-b Øn-XvbZo¿-Xv L Zo¿--hL o- -ho-kw_‘n® kw_‘n® Ah-AhImihmZsØ ImihmZsØ kw_kw_‘n®pw ‘n®pw¶nepw ¶nepw Ds≠Ds≠¶n¬¶Ah n¬ Ah kw_kw_‘n®v ‘Aßs\ n®v Aßs\ j-Wjt- ØmWt- s ØmS-bsm-W S-bv.m-Ws]≥j≥ v. s]≥j≥ A\p-A\phZ- n-° hp-Z- ∂ n-° X - p-∂ p-ambn X - p-a_‘mbn _‘s∏´shnj∏´ hnj-kzo-I kzo-cn-° I-cmXncnn-°mXncn°m-\ ° p≈ m-\p≈ Imc-ImcW-ß W ƒ-ßkw_ƒ kw_bßsf bßsf kw_kw_‘n-® ‘ p-sn-ams° ®p-sams° k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv‘n® ‘n® Ipdn-Ipdnt∏msS t∏msS kwÿm\ kwÿm\ \nb-\nbak -- -`a-b k -- n¬ -`-bn¬ k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj\ - p-j ambn \ - p-aBtemmbn BtemNn-t°Nn-≠ t°X - ≠ m-W X - v.m-Whbv v. thbv °-≠ t°-X≠ msW∂v -XmsW∂v A\p-A\pt—Zwt—Zw 323 (2) 323 ]d(2)b]dp- bpCØcw CØcw Imc-Imcy-ß-fy-ß n¬-f{]knn¬ {]knU‚n\v U‚n\v D]-tD]Ziw tZiw∂p. ∂p. \evt\ev I-≠ tIXv≠ bp.Xv]bp.n.-F]k - n.-F v.k - k - n-bv.k - p-sn-Sbpw bp-sSbpw Kh¿Æ¿°v Kh¿Æ¿°v P\m-P\m[n-][ -Xn-y]-X hy-yhhy-ÿ h-n-ÿ Xn-b-nXnn¬bkzn¬ Xkz-{¥hpw X-{¥hpw D]-tD]ZiwtZiw \evt\ev I≠tI≠Xv kwÿm\ Xv kwÿm\ ]n.-F]n.-kF v.-k -kn. v.-kn.\njv\njv ]-£]-h-£ p-amb -hp-aknhn¬ mb knhn¬ k¿Δok¿Δokns‚ kns‚ {]m[m{]m[mIfp-sIfpSbpw sSbpw Npa-X Npa-e-b Xm--eW -bv.m-W AJnv. AJnte-¥ teym¥ k¿Δoym k¿Δo-\yw \yw {]tX-{]tXyIw yFSpIw FSpØp-] Ø d - t- p-b]d -≠ t- bX - ≠ n-√t-X√m. n-√t- √m. kwh-kwhkpI-kpIfpsSfImsS yImcØ - n¬ yØ - cmjv n¬ cmjv {S-]X - {S-n°pw ]X - n°pw kwÿm\ kwÿm\cW cW XXzw XXzw IrX-IrXy-ambn y-ambn ]men®v ]men®v _mly _mly kΩ¿±kΩ¿±ßƒ°v ߃°v hiw-hiwh - Z - chm-- I Z - cmsX m- I msX kX-kXy - k ‘ambn y - k ‘ambn knhn¬ knhn¬ k¿Δoknk¿Δoknte-° tep≈ °p≈ \nb-\nba-\-ß a-\ ƒ-ß\Sƒ \SØpI ØpI F∂F∂ DØchmZnDØchmZnX-z-amWv X-z-amWv ]n.-F ]n.-kF v.-k -kn.v.-kn. °p≈°p≈Xv. `cXW v. `c-L W -S\m -L-Sinev \m inev ]n-I] ƒn-I FIv ƒ FIv kn-Ik -yp-´n-I o- -yp-´ohns‚ hns‚ \nb-\nb{¥-W {¥-ß W ƒ°v -߃°v ]pdØv ]pdØv H H kz-Xkz{¥X{¥ `c-W`c-L W -S-\ Lm-ÿ -S-\m-m-ÿ ]-\m--a]mbn -\-a]n.mbnF]n.-kF v.kn -ksb v.kn \nesb \ne\n¿Øn\n¿ØnbXv b Zo¿LXv Zo¿Lho-jh-W o-j -tØm-W-tØmsS-bsm-W S-bv.m-W sXcv. sXcs™-s™Sp-°Ss - p-∏°Ss -p∂ ∏-SDtZp∂ yDtZm-Kÿ - ym-Kc -ÿ - psSc - tbmKpsS tbmKyX - s - byX - s - b∏‰n ∏‰n s]mXps]mXpP - \P - ß- \ƒ°v - ß ƒ°v DØ-DØa t_m[a t_m[y- yap≠mtI≠Xv ap≠mtI≠Xv IΩo-IΩojs‚ js‚ hni-hnizm-kz-ym-X k-y\neX \ne\n¿Øm≥ \n¿Øm≥ Bh-Bhiyw i Xs∂yw Xs∂bm-W bv.m-W kpXmv. kpXmc-yhpw c-yhpw \njv\njv ]-£]-h-£ p-a-mb hp-amb \ne-\nebn¬bn¬ amXr-amXrI-]-cI-a-]mbn -c-ambn {]h¿Øn{]h¿Øn°m≥ °tIcf m≥ tIcf ]n.Fkv ]n.Fkv .-kn. .-k °vn.\mfn°v \mfnXp- Xphschsc Ign-™ Ign-n-™ ´p-s≠n-´p-∂ s≠-X∂ n¬-X\apn¬ s\ap°√mw s°√mw A`n-A`nam- am\-Ø\-n\v ØhIn\v b hIp-≠ bv. p-≠v.

-kF v.-k-kn.-v._ -kp-n.-≈ _-‰p-n≥ ≈-‰n≥ X-Pq-X_ -Pnen q-_hntinen hntijm¬j]Xn∏v m¬ ]Xn∏v 28 28]n.-F]n.-

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]n.]n.kk n. n._nt\mb _nt\mb v v sk{Isk{I´dn ´dn tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥≥ cfcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ C∂v C∂v C¥C¥y-bynse -bnseG‰hpw G‰hpwhenb henbdn{Iqdn{Iq´nwKv ´nwKvÿm]ÿm]\ - a\m-- aW m- W v - ˛ - Hv - ˛ - H ]t£ ]t£ temItemIØØ nse nseXs∂ Xs∂G‰hpw G‰hpwhephepXpw. Xpw. Cu Cuhep∏w hep∏wam{Xam{Xa√, a√,tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIv kΔokv kΔokvIΩoIΩojj s\s\{it≤{it≤b-abm--a° m-° p-∂p-∂ Xv.Xv.AgnAgnaXn aXnclnclnXhpw XhpwImcImcy-£ y-£ -a-h-apw -hpwkpXmkpXmc-yc-h-ypamb -hpamb {]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø\-Ø \-Ø n-en-qsS eqsSB¿÷n® B¿÷n®hnihnizm-k zm-k -yX-yX IqSnIqSnbm-bW m-W v. cmPysØ v. cmPysØ CXc CXc ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj -\p--\ Ip-ƒ°p Iƒ°pam{Xam{Xa-√a,-√GXp , GXp`cW `cW\n¿Δ\n¿ΔlW lWÿm]ÿm]\-Ø \-Ø n\pw n\pwamXramXrI-I b-m-b° m- ° m- hm-p∂ h p∂ ÿm]ÿm]\-a\mWv -amWvtIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩoj≥. j≥. 1. Ncn{Xw 1. Ncn{Xw ˛ sFI˛ sFIyt- Iyt- cI-fw cfw 1956 1956 \hw\hw__ ¿ H∂n\v ¿ H∂n\v \ne\nehn¬ hn¬h∂h∂tXmsS tXmsSXnXn˛-s˛Im®n -sIm®n]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥,≥,tIcf tIcf]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj \ - mbn \ - mbn cq]mcq]m¥¥ c - s -c - ∏-s - ´∏-p.´p.XnXnhn-h Xn-mwXI mw-q-I dn¬ q-dn¬ hnhn[ hnhn[ Xkv Xkv Xn-X In-I - f - Intebv f - ntebv °° v DtZv DtZym-K ym-m¿∞nKm¿∞nIsf Isf sXcsXcs™s™Sp-° Sp-° p-∂p-∂ -Xn\v -Xn\vH H]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj -W-W ¿¿ \ne\nehn-h en-p-e ≠ p-≠ m-bm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p. p.1935 1935 Pq¨ Pq¨ 25 25\v \vBZBZysØ ysØ]ªnIv ]ªnIvk¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj -W-W - dmbn dmbntUm. tUm.Pn.-Pn.UU n. n.t\mIv t\mIv kk v \nbv \nban-X an--\ Xmbn. -\mbn. XnXn˛s - ˛Im®n s - Im®n kwtbmkwtbmP\w P\w hsc hsc ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj -W-W -dpsS -dpsS {]h¿Ø\w {]h¿Ø\w XpS¿∂p. XpS¿∂p. Xmgv Xmgv ∂∂ Xkv Xkv Xn-X In--I-fIn-t-fen-t° e-° p≈ p≈ \nb\nba\w a\w \S-\SØpØp∂∂ -Xn\v -Xn\vsIm®n sIm®n\m´p\m´pcm-m--yPØv -yØvH Hkvkv ‰m^v ‰m^v skeske££ ≥ ≥t_m¿Uv t_m¿Uv1936 1936¬¬cq]cq]h-X hvI -X-cvIn-® -cn-n-® -n--

tI tI

∂p. ∂p.\nb\nba-k a-k ` `]m m]m m°° nbnbH HBIv BIv Sv SA\pv A\pk-kcn®v cn®v1947 1947¬¬aq∂v aq∂vAwKAwKßß -tfmsS -tfmsSsIm®n≥ sIm®n≥ ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj ≥≥ cq]cq]hX - hvI X - c - vIn-° c - n-° p-Ip-bpw Ibpw sNbv sNbv Xp.Xp. 1949 1949 Pqsse Pqsse H∂n\v H∂n\v XnXn˛-s˛Im®n -sIm®n kwÿm\w kwÿm\w \ne\nehn¬ hn¬ h∂h∂t∏mƒ t∏mƒ k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ ]pd]pds∏-sS∏-p-h Sp-n® hn® H H Hm¿UnHm¿Un\ ≥kn\ ≥kne qsS e qsSXnXn˛ - s˛Im®n - s Im®n]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩojj \v \v cq]w cq]w \¬In. \¬In. kn.Ipkn.Ip™ ™ n-cm-n-cma≥a≥ sNb¿amsNb¿am\mb \mb {]kv {]kv XpX XpX IΩoIΩojj -\n¬ -\n¬ aq∂v aq∂v AwKAwKßß -fp--≠ fp-≠ m-bm-n-b -n-∂ -∂ p. p. 1935 1935seseKh¨sa‚ Kh¨sa‚ v v Hm^v Hm^v v C¥ym v C¥ym BIv BIv Snse Snse hy-hyh-ÿ h-ÿ -Iƒ°p -Iƒ°p hnt[hnt[b-ab-mb amb{]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø\-ß \-ß -fmWv -fmWvIΩojIΩoj\n¬ \n¬\n£n\n£n]vX ]v-aXm--abm--X bv.-Xv.1950 1950P\pP\phcn hcn26 26\v \vC¥y≥ C¥y≥`c-`cWW - L-LS\S\ \ne\nehn¬hhn¬h∂∂ t- XmsS t- XmsS Xn˛Xn˛sIm®n sIm®n ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿ΔokvIΩoIΩojj ≥ ≥`c-`cWW -L-L -S-\-Sm--\ÿ m-ÿ m-]m--\ ]-a-\m--abm-nbn amdn. amdn. 1956 1956 \hw\hw__ ¿ H∂n\p ¿ H∂n\p \S∂ \S∂ kwÿm\ kwÿm\ ]p\:]p\:kw-kwLL S- \ - S- s -\ - b-s -Ø b-Ø p-S¿∂v p-S¿∂v ae-ae__ m¿m¿ XnXn˛s - ˛Ims - Im®n-® tbmSv n-tbmSv Iq´nIq´nt®¿°pt®¿°pIbpw Ibpw tIcf tIcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩoIΩoj\p j\p cq]w cq]w \¬Ip\¬IpIbpw Ibpw sNbv sNbv Xp.Xp.hn.-hn.sI. sI. themthembp-bp[-\ [m--\bm-n-b ∂p n-∂p aq∂wK aq∂wK IΩoIΩojj s‚s‚ sNb¿am≥. sNb¿am≥. hnhn[ hnhn[L´L´ßß -fn¬ -fn¬IΩoIΩojj s‚s‚AwKAwKkk w-Jw-J y y Db¿ØnDb¿Ønbn-b ´p-n-≠ ´p-≠ v. Ct∏mƒ v. Ct∏mƒ IΩoIΩojj -\n¬ -\n¬ sNbsNb¿- ¿am≥ am≥Dƒs∏sS Dƒs∏sS 21 21 AwKßfp≠v AwKßfp≠v v. v. XnXnh-\ h- ¥ \-¥ - ] pcw - ] pcw]´-]´ØØ mWv mWvIΩoIΩojj s‚ s‚ Bÿm\ Bÿm\ B^oB^okk v. IqSmsX v. IqSmsX tImgn-tImgn-t°mt°mSv, SFdv, FdWmWmIp-I fp-w,fw,sIm√w sIm√wF∂nF∂nhn-h S-ß n-S-ß -fn¬ -fn¬taJem taJem

-X- P Xq--P_ q-_ nennenhntihntijj m¬m¬]Xn∏v ]Xn∏v]n.-]n.FF -k-k v.-kv.-k n.-_ n.-_ p-≈p-≈ -‰n≥ -‰n≥ 2929

B^oB^okp-Ik fpw p-Ifpw 14 Pn√m 14 Pn√m B^oB^okp-Ik fpw p-Ifpw D≠vD≠v . e. ße-fß n¬-fG¬∏nn¬ G¬∏n®n-´p≈ ®n-´p≈ A[n-A[nI-Np-I a-X -N-e p-a-I -Xfpw -e-Ifpw Pn√mPn√mX e XsXce sXcs ™s ™S p- ∏ p-SI p- ∏ƒp- I\SƒØ \S-p- Ø I - sp-bI - s b-IΩo-IΩoj≥j \n¿Δ≥ \n¿Δln-®l p-hn-® c - p-p-∂ hc - p.p-∂ CXp. \ CXp-k\c - p-n®v kc -sI.n®v sI.∂XmWv ∂XmWv Pn√mPn√m B^oB^okp-Ik -fpsS p-I-f{][m\ psS {][m\ Npa-X Npa- XF- kFv . - Ck.- _ v . - Cn,.- _ sI.n, sI.F - kF v.-B - k¿.v.-B S n.-¿.kSn.n.- k XpSn. XpSßn ßn e. taJem e. taJem B^oB^okp-Ik ƒp-I ÿm]nƒ ÿm]n®-Xn-® eqsS -Xn-eNpaqsS Npa-k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ DS-aÿ - DS-aX -ÿ - b - n-X e - p≈ b - n-ehnhn[ p≈ hnhn[ Iº\n Iº\n tIm¿-tIm¿X-e-I X-ƒ e-IhntIƒ hntI{μo-I{μo-cn-° I-cm\pw n-°m\pw AXXv AXXv taJem taJem∏-td-j ∏-t-\d-p-j I-\ fn-p-tIe°pw -fn-te°pw tem°¬ tem°¬ AtXmAtXmdn-‰nIƒ, dn-‰nIƒ, B^oB^okp-Ik f - psS p-If - ]cnpsS[]cnn-bn¬ [n-bh∂ n¬ h∂ Pn√mPn√m B^oB^o-kwÿmkwÿm\ ˛Pn√m \ ˛Pn√m kl-klI-cW I-cW _m¶pIƒ, _m¶pIƒ, kp-Ikp-fpsS I-f{]h¿Ø\w psS {]h¿Ø\w GtImGtIm]n-∏n-] ° n-∏m\pw n-°m\pw Ign- Ign-As]Iv As]Iv kv skmssk‰nIƒ kv skmssk‰nIƒ F∂n-F∂nhb - n-the-b -° n-tep-a° p≈p-ap≈ bp-∂bpp. ∂]n.p. F ]n.-kF v.-k -kn.v.-k sk{In. sk{I´-dnbpw ´-dnbpw At±-At±l- l\nb- \nba-\-ß a-\ ƒ°m-߃°mbp≈ bp≈ sXc-sXcs™-sS™p∏pwSp∏pw tIcf tIcf Øns‚ Øns‚ Iogn-Iognep≈ep≈ a‰p a‰p Ãm^wÃm^wK-ßK fpw -ßfpw IΩo-IΩo-]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩojs‚ j]cns‚[]cnn-b[ n-en-m-bW n-ev.m-Wv. js‚ js‚ ssZ\wZn\ ssZ\wZn\ {]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø\-ß\ ƒ-ß \n¿Δƒ \n¿Δln-° lp- n-°p- GXvGXv XkvXkv XnI-X bnIptSbpw bptSbpw \nba\ \nba\ N´-ß N´fpw ßfpw ∂p. ∂p. AXn¬ AXn¬ h-Ø h-p∂ Øt`Zp∂Kt`ZX - n-I KX -fpwn-I]pdfpws]pd∏-Ss p-h∏-n-° Sp-hp- n-°p2. `c-2.W`c-L W -S-\ L-b-Sn¬ -\-bIΩon¬ IΩojs‚ jÿm\w s‚ ÿm\w ˛ tI{μ˛ tI{μ-∂-X∂n\pXapºpw n\p apºpw hnhn[ hnhn[ XkvXkv Xn-IX -In--fIn¬ -I-f\nbn¬ \nba-\- a-\Øn¬ Øn¬ H H bqWnbqWnb≥ b]ªnIv ≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩo-Øn\v Øn\v A\p-A\ph¿Ønh¿Ønt°≠ t°≠ XX-zXX-߃, z-ß H ƒ, k¿ΔoH k¿Δoj\pw j\pw kwÿmkwÿm\ß - \ f - n¬ ß - f - Hmtcm n¬ Hmtcm ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokvkn¬kn¬ \n∂pw \n∂pw as‰m as‰m k¿Δok¿Δokn-tek° n-tep≈ °p≈ am‰- am‰IΩo-IΩoj\ - p-j I\ -fpw p-ID≠mfpw D≠mbn-cn-° bn-cW - n-° s - a∂v W - s - a∂v C¥-C¥y≥ `cy≥ `c-߃, ߃, ÿm\ÿm\° - b° - ‰ w- bF∂o - ‰ w F∂o Imc-Imcy - ß -yf- ß nepw - f nepw W-L WS- \ -L b - S- psS \ - b - ]m¿´v psS ]m¿´v 14 ep≈ 14 ep≈ 315 ˛mw 315A\p˛mw A\pt—Zwt—ZwKh¨sa‚ Kh¨sa‚ v IΩov IΩojs‚ js‚ D]-tD]ZiwtZiw tXSn-tXSnbn-cn-b °n-c- n-°A\p-A\pim-kin-° m-kp-∂ n-°p.p-∂ Im. Imcy-£-a y-£ hpw-a\njhpw \njv]-£v]-h-£ p- -hp-W-sa∂mWv W-sa∂mWv hy-hhyÿ. hÿ. IΩo-IΩojs‚ j\nbs‚ \nba\ ]cna\ ]cnambamb H H s]mXps]mXp`-cW`-ckwhnW kwhn[m\w [m\w sI´n-sI´n∏-Sp- ∏-Sp-[n-bn¬ [n-bh∂ n¬ h∂ XkvXkv Xn-IX I - n-f - In-tI - e°v f - n-te°v XkvXkv Xn-IX a - m‰w n-Ia - m‰w °m≥, °m≥, k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ k¿Δok¿Δokn-tek° n-tep≈ °\nbp≈ a\nb\ - ߃ a\ - ߃hgntbm hgntbm Xm¬°mXm¬°men-Ie -amtbm n-I-amtbm \nb-\nba\w a\S\wØ \S-p- Øp]q¿Δ]h q¿Δpw h kzpwXkz-{¥-Xh-{¥p-ambn hp-ambn \n¿Δ\n¿Δln-° lm≥ n-°m≥∂-X∂n\pw Xn\pw k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ IΩo-IΩojs‚ jD]s‚tD]ZiwtZiw tXSn-tXSnbn- bnXn-Xnh - \ -h ¥- \- ]- ¥ pcw - ] pcw \oXn-\oXnIΩo-IΩojs\ j{]m]v s\ {]m]v X-am-X °-ap∂ m-°hyp∂hhy-ÿ h-I -ÿ ƒ -I `c-ƒW`c- Wcn-- t°cn-≠ t°X - ≠ m-W X - v. m-Wv. ]´- Ø ]´-mWv Ø mWv IΩo-IΩoL-S\ - Lb - Sn-e \ - pƒs∏b - n-epƒs∏Sp-ØSn-b p-Ø n-´p-n-≠ bn-´.v p-≠ CXn.v CXneqsSeDtZymK qsS DtZymK Kh¨sa‚ Kh¨sa‚ v DtZ-v yDtZm-K-ÿ ym-K¿°v -ÿ¿°v FXn-FXnsc-bsp≈ c-bp≈ js‚ js‚ Bÿm\ Bÿm\ \nb-\nba-\-ß a-\ -f-ß n¬-f_mln¬ _mly-i-‡ y-in-I -‡ -fpsS n-I-fpsS kzm-[ kzmo-\[ - o-\A®- A®S°S° \S- ] \S- S n-] I- S- fn-n-It -∑¬ f n- t ∑¬ A¥nA¥na - a mbn a - a mbn B^oB^okv, IqSmsX kv, IqSmsX Øn\p Øn\p hnt[-hnt[b-am-b I-am-sm-I Xbpw m-sXbpw kz-Pkz-\-] P-£ -\-]-]-£ m-X-]w,m-Xw,Kh¨sa‚ Kh¨sa‚ v Xo¿∏v v Xo¿∏v I¬∏nI¬∏n°p-∂ °Xvp-∂IΩoXv IΩojs‚ js‚ tImgntImgn- t °m-- tS°mv , FdS v , Fd- Agn-AgntImgn-tImgn-aXn aXpSXn ß XpSnbßkmaqnb kmaqlnIlXn∑nI Xn∑Iƒ°v Iƒ°v AXo-AXo-D]-tD]Z-iØ t- Z-in\p Ø - hnt[n\p hnt[ba - m-bn-a - ´m-m-b bn-n-´cm-n-° bn-cWw n-°Ww F∂pw F∂pw Wm-I Wmp-fI w, p-sIm√w fw, sIm√w X-ambpw X-ambpw {]h-{]h¿Øn-¿° Ønm≥ °IΩom≥ IΩoj\vj Ign\v b Ignp-∂bp.p-∂p.hy-hhy-ÿ h-b -ÿ p-≠ -bv. p-≠v. F∂nF∂nh n- S -h ßn- S- f- ß n¬- f n¬ `c-W`c-L W -S\ -Lhn`m-S\ hn`mh\whsNøp∂ \w sNøp∂ Ah-Ahk-c-k k-a-c- -k-a- IΩo-IΩojs‚ js‚ {]h-{]h¿Ø-¿\Ø-ß\ƒ-ßNn´ƒ sNn´∏-Ssp-Ø ∏-Sn-p-Øn]uc-]uc∑m¿°v ∑m¿°v {]Zm\w {]Zm\w sNøpsNøp∂-tXm∂-s tXmSm∏w sSm∏ws°m≠v taJem taJem B^oB^okp- kp- Xzw Xzw s°m≠v H dqƒkv H dqƒkv Hm^vHm^v s{]mkns{]mknPn-bdpw Pn-bHm^odpw Hm^oc-W-X c-W -X-z-X -ß -Xƒ-z-ß]menƒ ]men®p-sIm≠v ®p-sIm≠v kmaqkmaqly lykns‚ I f pIw f1p 4w P 1 4n √Pm n √ m kwh-kwhkns‚ ssZ\wZn\ ssZ\wZn\ {]h¿Ø{]h¿Ø\ - ß\ƒ°v - ß ƒ°v am¿- am¿Dd-∏Ddp-h∏ --p-Ø h--p-∂ Ø-Xp-∂ nepw -Xnepw IΩo-IΩoj≥j _≤≥ _≤{i- {i-§\n¿t±iw B^ Bo - ^ k op - I kfp - pIw f p w \oXn\oXn §\n¿t±iw \¬Ip\¬Ip∂-X∂ n-\-X mbn n-\mbn H H Hm^okv Hm^okv ≤-am-≤ba n-cm-n-b °n--∂ n-°p.p-∂p. D≠vD≠v . . am\zepw am\zepw {]m_{]m_e-y-Ø en¬ -y-Øhn¬ Ø h-n-b Ø n-´n-p-b ≠n-´v. p-≠v. kwÿm\ kwÿm\ Kh¿WKh¿Wd mWv d mWv ]n.- F ]n.- kFv . - k - kn.v . - k n. tIcf tIcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩojs‚ jG‰hpw s‚ G‰hpw sNb¿ams\bpw sNb¿ams\bpw a‰v AwKa‰v AwKß-sfbpw ß-sfbpw \nb-\nban-°ap- n-°p-{][m-{][m\s - ∏´ \s - I¿Ø∏´ I¿Øhy- a - m-hW y- a - v m-dn{IqWv dn{Iq´vsa‚ ´vsv a‚ AYhm v AYhm ∂-X∂v. X C¥v. C¥y≥ `cy≥W`c-L W -S-\ L-b-SpsS -\-b318 psS mw 318hIpmw hIp∏- ∏\nb- \nba-\-Ø a-\n-\ -Ø mbp≈ n-\mbp≈ sXc-sXcs™-sS™p∏v.Sp∏v \nc. h \nc[nh[n \p-k\p-cn®v k-c]ªnIv n®v ]ªnIv k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj≥j sNb¿am≥ sNb¿am-]Xn-‰]Xnm-≠‰p-m-I≠ f - nse p-If - {]h¿Ønse {]h¿Ø\ß - \ f - n-ß - eqsS f - n-eB¿Pn® qsS B¿Pn® s‚bpw s‚bpw AwKAwKß - fß psSbpw - f psSbpw ImemImemh [nhBdp [n BdpA\p-A\p`-h-Ø `-hn-s -Ø ‚ n-sASn‚ ASnÿm-ÿ \-Ø m-\n¬ -Øn¬ cq]-scq]∏-´s∏-´ h¿jtam h¿jtam 62 hb v 62 hb v ]q¿Øn]q¿Ønb m- Ibp-m-∂ ItXm p- ∂ tXmIp‰a‰ Ip‰a‰ \S-]\S-Sn-{] I--San--ß {I-a-f-ß mWv -f,mWvtIcf , tIcf ]ªnIv ]ªnIv GXmtWm GXmtWm BZyw BZyw AXp-AXph-sc-h b-sm-c-W bv.m-W IΩov. IΩoj-\w-j-\w-k¿Δokv k¿Δokv IΩo-IΩoj≥jA\p≥ A\ph¿Ønh¿Øn®p-h® --∂ h-c-Xp-∂ v. -Xv. K-ßK-fß n¬ -f]Ipn¬ ]IpXn-tbmfw Xn-tbmfw t]¿t]¿ ]Øp ]Øp h¿jh¿jsa- sa-]pXnb ]pXnb kmlkmlN-c-yN -ß-cƒ°-y-߃°\p-k\r-X p-k -ambn r-X-ambn \S-]\S-Sn- ]-Sn¶nepw ¶nepw k¿°m¿ k¿°m¿ k¿Δok¿Δokn¬ktPmen n¬ tPmen t\m°nt\m°nbn- b{In- a-ß {I-ƒ a-ß \hoƒ \hoI-cn®v I-c{]h¿Ø\w n®v {]h¿Ø\w ImtemImtemNn-XN -am-n-X-am´p-≈´ph - ≈ c - m-b h - n-c - cm-n-° bn-cW - n-° s - a-W - ∂s - mWv a-∂mWv hy-hhyÿ - h.ÿ - sNb¿am. sNb¿am-°p-∂ °p-X∂ n-\-X p≈ n-\]cnp≈{iaw ]cn-{iaw C∂pw C∂pw IΩo-IΩoj≥j XpS≥ cXpSp- s\tbm s\tbm AwK-AwKß-tftbm ß-tftbm X¬ÿmX¬ÿm\Øp \Øp \n∂pw \n∂pw∂p-a∂pp-≠av. p-≠ P\v. dP\¬ ddn{Iq¬ dn{Iq´vsa‚n\v ´vsa‚n\v ]pdsa ]pdsa ]´n-I ]´n- I\o°w \o°w sNø-sNøW-sa-W ¶-sn¬ a-¶`cn¬W`c-L W -S-\ L-b-Sn¬ -\-bA\pn¬ A\p-Pm-XPmn-˛-]X-´n-n-˛I -]-h -´n-¿§I-h° ¿§m¿°mbn °m¿°mbn \o°n\o°nh-bv° h-b -s∏´ v°-s∏´ im-k imn®n´p≈ kn®n´p≈ \S-]\S-Sn-{] I--San--Ø {I-an\p -Øn\p hnt[hnt[b-ambn b-ambnHgn-hHgnp-Ih ƒp-I\nIƒ \nIØp-∂ Ø-X p-∂ n-\-X p-tn-h≠n \p-th≠n {]tX{]tXyI yI C¥-C¥y≥ {]kny≥ {]knU‚n-U \‚np-am-\{Xta p-am-{Xta Ign-b Ignp-Ib -bp-p-I ≈ -bp.p-≈p.kvs]jkvsy]j¬ dn{Iqy¬ dn{Iq´s v a‚pw, ´s v a‚pw, H dm¶v H dm¶v enÃn¬ enÃn¬ \n∂v\n∂v ImemImemh[n h ]q¿Øn[n ]q¿Ønbm-°bn-I m-° gn-™ n-Ign-m¬ ™sNb¿am\pw m¬ sNb¿am\pw\nb-a \nb\ in]m¿i a\ in]m¿i sNøpsNøptºmƒ tºmƒ GsXGsX¶nepw ¶nepw kap-kapAwK-AwKßfpw ßtI{μfpw tI{μ˛-kw-˛ÿ -kw-m\ ÿk¿°mm\ k¿°m-Iƒ°p -Iƒ°pZmbwZmbw C√msX C√msX h∂m¬ h∂m¬ B kapB Zkapm-bØ - Zm-bn-\Ø - p-th≠n n-\p-th≠n Iogn¬ Iogn¬ DtZ-yDtZm-Kwym-kzoKw I kzo-cn-° I-cm≥ n-°]mSnm≥ ]mSn√m-sb∂pw √m-sb∂pw{]tX{]tXyI hn⁄m]\w yI hn⁄m]\w ]pd-s]pd∏-Ssp-h ∏-n®v Sp-hF≥.n®v F≥.kn.- kn.`c-W`c-L W -S\ -L\n¿jv -S\ \n¿jv I¿jnI° ¿jnp-∂ °p.p-∂p. F. dn{IqF. dn{Iq´vsa‚pw ´vsa‚pw IΩo-IΩoj≥j \S≥Ø \S-n-h Ø --n-∂ h-.p-∂p. 3. IΩo3. IΩojs‚ j`cs‚W `c-L W-S-L \m--S]-\-cm--a]mb -c-aI¿Ømb I¿Øh-y- h-y- \nb-\nba\ N´a\ß N´-fß n¬ -fhyn¬hhyÿ hÿ sNbvsNbv Xp-sIm≠v Xp-sIm≠v ßfpw ßfpw Npa-X Npa-e-I Xfpw -e-I˛fpw `c-˛W`c-L W -S-\ L-b-SpsS -\-b320˛mw psS 320˛mwHmtcm Hmtcm XkvXkv Xn-IX -bn-p-I sSbpw -bp-sSbpw At]At]£-I£ -\p--I ≠-\m-p-b ≠ n-cm-n-bn-cnhIp-∏ hIpn-emWv ∏n-eIΩomWv IΩojs‚ jI¿Øs‚ I¿Øhy- ß - hs - y- f-ß - °s - p-f-d° n®pw p-dn®pwt°≠ t°≠ tbmKtbmKyX \n›yX \n›bn-°bp-∂ n-°Xvp-∂ Kh¨sa‚mXv Kh¨sa‚mNpa-X Npa-e-I X-s-ef--I ° -sp-f-d° n®pw p-dn®pw {]Xn-{]Xn]m-Zn-] ®m-n-Zcn-® °n--∂ n-°-Xp-∂ v. -XWv v. . Wv AX. AX\p-k\ c - p-n®v khn⁄mc - n®v hn⁄m]\ - Ø - ]\ - n¬ Ø - \njv n¬ \njv I¿jnI¿jnAXn¬ AXn¬ {][m\w {][m\w kw-ÿ kw-m\ ÿk¿°mm\ k¿°mcns‚cns‚ Iogn-Iogn-®n-´p≈ ®n-´tbmKp≈ tbmKy-X, At]£ y-X, At]£ ka¿∏nka¿∏n°m≥ °\n›m≥ \n›ep≈ep≈ hnhn[ hnhn[ XkvXkv Xn-IX -In--fIn-t-Ie°v -fn-te°v tbmKtbmKy-cmby-cmbbn-®bnn-´p≈ ®n-´p≈ Ah-Ahkm\kXobXnm\ XobXn°p-≈ °n¬ p-≈t\Snn¬ t\Snbn- bnDtZymDtZymKm¿∞nKm¿∞nIsfIsXsfcsXs - ™cs - S™p-°SpI p-°F∂pI F∂Xm-W X.v m-Wcn.v °cnW - ° w.W - w. ]pd-s]pda, k¿°m¿ sa, k¿°m¿ k¿hok¿hokn-tek° n-tep≈ °p≈ \nb-\nba-\w,a-\w, ‡-`‡ -S≥am¿, -`-S≥am¿, hnI-hnIemw-K e¿, mw-KImbn¿, ImbnI-Xm-Ic-Xm-cÿm\ÿm\°-b° ‰w-bCh ‰w Ch kw_kw_‘-a‘ mb-aN´mbß N´ƒß cq]ƒ cq]- hnap-hnap߃ ߃ XpSß XpSnb ß h¿°v nb h¿°v ]n.F ]n.k F v . k k n. v . k \nbn. \nba-\-ß a-\ - -ßh-XvI h--cXn-° vI-c¬, n-°k¿°m¿ ¬, k¿°m¿ DtZ-yDtZm-K-ÿ ym-K¿s°-ÿ¿s°XnscXnsc fn¬ fn¬ A¿lA¿la mb a mb shbnshbnt ‰Pv t / ‰Pv t{Kkv / t{Kkv am¿°v am¿°v / / A®-A®S-°-\ S-° -S-]-\Sn-S-] FSpSn FSp°¬°F∂o ¬ F∂o Imc-Imcy-ß-fy-ß n¬-fn¬ FIv FIv k v { Sm k am¿°v v { Sm am¿°v \¬Im≥ \¬Im≥ hyh hyÿ h b ÿ p≠ b v . p≠ hnapv . hnapk¿°mk¿°mcn\v cD]n\vtD]ZiwtZiw \¬Ip\¬IpIbpw Ibpw IΩo-IΩojs‚ js‚ ‡-`‡-S≥am¿°v `-S≥am¿°v Ah-AhsSsS tkh\ tkh\ Ime-Imeb-f-hbn\v -f-hn\v Npa-X Npae - I - Xf -e - m-I -Wf - v.m-Wv. B\p-B\p]m-X] n-Im-a -Xmbpw n-Ia - mbpw Imbn-ImbnIX - m-I cß - Xm-ƒ°v cß - ƒ°v Ah-AhsSsS 321˛mw 321˛mw A\p-A\ptOZ-taOZ\ - p-k a\ -c - p-n®v kc -kwÿm\ n®v kwÿm\ \nb-a \nb- at\´- t\´Ø ns‚ Ø ns‚ ASn-ASnÿ m-ÿ \-Ø m- \n- e -Ø p- an-mWv e p- a mWv A[nI A[nI k` k` {]tX-{]tXyI \nbyI a \nb\ - n¿Ωma\ - n¿ΩmWØ - Wn-e Ø - qsSn-eImemqsS ImemIm- Im-am¿°v am¿°v \¬Ip\¬Ip∂-X∂ v. hnI-Xv. hnIemw-K e¿°v mw-K¿°v A\p-A\ph-Z-\ho- -Z-\o-

-kF v.-k-kn.-v._ -kp-n.-≈ _-‰p-n≥ ≈-‰n≥ X-Pq-X_ -Pnen q-_hntinen hntijm¬j]Xn∏v m¬ ]Xn∏v 30 30]n.-F]n.-

b-amb ]c-am-h[n am¿°v ]cn-K-Wn®v enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw C‚¿hyq ka-bØv A¿l-Xs∏´ am¿°v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 4. h¨ ssSw n-kvt{S-j≥ ˛ ]n.--Fk - v.k - n. bn¬ At]-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v h¨ ssSw n-kvt{S-j≥ kwhn-[m\w 2012 P\p-hcn H∂p apX¬ G¿s∏Sp- Ø n- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . IΩo- j s‚ HutZ- y m- K nI sh_vssk-‰mb www.keralapsc.gov.in hgn nkvt{S-j≥ sNbvXti-j-amWv DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ At]£ ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xv. n-ÿ sNbvXm¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v n-kvt{S-j≥ t]Pn-eqsS bqk¿ sF.-Un. bpw ]mkvth¿Upw D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥w t]Pn-te°v temKn≥ sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. n- k v t {S- j ≥ kw_- ‘ - a mb hnh- c - ß ƒ ImWm\pw {]n‚ v Hu´v FSp-°m\pw Bh-i-y-aps≠-¶n¬ Xn-ج h-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kuI-c-yap-≠v. IΩo-j≥ hn⁄m-]-\-߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn°p∂ apdbv°v DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS s{]mss^-en-eqsS At]£ ka¿∏n-°m-hp-∂X - mWv. 5. ]co- £ - I ƒ ˛ hnhn[ XkvXn-I-I-fn-te°v t\cn´v \nb-a\w \S-Øp-tºmƒ AXn-te-°mbn a¬kc ]co-£-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv IΩo-js‚ kp{]-[m\ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-I-fpsS kwJy {Iam-Xo-Xa - mbn h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-IbmWv. Hmtcmh¿jhpw icm-icn 30 e£Øntesd DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°p-th≠n ]co-£I - ƒ \S-ØpIbpw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v {]mtbm-KnI ]co£, Imbn-I£ - a - Xm ]co-£, C‚¿hyq XpSßnb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj≥, bqWn-b≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-js - \-°mfpw C¥-yb - nse CXc ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j-\p-I-sf-°mfpw IrX-y-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-s‚ hym-]vXn-bn¬ hfsc ap∂n-em-Wv. tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-js‚ kp{][m\ NphSphbv]mbn BZy Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£ 2013 sk]vXw-_¿ 7 \v sI.-Fk - .v B - ¿.-Sn.-kn. bnse Akn- v F©n-\o-b¿ (kvs]-jy¬ dn{Iq-´s v a‚ )v XkvXn-Ib - n-te°v th≠n \S-Øp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. AXoh cl-ky- a - mbn sNtø≠ k¶o¿Æ-amb tNmZ-y-t]-∏¿ Xøm-dm-°¬ {]{In-bbv°v H {]tXyI \S-]-Sn-{I-a-amWv ]n.-F-kv.-kn. A\ph¿Øn-®p--h-∂X - v. tNmZ-yt- ]-∏¿ Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xv D∂X _n-Zß - fpw kpZo¿L-amb A[-ym-]\ ]cnN-b-hp-ap≈ A°m-U-anIv cwKsØ hnZ-KvZ-cm-Wv. H ]co-£bv°v th≠n aqt∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam ]co-£-I-cn¬ \n∂pw ko¬ sNbvXp-hm-ßp∂ tNmZ-y-t]-∏¿ Ih-dp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \dp-s°-Sp-∏neqsS HscÆw sXscs™-SpØv t\cn´v skI-yqcn‰n {] n¬ Ab®v A®-Sn-∏n®v hmßp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. {] n¬ \n∂pw Ab-®p-In-´p∂ 20 tNmZy t]∏-dp-Iƒ hoXw AS-ßnb ko¬ sNbvX ]mbv°-‰p-Iƒ ]co-£m-Xo-b-Xn-hsc ]co£m I¨t{Sm- f - d psS t\cn- ´ p≈ \nb- { ¥- W - Ø n¬ kq£n-°p-∂p. ]co£m Znhkw, ]co£m tI{μß-fn¬ h®v DtZ-y-mKm¿∞n-I-sf kpc-£n-X-Xzw t_m[-ys - ∏-Sp-Øn-bt- ijw am{Xta Cu Ih-dp-Iƒ Xpd-°m-dp-≈p. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Xs∂ t\-cn´v ]co£m ka-b-Øn\p sXm´p-ap≥]v tNmZy-t]-∏¿ FØn®v Ah-sS km∂n-≤-y-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]co-£\S-Øp-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v. tPmen`mcw h¿≤n-∏n-®n´p-s≠-¶nepw ]co£m tI{μ-ßfn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ tNmZ-yt- ]-∏¿ tNm¿® F∂ alm-

hn-]-Øn\v A¥yw Ipdn-°m≥ CXp-hgn Ign-™n´p-≠v. ]co-£m-Xo-b-Xn, kabw, hni-Z-amb kne_kv F∂n-h-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ ]co£m Ie-≠¿ c≠p-amkw ap≥Iq´n ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n-\nepw sh_vssk-‰nepw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p. AXpt]mse Hmtcm amk-sØbpw C‚¿hyq t{]m{Kmw ap≥Iq´n Xøm-dm°n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p. 6. DØ-c-°-S-em-kns‚ cl-ky kz-`mhw ˛ H_vPIvSohv amXr-I-bn-ep≈ (H.-Fw.-B¿) ]co-£-Iƒ \S-Øp-tºmƒ ]co£m lmfn¬ h®v DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nIƒ Xs∂ DØ-c-°-S-em-kns‚ DØcw tcJ-s∏Sp-Ønb `mKhpw n-ÿ \º¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb `mKhpw _m¿-tIm-Un\p a[-y-Øn-eqsS th¿s∏Sp-Øp-∂p. Cßs\ sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS b{¥-kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS A√msX a‰m¿°pw DØ-c-°-Semkv Xncn- ® - d n- b m≥ Ign- b m- X n- c n- ° p- I bpw F√mcoXn-bn-epap≈ {Ia-t°-Sn-\p≈ ]gp-X-S-bpIbpw sNøp∂p. hnh-cW -- m-flI coXn-bn-ep≈ ]co-£-Iƒ°v n-ÿ \º¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb `mKw th¿-s]-SpØnbtijw DØ-c-°-S-em-kn¬ ^mƒkv \º-cn´v tI{μo-IrX aqe-y\ - n¿ÆbamWv \S-Øp-∂X - v. H.Fw.-B¿ ]co-£-Iƒ°v Iº-yq-´¿ aqe-y-\n¿Æ-bamWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv. 7. DØ-c-kqNnI ˛ H_vP-IvSohv amXr-I-bn-ep≈ ]co-£I - ƒ \S∂v Znh-kß - ƒ°Iw Xs∂ DØc-kq-NnI ]n.-F-kv.-kn. sh_vssk‰n¬ {]kn-≤oI-cn-°p-∂p. DØ-c-߃ kw_-‘n®v ]co£m I¨t{Sm-f¿°v e`n-°p∂ ]cm-XnIfpw \n¿t±-ißfpw hnZ-Kv[s - c-s°m≠v ]cntim-[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw t`Z-KXnIƒ Bh-i-y-ap≈ ]£w Ah h-ØpIbpw sNbvX tijw am{X-amWv DØ-c-°-S-emkp-Iƒ aqe-y-\n¿Æbw \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. 8. Np-°-∏-´nI Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ Hmtcm XkvXnI-bp-sSbpw Np-°-∏-´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ DtZym-Km¿∞n-I-fpsS FÆw IΩo-j≥ \n›-bn°p-∂p. Cu FÆ-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ enÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb G‰hpw Ipd™ am¿°v Xo-am-\n-°p-∂p. tPmen-bpsS kz-`mhw, {]m[m-\y- w F∂nh ]cn-KW - n-®m-Wv sXc-s™-Sp-∏p- am-\-ZWvUw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. sXcs™-Sp∏p {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn {]mtbm-KnI ]co-£tbm C‚¿h-yqthm \S-tØ-≠X - p-s≠-¶n¬ Bh-iy- a - p≈ FÆw DtZ-yK - m¿∞n-Isf Fgp-Øp]-co-£b - psS am¿°ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Dƒs∏SpØn Np-°∏ - ´- nI Xøm-dm°n {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°pIbpw AXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂h - sc {]mtbm-KnI ]co£bvt°m A`n-ap-J-Ønt\m hnfn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNøp-∂X - .v C‚¿hyq \S-ØmØ XkvXn-II - ƒ°v Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-bpsS am¿°ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ km[yX ]´nI {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-∂p. DtZymKm¿∞n t\cn´v lmP-cmbn k¿´n-^n-°‰v ]cn-tim[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v dm¶v enÃv Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v kwh-c-WX-X-z-߃ ]men-®p-sIm≠v \nb-a\ in]m¿i \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 9. Imbn-I-£-aXm ]co-£-Iƒ ˛ {]Xo-£n-°p∂ Hgn-hp-IfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, ]-co-£bv°v tijw Xøm-dm-°p∂ Np-°∏ - ´- n-Ib - n¬ Dƒs∏´ \n›nX FÆw DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Is - f-bmWv Imbn-I£-aX - bv°v ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°p-∂X - .v CXn-\mbn kwLSn- ∏ n°p∂ t_m¿Un¬ ]n.- F - k v . - k n. bnse

tI-c-f ]-ªn-Iv k¿Δo- k v I- Ω o- j - s ‚ kp-{]-[m-\ Np-h-Sp-hbv-]m-bn B-Zy Hm¨- s se≥ ]- c o£ 2013 sk-]v-Xw_¿ 7 \v sI.sI.---F-kv.- --B¿.B¿.--- S n.-- k n. bn- s e A- k n- Ã ‚ v F-©n\o-b¿ (kv-s]-jy¬ dn-{Iq-´s v- a‚ v) X-kX v- nI-bn-te-°v th-≠n \-S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

31

Db¿∂ DtZ-ym-Kÿ - \ - m-bn-cn°pw sNb¿am≥. t]meokv hIp∏nse H D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ≥, H ^nkn-°¬ FU-yq-t°j≥ A[-ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h¿ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. \n-›nX imco-cnI Af-hp-Iƒ Df-fh - sc am{Xta Imbn-I£-aXm ]co£-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈p. hn⁄m-]\ {]Imcw \njvI¿jn-®n-´p≈ \ne-hmcw Imbn-I£-aXm ]co£-bn¬ ]pe¿Øp-∂h - sc sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ASpØ L´Øn--te°v ]cn-KW - n-°p-∂p. Imbn-£a - Xm ]co-£, tbmKyX \n¿Æ-bn-°¬ am{X-am-Wv. AXn\v {]tX-yIw am¿°v \¬Ip∂-X√. Pb-]c - m-Pb - ß - ƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v. 10. C‚¿hyq ˛ Np-°-∏-´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-hsc am{Xta C‚¿h-yq-hn\v £Wn-°p-I-bp-≈p. Fgp-Øp-]-co-£-bpsS am¿°ns‚ C-]Xp iX-am-\-ambn C‚¿h-yq- am¿°v \nP-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fgp-Øp-]c - o-£b - n-√msX C‚¿hyq am{Xw \S-Øp∂ A]q¿Δw sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-Im-dp-≠.v At]£-Ic - psS FÆw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂h - b - psS Imc-yØ - nemWv Cßs\ sNøp-∂-Xv. Ipd™Xv c≠v ]n.-F-kv.-kn. AwK-߃, _‘s∏´ hIp-∏ns‚/ÿm]-\Ø - ns‚ ta[m-hn, AtX hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ hnZ-Kv[¿ F∂n-h¿ Dƒs∏-´-XmWv C‚¿hyq t_m¿Uv . ]n.- F - k v . - k n. AwK- a m- b n- c - n °pw t_m¿Uns‚ sNb¿am≥. 11. dm¶v enÃns‚ Imem-h[n ˛ km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ H dm¶v enÃv {]m_-e-y-Øn¬ h∂ XobXn apX¬ G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv H h¿j-hpw, G‰hpw IqSn-bXv aq∂v h¿jhpw \ne-hn-en-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ H h¿jØn-\p-tijw AtX XkvXn-Ib - n¬ H ]pXnb dm¶v enÃv {]kn-≤o-Icn°s∏-Sp-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ B XobXn apX¬ ]gb dm¶v enÃn\v {]m_-e-y-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-√. tPmen-bn¬ {]thin-°p-∂Xn\v ap≥]v s{Sbn-\nwKv \n¿_-‘-am-bn-´p≈ XkvXnI-bn-te°p≈ dm¶v enÃp-Iƒ°v Ah {]m_-ey- Ø - n¬ h∂ XobXn apX¬ H h¿jtam AYhm H h¿j-Øn-\Iw dm¶v enÃn¬ \n∂pw Ah-km-\-ambn ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn sXcs™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂c - psS ]cn-io-e\w XpS-ßp∂ XobXn apX¬ H amktam GXmtWm Ah-km-\-ambn h-∂-Xv AXp-hsc-bm-bn-cn-°pw {]m_-eyw. H dm¶v enkv‰n¬ \n∂pw, sabn≥ enÃn-ep≈ F√m DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-I-sfbpw \nb-a-\-Øn-\mbn in]m¿i sNbvXp-Ig - n-™m¬ {]kvXpX enÃns‚ Imem-h[n At∏mƒ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂X - m-bn-cn-°pw. H dm¶v enÃv \nehn-en-cn-°p-tºmƒ FgpXn Adn-bn-°p∂ F√m Hgn-hp-I-fnte°pw B enÃn¬ \n∂p \nb-a\w \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. dm¶v enÃns‚ Imem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX Hgn-hp-I-fntebv°v Imem-h[n Ign-™mepw AtX dm¶v enÃn¬ \n∂pXs∂ \nb-a\ in]m¿i \¬Ipw. 12. \nb-a\ in]m¿i ˛ kwh-cW kap-Zm-bß - ƒ°v k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ A¿l-amb {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-∏m-°m≥ \n›-bn´p≈ sdmt´-j≥ Nm¿´v {]Imcw, Hgn-hp-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNøp∂ apdbv°v dm¶v enÃn¬ \n-∂pw \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNøp-∂p. kwÿm-\sØ hnhn[ kwh-cW kap-Zm-bß - sf ]Xn-s\m∂v D]-hn-`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-®mWv tSWpIƒ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. emÃv t{KUv XkvXn-I-Iƒ°pw CXc XkvXn-I-Iƒ°pw hy-XykvX sdmt´-j≥ Nm¿-´p-I-fmWv \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. tIcf tÉv B‚ v kt_m¿Unt\‰v k¿Δokv dqƒknse 14 apX¬ 17 hsc-bp≈ N´-߃°p hnt[-b-ambn kwh-c-W-XX-z-߃ I¿i-\-am-bn-]m-en-®p-sIm-≠mWv \nb-a\ in]m¿i \S-Øp-∂X - v. 13. \nb-a\ BUn‰v ˛ 2010 Unkw-_¿ 14 \ptijw ]n.-Fkv.-kn. hgn \nb-a\w e`n-°p∂ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Isf kw_‘n® hnh-c-߃ BUn‰v sNøp∂ kwhn-[m\w \S-∏m-°nbn-´p-≠v. CXn-\mbn \nb-a\ in]m¿i \¬Inb ]n.-F-kv.kn. B^o-kn¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n t\-cn´v lmP-cm-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. ]n.-Fk - v.k - n. \nb-a\ in]m¿i \¬Inb Bƒ Xs∂-bmtWm DtZ-ym-K-Øn¬ {]th-in-®Xv F∂p Dd-∏p-h-Øn k¿´n-^n°‰v \¬Ip-∂p. Cu ]cn-tim-[\ Ign-™m¬ am{Xta DtZymKm¿∞n-I-fpsS s{]mt_-j≥ Un¢-b¿ sNøp-I-bp-≈p.

32

14. Un∏m¿´vsa‚¬ sSÃv ˛ k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ {]th-in°p-∂-h-sS s{]mt_-j≥ Un¢-b¿ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ÿm\°- b ‰w e`n- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw Ah- i yw ]m m- b n- c n- t °≠ Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]co-£I - ƒ F√m h¿jhpw c≠p XhW hoXw P\p-h-cn, Pqsse amk-ß-fn¬ \S-Øn-h--∂p. 92 t]∏-dpIƒ°p≈ Cu ]co- £ - I ƒ°v e£- Z - z o- ] nse Ih- c Øn Dƒs∏sS 56 ]co£m tI{μ-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. CXp IqSmsX Pq\n-b¿ sF.-F.-Fk - ,v sF.-]n.-Fk - ,v sF.-F^ - ,v F - kv saº¿am¿°p-≈ sSÃv, tIcf {Inan-\¬ PpUo-jy- ¬ sSÃv, ^Ãv t{KUv {Um^v‰vkvam≥-˛-slUv {Um^v‰vkv-am≥, ^Ãv t{KUv k¿tΔb¿, slUv k¿tΔ-b¿, eoK¬ Akn- v, Unhn-j-W¬ A°u-≠‚ v F∂n-h¿°m-bp≈ kvs]j-y¬ sSÃp-Iƒ F∂nhbpw \S-Øn-h--∂p. 15. Un∏m¿´vsa‚¬ s{]mtam-j≥ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ ˛ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿°v ÿm\-°-b‰w \¬Ip-∂Xv Un∏m¿´vsa‚¬ s{]mtam-j≥ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ tbmKw tN¿∂v k¿Δokv tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v tbmK-yX \n¿Æ-bn®v Xøm-dm-°p∂ skeIvSv enÃv {]Im-c-am-Wv. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. sNb¿amt\m At±lw \n¿t±-in°p∂ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. AwKtam BWv Cu IΩn-‰n-bpsS A[-y£≥. hIp∏v ta[m-hntbm _‘-s∏´ Kh¨sa‚ v sk{I-´dntbm BWv I¨ho-\¿. 16. hnPn-e≥kv hn`mKw ˛ Agn-aX - n-bp-sStbm {Iat°-Sn-s‚tbm kz-`m-ha - p≈ kw`-hß - f - p-≠m-bm¬ ^e-{]-Za - mb At\-zj - W - hpw i‡-amb \S-]S- n-Ifpw ssIs°m-≈p-∂X - n\v IΩo-js\ klmbn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\a - mWv IΩo-js‚ hnPn-e≥kv B‚ v skIyq-cn‰n hn`m-Kw. t]meokv hIp-∏nse H D∂X DtZ-ym-K-ÿ\mWv CXns‚ Xe-h≥. 17. F≥I-z-bdn hn`mKw ˛ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v th≠ hnh-c߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Ah-sS kwi-b-߃ Zqcn-I-cn-°p-∂Xn-\pambn cmhnse F´p aWnapX¬ sshIp-t∂cw Bdp aWnhsc XpS¿®bmbn IΩo-js‚ Bÿm\ B^o-kn¬ F≥I-zbdn hn`mKw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Pn√m-˛-ta-Jem B^o-kp-Ifn¬ B^okv ka-bØv F≥Iz-bdn hn`m-K-Øns‚ tkh\w e`-y-am-Wv. DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]n.-F-kv.kn sb°p-dn-®p≈ IqSp-X¬ hnh-cß - ƒ e`-ya - m-°p-∂X - n-\mbn ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv bqWn-‰pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. 18. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n≥ ˛ IΩo-js‚ HutZym-KnI {]kn≤o-I-c-W-amb ]n.-Fkv.-kn. _p≈-‰n≥ F√m amkhpw H∂v, 15 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-h--∂p. sXmgn-h-e-kc Adnbn-∏p-Iƒ, ]co£m Ie-≠¿, tjm¿´v enÃp-Iƒ, dm¶v enÃpIƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v ]pdsa sXmgn¬hn-⁄m-\ ]w‡n-Ifpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 19. tImƒ sk‚¿ - - ˛ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. bpambn _‘-s∏´ Imc-yß-fpsS At\-z-j-W-߃°pw kwib\nhm-c-W-Øn-\p-am-bn cmhnse F´p-aWn apX¬ cm{Xn F´p-aWn hsc Imƒ sk‚¿ kw-hn-[m\w ]n.-F-kv.-kn. Bÿm\ B^o-kn¬ {]h¿Øn°p-∂p-≠v. kwÿm-\Øn-\I - Øpw ]pdØpw \n∂p-ambn {]XnZn\w Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\p t]¿ Imƒ sk‚-dns‚ tkh\w {]tbmP-\s∏S-pØnh-∂p. 0471 2554000 BWv Imƒ sk‚-dns‚ \º¿. 20. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. sh_vssk‰v ˛ 2003 sk]v‰w-_¿ H∂n\v \ne-hn¬ h∂ IΩo-js‚ HutZym-KnI sh_vssk-‰mb www.keralapsc.gov.in eqsS IΩo-j\ - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m hnh-cß - fpw temI-Øns‚ GXp tImWn¬ \n∂pw ka-{K-ambpw kX-z-c-ambpw Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p. 21. hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿´v ˛ IΩo-js‚ {]h¿Ø\w kw_‘n® hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿´v Hmtcm h¿jhpw Pqsse ]Xn-\-©n\Iw Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw Kh¿Æ¿°v ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. {]kvXpX dnt∏m¿´n¬ IΩo-js‚ GsX-¶nepw D]tZiw Kh¨-sa‚ v \ncm-I-cn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cma¿ihpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu dnt∏m¿´v IΩo-js‚ D]-tZ-iØn¬ \n∂v hy-Xn-N-en-°m-\p≈ k¿°m-cns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw klnXw \nb-ak - ` - b - n¬ hbvt°-≠X - m-Wv.

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

dm¶v enÃn\pw AssU-zk - n-\p-an-Sb - n¬ _n. {]Zo]v tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ XkvXn-I° - mbn IΩo-js\ Adn-bn-®n´p≈ Hgn-hp-Iƒ°v \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNøm-\mbn sdmt´-j≥ Xøm-dm-°m≥ XpSßp-∂Xv B XkvXn-I-°m-bp≈ dm¶ven-Ãns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v tij-am-Wv. tIcf tÉv B‚ v kt_m¿Unt\‰v k¿Δokv dqƒknse ]m¿´v c≠v P\-d¬ dqƒkv 14 apX¬ 17 hscbp≈ N´-ßf - n¬ \njvI¿jn-®n-´p≈ hy-hÿ - I - ƒ IWn- i - a mbn ]men- ® p- s Im- ≠ mWv IΩo- j ≥ AssU-zkv enÃv Xømdm-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm kwhcW hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw Dugw Ft∏m-gs° F∂v hy-‡-am°ns°m≠p≈ \qdv Dug-ß-fpsS H ]´nI (Rotation Chart) emÃv t{KUv k¿Δo-kn¬ Dƒs°m- f - f n- ® n- ´ p≈ Xkv X n- I - I ƒ°mbpw A√mØ XkvXn-I-Iƒ°mbpw shtΔsd \ne-hnep-≠v. Cu C Nm¿´p-I-fnepw 50 Dug-߃ H.kn. (Open Contest) hn`m-K-Øn\pw _m°n 50 Dug-߃ kwh-cW hn`m-Kß - ƒ°p-ambn am‰n-sh®n-´p-≠v. 1, 3, 5 XpSßn F√m H‰ kwJy Dugßfpw H.-kn. hn`m-K-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXpt]mse 2, 4, 6, XpS-ßnb F√m Cc´ kwJy Dug-ßfpw kwh-cW hn`m-K-߃°p-≈-Xm-Wv. dm¶v enÃn¬ \n∂v Dug-߃ Hs∂m-∂mbn \nIØn-bm¬ Cu {]{Inb hfsc efn-X-amWv F∂v tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ Ah-kc Xpe-yXbpw \oXnbpw Dd-∏m-°m-\mbn a‰p Nne hy-hÿ-Iƒ IqSn sdmt´-j≥ \nb-a-ß-fn¬ Dƒs°m≈n-®n-´p-≠v. KS & SSR Rule 14 apX¬ 17 hscbp≈ N´-߃°v IqSpX¬ kv]jvSo-I-cWw \¬In-s°m≠v Cd-°n-bn-´p≈ k¿°m¿ DØ-chp-Ifpw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v D≠m-bn-´p≈ tImSXn hn[n-Ifpw Hs° tN¿∂mWv C∂p≈ sdmt´-j≥ \nb-a-߃ cq]-s∏-´-Xv. sdmt´-j≥ H XpS¿ {]{Inb BWv. AXmbXv Hmtcm XkvXn-Ibv°pw ]pXnb dm¶venÃv h-tºmƒ, Ign™ dm¶v enÃv Ah-km-\n® L´Øn¬ sdmt´-j≥ FhnsS \nt∂m AXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-´m-bn-cn-°pw ]pXnb dm¶v enÃns‚ sdmt´-j≥ Bcw`n-°p-I. Ign™ dm¶v enÃns‚ ImeØp h∂p IqSnb IpSn- i nI Dug- ß ƒ (Pending turns) ]pXnb dm¶v enÃns‚ sdmt´j-\n¬ ho´m-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. F≥.-sP.-Un, Sn.-]n.-H, F≥.-kn.F F∂n-hb - mWv {][m-\s - ∏´ IpSn-inI Dug-߃. C\n F¥mWv Cu IpSn-inI F∂v t\m°mw. IΩo-j≥ \nb-a-\-Øn-\mbn in]m¿i sNøs∏-´b - mƒ GsX-¶nepw Imc-WØ - m¬ tPmen-bn¬ {]th-in-®n√ F∂n-cn-°s - ´. AXp-aq-ea - p-≠m-Ip∂ Hgn-hns\ Not ed Duty Vacancy (NJD)

H

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. tPmen°v lmP-cm-Im-Ø-bmƒ \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNø-s∏´ AtX Dug-Øn¬ Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]I-c-°m-cs\ NJD Hgn-hn¬ \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNøp-∂-Xv. IpSn-inI Dugß-fn¬ G‰hpw ap≥K-W\ \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw NJD °mWv. kwh-cW -- Ø - ns‚ tXmXv 50% Øne-[n-Ia - m-ImXn- c n- ° m≥ Nne Ah- k - c - ß - f n¬ kwh- c W Du-g-ßsf Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn am‰n-sh-°m-dp-≠v. 50% Øn\-IØp \n∂p-s-Im≠v kwhcW Dugw \nI-Øm≥ In´p∂ G‰hpw ASpØ Ah-k-cØn¬ Xs∂ Cßs\ am‰n-sh-°-∏´ kwh-cW Dug-߃ \nI-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn-s\-bmWv Sn.-]n.H (Temporarily ed Over) F∂v ]d-bp∂-X.v H kwh-cW Dugw \nI-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ kabØv B hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ Bw Xs∂ dm¶v enÃn¬ C√msX h∂m¬ sdmt´-j≥ Nm¿´nse sXm´-SpØ kwh-cW hn`m-KØ - n\v B Dugw ISambn ssIamdp∂ coXn ap≥]p-≠m-bn--∂p. ]pXnb dm¶v enÃv \ne-hn¬ htºmƒ Cu A[nI t\´w ssIh-cn® hn`mKw \jvSs - ∏´ hn`mK-Øn\v XncnsI \¬I-Ws - a∂ hy-hÿ - b - n-emWv Cu ISw. CXn-s\-bmWv F≥.-kn.F. F∂v ]dbp-∂X - v. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ G.O.(P) 7/2006/P & ARD dated 08-03-2006 DØ-chv {]Imcw Cu \nb-a-߃°v t`Z-KXn hØn Cu k{º-Zmbw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. GsX-¶nepw H kwh-cW Dugw \nI-tØ≠ ka-bØv B hn`m-KØ - n¬s∏´ Bw Xs∂ dm¶v enÃn¬ C√m-Ø-]£w B Dughpw Hgnhpw \nI-ØmsX Hgn-®n´ tijw B Hgn- h n- t e°v B hn`m- K - ° m¿°v am{X- a mbn hn⁄m-]\w (NCA hn⁄m-]\w) ]pd-s∏Sphn-°pI F∂-XmWv Ct∏m-gsØ coXn. ]´nI PmXn°msS Dug-ßf - n¬ Ah-sS A`m-hØ - n¬ ]´n-Ih¿K-Øn\pw Xncn®pw ssIam-dm≥ Cu \nbaw XS-k-am-Ip-∂n-√. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn-ep-≠mbn-´p≈ F≥.-kn.F. IpSn-inI-Iƒ XncnsI hot´≠-XmWv F∂v ]pXnb \nb-aØ - n¬ hy-hÿ s - NbvXn-´p-≠v. H ]pXnb dm¶v enÃv \ne-hn¬ h∂ tijw Hgn-hp-Iƒ \nI-Øp-tºmƒ Ign™ dm¶venÃv Ah-km-\n-®-Xp-ap-X¬ dm¶venÃv \ne-hn¬ h∂Xp hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ IΩo-js\ Adnbn-®n-´p≈ Hgn-hp-Iƒ H-an®p tN¿ØmWv sdmt´j≥ Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - .v BZyw IpSn-inI NJD Dug߃ \nI-Øpw, NJD Dug-ßsf Dug-ß-fpsS kwJ-ym-{I-aØ - n¬ ASp°nb tij-amWv \nI-Øp-

sdm-t´-j≥ H- XpS¿ {]-{In-b B-Wv. A-Xm-X-b-Xv Hm-tcm X-kv-Xn-I-bv-°pw ]pXn-b dm-¶v-en-Ãv h-tºmƒ, I-gn-™ dm-¶v en-Ãv A-h-km\n- ® L- ´ - Ø n¬ sdm-t´-j≥ F-hn-sS \n- t ∂m A- X n- s ‚ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn-´m-bncn-°pw ]p-Xn-b dm¶v en-Ãn-s‚ sdm-t´j≥ B-cw-`n-°p-I. I-gn-™ dm-¶v enÃn- s ‚ Im- e - Ø p h-∂p Iq-Sn-b Ip-Snin-I Du-g-߃ ]pXn-b dm-¶v en-Ãn-s‚ sdm-t´-j\ - n¬ ho-´m\p-≈-Xm-Wv.

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

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∂-Xv. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv ]pXnb sdmt´-j≥ Bcw-`n-°p-I. 20 Dug-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠p≈ bqWn- ‰ pI- f m- b n- ´ m- b n- c n°pw ]pXnb HgnhpIƒ (Fresh Vacancies) °mbn ]pXnb sdmt´-j≥ Fgp-Xp-I. H bqWn-‰nse 20 Dugßfn¬ 10 FÆw OC hn`m-K-Øn\pw _m°n 10 FÆw kwh-cW hn`m-KØ - n-\p-am-bn-cn-°pw. bqWn‰nse OC Dug-ß-fmIpw BZyw \nI-Øs∏Sp-I. dm¶v enÃn¬ Ah-tijn-®n-´p-≈-h-cn¬ G‰hpw anI® dm¶v D≈-h-sc-bmWv H.-kn. Dug-ß-fn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. kwh-cW B\p-Iq-eyap≈h¿°pw H.-kn. Dug-ß-fn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm≥ XS-k-sam-∂p-an-√. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv kwh-cW Dug-߃ \n-I-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm kwh-cW Dugw \nI-Øp-tºmgpw B hn`mKw ap≥]v NCA B\p-Iq-eyw ]‰n-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv NCA aqew \jvSw kw`-hn® hn`m-K-Øn\v XncnsI \¬Im\pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n°pw 20 Dug-ßfpw \nI-Øn-bt- ijw ASpØ bqWn-‰n-te°v IS-°pw. F√m Hgn-hp-Ifpw \nI-Øn-b-tijw OC Dug-ßfn¬ kwh-cW B\p-Iq-e-y-ap-≈-h¿ Ib-dn-bn-´p-

s≠-¶n¬ kwh-cW Dug-ß-fnepw OC Dug-ß-fnep-ap≈ B hn`m-K-°m-sS ÿm\w dm¶v ASnÿm\Øn¬ ]p\:-{I-ao-I-cn-°pw. 3% hnIemwK kwhcWw km[-ya - mb XkvXnI-I-fn¬ AXn-\mbv Hgn-hp-Iƒ°v {Ia-\-º¿ \¬In-bmWv sdmt´-j≥ Xøm-dm-°p∂-Xv. {Ia \º¿ 33 ImgvN-°p-d-hp-≈-h¿°pw 66 tIƒhn°p-d-hp-≈-h¿°pw 99 Ne\ tijn Ipd-hp-≈h¿°pw (Locomotor disability) Bbn kwhcWw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu {Ia-\-º--I-fn¬ dm¶ven-Ãn-t\m-sSm∏w hnI-emw-K¿°mbn {]tX-yI-ambn Xøm-dm-°nb enÃn-ep-≈h - sc am{Xta ]cnK-Wn-°p-I-bp-≈p. PmXn kw-h-cWw ]men-®√ hnI- e mw- K ¿°m- b p≈ {Ia- \ - º - d p- I - f n¬ DtZymKm¿∞n-Isf Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-∂X - v. -sdmt´-j≥ Xøm-dm-°nb {Ia-Øn¬ Xs∂ \nb-a\ in]m¿i ]´n-I-bmbn \nb-a\ A[n-Icn°v ssIam-dpw. \nb-a\ in]m¿i sNø-s∏-´-hsS ko\n-tbm-dn-‰nbpw Advice List - se ap≥KW\m {Ia-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

ARCHIVES

H- bq-Wn-‰n-se 20 Du- g - ß - f n¬ 10 F- Æ w OC hn- ` m- K - Ø n- \ pw _m-°n 10 FÆw kw- h - c - W hn-`m-K-Øn-\p-ambn- c n- ° pw. bqW‰n-se OC Dug- ß - f m- I pw BZyw \n-I-Ø-s∏Sp- I . dm- ¶ v enÃn¬ A- h - t ijn-®n-´p-≈-hcn¬ G-‰-hpw anI- ® dm- ¶ v D- ≈ h- s c- b m- W v H.kn. Du-g-ß-fn¬ ]- c n- K - W n- ° p- ∂ Xv.

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AUo-j-W¬ No^v sk{I-´dn {io.F-kv.-\m-cm-b-W-kzm-an°v H {]Xn \¬In-s°m≠v apJy-a{¥n {io. sI.I--Wm-I-c≥ ]n.-F-kv.kn. _p≈‰n\ns‚ BZy- e - ° - Ø ns‚ {]Imi\w \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p.

1985 \hw-_-dn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n\ns‚ BZy-e-°-Øns‚ H∂mw t]Pv

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

]n.-Fk - v.k - n. _p≈-‰n\ns‚ Ncn{Xw F≥. kμo]v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv Hm^o-k¿ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ gn-he - k - c - ß - s - f-°p-dn-®v bYm-ka - bw Adn- b phm\pw a’- c - ∏ - c o- £ Iƒ°p Xøm-sd-Sp-°phm\pw klmb-Ic - a - mb coXn-bn¬ \nc-h[n {]k-n≤ - o-Ic - W - ß - ƒ C∂v \ΩpsS kwÿm-\-Øp-≠v. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. kw_-‘-amb hnh-c-߃ DtZ-y-mKm¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Im≥ kz-¥a - mbn sh_vssk‰pw ]n.-Fk - v.k - n°p-≠v. FXp hnh-chpw sRmSn-bn-S-bv°p-≈n¬ Adn-bm≥ H aukv¢n°v am{Xw aXn. F∂m¬, hnhckmt¶XnIhnZ-y-bpsS B`n-ap-J-y-Øn-ep≈ Cu hnπhw Ac-tß-dp-∂X - n-\p-apºv DtZ-ym-Km¿∞nIƒ°v sXmgn-eh - k - c - ß - s - f-°p-dn®v Adn-bm-\p≈ am¿-K-߃ k¿°m¿ Kk‰pw ]{X-∏-c-k-yhpw ]n.F-kv.-kn. F≥I-z-bdn kwhn-[m-\hpw am{X-am-bn-∂p. ]n.-F-kv.kn dm¶v enÃn¬ t]t≠m F∂- d n- b p- ∂ - X n\v ]n.- F - k v . - k n. Bÿm- \ tØt°m Pn√mHm^o-kp-If - n-tet°m Gsd Zqcw k©cnt°≠n h∂n-∂ H Xe-apd \ΩpsS \m´n-ep-≠m-bn-∂p F∂ Imcyw C∂-sØ bphP-\ß - ƒ°v hnkvab - a - m-W.v A∂v B Xe-apd A\p`-hn® _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ°-v AdpXn h-Øm-\p≈ A[nIr-Xc - psS {ia-amWv tIc-fØ - nse Icn-b¿ {]kn-≤oI- c - W - ß - f psS A{K- K m- a n- b mb ]n.- F - k v . kn. _p≈-‰n-\ns‚ ]nd-hnbv°v hgn-sX-fn-®X - .v cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hv, am[-y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ hy-‡n-ap{Z ]Xn-∏n® ]n.-F-kv.-kn. saº-dm-bn-∂ {io. sXßaw _meIr-jW v \ - mWv ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj\v kz-¥-ambn H HutZ-ym-KnI {]kn-≤o-I-cWw F∂ Bibw apt∂m´v h®Xv. A∂sØ sNb¿am-\m-bn-∂ s{]m^. hn.tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW -Ip-dp∏v AXns\ A\p-Iq-en-®p. k¿°m-cns‚ A\p-aXn e`n-®tXmsS _p≈-‰n-\ns‚ BZ-ye - °w {]kn-≤o-Ir-Xam-bn. 1985 \hw-_¿ 4 \v Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cØv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n ÃpU‚ vkv sk‚-dn¬ h®v A∂sØ apJ-y-a{¥n {io. sI.-I--Wm-I-c-\mWv AUo-j-W¬ No^v sk{I-´dn {io. Fkv.-\m-cmb-W-k-zm-an°v ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n\ns‚ H {]Xn \¬In-s°m≠v {]Im-i\ I¿Ωw \n¿Δln-®-Xv. 12 t]Pp≈ _p≈-‰n\v hne H cq]bm-bn--∂p (C-t∏mƒ A©p-cq-]). ]n.-Fk - v.k - n. °v kz-¥a - mbn {] n-√m-ØX - n\m¬ A®-Sn°v Kh¨sa‚ v {] n-s\-bmWv XpS°-Øn¬ B{i-bn-®n--∂X - .v Kh¨sa‚ v {] nse tPmen-Øn-c° - p-Im-cWw bYm-ka - bw _p≈-‰n≥ A®-Sn®p In´p-Is - b-∂Xv hfsc {iaI-ca - m-bn--∂p. Cß-s\-sbms° _mem-cn-jvSX - I - ƒ t\cn-tS≠n hs∂-¶n-epw hmb-\-°m-cn¬ \n∂v Kw`oc hc-

sXm

th¬]mWv _p≈-‰n\v e`n-®X - .v kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ \n∂v \nc-h[n t]¿ GP≥knsb-Sp-°m≥ apt∂m-´p-h∂ - t- XmsS sXmgn-eh - k - c - ߃, ]co-£,- dm¶v enkv‰v, \nb-a\ in]m¿i XpSßn-bh - sb°pdn-®p≈ hnh-cß - ƒ _p≤n-ap-´p-IqSmsX bYm-ka - bw DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-®p-XpS-ßn. hmb-\-°m-sS Xs∂ Bh-i-y-{]-Imcw X]m¬ hgn hcn-°m¿°v Ab-bv°m-\p≈ kwhn[m-\hpw Ime-{I-aØ - n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI-bp-≠m-bn. 1992˛1997 Ime-b-f-hn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-Xn∂ _p≈-‰n≥ {io. Pn. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-]n≈ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. sNb¿am-\m-bn-cns° 1997 apX¬ ]p\:-{]-kn-≤o-I-cn®p XpS-ßn. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. aptJ\ k¿°m--tZ-ym-K-߃°v At]-£n-°p∂h¿°v, {]tX-y-In®v {Kma-ß-fnse km[m-c-W°m-cn¬ \s√m ]¶n\v ]n.-Fkv.-kn. bpsS kpXm-c-yamb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hf-sc-b[nIw kwi-b-ßfpw [mc-W-°p-dhpw D≠v. AhsS kwi-b-߃ \nhm-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw sXmgn¬ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂X - n\v klm-bI - a- mb coXnbn¬ am¿K-\n¿t±iw \¬Im\pw ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n≥ F∂pw _≤{i≤ ]pe-¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C¥-y-bnse ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j-\p-I-fn¬ tIcf ]n.-F-kv.-kn. °v am{X-amWv kz-¥-ambn HutZ-ym-KnI {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - a - p-≈X - v. tIc-fØ - n¬ k¿°m¿ B`n-ap-J-y-Øn-ep≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfn¬ G‰hpw {]Nm-c-ap-≈-h-bn-sem-∂mWv _p≈‰n≥. CsXms° Cu {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - sØ kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A`n-am-\m¿l-am-Wv. DtZ-ymKm¿∞n-Iƒ°v a’-c-∏-co-£-Iƒ°v Xøm-sd-Sp°m≥ klm-b-I-c-amb Xc-Øn¬ F√m e°ßfnepw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn-embn 1000 tNmtZ-ymØ-c-߃ hoXw {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p t]m-∂Xv [mcmfw hmb-\° - msc BI¿jn-°p-∂p-≠v. C¥-y-bn-se-hn-sSbpw ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈‰n≥ ssZz-hm-cnI e`n-°m≥ kuI-c-y-ap-≠v. 30 e°-ß-fpsS hcn-kw-J-y-bmb \qdp cq] IΩojs‚ hnhn[ Hm^o-kp-I-fntem t]mtÃm-^o-kpI-fntem HSp-°mw. tIc-f-Øn-se-ºmSpw ]n.-Fkv.-kn. _p≈-‰n\n\v GP≥kn-I-fp-≠v. F√m {][m\ _p°v Ãmfp-I-fnepw ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈‰n≥ e`-y-am-Wv. kmº-ØnI em`-Øn-ep-]cn tkh\ k∂-≤-X-bmWv ]e-scbpw ]n.-F-kv.kn _p≈-‰n-\ns‚ GP≥kn-sb-Sp- ° - m≥ t{]cn-Xc - m-°p∂-Xv. \nch[n DtZym-Km¿∞n Iq´m-bvaI - fpw hmb\- ° m¿°v _p≈- ‰ n≥ e`- y - a m- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn GP≥kn-sb-SpØv {]h¿Øn-®p-h--∂p-≠v.

1985 \-h w-_ ¿ 4 \v Xn--h-\-¥-]pc-Øv bq-Wn-th-gvkn-‰n Ãp-U‚ v-kv sk‚- d n¬ h- ® v A-∂-sØ ap-J-y-a{¥n {io. sI.-I- W m- I - c - \ m- W v A-Uo-j-W¬ No-^v sk-{I-´-dn {io. F-kv.-\m-cmb-W-k-zm-an-°v ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈- ‰ n- \ n- s ‚ H- c p {]-Xn \¬-Ins°m-≠v {]-Im-i\ I¿-Ωw \n¿-Δln-®-Xv.

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

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H‰-Ø-hW n-kvt{S-j\pw Hm¨sse≥ ]co£bpw B¿.a-t\mPv knÃw amt\-P¿ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-js‚ sh_vssk-‰n-eqsS Hm¨sse-\mbn H‰-Ø-hW n-kvt{S-j≥ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§ \n¿t±-i-߃

I

Ωo-js‚ HutZ-ym-KnI sh_vssk-‰mb www.keralapsc.gov.in eqsS DtZ- y mKm¿∞n-Iƒ°p H‰-Øh - W n-ktv {S-j≥ \S-Øm-hp-∂X - m-W.v

H‰-Ø-hW n-kvt{S-j≥

Hm-tcm X-h-W At]-£ k-a¿-∏n-°ptºm- g pw, D- t Z- y mKm¿-∞n X-s‚ hy‡n-K-X, tbm-K-y-X hn-h-c-߃ B-h¿Øn-®p tc-J-s∏-SptØ-≠-Xn-√ a-dn-®v c-Pn-k v-t{S-j-\n¬ \¬-In-bn-´p-≈ hnh-cß - ƒ A-t]-£Iƒ-°v _m-[-I-amIp-I-bm-Wv sN-øp∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm≠p-X-s∂ c-Pn-kvt{S-j≥ h-f-sc {i≤-tbm-sS-bm-Wv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - v.

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tI-cf - ]-ªn-Iv k¿-ho-kv I-Ωo-j≥ D-tZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ-°m-bn H--°n-bn-´p-≈ G-IP - m-eI - kw-hn[m-\-am-Wv H-‰-Ø-h-W c-Pn-kv-t{S-j≥. H-‰-Ø-hW c-Pn-kv-t{S-j≥ 2012 P-\p-h-cn 1 ap-X¬ {]m-_ey-Øn¬ h-∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. I-Ωo-j-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I sh-_s -v sk-‰m-b www.keralapsc.gov.in eqsS-bm-Wv D-tZ-ym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ h¨-˛s - sSw c-Pn-ktv- {Sj≥ \-S-tØ-≠-Xv. {]-kv-Xp-X kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS-bm-Wv ]n.-F-kv.-kn. hn-⁄m-]-\w ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn°p-∂ hn-hn-[ X-kv-Xn-I-I-fp-sS A-t]-£-Iƒ DtZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠X - v. Hm-tcm X-hW A-t]-£ k-a¿-∏n-°p-tºm-gpw, D-tZ-ym-Km¿-∞n Xs‚ hy-‡n-K-X, tbm-K-y-X hn-h-c-߃ B-h¿-Øn®p tc-Js - ∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - n-√. a-dn-®v c-Pn-ktv- {S-j\ - n¬ \¬-In-bn-´p-≈ hn-hc - ß - ƒ A-t]-£I - ƒ-°v _m-[I-am-Ip-Ib - m-Wv sN-øp-∂X - v. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂ c-Pn-kv-t{S-j≥ h-f-sc {i-≤-tbm-sS-bm-Wv tc-J-s∏Sp-tØ-≠X - v. {]-kvX - p-X kw-hn-[m-\Ø - n-eq-sS D-tZym-Km¿-∞n-Iƒ-°v \m-fn-Xp-hs - c k-a¿-∏n-®n-´p-≈ At]-£I - f - p-sS hn-hn-[ L-´ß - ƒ t\-cn-´d - n-bp-hm-\pw ]-co-£-I-fp-sS A-Uv-an-j≥ Sn-°-‰v/C‚¿-hyq satΩm/Im-bn-I£ - a - X - m ]-co-£b - p-sS A-Ua -v n-j≥ Sn°-‰v Xp-S-ßn-b-h Uu¨-tem-Uv sN-bv-Xv F-Sp-°p∂-Xn-\pw, ]-s¶-Sp-Ø ]-co-£-I-fp-sS ^-ew, Np-°-∏-´n-I, dm-¶v ]-´n-I Xp-S-ßn-b hn-h-c-߃ A-dnbp-∂X - n-\pw km-[n-°p-∂ X-cØ - n-em-Wv h¨-˛s - sSw c-Pn-kt-v {S-j≥ cq-]I - ¬-]\ - sN-bX -v n-´p-≈X - .v D-tZymKm¿-∞n-Iƒ-°p-≈ A-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ c-Pn-kv-t{S-j≥ s{]m-ss^¬ h-gn-bpw F-kv.-Fw.-F-kv. eq-sS-bpw e-`-y-am-°p-∂-Xpw Cu kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ {]-tX-yI-Xb - m-W.v H-‰-Ø-h-W c-Pn-kv-t{S-j≥ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn ]n.-F-kv.-kn. bp-sS Hu-tZ-ym-Kn-I sh-_v-ssk-‰m-b www.keralapsc.gov.in se h¨ ssSw c-Pn-kvt{j≥ en-¶v ¢n-°v sN-øp-I. A-t∏mƒ c-Pn-kv-t{Sj≥ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ t]-Pv kv-{Io-\n¬ sX-fnbpw. Cu t]-Pn¬ c-≠v ku-I-c-y-ß-fp-≠v-. (A) ]pXp-Xmbn n-kvt{S-j≥ sNøp-∂X - n\v (B) n- à ¿ sNbv X n- ´ p- ≈ - h ¿°v Ah- c psS s{]mss^-en¬ FØp-∂X - n\v (A)) ]pXp-Xmbn n-ÿ sNøp∂-Xn\v (1) BZ-ya - mbn n-ÿ sNøp-∂h - ¿ Registration

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

(2) (3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(Sign Up) en¶v ¢n°v sNøp-I. nÿ sNøp-∂X - n-\p≈ Hm¨sse≥ t^mw At∏mƒ kv{Io\n¬ sXfnbpw BZ-ya- mbn DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-bpsS t^mt´m BWv A]vtemUv sNtø-≠X - v. AXn-\mbn 150pxX200px hen-∏-Øn-ep≈ t^mt´m thWw A]vtemUvsNøm≥. kvIm≥ sNbvX t^mt´m-bpsS hen∏w H Imc-Wh - i - mepw 30KB bn¬ Ihn-b--Xv. t]w t^mt´m FSpØ Xob-Xnbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ t^mt´m thWw A]vtemUv sNøp-hm≥. t]w XobXnbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØmØ t^mt´mtbmSp IqSn ka¿∏n-°p∂ At]-£I - ƒ \n]m-[nIw \nc- n-°p-∂X - m-W.v t^mt´m-Iƒ H h¿-jØ - n\Iw FSp-ØX - m-bn-cn-°W - w. C\n 150px X 100px hen-∏Ø - n-ep≈ kvIm≥ sNbvX ssIsbm∏v A]vtemUvsNøWw CXns‚ hen-∏hpw 30KB bn¬ Ihn-bc - p-Xv. ssIsbm∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ I≈nbn¬ Xs∂ thWw AXv A]vtemUv sNøphm≥. DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-bpsS hy-‡n-KX hnh-cß - f - mWv ASp-ØX - mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - .v Cu Bhi-yØ - n-\mbn {]tX-yI I≈n-If - p-≠v. t]w P\-\X - o-bX - nbpw c≠p {]mh-iyw hoXw tcJs∏-Sp-ØW - w. c≠pw H∂n-s\m∂v s]m-Øap-≈X - m-IW - w. F¶n¬ am{Xta Iº-yq-´¿ AXv kzo-Ic - n-°p-Ib - p-≈p. AXn-\p-tijw enwKw, aXw, PmXn, D]-PmXn, A—-t‚bpw AΩ-bp-tSbpw t]cv, c£I¿Øm-hns‚ t]cv, _‘w `mcy/`¿Ømhv F∂n-hc - psS t]-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh tcJ-s∏Sp-ØW - w; ASp-ØX - mbn hy-‡nsb Xncn-®d- n-bm≥ klmbn-°p∂ AS-bm-f-߃, tZio-b-X, amXr kwÿm-\w, amXr-Pn-√, Xmeq-°,v h - n-t√Pv, ]©mbØv/ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n/tIm¿∏-td-j≥ F∂nh \n›nXI≈n-If - n¬ icn-bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØWw. C\n Next _´¨ ¢n°v sNøp-∂X - n\v ap≥]v CXp-hsc tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Imc-y߃ icn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv. ]cn-tim-[\ - b - n¬ GsX-¶nepw Imc-yØn¬ hy-Xy- m-ka - p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv Xn-Øn-bXn-\p-tijw Next _´¨ ¢n°v sNøm-hp-∂Xm-W.v AXn-\p-tijw ID Proof sXc-s™-SpØv AXns‚\º¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. (I-Ωoj≥ AwKo-Ic - n-®n-´p≈ GsX-¶nepw ID Proof

sXc-s™-Sp-°m-hp-∂X - m-W.v Cu tc-Jb - m-bn-cn°Ww DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n ]co£/{]amW]cn-tim[\ F∂n-hbv°v lmP-cm-t°-≠X - .v ) (8) At∏mƒ ÿnc ta¬hn-emkw, IØp-Iƒ Ab-t°≠ XmXvIm-enI ta¬hn-emkw F∂nh tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ I≈n-Iƒ Zri-ya - m-Ipw, Ah-bn¬ ho´p \º¿, ho´p t]cv, sX-hv, t]mÃv Hm^o-kv, ]n≥tIm-Uv, Pn√, Xmeq-°v, hnt√-Pv, ]©m-bØv/ap\n-kn-∏men‰n/tIm¿∏td-j≥ F∂nh icn-bmbn tcJs∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - m-W.v (9) AXn-\p-tijw DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ - °v kz¥w C-˛sa-bn¬ hnem-khpw samss_¬ \ºdpw Ds≠¶n¬ AXn\v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂X - m-W.v samss_¬ \º¿ \¬Ip∂ DtZ- y mKm¿∞nIƒ°p am{Xta IΩo-js‚ Fkv.F - w.F-kv. tkh\w e`-ya - m-Ip-Ib - p-≈p. (10) XpS¿∂v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kv{Io\n¬ DtZ-ymKm¿∞n°v Xm¬-∏-c-y-ap≈ ID bpw Dw \¬I-Ww. bqk¿ sFUn e`yamtWm A√tbm F∂v Adn-bn∏v e`-ya - m-Ipw. ID e`-y-a-s√-¶n¬ am‰n \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n Hm¿Øn-cn-°Ø°-hn-[Øn-ep≈ ID sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂Xv A`nIm-ay- a- m-bn-cn-°pw. {]kvXpX ID bpw Dw `mhn-bnse ]co-£I - ƒ°v At]-£n°p--∂Xn\pw dnkƒ´pw a‰p hnh-cß - fpw Adnbp∂-Xn\pw hfsc cl-ky kz-`m-ht- ØmsS kq£n®v hbv°p-hm≥ {]tX-yIw {i≤n-btv °≠-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂p-hc - p∂ SMS ¬ ID bpw Dw e`-ya - m-Ipw. (SMS s‚ e`-y X Dd∏v h-Øm≥ Ignbn-√. SMS e`n-®n-s√¶nepw sNøm≥ Ign-™m¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n sNbvXp F∂v Dd-∏p-hc - p-Ømw) (11) ta¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ hnh-cß - ƒ \¬In Un¢td-j\ - n¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ hnh-cß - ƒ hmbn-®pt\m°n AXn-ep≈ t_mIvkn¬ ¢n°v ( ) sNbvXv Submit _´¨ ¢n°v sNøp-tºmƒ n-ktv {S-j≥ ]q¿Æ-am-Ipw. At∏mƒ DtZ-ymKm¿∞n°v details t]Pv e`-ya - m-Ipw. H DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n bmsXm Imc-Wh - i - mepw H∂ntesd n-kvt{S-j≥ \S-Øm≥ ]mSp-≈X - √ - . ( B)) n- à ¿ sNbv X n- ´ p- f - f - h ¿°v Ah- c psS s{]mss^- e n¬ FØp- ∂ Xn\v temKn≥ sNøm≥ n-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v n-kvt{S-j≥ t]Pn-eqsS ID bpw -

word Dw \¬In kz¥w t]Pn-te°v sNøm-hp-∂X - m-W.v {]kvXpX t]Pn¬ \n∂pw Registration card en¶v ¢n°v sNbvXv kz¥w n-kvt{S-j≥ Im¿Uv ImWp-hm\pw Printout FSpØv kq£n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. n-kvt{Sj≥ kw_-‘a - mb hnh-cß - ƒ Xn-Øp-∂Xn-\p≈ kuI-cy- hpw {]kvXpX t]Pn-ep-≠v. DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imc-y-߃ • A]vtemUv sNøp∂ t^mt´m-bn¬ t]w, t^mt´m FSpØ Xob-Xnbpw hy-‡a- mbn tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°W - w. t^mt´m-bn¬ t]w, Xob-Xnbpw C√mØ At]-£I - ƒ \n-]m[nIw \nc-kn-°p-∂XmWv. t^mt´m-Iƒ H h¿-jØ - n\Iw FSp-ØX - m-bn-cn-°W - w. • A]vtemUv sNøp∂ Isøm∏v hy-‡a - m-bn-cn°-Ww. t^mt´mbpw ssIsøm∏pw hy-‡amsW∂pw IrX-y-am-sW∂pw kv{Io\n¬ t\m°n DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n kzbw t_m[-ys - ∏-tS≠-Xm-W.v • ]mkvth¿Uv ad-∂p-t]mb DtZ-yK - m¿∞n-Iƒ°v n-kvt{S-j≥ t]Pn-eq-sSbpw Fkv.-Fw.FkveqsSbpw ]m vthUv dosk‰v sNøp-hm\p≈ kuI-cy- a - p-≠v. bqk¿ sF.-Un. ad-∂pt]mbm¬ DtZ-yK - m¿∞n-Iƒ ASp-Øp≈ ]n.F-kv.-kn. Hm^o-kp-amtbm Fkv.-Fw.-Fkv aptJ-\tbm _‘-s∏-´m¬ e`yam-Ip-∂X - m-W.v • IΩo-js‚ Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ Fkv.F - w.-Fk - v. Bbn e`n°p-∂X - n\v samss_¬ \º¿ IrXyambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØW - w. • n-ktv {S-j≥ \S-Øn-bX - n\p tijw tcJ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ hnh-cß - s - f√mw Xs∂ {i≤tbmsS- IrX-ya - m-sW∂v Dd-∏ph-Øn-bn-´p-thWw At]-£I - ƒ ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥. At]-£I - ƒ ka¿∏n-°p-∂X - n\v apºv s{]mss^-ense hnhc-߃ Xn-Øp-hm-\p≈ kuI-cyw e`-ya - m-W.v • H At]-£s - b-¶nepw ka¿∏n-®p-Ig- n-™m¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v s{]mss^-en¬ Xnج h-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°p-Ib - n√. XpS¿∂v Xn-ج h-Øp-hm≥ ]n.-Fk - v.k - n-˛b - psS Hm^o-kn¬ A-t]£ \¬tI≠Xpw Adn-bn∏v In´p∂ apdbv°v A ¬ k¿´n-^n-°‰ - p-ambn ]cn-tim-[\ - bv°v lmP-cm-tI≠-Xp-amWv. • H XkvXn-Ibv°v hn⁄m-]\ - Ø - n¬ Bhi-ys - ∏-´n-´p≈ tbmK-yX - bv°p ]Icw XØp-eytbm-Ky- X - t- bm, Db¿∂ tbmK-yX - tbm t\Sn-bn´p≈ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ - °v At]£ ka¿∏n-

H- c p A- t ]- £ - I sb-¶n-epw k-a¿-∏n®p- I - g n- ™ m¬ DtZ- y - K m¿- ∞ n- I ƒ°v s{]m-ss^-en¬ Xn- c p- Ø ¬ h- c pØp- h m≥ km- [ n°p-I-bn-√. Xp-S¿∂v Xn--ج h-Øp-hm≥ ]n.-F-kv.kn- ˛ - b p- s S Hm- ^ okn¬ A-t]-£ \¬-tI-≠-Xpw Adn-bn-∏v In-´p-∂ apd-bv-°v A- ¬ k¿- ´ n- ^ n- ° - ‰ p- a mbn ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv°v lm-P-cm-tI-≠Xp-am-Wv.

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

37

°m-\p≈ kuI-cyhpw e`-ya - m-Wv. • DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n H∂n-tesd n-kvt{S-j≥ \SØm≥ ]mSp-≈X - √ - . • sX‰mb hnh-c߃ H Imc-W-h-imepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]mSn-√. n-kvt{S-j≥ kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ hnh-c߃°v ]n.-Fk - .v k - n. Call Centre (0471-2554000)ambn _‘- s ∏- S p- I tbm sh_v s sk- ‰ mb www.keralapsc.gov.in kμ¿in-°p-Itbm sNømhp∂-XmWv. Hm¨ sse≥ ]co-£ Fß-s\. 1. sh_vs - sk-‰n¬ \n-∂v Uu¨-tem-Uv sN-bvsX-Sp-Ø A-Ua v- n-j≥ Sn-°‰pw I-Ωo-j≥ AwKo-Ic - n-®n-´p-≈ Xn-cn-®d - n-b¬ tc-JI - fn-sem-∂ns‚ A- e - p-am-bn \n¿-±n-„ k-ab - Ø - pX-s∂ ]-co-£m-tI-{μ-Øn¬ lm-Pc - m-tI-≠X - mWv. 2. Xn-cn-®d - n-b¬ ]cn-tim-[\ - b - ° -v p-ti-jw D-tZymKm¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v ]-co-£m-lm-fn¬ {]-th-in-°p-∂Xn-\m-bp≈ access card {]n‚ v sN-bvX - v \¬Ip-∂X - mWv. C-Xn¬ X-kX v- n-Ib - p-sS t]cv, c-Pnkvv‰ - ¿ \-º¿, ko-‰v \-\º¿, tem-Kn≥ sN-øp∂-Xn-\p-≈ bqk¿ sF-Un, ]m-kv th-Uv F∂o hn-hc - ß - ƒ D-≠m-hpw. 3. ]co£ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v Ac aWn-°q¿ ap≥]p-Xs∂ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ ]co£m tI{μ-Øn¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v A\p-hZ- n®n-´p≈ Iº-yq-´dn\p ap≥]n¬ ÿm\-ap-d∏nt°-≠X - m-W.v 4. Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£b - psS tNmZ-yß - ƒ°p≈ DØ-cß - ƒ Iº-yq-´d - n-emWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠Xv. 5. ]co£ Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - n\v Ac aWn-°q¿ ap≥]v DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v temKn≥ sF.-Un. bpw ]mkvthUpw \¬In Iº-yq-´d- n¬ temKn≥ sNøm-hp-∂X - m-W.v 6. tem-Kn≥ sNøp-∂X - n-\mbn kv{Io\n¬ sXfnbp∂ Virtual Keyboard ¬ mouse D]-tbmKn®v ¢n°v sNbvXv thWw bqk¿ sFUnbpw ]mtkhUpw \¬Ip-hm≥ 7. Iº-yq-´d - n¬ hnhc-ßsfbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠Xv mouse click eqsS-bmWv computer keyboard ]co-£m-th-fb - n-¬ bm-sXm Ahk-cØ - nepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]mSp-≈X - √ - . 8. IrX-y-ambn temKn≥ sFUnbpw ]mkv thUpw \¬In tem- K n≥ sNbv X p Ign™m¬Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£sb kw_-‘n®p≈ \n¿t±-iß - ƒ Zri-ya - m-Ipw. 9. Hm¨ sse≥ ]co£ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ 15 an\n´v DtZ- y - m Km¿∞n- I sf {]kvXpX ]co£ ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\p

38

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

10.

11.

12. 13.

14.

15.

16.

th≠n-bp-≈X - m-W.v {]kvXpX ka-bØv Hm¨sse≥ ]co-£bpsS amXr-I-bn¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v practice sNøp-∂X - n-\p≈ tNmZ-yß - fpw AXn\p≈ option Ifpw kz-ta - [ - bm kv{Io\n¬ Zriy-amIpw. icn-bm-b o- ption¬ click sNbvXv DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v DØ-cß - ƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØm-hp-∂XmWv Demo ]co-£bv°v 20 tNmZ-yß - f - mWv \¬Inbn-´p-≈X - v. IrX-ya - mbn ]co£ Bcw-`n-°p∂ ka-ba - m-Ip-tºmƒ sUtam ]co£ Ah-km\n-°p-Ibpw kz-ta-[bm bYm¿∞ ]co£ Bcw`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. At∏mƒ Xs∂ DtZym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]co-£b - ° v p≈ tNmZy߃ Attend sNbvXv XpS-ßm-hp-∂X - mW-Wv. BsI \qdv tNmZ-yß - ƒ°mWv DØcw tcJs∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - v. H ka-bØv H tNmZyw am{Xta kv{Io\n¬ ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bq. Hmtcm tNmZ-yß - ƒ°pw \mev option DØ-c߃ D≠m-Ipw. DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ - °v icn-sb∂v tXm∂p∂ option button ¬ click sNbvXX - n\p-tijw next button ¬ click sNbvXv DØcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂m-XW - .v Next button click sNbv X m¬ am{Xta DØcw tcJ- s ∏- S pØnbXmbn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-Ib - p-≈p. DS≥ Xs∂ ASpØ tNmZyw kv{Io\n¬ sXfn-bpw. kv{Io\ns‚ Xmgv `mK-Ømbn \qdv tNmZ-yß - fpsS Status Zri- y - a m- ° p∂ I≈n- I ƒ ImWphm≥ km[n- ° pw. Hmtcm tNmZ- y ߃°pw DØcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ I≈nI-fpsS \ndw\oebmbn a m d p - ∂ - X m - W v . DØcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb tNmZ-yß - t- f-Xm-sW∂v I≈n-If - psS \nd hy-Xy- mkØn¬ \n∂pw DtZymKm¿∞n-Iƒ°v a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂X - m-W.v I≈nI-fn¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv GXv tNmZyw thW-sa¶n-epw Zri-ya - m-°p-∂X - n\pw DØcw tcJ-s∏Sp-Øp-∂X - n\pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb DØcw XnØp-∂X - n-\v km[n-°p-∂X - m-Wv. ]co£m kabw Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ DtZymKm¿∞n DØcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnh-cßsf√w Iº-yq-´¿ sk¿h-dn¬ kq£n-°s - ∏Sp-Ibpw DØcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw A√mØp- a mb tNmZy- ß - f psS \ne- h m- c - ∏ - ´ nI kv{Io\n¬ Zri-ya - m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂X - m-W.v ]co-£m kabw Ah-km-\n-®m¬ DtZ-ymKm¿∞n kz-ta-[bm Xs∂ B°p-∂Xn\m¬ AXn-\p-tijw DØ-cß - ƒ tcJ-s∏Sp-Øp-∂X - nt\m Xn-Øp-∂X - nt\m D≈ Ahkcw e`n°p-∂X - √ - . Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]co£m ka-bØ - n-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øe - p-Iƒ ]q¿-Øo-Icnt°-≠X - m-W.v

tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j\pw Ncn-{Xhpw sI.-sk-_m-Ãy≥ sk£≥ Hm^o-k¿ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ cf ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩojs‚ Ncn{Xat\zjn°ptºmƒ \mw sNs∂Øp∂Xv XnhnXmwIq¿, sIm®n F∂o \m´pcmPyßfpsSbpw {_n´njpImsS t\cn´p≈ `cWØnembn∂ ae_mdns‚bpw C∂seIfnemWv. XnhnXmwIqdnse Ncn{X]›mØew Ncn{X]›mØew:˛ {Iao-IrXam-b co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ DtZym-K \n-ba\sØ∏‰n- Nn¥n-® BZy- Xn--hn-Xm-w-Iq¿- `cWm-[n-Im-cn- A\ngw- Xn--\mƒ- am¿-Øm-WU -v h¿-abm-W-v . `cWb{¥whn-]p-eam-bn- ]p-\x-kw-LSn-∏n-® At±lw- hn-hn-[ hIp-∏p-Ifn-em-bn- \n-ch[n- DtZym-KkvY - sc \n-ban®p.- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿ \nban°s∏´Xv dh\yq- hIp-∏n-em-Wv-.- - ssk\n-I¿-°v- iºfw]Wam-bn- \¬-Ip-∂ co-Xn- \S∏m-°n-b am¿-ØmWv-Uh¿-Ω - ssk\y-tØbpw- DtZ-ym-K-ÿ-scbpw t\cn-´mWv \nb-an-®n--∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v am¿-Øm-WvUh¿-a-bpsS Zfh cm-aøs≥-d kzm-[o-\^eam-bn`cWcw-KØv- \n-ch[n- Xan-gv- {_m-lva - W¿- \n-banXcm-bn.- CXv- ]n¬-°m-eØv- cm-Py-Øv- ]e {]iv\ßfpw- kr-jSv- n-®p.tIW¬ a¨tdmbpsS ]cnjvImc߃ ]cnjvImc߃:˛ BZyImeØv XnhnXmwIqdn¬ - DtZym-K\nba\sØ kw-_\v-[n®v- hy-Iv-Xam-b am-\ZWvU߃ C√mbn∂p.- hn-Zy-`ym-ktbm-KyXsbm∂pw- DtZymK\nba\Øn\v {]kIv-Xambn∂n√. cm-Pm-hn-\pw- a{¥n-°pw- CjvS- s∏´ Btcbpw- GXptZym-KØn-epw- \n-ban-°mw .- am¿-Øm-Wv-Uh¿abpsS am{Xa√ At±lØns‚ ]n≥KmanIfmbn∂- [¿-acm-Pm-hv-,- _m-ecm-ah¿-a F∂n-hsS Im-eØpw- CXp-Xs∂bm-bn--∂p- Ahkv-Y.dm-Wn- e£v-ao-`m-bn-bp-sS (1810˛15)- do-P≥-kn`cWIm-eØv- Cu- \bØn¬- am-‰w-h∂p.- A°meØv- dkn-U≥-dpw- Zn-hm-\p-am-bn--∂ tIW¬a¨-tdm- DtZym-K \n-ba\Im-cy-Øn¬- hy-Iv-Xamb Nn-e \n-_\v-[\Iƒ- D≠m-°n.- k¬-kz-`m-hnIfpw- ka¿-Xv-Y-am-bhsc am-{Xta s]m-Xp`cWcw-KØv- \n-ban-°m-hq F∂v- At±lw- hyhkv-Y sNbv-Xp.- ]e DtZym-Kkv-Y≥-am--sSbpwkv-Ym-\t∏-Iƒ- At±lw- ]cn-jI v- cn-®p.- an-°hmdpw- DtZym-K߃-°v- X°Xm-b hn-Zym-`ym-k tbmKy-X D≠m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂pw- hy-hkv-Y sNøs∏´p.- sk{It´dnb¬ kwhn[m\w BhnjvIcn®v cmPy`cWw tIμoIrXam°nb a¨-tdm- \o-Xn-\ym-b kw-hn-[m-\hpw- ]p-\x-kwLSn-∏n-®p.

tI

F¶nepw ]n-¥p-S¿-®m-hIm-isa∂ \n-ebn-emWv- ]escbpw- DtZym-KØn-¬- \n-ban-®n--∂Xv.CXv- s]m-Xp-`cWØn-s≥-d Im-cy-£aX KWy-ambn- Ip-dbv-°p-∂p-sh∂v- a\ n-em-°n-b Bbn-eywXn--\mƒ- alm-cm-Pm-hv- 1874 ¬- kz-P\]£]mXw- \n-b{¥n-°m≥- H- hn-fw-_cw- ]p-ds∏Sp-hn®p.Ime{ItaW Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-ho-kn-se DtZym- K \n- b a\w- D∂X Pm- X n- ° m- c p- s S IpØIbmbn amdn°gn™n∂p. F{X ka¿-XY -v cmbn--∂m-epw- Xm-gv-∂ Pm-Xn-°m-sc k¿-°m¿- k¿ho-kn-seSp-Øn--∂n-√.- Kh¨-sa‚n-se D∂X Xkv-Xn-IIƒ- ]ctZin-Ifm-b Xan-gv- {_m-lv-aW¿IøS°n-bn--∂p.- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d Ahkm-\ambt∏m-tg°pw,- Xßsfbm-Iam-\w- k¿-°m--tZymKßfn¬-\n-∂v- am-‰n- \n¿-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xn-ep-≈ Aa¿-jw- Xm-WPm-Xn-°mw Xt±-iobw- {]ISn∏n-®p- Xp-Sßn.- Xßfn¬-\n-∂v- Ip-tdt∏¿-s°¶nepw- \n-ba\w- XcWsa∂ Ah-sS BhiywKh¨sa‚ v AwKo-I-cn®n-√.a e b m f n ˛Cu-gh satΩmdnbepIƒ ƒ:˛ XnhnXmwIqdnse Db¿∂ DtZymKßfn¬ ]ctZinIfmb Xangv {_m“W≥amsc \nban®n∂Xn¬ Aa¿jw]q≠v {ioaqew Xn\mƒ almcmPmhn\v \m´pIm¿ ka¿∏n® \nthZ\amWv "aebmfn satΩmdnb¬'-. "XnhnXmwIq¿ Pn.]n.]n≈ XnhnXmwIqdpIm¿°v'F∂ BibØns‚ D]⁄mXmhmb _mcnÿ Pn.]n.]n≈bpw sI.]n.i¶ctat\m≥, kn.hn.cma≥]n≈ F∂nhamWv CXn\p ap≥ssIsbSpØXv. 1891 P\phcnbn¬ almcmPmhn\p ka¿∏n® l¿Pnbn¬ 10038 t]¿ H∏n´n∂p. DtZymK\nba\ßfn¬ \m´pIm¿°v PmXnaX]cnKW\Ifn√msX ap≥KW\ \¬IWsa∂pw \nba\ßfn¬ B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[yw thWsa∂pambn∂p CXnse apJy Bhiy߃. cm-Py-sØ sam-Øw- P\kw-Jy-bp-sS A©n-sem∂p-`m-Kap-≠m-bn--∂ Cu-gh¿-°v- DtZym-Kßfn¬-

F{X ka¿-XvYcm- b n- c p- ∂ m- e pwXm-gv-∂ Pm-Xn-°m-sc k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-knseSp- Ø n- c p- ∂ n- √ .Kh¨-sa‚n-se D∂X Xkv-XnIIƒ- ]ctZin-Ifmb Xan- g v - {_m- l v aW¿- IøS°n-bn-∂p.- 19˛mw- \q-‰m-≠ns≥- d Ahkm- \ ambt∏m-tg°pw,Xßsfbm- I am- \ wk¿-°m--tZymKßfn¬-\n-∂v- am-‰n\n¿-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂Xn- e p- ≈ Aa¿jw- Xm-WPm-Xn°mw Xt±iobw- {]ISn- ∏ n®p- Xp-Sßn.-

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

39

DtZym-Km-¿-Yn-Isf sXcs™Sp-°p-I,tbm-Ky-X \n-iv-Nbn°p-I,- a¬-kc]co£Ifpw- C≥-d¿-hyqhpw- \SØp-I,- dn{Iq-´v-sa≥-dv- \nba߃- Xøm-dm°p-I Xp-Sßnbhbm-bn--∂p- 1935 Pq¨- 25\vKh¨sa‚ - v - ]pds∏Sp-hn-® DØchn¬- ]ªn-Ivk¿-ho-kvIΩojWdp-sS NpaXeIfm-bn- \n¿hNn-®n--∂Xv-.-

40

\m-aam-{X {]m-Xn-\n-[yw- t]m-epw- C√mbn∂p. _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ- ]eXpw- kln-®v- D∂Xhn-Zym-`ym-kwt\Sn-b ]e kap-Zm-bmw-K߃-°pw- DtZym-Kat\zjn-®v- cm-Py-Øn-\p- shfn-bn¬- t]m-tI≠n-h∂p.k¿°m¿ kvIqfpIfnepw k¿°m¿ DtZymKßfnepw Cugh¿°v Ahkcw thWsa∂v Bhiys∏´v 13176 t]¿ H∏n´ l¿Pn 1896 sk]vXw_¿ aq∂n\v tUm.]¬]phns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ {ioaqew Xn\mƒ almcmPmhn\p ka¿∏n®XmWv Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬. Cu-ghsS km-aq-ln-I ]n-∂m-°mhkvY - bv° - p-ap-≈ H- ImcWw- Ah¿-°v- k¿-°m¿k¿-ho-kn¬- {]m-Xn-\n-[ywC√m-Xn--∂Xm-sW∂pwae_m¿- {]tZiØv- {_n´o- j v - k¿- ° m- c n- s ≥- d Iogn¬, XßfpsS kam\ tUm.]¬]p kmaqlnI ]Zhnbp≈ kapZmbamb Xo-b¿-°v- tPm-en- e`n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂p-ap-s≠∂ hkvX - p-X Cu- l¿-Pn-bn¬- Nq-≠n°m-Wn-®n--∂p.- l¿Pnbnse Bhiy߃ Znhm≥ i¶ckp∫ø¿ \nckn®pIf™p. AXn\m¬ as‰m l¿Pn, ssht{kmbn Igvk¨ {]`p 1900˛¬ XnhnXmwIq¿ kμ¿in®t∏mƒ ka¿∏n®p. F∂m¬, \m´pcmPyßfnse sNdnb Imcyßfn¬ CSs]Sm≥ {_n´\v Xm¬]cyans√∂ \ne]mSmWv At±lw kzoIcn®Xv. C]Xmw \q‰m≠nse XnhnXmwIq¿ XnhnXmwIq¿:˛ ta¬ {]t£m-`ß - f - psSsb√mw ^e-ambn k¿-°m-cn-s‚ \bØn¬- Nn-e am-‰ßƒ- h∂p.- ]n-∂m-°hn-`mK°m¿-°-v \m-aam-{Xam-sb¶n-epw- k¿-°m--tZy-mK - we`n-®p-Xp-Sßn.- {io-aq-ew- Akw-ªn-bn¬- Aw-Kamb alm-Ihn- Ip-am-c\m-im≥- Cu-gh¿-°pw- a‰p- ]n∂m-°°m¿-°pw- k¿-°m¿k¿-ho-kn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]mXn-\n-[yw- \¬-tI≠Xn-s≥d Bhiy-IX- ]et∏m-gpwk`bn¬- N¿-®m-hn-jbam°n.- 1915 Bbt∏m-tg°pw\n-ba\ßfn¬AhkckaXzw- \¬-IpIsb∂ BibØn-s≥-d shfn-®Øn¬- Kh¨sa‚ -v ]n-∂m-°°m¿-°-v Nn-e ]cnIp-am-c\m-im≥KW\Iƒ- \¬- I n- Ø pSßn.AhkckaXz-Øn-\p-th≠n- s]m-Xp-P\m-`n-{]mbw- iIv-Xam-bXn-s≥-d ^eam-bn- 1921 Bbt∏mtg°pw- F√m- Pm-Xn-aX hn-`m-K°m¿-°pw- \nba\Im-cy-Øn¬- ]cn-KW\ \¬-IWsa∂ \n¿tZiw- Kh¨-sa‚ v- hIp-∏p-Xeh≥am¿°p\¬-In.km-ap-Zm-bn-I {]m-Xn-\n-[y-Øn-s≥-d {]iv-\w- 1929¬ePn-t…‰o-hv- Iu¨-kn-en¬- N¿-®bv° - p-h∂p.- {]mXn-\n-[y-an-s√∂p-≈ hn-hn-[ kap-Zm-bßfp-sS ]cm-

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

Xn-°v- ]cn-lm-cap-≠m-°m-\p-≈ ^e{]Zam-b am¿K߃ \n¿-tZin-°m≥- Kh¨sa‚ v- H- IΩn-‰nsb \n-tbm-Kn-®p.- 1933¬- ka¿-∏n-°s∏´ IΩn-‰ndn-t∏m¿-´v- Kh¨sa‚ v- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw- Hm-tcmhIp-∏n-epw- hnhn-[ Pm-Xn-°m¿-°-v e`n-®n-´p-≈ DtZymKßfp-sS A\p-]m-Xw- IW°m-°p-∂Xn-\p-th≠nkvY - n-Xn-hn-hcIW°p-Iƒ- tiJcn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ \S]Sn-Iƒ- kzo-Icn-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.\nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`Ww {]t£m`Ww:˛ XnhnXmwIqdn¬ \nbak`bnepw k¿°m¿ \nba\ßfnepw \ymbamb {]mXn\n[yw e`n°m≥ Cugh˛{InkvXy≥˛ap…nw kapZmb߃ kwLSn®v \SØnb kacamWv \nh¿Ø\ {]t£m`Ww. Cu {]tbmKØns‚ D]⁄mXmhv {]ikvX ]WvUnX≥ sF.kn.Nmt°mbmbn∂p. CXn\mbn 1932 Unkw_¿ 17\v Hmƒ {Smh≥Iq¿ tPmbn‚ v s]mfn‰n°¬ tIm¨^d≥kv (kwbp‡ cmjv{Sob kanXn) Fs∂m kwLS\ cq]hXvIcn®p. F≥.hn.tPmk^pw kn.tIi-h\pw ]n.sI.Ip™pw ap≥\ncbn¬ {]h¿Øn®p. DtZymK\n-ba\ {]iv\ - w- hn-iZam-bn- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xn\v- Kh¨sa‚ v Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- sslt°m-SXn-bnse PUv-Pn-bm-bn--∂ tUm.Pn.- Un.- t\m-Iv-kns\ kvs - ]jy¬- Hm^o-kdm-bn- 1934¬- \n-ban-®p.- DtZymK \n- b a\Øn- \ p- t h≠n- ]ªn- I v - k¿- h o- k v IΩnj≥- cq-]h¬-Icn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈ km-[yXIsf°p-dn-®v- ]Tn-®v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- ka¿-∏n-°p-Ibmbn--∂p- kv-s]jy-em-^o-kdp-sS Np-aXe.- kapZm-b {]m-Xn-\n-[yw- {Iao-Icn-°p-∂Xn-\p-th≠nP\ßsf ku-Icy-{]Zam-b co-Xn-bn¬- h¿-Ko-Icn°p-∂Xn-\pw- t\m-Ivk - n-s\ Np-aXes∏Sp-Øn-bn-∂p.- 1935 am¿-®v- 14\v- ka¿-∏n-°s∏´ t\m-Iv-kns≥-d dn-t∏m¿-´v- {]Im-cw,- sam-Øw- P\kw-Jy-bpsS c≠p-iXam-\sa¶n-epw- kw-Jym-_eap-≈ kapZm-b߃-s°√m-w- h¿-Ko-b {]m-Xn-\n-[y-Øn-s≥-d {]tbm-P\w- \¬-Im≥- Kh¨sa‚ v- Xo-am-\n-®p.]ªn- I v - k¿- h o- k v - IΩojW¿ IΩojW¿:˛ \n-h¿-Ø\ {]kv-Ym-\w,- \n-bak`bn-se hm-Z{]Xn-hm-Z߃,s]m-Xp-P\m-`n-{]m-bw- Xp-Sßn-bhbp-sS kzm-[o\^eam-bn- DtZym-K\n-ba\Øn-\v- H- ]ªn-Ivk¿-ho-kv- IΩojWsd \n-ban-°m≥- Kh¨sa‚ vXo--am-\n-®p.- DtZym-Km-¿-Yn-Isf sXcs™Sp-°pI,- tbm-Ky-X \n-iN v- bn-°p-I,- a¬-kc]co-£IfpwC≥-d¿-hyq-hpw- \SØp-I,- dn-{Iq-´s v- a≥-dv- \n-ba߃Xøm-dm-°p-I Xp-Sßn-bhbm-bn--∂p- 1935 Pq¨25\v- Kh¨sa‚ - v- ]p-ds∏Sp-hn-® DØchn¬- ]ªnIv- k¿-ho-kv- IΩnjWdp-sS Np-aXeIfm-bn- \n¿hNn-®n--∂Xv.- - Pn-.Un-. t\m-Ivk - v- Bbn--∂p- BZysØ ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- IΩnjW¿.- 1936 s^{_phcn-bn¬- DtZym-Kkv-Y\n-ba\sØ kw-_\v-[n-® hy-Iv-Xam-b \n-ba߃- k¿-°m¿- {]kn-≤o-Icn®p.- 1936 Pq¨- 14˛mw-Xo-bXn- ap-X¬- Cu- \n-ba߃{]m-_ey-Øn¬- h∂p.- Cu- dn-{Iq-´v-sa≥-dv- \nba߃- Nn-√d t`ZKXn-Itfm-sS 1940 hsc \nehn-en--∂p.- 1940 HIvt- Sm-_dn¬- dn-{Iq-´vs - a≥-dv- \nba߃- \ho-Icn-°s∏´p.- ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kvIΩnjWdp-sS \n-ba\tØm-sSm-∏w- Xm¬-°m-en-

Iam-bn- cq-]h¬-Icn-°s∏´ ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kvhIp-∏v- 1942¬- H- kv-Yn-cw- hIp-∏m-bn-Øo¿-∂p.1949¬- Xn--˛sIm-®n- kw-tbm-P\w- \S°p-∂Xp-hsc ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- IΩojWdpw- At±lØn-s‚ Io-gn-ep-≈ ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- hIp-∏pw {]h¿-Øn®p.sIm®ocmPyhpw ]ªnIv k¿hokv I Ω o j \ p ww:˛ sIm®nbn¬ {IaoIrXamb coXnbnep≈ `cW k{ºZmbw Bcw`n®Xv i‡≥ Xºpcm≥ F∂dnbs∏´n∂ cmah¿a(`c- W - I mew 1790˛1805) bpsS ImetØmSp IqSnbmbn∂p. 1812˛¬ sIm®nbn¬ Znhm\mbn \nban°s∏´ tIW¬ a¨tdm cmPyØnse s]mXp`cW kwhn[m\sØ Agn®p ]WnXp. `cW]cnjv I mcßfpsS `mKambn hnhn[ hIp∏pIfn¬ At\Iw DtZymKÿ≥amsc ]pXpXmbn \nbant°≠Xm-bnh∂p. Db¿∂ XkvXnIIfn¬ Znhm≥ t\cn´p \nba\w \SØn. Xmgv∂ XkvXnIIfnse \nba\Øn¬ kzP\]£]mXhpw PmXn]cnK- W \bpw kzm[o\w sNepØp∂ {]hWX \ne\n∂p. `cWImcyßfn¬ P\Iob ]¶mfnØw Bhiys∏´psIm≠v \nch[n {]t£m`W߃ D≠mbn. C]Xmw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn Cu Bhiyw i‡ambnØo¿∂p. \nbak`bnepw h¿Øam\-]{Xßfnepw DtZymK\nba\{]iv\w hnhmZhnj- b ambnØo¿∂p. kzX{¥ambn {]h¿Øn°p∂ H ÿm]\ØneqsS \nba\w \StØ≠Xns‚ BhiyIX t_m[ys∏´ k¿°m¿ 1936 sk]vXw_dn¬ Ãm^v ske£≥ t_m¿Uv cq]h¬°cn®p. \nbak` ]mkm°nb BIvSv A\pkcn®v 1947˛¬ aq∂v AwKßtfmsS sIm®n≥ ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩoj≥ cq]hXvIcn®p. Xn˛sIm®n ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩoj≥ IΩoj≥:˛ 1949˛¬ Xn˛sIm®n kwtbmP\sØØpS¿∂v Xn˛sIm®n ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩoj≥ \nehn¬ h∂p. Xnh\¥]pcw Xs∂ bmbn∂p Bÿm\w. aq∂wK IΩojs‚

sNb¿am≥ kn.Ip™ncma\mbn∂p. a e _ m d p w ] n F k v k n b p ww:˛ 1792˛se {iocwK]´Ww DSºSn {]Imcw ae_m¿ {]tZiw Sn∏phn¬\n∂v {_n´ojpIm¿°p e`n°pIbpw XpS¿∂v a{Zmkv {]hniybpsS Iognep≈ H Pn√bmbn amdpIbpw sNbvXp. tImgnt°mSmbn∂p {_n´ojv ae_mdns‚ Bÿm\w. 1929¬ C¥y- b nse BZysØ {]hniym ]ªn°v k¿Δokv IΩo-j\ - mb "a{Zmkv ]ªn°v k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥' {]h¿Ø-\a - m-cw-`n-®t- Xm-Sp-IqSn ae-_m¿ {]tZ-isØ k¿°m¿ DtZym-Kÿ \nb-a-\-߃ a{Zmkv ]ªn°v k¿Δokv IΩo-js‚ \nb-{¥W-Øn-em-bn. 1956 se kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-LS\ hsc B ÿnXn XpS¿∂p. tIcf ]nFkvknbpsS cq]hXvIcWw cWw:˛ 1956˛¬ kwÿm\ ]p\ wLS\sbØpS¿∂v Xnh \¥]pcw Bÿm\ambn kwÿm\-sam´msI A[nImc]cn[nbp≈ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩoj≥ \nehn¬h∂p. hn.sI.them-bp[-\mbn∂p BZysØ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj≥ sNb¿am≥. s]mXp{]h¿Ø- I \mbpw XnhnXmwIq¿ te_¿ IΩojWsd∂ \nebnepw I¿atijn sXfnbn® hy‡nXzØn\pSabmbn∂p At±lw. IfIvSdpsS ta¬t\m´Øn¬ {]h¿Øn®n∂ Unkv{SnIvSv dn{Iq´v s a‚ v t_m¿UpIƒ ]n¬°meØv ]n.Fkv.knbpsS Pn√m Hm^okpIfmbn amdn. ]n∂oSv DØc, a[y, Z£nWtaJeIfpsS Iogn¬h∂ Pn√Isf GtIm]n∏n®psIm≠v bYm{Iaw tImgnt°mSv, FdWmIpfw, sIm√w F∂nh Bÿm\ambn aq∂v taJem Hm^okpIfpw \nehn¬h∂p. Ct∏mƒ IΩo-j-\n¬ sNb-¿-am≥ Dƒs∏sS 21 AwKß-fp-≠v. Ah-ew_w 1. tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ ˛ t\i≥.-Sn.-am-X-yp. 2. tIcfw Ncn{Xw ˛ F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ 3. tIcf ]n.-F-kv.-kn. Hm^okv am\z¬

hn.sI.them-bp[\m-bn∂p BZysØ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ sNb¿am≥. s]mXp{]h¿ØI\mbpw XnhnXmwIq¿ te_¿ IΩojWsd∂ \nebnepw I¿atijn sXfnbn® hy‡nXzØn\pSabmbn∂p At±lw.

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

41

Hm¿Ω-°p-dn∏v kzm kzm-- X-{¥y-k-a-c tk-\m-\n-bpw- {]-ap-J- cm-jv-

ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- t\-Sn.- kv-Iqƒ- hnZym- ` ym- k - Im- e - Ø p- X- s ∂{So-b- t\-Xm-hpw- ap-≥ ]n.-Fkzm- X - { ¥y- k - a - c - h p- a m- b n- _kv.-kn.- Aw-K-hp-am-bn--∂ sX‘-s∏-´- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- Bß-aw- _m-e-Ir-jv-W-s‚ hn-πcw-`n-®- A-t±-lw- tkm-jy-enh-I-c-am-b B-i-b-am-Wv- ]n.-FÃv- {]-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se- k-Po-hkv.-kn.- _p-≈-‰n-\ns‚- {]-knkm-∂n-[y-am-bn- \n-c-h-[n- k-a≤o-I-c-W-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®-Xv.c-t]m-cm-´-ß-fn¬ t\-Xr-ÿm-\{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\v- ap-Jy-]Øp- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p.- 1970˛¬- A ¶vh- l n- ®bi: Sq¿- a-fi-e-Øn¬ \n-∂pw- Fw.-i-co-c-\m-b- At±-lsØ- 25˛mwF¬.-F.B-bn- sX-c-s™-Sp-°h¿-j-Øn¬ F-Øn-\n¬--°p-∂s∏-´p. 1981 sk-]v-‰w-_¿- 7˛mw]n.-F-kv.-kn.- _p-≈-‰n-≥ CuXo-b-Xn- ]n-F.-kv.-kn.- Aw-K-amA-h-k-c-Øn¬- - B-Z-c-thm-sSbn- Np-a-X-e-tb-‰p. km-£-c-Xmkv-a-cn-°p-∂p.{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-epw- {K-Ÿ-imsIm√w- Pn-√-bn¬ ]-g-b- Ipem- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-epw- k-Po-h∂-Øq¿- Xm-eq-°n¬-s∏-´- AsXßaw _me- I r- j v W ≥ km- ∂ n- [ y- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p- A- t ±Sq-cn-\-Sp-Øv- sX-ß-a-Øv- 1927 G-{]n¬- -H-∂n-\m-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- P-\-\w.- am- lw,- tI-c-f- {K-Ÿ-im-em- kw-L-Øn-s‚- sshth-en-°-c- Xm-eq-°n-se- ]-ø-∂q¿- kv-Iqƒ,- I-S- kv-{]-kn-U-‚m-bpw- {K-Ÿm-tem-I-Øn-s‚- F-Unº-\m-Sv- bp.-]n.-kv-Iqƒ,- C--º-\-ßm-Sv- K-h.- kv- ‰-dm-bpw- Im-≥s^-Un-s‚- tÃ-‰v- dn-tkm-gv-kv- skIqƒ,- sIm-√w- F-kv.-F-≥ tIm-tf-Pv- F-∂n-hn-S- ‚¿- U-b-d-Iv-S-dm-bpw- {]-h¿-Øn-®n--∂p.-

H‰-Ø-hW n-kvt{S-j≥ ≥:: t^mt´m kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-߃ 01˛01˛2012 apX¬ {]m_-ey- Ø - nep≈ h¨-˛ssSw n- k v t {S- j ≥, IΩo- j s‚ HutZ- y m- K nI sh_vssk-‰mb www.keralapsc.gov.in hgn \S-Øn-bt- i-ja - mWv DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ hnhn[ XkvXn-Iƒ°mbn At]£ ka¿∏n-t°-≠X - v. t^mt´m A]v t emUv sNøp- t ºmƒ ]co£m¿∞n- I ƒ Xmsg- ] - d - b p∂ Imc- y - ß ƒ {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠X - m-Wv. 1. t^mt´mbn¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-bpsS t]w t^mt´m FSpØ Xob-Xnbpw ]Xn-®n-cn°Ww. 2. 01˛08˛2014 apX¬ IΩo-j≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn°p∂ hn⁄m-]-\-߃ {]Imcw DtZ-ymKm¿∞n-Iƒ At]£ ka¿∏n-°p-tºmƒ At]£ ka¿∏n-°p∂ Xob-Xn°v H h¿j-Øn-\Iw FSpØ t^mt´m Bbn-cn°Ww A]vtemUv sNtø-≠-Xv. 3. ]co-£m¿∞n-bpsS apJhpw tXmfp-If - psS apIƒ`m-Khpw hy-‡-ambn ]Xn-™n-cn-°Ø° hn[- Ø n- e p≈ ]mk- v t]m¿´v sskkn- e p≈ If¿/ªm°v & ssh‰v

42

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

t^mt´mbmbn-cn-°W - w. 4. shfp-ØtXm Cfw \nd-Øntem D≈ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ Cfw \nd-Øn-ep≈ hkv{Xw [cn®v FSpØ t^mt´m-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. 5. apJw t\scbpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw t^mt´m-bpsS a[-y-`m-KØv ]Xn-™n-cn-°-Ww. 6. IÆp-Iƒ hy-‡a - mbn ImW-Ø° hn[-Ønem-bn-cn-°W - w. 7. A]v t emUv sNøp∂ t^mt´m- I ƒ 200 ]nIvsk¬ h x 150 ]nIvsk¬ w D≈Xpw JPG t^m¿am-‰n-ep-≈Xpw 30 KB ^b¬ sskkn¬ A[n-Ic - n-°m-ØX - pambncn°Ww. 8. k¨•m-kv, sXm∏n F∂nh [cn®v FSpØXpw apJ-Øns‚ H hiw am{Xw ImWØ-°-hn-[-ap-≈Xpw apJw hy-‡-a-√m-Ø-Xpamb t^mt´m-Iƒ kzo-Im-cy- a - √ - . 9. aXm-Nm-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn sXm∏n/intcmhkv{Xw [cn®v FSpØ t^mt´m a‰v \n¿t±i-ßf - \p-kc - n-®m-sW-¶n¬ kzo-Im-cy- a - m-Wv.

s]mXp-hn-⁄m\w 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

tjm¿-´v lm≥-Un-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ sF-k-Iv ]n-‰v-am≥ td-Un-tbm I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv B-cv-˛ am¿-t°m-Wn ss\-en-s‚ Zm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv C-¥y-bn-se sh-\o-kv-˛ B-e-∏p-g 1215 Pq¨ 15 s‚ {]m-[m-\yw-˛ am-· Im¿-´ H-∏p-sh-®p 1939 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ H-∂n-s‚ {]m-[m-\yw-˛ c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w B-cw-`n-®p 7. 1776 Pq-sse \m-en-s‚ {]m-[m-\yw-˛ A-ta-cn-°-bv-°v kzm-X-{¥yw 8. ^n-tem-f-Pn F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ `m-j 9. C-¥y-sb-∂ t]-cn-\v \n-Zm-\-am-b \-Zn-˛-kn-‘p 10. Uo-k¬ F-©n≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ dp-tUmƒ-^v Uo-k¬ 11. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ F.H.lyqw 12. kn._n.sF.bp-sS ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ sk≥-{S¬ _yq-tdm Hm-^v C≥sh-Ãn-tK-j≥ 13. im-kv-Xmw-tIm-´ X-Sm-Iw G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ sIm-√w 14. cm-am-\p-Pw G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤≥-˛ K-Wn-Xw 15. G-gp Ip-∂p-I-fp-sS \-K-cw-˛-tdmw 16. Ip-jvT-tcm-K-ap-≠m-°p-∂ A-Wp-˛ ssa-t{Im _m-Iv-So-cn-bw se-t{] 17. I-Æn-s‚ i-cn-bm-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v B-h-iy-am-b hn-‰m-an≥-˛-hn‰m-an≥ F 18. \m-c-ß-bn-epw Hm-d-©n-epw A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ A-av-fw-˛ kn-{SnIv A-av-fw 19. ssX-tdm-Iv-kn-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-ew Ip-´n-I-fn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ s{I-´n-\n-kw 20. sF-kv πm‚p-I-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ A-tam-Wn-b 21. ^m-Iv-Sw-t^m-kn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ A-tam-Wn-bw Im¿-_-tW-‰v 22. c-‡-k-Ω¿-Zw A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ kv-^n-t‹m-am-t\m-ao-‰¿ 23. ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sS hm-Wn-Py G-I-Iw-˛ In-tem-hm-´v-A-h¿ 24. \p-an-kv-am-‰n-Iv-kv F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ \m-W-bw 25. B-Zy-sØ tI-{μ h-\n-Xm Iym-_n-\-‰v a-{¥n-˛ cm-Pv-Ip-am-cn A-arXvI - u¿ 26. ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ sa-° 27. kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ-s‚ Kp--˛ {io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W ]-c-a-lw-k¿ 28. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ `m-c-Xo-b≥-˛ c-_o-{μ\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ 29. B-Zy-sØ tem-I-I-∏v {In-°-‰n-\p th-Zn-bm-b-Xv-˛ Cw-•-≠v 30. ]n-d-hn F-∂ N-e-®n-{X-Øn-s‚ kw-hn-[m-b-I≥-˛ jm-Pn F≥.I¨ 31. K-fn-h-dp-sS k-©m-c-I-Y-Iƒ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tPm-\m-Y≥ kzn-^v-‰v 32. hn-f-t°-¥n-b h-\n-X F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ^v-tfm-d≥-kv ss\-‰nwtK¬ 33. k-t¥m-jv t{Sm-^n G-Xp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ^p-Stv- _mƒ 34. C-¥y-bn¬ [o-c-X-bv-°p-≈ ]-c-tam-∂-X ssk-\n-I _-lp-a-Xn-˛ ]-ca - h - o-cN - {- Iw 35. {]-`m-X-\-£-{Xw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ip-{I≥ 36. 1959˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b \m-j-W¬ kv-Iqƒ Hm-^v {Um-a F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 37. \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v \yq-{Sn-j≥-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 38. a-Xa - n-√m-Ø im-kv{- Xw ap-S¥ - \ - m-Wv, im-kv{- X-an-√m-Ø a-Xw Ip-S-\pw-˛ B--tS-Xm-Wv Cu hm-°p-Iƒ-˛ sF≥-Ão≥ 39. Cu¿-∏w A-f-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ssl-t{Km-ao-‰¿ 40. k¿-Km-tkm I-S¬ G-Xp k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛ A-Xv-em‚nIv 41. Nn-]vt- Im {]-ÿm-\w F-¥n-\p-th-≠n \n-es - Im-≈p-∂p-˛ ]-cn-ÿnXn kw-c-£-Ww 42. C-¥y≥ bqWnbs‚ _-Uv-P-‰n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ˛-]n.kn. a-l-e-t\m-_n-kv 43. C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv k-l-I-c-W {]-ÿm-\w B-Zyam-bn B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ Im¿-jn-I I-Sw 44. a-Z¿ sX-tc-k P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ ap≥ bp-tKm-…m-hy-bn-se am-kntUm-Wn-b-bn¬

Xøm- d m- ° n- b Xv : B¿.- k n. kptcjv I pam¿ sk£≥ Hm^o-k¿ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ 45.

an-ÿ ss\y-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ d-jy≥ t\-Xm-hv-˛ B≥-s{U-bn t{Km-ssa-tIm 46. Ip-S¬ I-Ωo-j≥ F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv A-t\z-jn-®-Xv-˛ Km-‘n kv-am-c-I \n-[n-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\w 47. hn-tam-N-\ k-a-c-Im-e-Øv Po-h-in-Jm-Pm-Y \-bn-®-Xv-˛-a-∂-Øv ]Zva - \ - m-`≥ 48. \o-e-Kn-cn-bn¬ \m-cm-b-W-Kp--Ip-ew ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ \-S-cm-P-Kp 49. G-Xv tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv Sn.sI.am-[-h≥ h-°w k-Xym-{K-lw kw-_-‘n-® {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ Im-°n-\U 50. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s\ c-≠mw _p-≤≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv˛- Pn.i-¶c - ° - p-dp-∏v 51. Im-bn-I ]-cn-io-e-I¿-°p-≈ tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Uv-˛ t{Zm-Wm-Nm-cy A-hm¿-Uv 52. B-Zy-sØ th-Zw-˛ E-tKz-Zw 53. ssP-\-a-X ÿm-]-I≥-˛ a-lm-ho-c≥ 54. A-tim-I N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ ]m-S-eo-]p-{Xw 55. ap-Kƒ `-c-W-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´ bp-≤w-˛ 1526˛-se H-∂mw ]m\n-∏-´p-bp-≤w 56. C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰w-˛ C-μn-cm t]m-bn‚ v 57. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b t£-{X k-ap-®-bw-˛ A-t¶m¿-hm´v 58. Ip-ssh-‰n-se \m-W-bw-˛ Ip-ssh-‰n Zn-\m¿ 59. B-t]-£n-IX - m kn-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚ D-]⁄ m-Xm-h˛-v B¬-_¿-´v sF≥Ão≥ 60. sl-∏-ss‰-‰n-kv _m-[n-°p-∂ i-coc-`m-Kw-˛ I-cƒ 61. kp-h¿-W ]-tKm-UI - f - p-sS \m-Sv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ aym≥-a¿ 62. tem-I-Øn-s‚ ta¬-°q-c F-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]m-ao¿ 63. \m-jW - ¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v Hm-jym-t\m-{K-^n-˛ ]-\m-Pn 64. G-jy≥ sU-h-e-]v-sa‚ v _m-¶n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ a-\n-e 65. tKm¬-Kpw-_m-kv F-hn-sS-bm-W˛v- _os\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb Pm-∏q¿ 66. C-¥ym tK-‰v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq- BZysØ `mcXob≥˛ c_o{μ\mYv SmtKm¿ U¬-ln 67. Hm-tdm-hn-√n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- ]p-Xpt®-cn 68. Ip-fp Xm-gv-h-c G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 69. tIm¿-_-‰v \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ D-Ø-cm-JWvU - v 70. Zn {Sn-_yq¨ F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ N-WvUn-K-Uv 71. \m-j-W¬ Un-^≥-kv A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ J-U-Iv-hm-kve 72. Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]-©m-_v

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

43

73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113.

44

bp.F≥.]-Xm-Ib - n-se Nn-{Xw-˛ H-en-hp in-Jc - ß - ƒ-°n-Sb - n¬ temI `q-]-Sw I-hn-bp-sS Im¬-]m-Sp-Iƒ B--sS B-flI - Y - b - m-Wv˛- ]n.Ip-™ncm-a≥ \m-b¿ th-fm-¶-Æn G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ C.Fw.F-kv. aq-Imw-_n-I t£-{Xw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw G-sX-√mw `m-j-Iƒ tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-fw-˛ a-e-bm-f-hpw kw-kv-Ir-X-hpw _-®m-h-Xv dn-t∏m¿-´v F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-I--sS th-X-\w C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ, X-t±-io-b-am-b \n-»-_v-Z kn-\n-a-˛ cmPm l-cn-›-{μ C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v B-kv-t{Sm-^n-kn-Iv-kv F-hn-sS-bmWv ˛-_mw-•q¿ s_m-´m-Wn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm¬°-Ø Bƒ C-¥y C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v kv-]o-®v B‚ v ln-b-dnw-Kv F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛ ssa-kq¿ hn-P-b-hm-U G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-W P-_¬-]q¿ G-Xp-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛ \¿-a-Z Kp-h-l-Øn G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ {_-“-]p-{X kq-d-Øv G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛ X-]v-Xn G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv B-{K-˛-b-ap-\ ss\-en-s‚ Zm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv C-¥y-bn¬ km-bp-[ tk-\-I-fp-sS kp-{]ow I-am≥-U¿-˛ {]-knU‚ v A-Sp-°f - b - n¬-\n-∂v A-cß - t- Ø-°v c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- hn.Sn.`-´X - n-cn-∏mSv h¿-°-e G-Xv Pn-√-bn¬ ˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw tkm-\¬ am≥-kn-Mv F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ H-Uo-kn kn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ A-h-in-jv-S-߃ I-s≠-Ønb ÿ-ew-˛ sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm km-enw A-en G-Xv \n-e-bn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤≥-˛ ]-£n-im-kv-{X⁄≥ te-Iv ]m-e-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ D-Z-bv-]q¿ ]p-cm-W-{]-Im-cw, tI-c-f-sØ I-S¬-am-‰n kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ ]-c-ip-cma≥ B¬-K-Iƒ F-hn-sS Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ P-ew s\-{lp-hn-\p-ti-jw B-IvS- n-Mv {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-]Z- w h-ln-®X - v ˛-Kp¬k-cn-em¬ \-μ am--Xn D-tZym-Kv G-Xv P-∏m-\o-kv I-º-\n-bp-am-bn-´m-Wv k-l-Icn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kp-kp-In t_-kv-t_mƒ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv D-Zv-`-hn-®-Xv-˛ A-ta-cn-° G-Xv cm-Py-sØ s]m-eo-kv B-ÿm-\-am-Wv kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Uv-bm¿Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Cw-•-≠v ]-√n-√m-Ø Xn-anw-Kn-ew-˛ _m-eo≥ Xn-anw-Kn-ew ]m-cm-sX¿-tam-Wn-s‚ A-f-hv Ip-d-bp-∂-Xv aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ tcmKw-˛ sS-‰-\n ]p-©-Ir-jn-bp-sS Im-ew-˛ ta-S-am-kw ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b I-W-am-Wv B-‰w-˛ C-Xv I-s≠Øn-b im-kv-{X-⁄≥ B-cv-˛ tPm¨ Umƒ-´≥ ]-Zv-a-\m-`-kzm-an-t£-{Xw G-Xv cm-P Ip-Spw-_-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {^m-≥-kn-epw- P¿-a-\n-°pw- C-S-bn-ep-≈- A-Xn¿-Øn-tc-J-˛ am-Pnt\m-´v- sse≥ C-¥y-bn¬ an-I-® ]m¿-e-sa-t‚-dn-b-\p-≈ A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂Xv G-Xv t\-Xm-hn-s‚ t]-cn-em-Wv-˛ Pn._n.]-¥v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv i-¶-c-tZ-h≥ `-‡n-{]-ÿm-\w {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ Akw A-t‰m-an-I kw-Jy F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-Xv B-‰-Øn-s‚ \yq-¢nb-kn-ep-≈ ˛ t{]m-t´m-Wp-I-fp-sS F-Æw cm-jv{- S-Kp- F-∂v B-sc-bm-Wv hn-fn-°p-∂X - v˛- kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m\¿-Pn hn-P-b-\-K-c-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ A-¥yw Ip-dn-® bp-≤w-˛ 1565se X-fn-t°m-´ (cm-£-k X-ß-Sn) bp-≤w

CONFUSING FACTS  tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww 38863 N.In.ao. B-Wv. C-Xv 15005 N-Xp-c-{i-ssa-en-\p Xp-ey-am-Wv.  -\m-Km¿-Pp-\ km-K¿ A-W-s°-´v Ir-jv-Wm-\-Zn-bn-emWv. F∂m¬ Ir-jv-W-cm-P-km-K¿ A-W-s°-´v Im-th-cn-bn-em-Wv.  tI-c-f In-kn-Rv-P¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv t_-_n tPm¨ BWv. tI-c-f kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ap-lΩ-Zv A-_v-Zp d-“m≥ km-ln-∫v.  G-‰-hpw h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ sX-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ cm-Pyw sImfw-_n-b-bpw G-‰-hpw h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ em-‰n≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ cm-Pyw sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bp-am-Wv.  ku-c-]-©mw-Kw B-Zy-am-bn hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥ kw-kvI - m-ca - m-Wv. sa-skm-s]m-´m-an-b° - m-cm-Wv Nm-{μ-]© - mwKw B-Zy-am-bn hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv. 114. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Bƒ-°q-´w-˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv Ipw`-ta-f 115. i-co-c-hpw a-kv-Xn-I-jv-I-hpw XΩn-ep-≈ A-\p-]m-Xw ]-cn-KW - n°p-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw h-en-b akv-Xn-I-jv-I-ap-≈ Po-hn-˛ {jq 116. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn ap-gp-h≥ {Km-a-ß-fn-epw sS-e-t^m¨ e`y-am-°n-b Pn-√-˛ Z-£n-W Im\-d 117. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn Hm-kvI¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-bX - ˛v- `m-\p A-Ø-ø 118. [m-\y-a-Wn-Iƒ a-Æn¬-Ip-g-®v tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy \n¿-an-°p-∂ [m-\y-Kp-fn-I-Iƒ A-Y-hm [m-\y-∏-¥p-Iƒ hn-I- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ C.Fw.F-kv. kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂ co-Xn B-hnjv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ ^p-°p-thm-° 119. am-Pym-dp-Iƒ F-hn-Sp-sØ P-\-X-bm-Wv-˛ lw-K-dn 120. \-ºq-Xn-cn-sb a-\p-jy-\m-°p-I F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-ap-b¿-Øn-b kwL-S-\-˛ tbm-K-t£-a-k-` 121. am-S-ºv- Ip-™p-°p-´-s≥-d b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ ]n- i-¶-c≥-\-ºq-Xn-cn122. a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`-s‚ B-fl-I-Y-˛-F-s‚ Po-hn-X kv-a-c-W-Iƒ 123. in-h-Kn-cn Xo¿-Ym-S-\-Øn-\v t]m-Ip-∂-h¿-°v a-™ h-kv-{Xw \n¿t±-in-®X - v˛- {- io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- 124. `-K-hm≥ Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kv {]-kw-Kw G-Xv t\-Xm-hp-am-bn _-‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ kn.tI-i-h≥ 125. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- B-sc-bm-Wv 1925˛¬ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn \n¿t±-in-®-Xv-˛ t_m-[m-\-μ 126. B--sS A-¥y-hn-{i-a ÿ-ea - m-Wv Ip-am-ct- Im-Sn-˛ Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ 127. ap-Øp-km-an-Zo-£n-Xc - p-sS ]n-Xm-hv cm-ak - zm-an Zo-£n-X¿ cq-]w \¬In-b {]-i-kv-X-cm-Kw-˛ lw-k-[z-\n 128. A-P-¥m Kp-l-Iƒ I-s≠-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1819 129. B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1952 130. {_-“-k-` ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1828 131. B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm Iw-]yq-´¿ t{]m-{Km-a¿-˛ A-Um eu-te-kv 132. C-¥y-bn¬ Im-Wp-∂ am≥ h¿-K-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv-˛ kmw_m¿ 133. ap-e-∏m-ep-≠m-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ s{]m-em-Iv-Sn≥ 134. C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv thm-´n-Mv sa-jn-\n¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈n-°m≥ I-gnbp-∂ ]-c-am-h-[n k-Ym-\m¿-Yn-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 64 135. C-¥y≥ X-]m¬ Ãm-ºp-Iƒ A-®-Sn-°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-˛ \m-kn-Iv 136. Lm-\-bn-se (B-{^n-°)kzm-X-{¥y--{]-ÿm-\Ø -- n-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ Izm-an F≥--{Iq-a

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

137. P-Rm-\-]oTw, F-gp-Ø-—≥ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw, h-≈-tØmƒ ]p-c-kvIm-cw F-∂n-h t\-Sn-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ X-I-gn 138. C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv thm-´n-Mv sa-jn-\n¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-bp∂ ]-c-am-h-[n thm-´p-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 3840 139. c-≠mw- A-tim-I≥- F-∂v- B-sc-bm-Wv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-I\n-jvI - ≥140. c-tYm¬-k-hw \-S-°p-∂ P-K-∂m-Y-t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]pcn 141. Cw-•o-jv A-£c - a - m-em-{I-aØ - n¬ B-Zyw-hc - p-∂ X-eÿ m-\w-˛ A_p-Zm-_n 142. Cw-•-≠n-s‚ ]q-t¥m-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sI‚ v 143. D-dq-_n-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ ]n.kn.Ip-´n-Ir-jv-W≥ 144. F-{X Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-≈n-em-Wv cm-Py-k-` H- _n¬ tem-Iv-k-`bn-te-°v ]p-\-∏-cn-K-W-\-bv-°v A-b-bv-t°-≠-Xv-˛ 14 145. U-Ωn F-∂ ]-Zw G-Xv Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Z-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛ {_n-Uv-Pv 146. sIm-®n- `-c-Ww- U-®p-Im¿- I-ø-S-°n-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1663 147. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn sS-en-hn-j≥ tI-{μw B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1959 148. B-Zy-sØ h-≈-tØmƒ A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛ ]m-em \m-cmb-W≥ \m-b¿ 149. G-‰-hpw h-en-b B-Ã-tdm-bn-Uv-˛ ko-dn-kv 150. en-Øm¿-Pv G-Xn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛ I-dp-Øo-bw 151. E-tKz-Zw Cw-Kvf - o-jn-te-°p ]-cn-`m-js - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v˛- am-Ivk - va - p-≈¿ 152. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS Lm-X-I≥-˛ \m-Yp-dmw hn-\m-b-Iv tKm-Uv-sk 153. en-‰n¬ em-k F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ [¿-a-im-e 154. a-lm-bm-\ _p-≤a - X - ° - m¿ _p-≤s - \ I-W° - m-°n-bn--∂X - v˛- ssZh-am-bn-´v 155. H-¶-sk h¿-K-°m¿ A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ B-¥-am≥ 156. H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥nbm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ sl¿-_¿-´v sl≥-dn B-kv-Izn-Øv (1908˛16) 157. H- ssa¬ F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿-˛ 1.609 158. G-‰-hpw h-en-b C-e(e-Lp-]-{Xw)bp-≈-Xv-˛ hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b do-Pnb 159. Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS ho-≠pw A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ B-Zy-sØ tIm¨-{K-kn-X-c {]-[m-\ a-{¥n-˛ F._n.hm-Pv-t]-bn 160. H-tc-k-a-bw B-kn-Un-s‚-bpw £m-c-Øn-s‚-bpw kz-`m-h-߃ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Y-߃-°p-≈ t]-cv-˛ Bw-t^m-sS-dn-Iv 161. h-tUm-Z-c-bp-sS ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ _-tdm-U 162. `q-an-bp-sS tImƒ-Uv tÃm-td-Pv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ h≥-Ic - ˛- A - ‚m¿´n-° 163. ªm-°v j¿-´v-kv(I-cn-¶p-∏m-b-°m¿)- F-∂ kw-L-S-\ ÿm-]n-®Xm-cv-˛ s_-\n-t‰m ap-t m-fn-\n 164. _m-Iv-So-cn-b-sb I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ eyq-h≥-tlm-°v 165. ]-´v, I-fn-a¨ ]m-{X-߃ F-∂n-h B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® cmPyw-˛ ssN-\ 166. `q-an-bn-se ]m-fn-I-fn¬ a-[y-tØ-Xv-˛ am‚n¬ 167. `-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂pw hn-´p-\n¬-t°-≠n-h-∂ G-I ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿Øn-˛ lp-a-bq¨ 168. _m-en-Ãn-Iv an-ssk¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sh¿-W¿ thm¨ {_u¨ 169. tPm¨ t]mƒ c-≠m-a≥ am¿-]m-∏ P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ t]m-f-≠v 170. tem-Iv-k-`-bv-°p Xp-ey-am-b Cw-•o-jv t]-cv-˛ lu-kv Hm-^v ]o∏nƒ 171. tKm-h-bn-se Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j-˛ sIm-¶-Wn 172. kw-L-Im-e P-\-X-bp-sS {]-[m-\ B-cm-[-\m aq¿-Øn-˛ ap--I≥ 173. U¬-ln knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬ A-h-tcm-[n-X-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ d-kn-bm _o-Kw 174. _m-Kv-Zm-Zv G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛ ssS-{Kn-kv 175. ]m-ºp-I-Sn-tb-‰p-a-cn-® {]-i-kv-X-\m-b B-Zy-Im-e I-ayq-Wn-Ãv t\Xm-hv-˛ ]n.Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 176. `q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS Zq-cw A-f-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ {]Im-ih - ¿-jw 177. a-\p-jy≥ Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ aq-e-Iw-˛ sS-Iv-\ojyw

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

1

 `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-´n-I-bn-em-Wv kw-ÿm-\ß-fp-sS-bpw tI-{μ-`c - W - {- ]-tZ-iß - f - p-sS-bpw ]-´n-I tN¿-Øncn-°p-∂X - v  a-\p-jy-tIm-i-Øn¬ F-{X tPm-Sn enw-K-t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fmWp-≈X - v  tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se t\m-an-t\-‰-Uv Bw-t•m C-¥y≥ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  cm-Py-sØ ]-Z-hn-∏-´n-I-bn-se {I-a-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ {]-knU‚ v F-{Xm-a-Xm-Wv  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS s]m-Xp-k-`-bn-te-°v H- cm-Py-Øn\v A-©p {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-sf A-b-bv-°m-sa-¶n-epw F-{X thm´m-Wp-≈X - v  sF-Iy-cm-j{v- S c-£m-ka - n-Xn-bn¬ ÿn-cmw-KX - z-ap-≈ G-jy≥ cm-Py-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  a-lm-Xv-am-Km-‘n F-{X {]m-h-iy-am-Wv C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-bn-´p-≈-Xv  B-W-h-i-‡n-bm-b F-{Xm-a-sØ C-…m-an-I cm-jv-{S-am-Wv ]m-In-kv-Xm≥  kp-\n¬ Km-h-kv-I¿ G-I-Zn-\ a-’-c-ß-fn¬ F-{X sk-©zdn-Iƒ t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v  P-e-Øn-s‚ B-t]-£n-I km-{μ-X  F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv lm-tcm-Uv-˛-tUm-a¿ am-Xr-I F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv 178. `q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏-Øn¬ Im-Wm-hp-∂ \-£-{Xw-˛ kq-cy≥ 179. ªm-°v se-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¥v-˛ {Km-ss^-‰v 180. `q-an-bn-se G-‰-hpw B-gw Iq-Sn-b {]-tZ-iw-˛ a-dn-bm-\ K¿-Øw 181. kn-‘p-X-S-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ B-cm-[n-®n--∂ s]¨-ssZ-hw ˛ am-XrtZ-h-X 182. tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se Iym-_n\-‰v ]-Z-hn-bp≈ B-Zy-sØ {]-Xn-]-£ t\-Xm-hv-˛ ssh._n.N-hm≥ 183. a-\p-jy≥ kz-X-{¥-\m-bn P-\n-°p-∂p, ]-t£ F-√m-bn-S-Øpw A-h≥ N-ß-e-I-fn-em-Wv- C-Xp ]-d-™-Xm-cv-˛ dq-t m 184. sN-¶n-kv-Jm-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ sX-ap-Pn≥ 185. G-‰-hpw h-en-b [-a-\n-˛-A-tbm¿-´ 186. G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-£-{X k-aq-lw-˛ ssl-{U 187. I-\n-jv-I-s‚ c-≠mw X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ a-Yp-c 188. I-Æn-\-I-Øv A-km-am-\y-a¿-±-ap-f-hm-°p-∂ ssh-I-eyw-˛ t•mt°m-a 189. I-Æn-s‚ G-Xv \yq-\X - ]-cn-lc - n-°m-\m-Wv kn-en-{≠n-°¬ se≥kv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ A-Ãn-Iv-am-‰n-kw 190. I-c-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b amw-k-t`m-Pn-˛ {[p-h-°-c-Sn 191. P¿-a-\n-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm Nm≥-k-e¿-˛ B-Rv-sP-em sa¿°¬ 192. s]-cn-bm-dn¬ G-Xp h¿-j-ap-≠m-b sh≈-s∏m°-am-Wv ap-kn-cnkv Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚ A-[-x]-X-\-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b-Xv-˛ 1341 193. A-Xve - m‚n-Iv k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw ]-k^ - n-Iv k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw A-Xn¿Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ G-I sX-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛ sIm-fw-_n-b 194. D-an-\o¿ {K-\v-Yn-Iƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ F≥-sskw-˛ X-bm-en≥ 195. cm-j{v- So-b C-¥y≥ an-en-´d - n tIm-tf-Pv F-hn-sS-bm-W˛v- s - U-dm-Uq¨ 196. cm-Py k-am-Nm-cw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p Xp-S-ßn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1847 197. C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Ym-\pw- kn-w-e D-S-º-Sn- H-∏p-sh-® h¿-jw-˛ 1972 198. sl-bv-en \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ tIm¿-_-‰v \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v 199. I-c-bn-se G-‰-hpw- h-en-b k-kv-X-\n- ˛-B-{^n-°≥- B-\ 200. cm-Pm-km≥-kn hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A-ar-X-k¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

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201. I-dp-Ø N-{μ≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂, sNm-Δ-bp-sS D-]-{K-lw-˛ t^mt_m-kv 202. `q-an-bp-tS-Xn-\p k-am-\-am-b Zn-\-cm-{X-߃ G-Xp {K-l-Øn-\mWp-≈-Xv-˛ sNm-Δ 203. I-gp-Øv ]q¿-W-hr-Ø-Øn¬ Xn-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-£n-˛ aq-ß 204. I-\n-jv-I-s‚ k-Z- n-se G-‰-hpw {]-K-ev-`-\m-b ]-Wv-Un-X≥-˛ Aiz-tLm-j≥ 205. I-hn-cm-P-am¿-Kw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ A-tam-L-h¿-j≥ 206. i-I-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X-\m-b `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ -{ZZm-a≥ 207. tem-Iv-k-` B-cw-`n-®m¬ B-Zy-sØ sk-j≥-˛ Iz-Ãy≥ A-h¿ 208. sl¿-°p-eo-kn-s‚ kv-Xq-]-߃ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Pn-{_mƒ´¿ 209. i-Im-cn- F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]vX≥ c-≠m-a≥ 210. Im-μ-co-b a-lm-tZ-h t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ J-Pp-cm-tlm 211. Ãm-ºn¬ Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy `m-c-Xo-b≥-˛ a-lm-flmKm-‘n 212. I-hn-cm-P F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X≥ 213. Ãm-ºn¬ Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ {io-\m-cm-bW Kp- 214. `q-an-bpw kq-cy-\pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-I-ew G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Zn-h-kw-˛ Pq-sse 4 215. Im-ep-sIm-≠v -Nn-b-dn-bp-∂ Po-hn-˛ Nn-{X-i-e-`w 216. Im-fn-μn F-∂v ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ \-Zn-˛ b-ap-\ 217. im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn ap-b¬ h-f¿-Øp-∂ co-Xn-°p ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ Iq-Wn-Iƒ-®¿ 218. tem-Iv-k-` B-Zy-am-bn k-tΩ-fn-®-Xv-˛ 1952 sa-bv 13 219. Xm-Pv-a-l¬ F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p-˛ B-{K 220. Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-cw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-C-f-t¶m-h-Sn-Iƒ 221. P-∏m-\n-se \m-W-bw-˛ sb≥ 222. kp-h¿-Wt- £-{X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw `o-Ic - s - c Xp-cØ - m≥ Hm-∏t- d-j≥ ªq-Ãm¿ \-S-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1984 223. `q-an-tbm-Sv G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp-≈ \-£-{Xw-˛ kq-cy≥ 224. t`m-∏m¬ Zp-c-¥w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1984 Un-kw-_¿ 3 225. sF-hm≥-tlm c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hmƒ-´¿ kv-tIm-´v 226. ssN-\ C-¥y-sb B-{I-an-® h¿-jw-˛ 1962 227. am-Iv-s_-Øv c-Nn-®-Xv ˛ hn-eyw tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ 228. Pn-˛8 F-∂ kw-L-S-\ cq-]w sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛ 1985 229. 1985˛¬ {Ko≥-]o-kn-s‚ sd-bn¬-t_m hm-cn-b¿ F-∂ I-∏-ens\ X-I¿-Ø cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 230. C-¥y≥ \m-jW - ¬ tIm¨-{K-kv G-Xp h¿-jw \-S∂ - Xn-cs - ™Sp-∏n-em-Wv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ko-‰p-Iƒ t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ 1984 (542¬ 415, ]-sØ-Æw t\-Sn-b-Xv 1985se D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv ) 231. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw Zq-c-Z¿-i≥ tI-{μw a-e-bm-fw ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwt{]-£-Ww B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1985 232. tKm-h-kq-cn {]-tbm-Kw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ F-tUz¿-Uv P-∂¿ 233. {`m-¥≥ Nm-∂m≥ G-Xv Ir-Xn-bn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv ˛ am¿-ØmWvU - h - ¿-a 234. sN-º≥-Ip-™v G-Xv t\m-h-en-se I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv-˛ sN-Ωo≥ 235. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 52˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS(1985) cm-jv-{So-b-°m-sS Iq-dp-am-‰-Øn-\pw A-Xp-h-gn ]m¿-´n-I-fp-sS ]n-f¿-∏n-\pw \nb-{¥-Ww sIm-≠p-h-∂ C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n 236. tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- B-W-h-Zp-c-¥w- (1986)- \-S-∂- sN¿tWm-_n¬- G-Xp- cm-Py-am-Wv- -˛-D-{I-bn≥237. I¨-ky-aq¿ s{]m-´-£≥ \n-b-aw C-¥y-bn¬ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1986 238. ssj-tem-°v G-Xv Ir-Xn bn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv-˛ sh-\o-kn-se hym-]m-cn 239. B-hn-b-{¥w I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-X-v˛ sP-bnw-kv hm-´v 240. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv ss^-\-en-se-Øn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛ ]n.Sn.Dj (1984, tem-kv B-©-e-kv) 241. t]-®n-∏m-d A-W-s°-´v G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 242. im-¥n-\n-tI-X≥ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ 243. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy _-tbm-kv-^n-b¿ dn-k¿-hv \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿jw-˛ 1986

46

CONFUSING FACTS  I-cb - n-se G-‰h - pw i-‡\ - m-b ar-Kw B-\b - m-W.v F-∂m¬, th´-bm-Sp-∂ ar-Kß - f - n¬ G-‰h - pw i-‡n-bp-≈X - v I-Sp-hb - m-Wv.  H-Uo-kn \r-Ø-Øn-s‚ hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n ]-cn-{i-an-®Xv tI-fp-N-c¨ a-lm-]m-{X. b-£-Km-\-Øn-s‚ ]p-tcm-K-Xn°m-bn ]-cn-{i-an-®-Xv in-h-cm-a Im-c-¥v.  I-dp-Ø ]-tKm-U F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv H-do-k-bn-se sImWm¿-°n-se kq-cy-t£-{X-hpw sh-fp-Ø ]-tKm-U F-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ]p-cn-bn-se P-K-∂m-Y t£-{X-hp-am-Wv.  tI-c-f-Øn¬ D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-°m-e-sØ ]-S-b-Wn-Km-\-amb h-cn-I h-cn-I k-l-P-tc c-Nn-®-Xv Aw-in \m-cm-b-W-]n≈-bm-Wv. A-Jn-em-Wv-U-a-Wv-U-ew A-Wn-bn-s®m--°n F∂ Km-\w ]-¥-fw sI.]n.cm-a≥ ]n-≈ \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS D¬-]-∂ ]n-cn-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v c-Nn®-Xm-W.v 244. tem-I-kp-μ-cn-∏-´-Øn-\p-th-Zn-bm-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ \-K-cw (1996)˛_mw-•q¿ 245. C-¥y-bn¬ kv-]o-Uv t]m-Ãv B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1986 246. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy B-{^n-°≥ km-ln-Xy-Imc≥-˛ thmƒ tkm-bn-¶ (1986, ss\-Po-cn-b) 247. sS-e-t^m¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠-¿ {K-lmw-s_¬ 248. _p-≤≥ P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ _n.kn.563 249. a-e-_m¿ I-em-]w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1921 250. ssU-\m-an-‰v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ B¬-{^-Uv t\m-_¬ 251. hm-kv-tIm U Km-a B-Zyw C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1498 252. C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv _ƒ-_v I-≠p-]n-Sn-® im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ F-Un-k¨ 253. Hm-t´m-sam-ss_-ep-I-fp-sS ]n-Xm-hv ˛ Imƒ s_≥-kv 254. \m-j-W¬ sI-an-°¬ e-t_m-d-´-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]q-s\ 255. tUm.]¬-]p P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ t]-´ (Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw) 256. in-h-Kn-cn Xo¿-Ym-S-\w B-cw-`n-°p-∂ am-kw-˛ Un-kw-_¿ 257. {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ th-Kw F-{X e-£w ssa¬ B-Wv ˛1.86 258. D-Z-b-kq-cy-s‚ \m-Sv-˛ P-∏m≥ 259. B-bn-cw X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS \m-Sv ˛ ^n≥-e≥-Uv 260. G-Xp \m-´p-cm-Py-sØ k¿-°m¿ k¿-ho-kn-em-Wv tUm.]¬-]p tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-®-Xv-˛ ssa-kq¿ 261. Fw.sI. ta-t\m-s‚ Xq-en-Im \m-aw-˛ hn-em-kn-\n 262. {]-kn-≤-am-b ao-\m-£n t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ a-[p-c 263. Km-‘n kn-\n-a kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ dn-®m¿-Uv A-‰≥-_-tdm 264. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X ˛-P-Ãnkv Fw.F-kv.^m-Øn-am-_o-hn 265. knw-_m-_v-sh-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ k-tX¨ sdm-tU-jy 266. bp.F≥.P-\-d¬ A-kw-ªn {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ hn-Pb-e-£v-an ]-Wv-Un-‰v 267. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy K-h¿-W¿-˛ cm-aIr-jW v- d - m-hp 268. P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp A-¥-cn-®Xv-˛ 1964 sa-bv 27 269. th-gv-k-bn¬-kv D-S-º-Sn H∏p-sh-® h¿-jw-˛ 1919 270. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰hpw h-en-b {K-Ÿn-˛-I-cƒ 271. hn-hm-Za - m-b hn-√p-h≠ - n-bm-{X \-S-Øn-b \-thm-∞m-\ \m-bI≥-˛ A-ø-¶m-fn 272. D-Zym-\-hn--∂v c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]-WvUn-‰v I-dp-∏≥

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv ss^-\-en-se-Øn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛ ]n.Sn.D-j (1984, tem-kv B-©-e-kv)

273. ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-l-k-a-b-Øv k-h¿-W-Pm-Y kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥ D-]-tZ-in-®-Xv-˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 274. C.Fw.F-kv.B-Zy-sØ tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1957 G-{]n¬ 5 275. {^-©p-hn-π-hw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1789 276. P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1889 277. B-Zy-sØ ]-©-h¬-k-c ]-≤-Xn B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1951 278. bp.F≥.Nm¿-´¿ H-∏p-sh-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1945 279. B¿-{Z-X A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ssl-t{Km-ao-‰¿ 280. Cw-Kv-fo-jv Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw ˛ 1600 281. a-\p-jy≥ B-Zy-am-bn N-{μ-\n-en-d-ßn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1969 282. ]-›n-a _w-Km-fn-se sd-bn¬-th F-©n≥ ^m-Iv-S-dn-bp-sS t]-cv˛ Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P≥ 283. C-¥y-bn-se A-h-km-\-sØ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬ ˛ kn.cm-P-tKm]m-em-Nm-cn 284. am-ÿ {K-Ÿn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]n-‰yq-´-dn 285. A-d-_n-°-S-en-s‚ dm-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sIm-®n 286. A-¥-co-£-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Xm-g-sØ ]m-fn-˛ t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^n-b¿ 287. {]-Y-a B-[p-\n-I H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b-Xv-˛ G-Y≥-kv 288. C-¥y-bn¬ sd-bn¬-th sIm-≠p-h-∂ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ U¬lu-kn 289. l-cn-P≥ F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 290. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-ÿn-bm-b ^o-a¿ F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛ Xp-S 291. tIm-f-d-bv-°p Im-c-W-am-b A-Wp-˛ _m-Iv-So-cn-b 292. kv-]n-∂nw-Kv sP-∂n I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ l¿-{Ko-hv-kv 293. C-¥y-bp-sS ]q-t¥m-´w-˛ Im-iv-ao¿ 294. s^¿-´n-sse-tk-gv-kv B‚ v sI-an-°¬-kv {Sm-h≥-Iq¿ F-hn-sSbm-Wv-˛ B-ep-h 295. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Ip-Sn-°m-cn k-{º-Zm-bw A-Y-hm tZ-h-Zm-kn hy-h-ÿ \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ tk-Xp-e-£v-an-`m-bn 296. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ {]-Xn-a B-Zy-am-bn ÿm-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛ X-e-t»-cn 297. hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Po-h-in-Jm-Pm-Y B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ X-e-t»-cn 298. Du-gn-b th-e-bv-s°-Xn-sc k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ 299. ⁄m-\-]oTw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ im-¥n-{]-km-Zv P-bn≥ 300. tI-c-f-sØ {`m-¥m-e-b-sa-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ kzm-an hn-th-Im\-μ≥ 301. C-¥y≥ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X≥ 302. tI-c-f K-h¿-W-dm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛-tPym-Xn sh-¶n-Sm-N-ew 303. dn-∏-ªn-Iv Zn-\-∏-tc-Uv U¬-ln-bn¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \-S-°p-∂-Xv˛ cm-Pv-]-Yv 304. k¿-Zm¿ h-√-`v-`m-bn ]-t´¬ \m-j-W¬ s]m-eo-kv A-°m-Z-an Fhn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 305. sN-Sn-I-sf sN-dn-b-cq-]-Øn¬ h-f¿-Øp-∂ I-e-˛ t_m¨-km-bv 306. s_-bv-°¬ X-Sm-Iw G-Xv cm-Py-Øv-˛ d-jy 307. hn-{Iw km-cm-`m-bv kv-t]-kv sk‚¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xp-º(Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cw) 308. C--ºn-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ A-kp-Jw-˛ A-\o-an-b 309. Kƒ-^p cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Zzo-]v-˛ _-l-dn≥ 310. C-¥y≥ \m-jW - ¬ tIm¨-{K-kv cq-]h - X - vI - r-Xa - m-b h¿-jw-˛ 1885 311. `q-Zm-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ B-Nm-cy hn-t\m-_m `m-sh 312. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b a--`q-an-˛ k-lm-d 313. a-\p-jy-s‚ km-[m-c-W c-‡ k-Ω¿-±w ˛120/80 314. B-cy-k-am-Pw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 315. C-¥y-bn-se H-∂m-a-sØ ]u-c≥-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 316. c-‡-Øn-\p Np-h-∏p-\n-dw \¬-Ip-∂ h-kv-Xp-˛ lo-tam-t•m-_n≥ 317. B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-f t\m-h¬-˛ C-μp-te-J 318. A-´-∏m-Sn G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 319. H- t{Km-kv F-{X F-Æw-˛ 144 320. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b-Ko-X-am-b h-tμ-am-X-cw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ _-¶nw N{μ Nm-‰¿-Pn 321. \m-i-Im-cn-bm-b \-Zn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-kn

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

1

 B¿-´n-°nƒ 352 {]-Im-cw tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]Jym-]n-®m¬ F-{X am-k-Øn-\-Iw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v B \-S-]Sn Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-°-Ww  tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ X-]m¬ Ãm-ºm-b s]-∂n ªm°n-s‚ hn-e F-{X s]-∂n-bm-bn--∂p  A-ao-_-bv-°v F-{X tIm-i-ß-fp-≠v  H- _n¬ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bn-te-°v F{X {]m-h-iyw Xn-cn-®-b-bv-°mw  F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv Ir-jn-bv-°v Du∂¬ \¬-In-b-Xv  {Kn-tKm-dn-b≥ I-e-≠-dn-se G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv i-I-h¿jw B-cw-`n-®-Xv  kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS H- bq-Wn-b-\m-Wv C-¥y-˛ F-∂v \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw F-{Xm-a-sØ-Xm-Wv  C-¥y-bn¬ F-{X X-cw ]u-c-Xz-am-Wp-≈-Xv  H-®n-\v F-{X Im-ep-I-fp-≠v  H-´-I-∏-£n-bp-sS ap-´-bn¬ F-{X tIm-i-ß-fp-≠v  Km-‘n-Pn F-{X h-´t- a-i k-tΩ-f\ - ß - f - n-em-Wv ]-s¶-Sp-ØX - v  a-\p-jy-s‚ B-am-i-b-Øn-se A-d-I-fp-sS F-Æw  `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS F-{Xm-as - Ø `m-KØ - n-em-Wv (]m¿-´v) bqWn-b-s\-°p-dn-®pw `q-{]-tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn-®pw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂-Xv 322. C-¥y-bn¬ tX-bn-e-bpw Im-∏n-bpw Ir-jn-sN-øp-∂ {]-tZ-iw -˛ Z-£n-tW-¥y 323. ]m-N-Iw sN-øp-tºmƒ [-cn-°m≥ G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b hkv-{Xw-˛ ]--Øn 324. \m-j-W¬ U-b-dn dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ I¿Wm¬ 325. C-¥y≥ A-{Kn-Iƒ-®-d¬ dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ \yq-U¬-ln 326. t^m-d-Ãv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-sU-dm-Uq¨ 327. sk≥-{S¬ s]m-´-t‰m dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-jnwe 328. sk≥-{S¬ ssd-kv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ I-´-°v 329. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b s]m-Xp-ta-J-em-ÿm-]-\w-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th 330. H- en-‰¿ P-e-Øn-s‚ `m-cw-˛ 1000 {Kmw 331. A‚m¿-´n-°-tbm-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp-≈ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ sX-t° Ata-cn-° 332. d-jy≥ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\ t\-Xm-hv-˛ se-\n≥ 333. ln-cm-°p-Uv A-W-s°-´v G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ a-lm-\-Zn 334. Pq-lp _o-®v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ apw-ss_ 335. Xw-kv A-]v F-¥p-X-cw D¬-]-∂-am-Wv-˛ _n-h-td-Pv 336. Hm-´n-kv F-¥p-X-cw D¬-]-∂-am-Wv-˛ en-^v-‰v 337. Im-Uv-_-dn-kv F-¥p-X-cw D¬-]-∂-am-Wv-˛ anTm-bn 338. hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ ]m-d G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 339. _-°nw-Kv-lmw sIm-´m-cw B--sS h-k-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ {_n-´o-jv samWm¿-°v (cm-Pmhv/cm⁄n) 340. ssh-‰v lu-kv B--sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I h-k-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ bp.F-kv.{]kn-U‚ v 341. C-¥y-bn¬ B-≠n-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Ip-d-™ Zn-h-kw-˛ Unkw-_¿ 22 342. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS P-\-\w F-∂m-Wv-˛ 1869 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 2 343. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b Nn-”w-˛ A-tim-I-kv-Xw-`w 344. kq-cy-t\m-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ {K-lw-˛ _p[≥ 345. `q-Iº - X - c - w-Kß - f - p-sS Xo-{h-X A-f° - p-∂ D-]I - c - W - w-˛ ko-kvt- am{Km-^v 346. U-®v Cu-Ãv C≥-Uo-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ C-t¥m-\o-jy

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

47

347. A-ta-cn-° I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ {In-Ã-^¿ sIm-fw-_-kv 348. C≥-kp-en≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ {^-U-dn-Iv _m‚nw-Kv, Nmƒ-kv _Ãv 349. F-kv.sI. s]m-‰-°m-´n-\v ⁄m-\-]oTw e-`n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1980 350. sI-∂-Un h-[n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1963 351. 1986-˛¬ Im-W-s∏-´ hm¬-\-£-{Xw-˛ lm-en 352. F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ssN-X-\y `-‡n-{]-ÿm-\w {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ _wKmƒ 353. k¿-h-cm-Py-k-Jyw G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ 1920 354. k-ky-ß-fp-sS {]-Xn-I-c-W-ti-jn sX-fn-bn-® im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ sP.kn.t_m-kv 355. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n--bm-b c-≠m-a-sØ hy‡n-˛ tZ-h-Ku-U 356. Jn-em-^-Øv {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ A-en k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿ 357. tU-hn-kv I-∏v G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ tem¨ sS-∂o-kv 358. G-‰-hpw D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈ ]oT-`q-an-˛ ]m-ao¿ 359. lm-Mnw-Kv Km¿-U≥ F-hn-sS-bm-bn--∂p-˛ _m-_n-tem¨ 360. kv-^n≥-Iv-kv G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 361. ]n-k-bn-se N-cn-™ tKm-]p-cw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-‰-en 362. G-‰-hpw h-en-b {K-lw-˛ hym-gw 363. kv-Iu-´v {]-ÿm-\w ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ t_-U≥ ]-h¬ 364. F-º-b¿ tÃ-‰v _n¬-Unw-Kv G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ bp-F-kv-F 365. G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ Im-kv-]n-b≥ I-S¬ 366. ssN-\-bp-sS Zp-Jw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛ slm-bm-Mv-tlm 367. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ en-]n-bm-bn--∂p -lo-tdm-•n-^n-Iv-kv-˛ Cu-Pn-]vXv 368. B-Zy-am-bn ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_p-≠m-°n-b-Xv-˛ F-tUz¿-Uv sS√¿ 369. ss_-t^m-°¬ se≥-kv I-≠p ]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ s_-©-an≥ {^m¶vf - n≥ 370. ]m-Iv I-S-en-Sp-°v G-sX-√mw cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn¬-˛ C-¥y-˛ {ioe-¶ 371. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b U¬-‰-˛ kp-μ¿-_≥-kv 372. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]-k-aq-lw-˛ C-s¥m-\o-jy 373. ]m-{Sn-kv epw-apw-_ B-cm-Wv-˛ tImw-tKm-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c\m-b-I≥ 374. i-I h¿-j-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ am-kw-˛ ssN-{Xw 375. C-t¥m-\n-jy-bp-sS \m-W-bw-˛ dp-∏n-b 376. C-¥y≥ I-d≥-kn Z-imw-i kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-te-°v am-dn-b h¿-jw˛ 1957 377. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ au-≠v-_m‰≥ {]-`p 378. ]m-S-e-\-K-cw(]n-¶v kn-‰n) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ P-bv-]q¿ 379. k-Rv-P-b≥ F-∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Fw.cm-apÆn \m-b¿ 380. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-\o-Xn-\ym-b tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ tl-Kv 381. _w-Km-fn-s‚ Zpx-Jw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛ Zm-tam-Z¿ 382. c-≠mw tem-I a-lm-bp-≤w A-h-km-\n-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1945 sk-]vXw-_¿ c-≠v 383. ]n-b-dn Iyp-dn-bv-s°m-∏w td-Un-bw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ ta-cn Iyq-dn 384. C--≠ `q-J-Wv-Uw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-{^n-° 385. πm-kn bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw ˛ 1757 386. ]-Wv-Un-‰v c-hn-i-¶-dp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-Ww-˛ kn-Xm¿ 387. am-en F-∂ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ am-[-h≥-\m-b¿ 388. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-cw ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-l- k-a-bØv \n-co-£-I-\m-bn F-Øn-b-Xv-˛ hn-t\m-_m `m-sh 389. kzm-X-{¥y-Km-Y c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ 390. A-≤ym-fl-bp-≤w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-μ≥ 391. s]-cn-\m-Sv k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ A-ø-¶m-fn 392. ]m- e n- s ‚ Kp- W - \ n- e - h m- c w A- f - ° m- \ p- ] - t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ - X v - ˛ em-Iv-tSm-ao-‰¿ 393. tI-c-f Im-fn-Zm-k≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ tI-c-f-h¿-a h-en-b tImbn-Ø-ºp-cm≥

48

CONFUSING FACTS  {]m-No-\ tI-c-f-Øn-se Pq-X hym-]m-cn-I-fp-sS kw-L-am-bn-∂p A-©p-h-Æw. {]m-No-\ tI-c-f-Øn-se kn-dn-b≥ {Inkv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS kw-L-am-bn--∂p a-Wn-{Km-aw.  tI-c-f I-em-a-Wv-U-ew ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw 1930. tI-c-f I-em-aW - U v- e - s - Ø tI-cf - k¿-°m¿ G-s‰-Sp-Ø h¿-jw 1957.  B-‰n-߬ I-em-]w \-S-∂-Xv 1721˛¬. a-e-_m¿ I-em-]Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b hm-K¨ {Sm-P-Un \-S-∂-Xv 1921˛¬  tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t]-cn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ c-‡{Kq-∏v H t]m-kn-‰o-hpw G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-t]-cn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp∂-Xv F._n. s\-K-‰o-hp-am-Wv.  kq-cy≥ I-gn-™m¬ `q-an-tbm-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp-≈ \-£{Xw t{]m-Ik v- n-am sk-t‚m-dn-bm-Wv. A-Xp I-gn-™m¬ B¬^m sk-t‚m-dn. 394. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ I-fn-ÿ-ew F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿e≥-Uv 395. B-hn b-{¥w I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sP-bnw-kv hm-´v 396. s]-\n-sk-en≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ ^v-f-anw-Kv 397. hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS th-Kw A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ kv-]o-tUm-ao-‰¿ 398. tI-c-f C-_v-k≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ F≥ Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 399. _v-fq au-≠≥-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ \o-e-Kn-cn 400. cw-K-kzm-an I-∏v F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv-˛ tlm-°n 401. _p-≤-\v Zn-hy-⁄m-\w e-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ t_m-[v-K-b 402. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se B-sI Aw-K-߃-˛ 141 403. {]-Im-iw H- h¿-jw-sIm-≠v k-©-cn-°p-∂ Zq-c-am-Wv ˛ {]-Im-ih¿-jw 404. G-‰-hpw- ]p-cm-X-\-am-b th-Zw-˛ E-tKz-Zw405. C-¥y B-Zy Ir-{Xn-tam-]-{K-l-am-b B-cy-`-´ hn-t£-]n-® Xo-bXn-˛ 1975G-{]n¬ 19 406. _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ cm-tI-jv i¿-a 407. kn-Jp a-Xw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Kp- \m-\m-°v 408. a-lm-Xv-am-Km-\v-[n h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ 1948 P-\p-h-cn- 30 409. tUm. sI.F≥.cm-Pv G-Xv \n-e-bn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤≥-˛ C-°-tWman-kv-‰v 410. sIm-√-h¿-jw- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛ F.Un-. 825 411. N-cn-bp-∂ tKm-]p-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]n-k 412. {Km≥-Uv Im-\y≥ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ bp-F-kv-F 413. tkm-Um-sh-≈-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ Im¿-_¨ Utbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 414. {io-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ Im-e-Sn 415. cm-{Xn-bp-sS-bpw ]-I-en-s‚-bpw \o-fw Xp-ey-am-Ip-∂-Xv kq-cy≥ ......... tc-J-bv-°v ap-I-fn¬ h--tºm-fm-Wv-˛ `q-a-[y-tc-J 416. G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v-˛ {Ko≥-e≥-Uv 417. ]-d-°p-∂ k-kv-X-\w- ˛-h-Δm¬418. _-ln-cm-Im-i k-©m-cn-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ hm-e‚o-\ sX-c-jvtIm-h 419. _m-tcm-ao-‰¿ I-≠p]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tSm-dn-sk√n 420. te h-te-k G-Xv cmPy-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ t]mf-≠v 421. bq-dn K-Km-dn≥ G-Xv cm- P y- ° m- c - \ m- W v - ˛ ap≥ tkm-hn-b-‰v bqWn-b≥ 422. _-´¿-^v-ssf kv-t{SmC-¥y B-Zy Ir-{Xn-tam-]-{K-l-am-b °v G-Xv Im-bn-I-C-\B-cy-`-´ hn-t£-]n-® hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´nXob-Xn-˛ 1975G-{]n¬ 19 cn-°p-∂p-˛ \o-¥¬

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

423. s]-\m¬-´n In°v G-Xv Im-bn-IC - \ - h - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p -˛-^p-Sv-t_mƒ 424. \n-im-‘-X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv G-Xv hn-‰m-an-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-e-am-Wv˛ hn-‰m-an≥ F 425. kz-¥-am-bn ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-≈ tI-{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-iw-˛ U¬-ln 426. sk≥-{S¬ Syq-_¿ t{Im-]v-kv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS ÿnXn sN-øp-∂p-˛ {io-Im-cyw 427. c- R v - P n t{Sm- ^ n G- X p I- f n- b p- a m- b n _- ‘ - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p˛ {In-°-‰v 428. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s‚ Du-jv-am-hv F-{X ^m-c≥-lo-‰m-Wv-˛ 98.4 429. a-¥v ]-c-Øp-∂ Po-hn-˛ Iyq-e-Iv-kv sIm-Xp-Iv 430. _- μ n- ∏ q¿ \m- j - W ¬ ]m¿- ° v G- X p kw- ÿ m- \ - Ø v˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 431. kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw F-hn-sS--bm-W v-˛ A-ar-’¿ 432. H-tc D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈ ÿ-e-ß-sf _-‘n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v `q-]-SØn¬ h-c-bv-°p-∂ tc-J-˛ tIm-≠q¿ tc-J 433. I-enw-K ss{]-kv G-Xv cw-K-sØ an-I-hn-s\ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-\mWv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ im-kv-{X-sØ P-\-{]n-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v 434. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv ]q¿-W-kz-cm-Pv {]-ta-bw ]mkm-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1929(em-tlm¿) 435. ]n-Ø-c-kw D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ {K-Ÿn-˛ I-cƒ 436. km-tc P-lmw tk A-Ov-Om.... c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv C-Iv-_m¬ 437. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ a-e-\n-c-˛ B-c-h-√n 438. {]m-No-\ C-¥y-bn-se {]-i-kv-X-\m-b \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hv-˛ a-\p 439. C-¥y Un-ssh-U-Uv (hn-`-‡ `m-c-Xw) B--sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ tUm. cm-tP-{μ {]-km-Zv 440. sN-kn¬ {Km≥-Uv am-ÿ ]-Z-hn t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ Xm-cw-˛ hn-iz-\m-Y≥ B-\-μv 441. a-lm-_-en-]p-cw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 442. ]m-Wv-U-h≥-am--sS aq-Ø k-tlm-Z-c≥-˛ bp-[n-jvTn-c≥ 443. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ ]-Sn-™m-dv `m-K-sØ I-S¬-˛ A-d-_n-°-S¬ 444. 1956\p-ap-ºv tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ aq-∂v L-S-I-߃-˛ Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm-®n, a-e-_m¿ 445. Im-kn-cw-K \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ A-kw 446. bp-s\-kv-tIm-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ ]m-co-kv 447. kv-I¿-hn- F-∂ tcm-Kw G-Xp hn-‰m-an-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-e-am-Wv D-≠mIp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-‰-an≥ kn 448. cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS A-[y-£≥-˛ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn 449. A-®n-∏p-S-h k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ B-dm-´p-]p-g th-em-bp-[ ]-Wn-°¿ 450. Pm-Xn-\n¿-W-bw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 451. Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 452. B-\-μ-Pm-Xn F-∂ B-i-b-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ {_-“m-\-μin-h-tbm-Kn 453. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ B-tflm-]-tZ-i-i-X-Iw Cw-Kv-fo-jn-te°v ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ \-S-cm-P-Kp- 454. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ \-I-e-]p-cw 455. kv-sX-X-kv-tIm-∏v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sse-\m-Iv 456. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ s]m-Xp Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1952 (1951 ¬ XpSßn) 457. I¬-∏m-°w G-Xv \n-e-bn¬ {]-kn-≤w-˛ A-Wp-i-‡n-\n-e-bw 458. ]m-Xn-cm kq-cy-s‚ \m-Sv-˛ t\m¿-th 459. kzm-X-{¥yw A¿-[-cm-{Xn-bn¬ F-∂ ]p-kv-X-Iw F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ sUm-an-\n-Iv em-]n-b-dpw em-dn tIm-fn≥-kpw 460. tdm-°v Km¿-U≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv 461. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]p-jv-]w-˛ Xm-a-c 462. C-¥y-bp-sS ]-Sn-™m-dv `m-K-Øp-≈ I-S¬-˛ A-d-_n-°-S¬ 463. B--sS P-∑Z- n-\a - m-Wv in-ip-Zn-\a - m-bn B-Nc - n-°p-∂X - v˛- P-hm-l¿em¬ s\-{lp 464. N-{μ-\n-en-d-ßn-b B-Zy _-ln-cm-Im-i k-©m-cn-˛ \o¬ Bw-kvt{Sm-Mv 465. G-‰-hpw `m-cw Ip-d-™ hm-X-Iw-˛ ssl-{U-P≥ 466. {_-“-k-am-Pw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 467. C-¥y B-Zy-am-bn hn-t£-]n-® D-]-{K-lw-˛ B-cy-`-´ 468. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ t]m¿-_-¥¿ 469. tI-c-f I-em-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚ B--ÿm--\w-˛ sN-dp-Xp--Øn

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

2

 tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v F-{X Bw-t•m C-¥y≥ Aw-K-ß-sfbm-Wv {]-kn-U‚ v \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-øp-∂-Xv  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ `m-K-Øn-em-Wv (]m¿-´v) ]uc-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b A-`m-Py kw-Jy  F-{Xm-as - Ø ]-©h - ’ - c - ]-≤X - n-°m-eØ - m-Wv Jm-Zn B‚ v hn-t√-Pv C≥-U-kv-{So-kv I-Ωn-j≥ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv  D-]-{K-l-ß-fn-√m-Ø F-{X {K-l-ß-fm-Wv ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-ep≈-Xv  tem-I a-lm-bp-≤-߃ F-{X-sb-Æ-am-Wv \-S-∂n-´p-≈-Xv  {]m-No-\ C-¥y-bn¬ ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s‚ F-{X a-lm-k-tΩf-\-߃ \-S-∂n-´p-≠v  _o-®v thm-fn-t_m-fn¬ H- So-an-se I-fn-°m--sS F-Æw  F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ F-{X {]m-h-iyw A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚m-bn Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v  tem-I-cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn¬ P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ C-¥y-bp-sS ÿm-\w  C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v F-{X k-`-I-fp-≠v  H-cmƒ-°v ]-c-am-h-[n F-{X {]m-h-iyw A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚m-Imw  tUm. cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv F-{X {]m-h-iy-am-Wv C-¥y-bp-sS {]kn-U‚m-b-Xv  A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se sk-\-‰n¬ H- tÃ-‰n-s\ F-{X t]-cm-Wv {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂-Xv  C-c-´ kw-Jy-bm-b G-I A-`m-Py kw-Jy  {In-°-‰v am-®n¬ ^o¬-Un-se A-º-b¿-am--sS F-Æw  cm-Py-sØ ]-Z-hn-∏-´n-I-bn-se {I-a-Øn¬ ssh-kv {]-knU‚ v F-{Xm-a-Xm-Wv 470. kq-£v-a h-kv-Xp-°-sf h-ep-Xm-bn Im-Wp-hm-\p-≈ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-∏v 471. ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-lw \-S-∂ h¿-jw -˛ 1924˛1925 472. ]-cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m-¥w B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 473. K-h¿-W-sd \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 474. H- S¨ F-{X In-tem-{Kmw-˛ 1000 475. F-h-d-Ãv Io-g-S-°n-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-X-˛ _-tN-{μn-]m¬ 476. C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ kw-kv-Ir-X kn-\n-a-˛ B-Zn-i-¶cm-Nm-cy 477. \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v \yp-{Sn-j≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sslZ-cm-_m-Zv 478. Hmƒ C-¥ym C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v sa-Un-°¬ k-b≥-k-kv F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 479. sk≥-{S¬ {U-Kv-kv e-t_m-d-´-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 480. tI-c-f-Øn¬ do-Pn-b-W¬ d-∫¿ dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ tIm-´-bw 481. tI-c-f sk-dm-an-Iv-kv en-an-‰-Uv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Ip-≠-d 482. tI-c-f t^m-d-Ãv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v ˛-]o-®n 483. ssk-e‚ v hm-en G-Xv Pn-√-bn¬-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 484. C--]-Xn-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®v cm-Py-Øn-s‚ km-º-ØnI-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v B-°w Iq-´n-b C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μn-cmKm-‘n 485. k¿-thm-Z-b {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ P-b-{]-Im-iv \mcm-b¨ 486. `q-an-tbm-Sv G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp-≈ {K-lw-˛ ip-{I≥ 487. B-‰-Øn-se E-W-(s\-K-‰o-hv) Nm¿-Pp-≈ I-Ww-˛ C-e-Iv-t{Sm¨ 488. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s‚ Du-jv-am-hv-˛ 36.9 sk¬-jy-kv 489. d-{^n-P-td-‰-dn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ {^n-tbm¨ 490. C-¥y A-Wp-]-co-£-Ww \-S-Øp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ s]m-Jv-cm≥ 491. t^m¿-th-Uv _v-tfm-°v cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_mkv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

49

492. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ F-gp-Ø-—≥ 493. Iyq-_ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ sIm-fw-_-kv (1492) 494. A-Xn¿-Øn Km-‘n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 495. hn-th-Im-\-μ sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 496. a-te-dn-b ]-cm-Z-Po-hn-sb I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ sdm-Wmƒ-Uv tdm-kv 497. G-‰-hpw Xn-f-°-ap-≈ {K-lw-˛ ip-{I≥ 498. A-Wp-kw-Jy-bpw A-Wp-`m-c-hpw Xp-ey-am-b aq-e-Iw-˛ ssl-{UP≥ 499. C-¥y-bp-am-bn \m-hn-I-am¿-Kw hm-Wn-Py-_-‘w ÿm-]n-® BZy-sØ bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-Pyw-˛ t]m¿-®p-K¬ 500. ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ \m-em-a-sØ A-h-ÿ-˛ πm-kv-a 501. knw-e I-cm-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛ kp¬-^n-°¿ A-en `q-t´m-bpw Cμn-cm-Km-‘n-bpw 502. G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛ bm-Mv-kn 503. in-em-t£-{X-߃-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b X-an-gv-\m-´n-se Xo-c-]-´-Ww˛ a-lm-_-en-]p-cw 504. C-¥y-°m¿ ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-j-s\ _-ln-jv-I-cn-°m≥ Im-c-Ww˛ Aw-K-ß-fn¬ C-¥y-°m¿ C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ 505. B-Zw-kv {_n-Uv-Pv G-sXm-s° cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn¬-˛ C-¥y-bpw {io-e-¶-bpw 506. ^n-\m≥-kv I-Ωn-j≥ sN-b¿-am-s\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛ {]-knU‚ v 507. C-¥y-bn¬ km-bp-[-tk-\-I-fp-sS k¿-h ssk-\ym-[n-]≥ Bcm-Wv-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 508. ⁄m-\-]oT-Øn-\¿-l-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ B-im-]q¿-Wm-tZ-hn 509. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b ]-c-am-[n-Im-c cm-jv-{Sw ˛ h-Øn°m≥ 510. Um¿-Pn-enw-Kv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ 511. Kp¬-am¿-Kv kp-J-hm-k-tI-{μw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ P-Ωp I-ia -v o¿ 512. dn-thmƒ-h¿ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ km-ap-h¬ tImƒ-´v 513. B¨-h¿-Kw {]-k-hn-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ I-S¬-°p-Xn-c 514. tI-{μ In-g-ßp-hn-f K-th-j-W-tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-{io-Im-cyw (Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw) 515. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 516. aq-∂p X-h-W D¿-h-in A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ im-c-Z 517. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ `m-\p A-Ø-ø 518. am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a F-∂ t\m-h-se-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ kn.hn.cm-a≥ ]n≈ 519. R-c-ºp-I-fp-sS ]T-\w kw-_-‘n-® im-kv-{X-im-J-˛ \yq-tdm-f-Pn 520. a-e-º-\n-°v Im-c-W-am-b sIm-Xp-Ip-h¿-Kw-˛ A-t\m-^n-e-kv 521. ]p-I-bn-e-bn¬ Im-Wp-∂ {]-[m-\ hn-j-h-kv-Xp-˛ \n-t°m-´n≥ 522. C-¥y kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ ¢-a‚ v B‰v-en

knw-e I-cm-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛ kp¬-^n-°¿ A-en `q-t´m-bpw C-μn-cm-Km-‘n-bpw

50

CONFUSING FACTS  B-›c - y-aR - vP - c - n c-Nn-®X - v Ip-et- i-Jc - B - g - vh - m¿ B-Wv. B›-cy-Nq-Vm-a-Wn c-Nn-®-Xv i-‡n-`-{Z≥. hn-th-I-Nq-Vm-a-Wnbp-sS I¿-Øm-hv i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿.  C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ^n-enw s^-Ãn-h¬ Hm-^v C-¥y-bn¬ anI-® Nn-{X-Øn-\p \¬-Ip-∂ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-am-Wv kp-h¿-W-abq-cw . tI-c-f-Øn-se C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ^n-enw s^-Ãn-hen¬ an-I-® Nn-{X-Øn-\p \¬-Ip-∂ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-am-Wv kph¿-W N-tIm-cw.  Z-£n-tW-¥y-bp-sS A-cn-°n-Æw F-∂v Ir-jv-Wm-˛-tKm-Zm-hcn U¬-‰-bpw Z-£n-tW-¥y-bp-sS [m-\y-∏p-c F-∂v X-©mhq-w A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.  tI-c-f-Øn¬ \n-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-am-b B-Zy h-\n-X B\n a-kv-{Io≥. tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂v cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-b BZy h-\n-X `m-c-Xn D-Z-b-`m-\p. 523. C-¥y-bn-se \q-dp-cq-]m t\m-´n¬ Im-Wp-∂ H-∏v B--tS-Xm-Wv-˛ dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v K-h¿-W¿ 524. Cw-Kv-fo-jv Nm-\¬ \o-¥n-°-S-∂ B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ anln¿-sk≥ 525. ssS t{_-°¿ G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ^p-Svt_mƒ 526. C-¥y-bn¬ ap-Kƒ `-c-W-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d ]m-In-b bp-≤w˛ H-∂mw ]m-\n-∏-´v bp-≤w(1526) 527. C‚-{K¬ tIm-®v ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn--s-Sb -- m-Wv-˛ s]-c-ºq-¿ (sN-ss∂) 528. C-¥y-bn¬ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 529. A-P-¥m- Kp-l-Iƒ- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ kw-kv-Ym-\w-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 530. D-Sp-º≥-tNm-e G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ C-Sp-°n 531. hn-iz-`m-c-Xn k¿-h-I-em-im-e ÿm-]-I≥-˛ Sm-tKm¿ 532. _p-≤≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ epw-_n-\n 533. P-bv P-hm≥ P-bv In-km≥ F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄mXm-hv-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-{Xn 534. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sa-Un-°¬ tIm-tf-Pn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv 535. B--sS Im-e-Øm-Wv lyp-bm≥ km-Mv C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ l¿j≥ 536. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS kz¿-W-sa-U¬- t\-Sn-b B-Zy- a-e-bm-f-Nn-{Xw˛ sN-Ωo≥537. kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v G-‰-hpw A-I-se-bp-≈ {K-lw-˛ s\-]v-‰yq¨ 538. tem-Iv-am-\y F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-Iv 539. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy {In-kv-Xy≥ ]--≈n ÿm-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿ 540. _-ln-cm-Im-i-K-th-j-W tI-{μw tI-c-f-Øn-se G-Xv Pn-√-bn-emWv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 541. t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-c-Øn¬ H-∏p-sh-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ {io-Nn-Ønc-Xn--\mƒ 542. ]-Xn-t\-gmw-hb -   - n-\p-ti-jw hn-Zym-`ym-kw-t\-Sm-\m-cw-`n-® \-thm∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛-hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 543. G-Xv h¿-ja - m-bn--∂p hn.Sn.`-´X - n-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚ bm-N\ - m-bm-{X-˛ 1931 544. km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\ kw-L-Øn-s‚ ap-J-]-{X-am-bn 1913˛¬ Bcw-`n-®-Xv-˛ km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-en-\n 545. a-e-_m¿ I-em-]w ]-›m-Ø-e-am-°n Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ c-Nn-® IrXn-˛ Zp-c-h-ÿ 546. G-Xp {K-Ÿn-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\ ssh-I-eyw aq-e-am-Wv {]-ta-lw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ B-t·-b-{K-Ÿn 547. hm-Xw _m-[n-°p-∂ i-co-c-`m-Kw-˛ k-‘n-Iƒ 548. B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-f ]-{Xw-˛ cm-Py-k-am-Nm-cw 549. Ãm-Nyp Hm-^v en-_¿-´n- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv kv-Ym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 550. C-¥y-bn¬ Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS `-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-® h¿jw-˛ 1858

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

551. i-I-h¿-j-Øn-se B-Zy-am-kw-˛ ssN-{Xw 552. C≥-kp-en-\n-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ tcm-K-ta-Xv-˛ U-b-_-‰nkv sa-en-‰-kv 553. tXm-a-kv I-∏v G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ _m-Uv-an‚¨ 554. Im-em-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ sa-‰n-tbm-tdm-f-Pn 555. hm-°p-I-fp-sS D-Zv-`-h-sØ-bpw hn-Im-k-sØ-bpw Ip-dn-®p-≈ ]T\w-˛ F-‰n-tam-f-Pn 556. ap-t∂m-´pw ]n-∂n-te-°pw ]-d-°m≥ I-gn-hp-≈ ]-£n-˛ l-Ωn-Mv ]-£n 557. kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v \n¿-_-‘n-X ssk-\n-I tk-h-\w hy-h-ÿ sNøp-∂ G-I cm-Pyw-˛ C-{k-tb¬ 558. ss{U sF-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ J-cm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈ Im¿_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 559. H- Ip--hn-bp-sS ]-X-\w B--sS B-fl-I-Y-˛ k-enw A-en 560. _n-Kv s_≥- t¢m-°v F-hn-sS ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ e-≠≥ 561. A-tcm-hn-s√ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]p-Xp-t®-cn 562. s{Iw-en≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ tam-kv-tIm 563. A-kzm≥ Umw G-Xv cm-Py-Øv-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 564. sP-‰p-hn-am-\w ]-dØ - n-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-Xm I-am≥-U¿-˛ kuZm-an-\n tZ-iv-ap-Jv 565. t_m¿-tem-Kv A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bn¬ \¬-Ip-∂p-˛ Ir-jn 566. ^-tØ-]q¿ kn-{In \n¿-an-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 567. k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚ a-\p-jy≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ C-¥y≥ {]-[m\-a-{¥n-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-{Xn 568. G-Xv aq-e-Iw tN¿-∂ tem-l k-¶-c-am-Wv A-am¬-Kw-˛ sa¿-°p-dn 569. J-cm-h-ÿ-bn¬-\n-∂pw {Zm-h-I-am-Im-sX t\-cn-´v hm-X-I-am-Ip-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ k-ªn-ta-j≥ 570. G-X-h-b-h-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-K-am-Wv {S-t°m-a-˛ I-Æv 571. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-\-{]-tZ-i-ap-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 572. X-t´-°m-Sv G-Xp \n-e-bn¬ {]-kn-≤w-˛ ]-£n k-t¶-Xw 573. A¿-Pp-\ A-hm¿-Uv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1961 574. bq-tdm-∏n-se tcm-Kn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Xp¿-°n 575. hn-Zq-c ku-μ-cy-Øn-s‚ \-K-cw-˛ hm-jn-Mv-S¨ Un.kn. 576. t{K-‰v Un-Iv-tS-‰¿ F-∂ N-e-®n-{X-Øn-s‚ kw-hn-[m-b-I≥-˛ Nm¿fn Nm-]v-fn≥ 577. H- C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm K-h¿-W¿-˛ k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up 578. {]n‚nw-Kv {]-kv I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ Kp-´≥-_¿-Kv 579. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b I-c-_-≤-cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 580. U-b-_-‰n-Iv-kv \n-b-{¥n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ C≥-kp-en≥ 581. E-tKz-Z-Im-e-sØ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ C{μ≥ 582. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B--ÿ-m-\w-˛ Xr-»q¿ 583. Ip-t{Z-ap-Jv A-b¨ Hm¿ t{]m-P-Iv-Sv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ kw-ÿm\w-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 584. Ip-®n-∏p-Un G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ B-{‘m-{]-tZiv 585. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ImTn-\y-ap-≈ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ h-{Pw 586. B-kv-]n-cn≥ B-Zy-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ tlm-^v-am≥ 587. C-¥y≥ l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ Fw.F-kv.kzm-an-\m-Y≥ 588. C-¥y≥ _n-kv-am¿-°v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ 589. ln-‰v-e¿ ^yq-d¿ (k¿-hm-[n-Im-cn) F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏- kzo-I-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1934 590. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b Kp--˛ tKm-J-se 591. sj¿-e-Iv-tlmw-kv F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ B¿-X¿ tIm-\≥ tUm-b¬ 592. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b cm-Pyw-˛ d-jy 593. tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-˛-ss\¬ 594. ln-μp-ÿm≥ sa-jo≥ Sqƒ-kv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.......... Pn-√-bnem-Wv-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 595. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ A-Sn-a-Øw \n-tcm-[n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1863 596. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ 1945 HIv-tSm-_¿ 24 597. C-¥ybpsS B-Zy A‚m¿-´n-°≥ ]-cy-S-\w e£y-Øn-seØnb h¿-jw-˛ 1982

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

2

 {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- F-{X {]m-h-iyw {io-e-¶ k-μ¿-in-®n´p-≠v  I-d≥-kn t\m-´p-I-fn¬ dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v K-h¿-W-dp-sS H-∏v F-{X `m-j-I-fn-em-Wv Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv  tem-Iv-k-` h¿-j-Øn¬ Np--ßn-b-Xv F-{X {]m-h-iyw ktΩ-fn-®n-cn-°-Ww  a-’y-Øn-s‚ lr-Z-b-Øn-se A-d-I-fp-sS F-Æw  F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv a-l-e-t\m-_n-kv am-Xr-I F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv  B¿-´n-°nƒ 356 {]-Im-cw kw-ÿm-\-Øv A-Sn-b-¥-cm-hÿ {]-Jym-]n-®m¬ F-{X am-k-Øn-\-Iw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v B \-S-]-Sn Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-°-Ww  A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ F-{X X-cw ]u-c-Xz-ap-≠v  F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv h≥-In-S hy-h-kmb-߃-°v Du-∂¬ \¬-In-b-Xv  cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS aq-∂n-sem-∂v Aw-K-߃ F-{X h¿-jw IqSp-tºm-fm-Wv hn-c-an-°p-∂-Xv  c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ P-∏m-\n¬ F-{X {]m-h-iyam-Wv A-Wp-t_mw-_n-´-Xv  C-¥y≥ \m-hn-I-tk-\-bv-°v F-{X ^v-fo-‰p-I-fp-≠v 598. 599. 600. 601. 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611. 612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 618. 619. 620. 621. 622. 623. 624. 625.

tKmƒ-Uv tIm-Ãv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Lm-\ {S-t°m-a F-¥n-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂ A-kp-J-am-Wv-˛ I-Æv G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b C-¥y-bn¬ kz¿-Ww G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ I¿-WmS-Iw B--sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv I-Æp-\o¿-Øp-≈n-˛ \m-e-∏m-´v \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m≥ tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ Pn-√-˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv a-e-ºp-g A-W-s°-´v G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]-£n-˛ a-bn¬ Im-≠m-ar-K-Øn-s‚ sIm-ºv F-¥n-s‚ cq-]m-¥-c-W-am-Wv-˛ tcm-aw In-g-°n-s‚ Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]q-s\ in-h-Pn-bp-sS hmƒ-˛ `-hm-\n tem-Iv-k-`-bn-epw cm-Py-k-`-bn-epw {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b G-Ihy-‡n-˛ F¬.sI.A-Zzm-\n sP-bnw-kv t_m-≠v F-∂ I-Ym--]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ C-bm≥ ^v-sf-an-Mv ss]-tdm-ep-ssk-‰v G-Xn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛ amw-K-\o-kv t¢m-Wnw-Kn-eq-sS ]n-d-∂ B-Zy-sØ F--a-°p-´n-˛ kw-cq-] I-∫¨ ]m¿-°v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ _mw-•q¿ Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ In-≈n-°p-dn-»n aw-K-ew Ip-μ-e-X F-gp-X-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1887 Ip-∂-e-t°m-\m-Xn-cn F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏- kzo-I-cn-®n--∂ cm-Pmhv-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv cm-Pm-hv tI-c-f-ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm No-^v P-Ãn-kv-˛-P-Ãnkv kp-Pm-Xm a-t\m-l¿ tI-c-fw B-Zy-am-bn k-t¥m-jv t{Sm-^n t\-Sn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1973 `m-c-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ P-e-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv Hm-Iv-kn-P≥-˛ 89 Pn-∂-bp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-I-dm-®n Ip-Ωm-b-Øn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Im¬-kyw ssl-t{Um-Iv-ssk-Uv Iq-Sp \n¿-an-°p-∂ G-I ]m-ºv-˛ cm-P-sh-ºm-e Iq-Sp-X¬ A-f-hn¬ F-Y-t\mƒ I-gn-®m¬ tI-Sp-h--∂ A-h-bhw-˛ hr-° I-S¬-P-e-Øn-e-en-™p tN¿-∂n-´p-≈ ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fn¬ i-X-am-\mSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv-˛ t¢m-dn≥ I-Sp-°, Xm-∂n-°, s\-√n-° C-Xv aq-∂n-\pw Iq-Sn-bp-≈ t]-cv-˛ {Xn-^-e

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

51

626. `m-c-X c-Xv-\ t\-Sn-b C-¥y-°m-c-\-√m-Ø B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 627. k-c-kz-Xn k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛-_m-em-a-Wnb-Ω 628. K-co-_n lTm-thm F-∂v B-lzm-\w sN-bv-X C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a{¥n-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 629. K--V- G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ F-b¿-e≥-kv B-Wv-˛ C-s¥m-\n-jy 630. I-Sp-h C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ar-K-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- tZ-io-b-ar-Kw˛-kn-w-lw631. Iw-]yq-´¿ F-∂ hm-°n-s‚ D-¤-hw G-Xp `m-j-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv-˛ em-‰n≥ 632. Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-se \yq-´¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-cv- ˛-Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 633. tNm-°n-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Im¬-kyw Im¿-_-tW-‰v 634. Iw-]yq-´¿ k-b≥-kn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ A-e≥ Syq-dn-Mv 635. I-Wz-hw-i-Øn-se A-h-km-\-sØ cm-Pm-hv-˛ kp-i¿-a≥ 636. jn-bm ap-…n-ß-fp-sS ]p-Wy-ÿ-e-am-b I¿-_m-e- G-Xp cm-PyØm-Wv-˛ C-dm-°v 637. Jn-e-^-Øv {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ A-en ktlm-Zc - ≥-am¿ 638. k-ap-{Z-Øn-se k-{Xw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛ tI-]v Su¨ 639. km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS a-{¥n A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ t]-cv-˛ a-ßm-´-®≥ 640. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS H-∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS Iq-´n-®¿-Ø ]-´n-I-˛ H-º-Xmw ]-´n-I 641. kn-ÿ \n-th-Zn-X-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ am¿-K-c-‰v F-en-k-_-Øv t\m-_nƒ 642. C-¥y-bn¬ Im-bn-I-cw-K-Øv \¬-Ip-∂ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ _-lp-aXn-˛ cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n tJ¬-c-Xv-\ 643. b-lq-Z--sS-bpw ap-…n-ß-fp-sS-bpw {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw ]-hn{X-\-K-cw-˛ P-dp-k-tew 644. {^m-≥-kn-se- B-Zy- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛ 1792 645. Kq¿-J-Iƒ- G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ P-\-hn-`m-Kw-˛ t\-∏mƒ 646. Kp-]v-X-hw-i-Øn-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I Nn-”w-˛ K--V≥ 647. sS≥-kn-Mv t\m¿-sK-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y-˛ ssS-K¿ Hm-^v kv-t\m-kv 648. kw-ÿm-\-\n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-se G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ Aw-K-kw-Jy F{X-h-sc-bm-Imw-˛ 60 649. Kq¿-Wn-° F-∂ Nn-{Xw h-c-®-Xv-˛ ]n-°m-tkm 650. kq-b-kv I-\m¬ \n¿-an-® F-©n-\o-b¿-˛ s^¿-Un-\m≥-Uv seko-]v-kv 651. k-tX¨ sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ sN-ss∂ 652. ku-Øv sh-Ãv B-{^n-°-bp-sS C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv-˛ \-ao-_n-b 653. kq-b-kv I-\m¬ tZ-i-km¬-°-cn-® (1956)Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥ {]-knU‚ v-˛ A-_v-Zpƒ \m-k¿ 654. ku-c-bq-Yw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tIm-∏¿-\n-°-kv 655. Ku-fo-Km-{Xw- G-Xp Im¿-jn-I hn-f-bp-sS C-\-am-Wv-˛ sX-ßv 656. ku-tcm¿-Pw `q-an-bn-se-Øp-∂ co-Xn-˛ hn-In-c-Ww 657. km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS \m-hn-I-tk-\m-ta-[m-hn-˛ Ip-™m-en a-c-bv-°m¿ 658. kv-s\-√≥-kv Nm¿-´v- F-¥p ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p˛-Im-gvN - i - ‡ - n 659. P-e-Øn-s‚ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sh-\o-kv 660. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-c-\m-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn 661. Sm-_v-e-‰v cq-]-Øn¬ hn¬-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ a--∂v-˛ B-kv-]ncn≥ 662. P-e-tZm-j-Øn-\p Im-c-Ww-˛ ssh-d-kv 663. kv-s{S-bv-‰v {^w Z lm¿-´v B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ I-]n¬-tZhv 664. tIcf {Km-ao¨ _m-¶n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ a-e-∏p-dw 665. kv-ss]-k-kv t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm-®n 666. kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ D-tZym-K-ÿ≥-˛ No-^v sk{I-´-dn 667. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ {]-Xn-tcm-[-a-{¥n-˛ _¬-tZ-hv kn-Mv 668. ku-μ-cy-ap-≈-sX-¥pw B-Àm-Z-Zm-b-Iw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ Io-‰vkv 669. kz-X-{¥ hn-b-‰v-\m-an-s‚ in¬-]n-˛ tlm-Nn-an≥

52

CONFUSING FACTS  `q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v t\m-°n-bm¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏-Øn¬ ImWm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ \-£{- Xw kq-cy-\m-Wv. kq-cy≥ I-gn-™m¬ `q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v t\m-°n-bm¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏-Øn¬ ImWm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ \-£-{Xw kn-dn-b-km-Wv.  ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-]-{K-l-am-Wv Km-\n-aoUv. G-‰-hpw km-{μ-X-Iq-Sn-b D-]-{K-l-am-Wv A-tbm.  ssZ-h-tØm-Sp-≈ t]-Sn Xn-tbm-t^m-_n-b F-∂pw sN-IpØm-t\m-Sp-≈-Xv sU-a-t\m-t^m-_n-b F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂p.  th-Wm-Sp cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS _n--Z-am-Wv Ip-e-ti-J-c-s∏-amƒ. sIm-®n cm-Pm-°≥-am¿ tIm-bn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ F-∂ _n--Z-am-Wv kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. 670. l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn® cm-Pyw-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m 671. N-e-\w sIm-≠v H- h-kv-Xp-hn-\p e-`n-°p-∂ Du¿-Pw-˛ K-Xn-tIm¿-Pw 672. P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp \n-b-a-]-co£ P-bn-®v _m-cn-Ã-dm-bn C-¥ybn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1912 673. sN-tKz-c P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ A¿-P‚o\ 674. ssk-_¿-\n-b-a-߃ \-S-∏m-°n-b B-Zy G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ knw-K-∏q¿ 675. {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv _m-Iv-{Sn-b F-∂dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ {]-tZ-iw C-t∏mƒ kv - s {S- b v - ‰ v {^w Z lm¿- ´ v G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ A-^v-Km-\n-kvB- c p- s S B- fl - I - Y - b mXm≥ Wv - ˛ I- ] n¬- t Z- h v 676. _w-•m-tZ-in-s‚ kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn-\mbn t]m-cm-Sn-b P-\-Io-b-tk-\-˛ ap‡n-_m-ln-\n 677. {]-_p-≤-tI-c-fw F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ B-K-am-\μ≥ 678. B--sS h-k-Xn-bm-bn--∂p km-ln-Xy-Ip-So-cw-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp∏≥ 679. G-Xv sXm-gn-en-em-Wv a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ Hu-tZym-Kn-I Po-hn-Xw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ A-[ym-]-\w 680. F-{X Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv bm-N-\-bm-{X ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv-˛7 681. Nmƒ-kv F-tUz¿-Uv Po-s\-‰v G-Xp t]-cn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xv˛ eo I¿-_yq--kn-b¿ 682. Nn-{X-tIm-´v sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ O-Øn-kv-KVv 683. Nn-°≥ t]m-Iv-kn-\p Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂ tcm-Km-Wp-˛ ssh-d-kv 684. C-¥y-bn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ Bƒ-°p-cß≥-am¿ ˛-˛-˛-˛ C-\-Øn¬s∏-´-h-bm-Wv-˛ Kn-∫¨ 685. 1956 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 14\v- B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-s°m∏w- \m-K] v- q-cn¬-h® - v- _p-≤a - X - w- kzo-Ic - n-® t\-Xm-h˛v- _ - n.B¿.Awt_-Zv-I¿ 686. H-∂mw tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ Aw-K-߃˛ 126 687. Nn-e∏ - X - n-Im-cØ - n-se {]-[m-\I - Y - m-]m-{X-߃-˛t- Im-he - \ - pw I-ÆIn-bpw 688. Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv cq-]w sIm-≈p-∂-Xv-˛ Aÿn-a-÷-bn¬ 689. I-S¬-sh-≈-cn-°-bn¬ k-ar-≤-am-bn A-S-ßn-bn-°p-∂ tem-lw˛ h-t\-Un-bw 690. Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn-s‚ ]-cy-th-jW - ß - ƒ-°p-]t- bm-Kn-® B-a˛- lmcn-b-‰v 691. C-¥y-bn¬ l-cn-Xh - n-πh - Ø - n-eq-sS G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ t\-´a - p-≠mb Im¿-jn-I hn-f-˛ tKm-X-ºv

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

692. sN-¶-S-en-s\ sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-\p-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ tXm-Sv-˛ kqb-kv 693. Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm≥ A-Sp-Ø _-‘w ]p-e¿-Øn-bn--∂ {^-©v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ 694. {]-kn-U‚p Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ F.]n.sP.A-_v-Zpƒ I-em-an-s\-Xnsc a¬-k-cn-®-Xv-˛ e-£v-an sk-Kmƒ 695. Kp- \m-\m-°n-s‚ Po-hn-X Im-e-L-´w-˛ 1469˛1539 696. Nu-Xv-,- k¿-tZ-iv-ap-Jn- F-∂o- \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b a-dmØm- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-in-h-Pn 697. \-μ≥ Im-\≥ _-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-ØmWv-˛ H-Un-j 698. ]-º-bp-sS Zm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Ip-´-\m-Sv 699. ]-√-h cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS hm-kv-Xp-in-ev-]-I-e-bp-sS {]-[m-\-tIμw-˛ a-lm-_-en-]p-cw 700. \-μm-tZ-hn tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ D-Ø-cmJ-WvU - v 701. \-Ωp-sS Po-hn-XØ - n¬-\n-∂v {]-Im-iw a-d™ p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.Fhn-sS-bpw C--´m-Wv G-X-h-k-c-Øn-em-Wv s\-lv-dp C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-™-Xv-˛ Km-‘n-Pn A-¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ 702. \-μ-hw-i-Øn-s‚ `-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy≥ 703. kw-ÿm-\-\n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b Aw-K-kw-Jy F{X-h-sc-bm-Imw-˛ 500 704. B-Zm-an-s‚ sIm-Sp-ap-Sn G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ {io-e-¶ 705. ]p-∂-bq¿-°p-fw B--sS P-∑-tZ-i-am-Wv-˛ am-[-hn-°p-´n 706. ]p-Xp-Xm-bn cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂ F-°¬-a-Æv-˛ Jm-Z¿ 707. ^m-‰v Sm-Iv-kv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ sU-∑m¿-°v 708. _-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ t¢m-°v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kz-`m-h {I-ao-I-cWw 709. A-h-km-\-sØ se-\n≥ ]o-kv ss{]-kv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛-s\¬-k¨a-t≠-e 710. k-Xym-{K-lw F-∂ hm-°v B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ Km-‘n-Pn 711. _w-•m-tZ-iv kz-X-{¥-cm-jv-{S-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1971 712. \-·-]m-Z-\m-b Nn-{X-Im-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Fw.F-^v. lpssk≥ 713. ]-d-°p-∂ a-’y-ß-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ _m¿_-tUm-kv 714. \¿-a-Z-bv-°pw X-]v-Xn-bv-°pw C-S-bn--ep-≈ ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛ km-Xv-]p-c 715. \-√-fw Xm-]-\n-e-bw G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 716. ]q¿-h-Zn-°n-se G-e-tØm-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tI-c-fw 717. \-f-μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-X ]p-jy-`q-Xn hw-i-Ønse N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ l¿-j-h¿-[-\≥ 718. _-ln-cm-Im-iØ - v Po-hs - ‚ Aw-ia - p-t≠m F-∂X - n-s\-°p-dn-®v ]Tn°p-∂ im-kv-{X-im-J-˛ F-Iv-tkm-_-tbm-f-Pn 719. \-f-N-cn-Xw B-´-°-Y-sb tI-c-f im-Ip-¥-fw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n®-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn 720. _m-_s - d U¬-ln B-{I-an-°m≥ £-Wn-®X - ˛v- Zu-eX - v Jm≥ temZn 721. l-cn-X-I-ap-≈ H- P-¥p-˛ bq-•n-\ 722. Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°p {]-Xn-Im-c-am-bn ssa°¬ H U-b-dn-s\ h-[n-®-Xv-˛ D-±w kn-Mv 723. Pn-∂ C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ F-b¿-t]m¿-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-I-dm-®n 724. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b B-¥-cm-h-b-hw-˛-I-cƒ 725. A‚m¿-´n-°, sX-t° A-ta-cn-° h≥-I-c-I-sf th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ t{U-°v ]m-tk-Pv 726. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-Ww `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b BZy cm-Pyw-˛ \-ao-_n-b 727. _p¿-Pv J-eo-^-bp-sS Un-ssk-\¿-˛ A-{Un-bm≥ kv-an-Øv 728. A-am¬-K-Øn-se {]-[m-\ tem-lw-˛ sa¿-°p-dn 729. A-an-{X-Lm-X(i-{Xp-°-fp-sS Lm-X-I≥) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ au-cy-`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ _n-μp-km-c≥ 730. A-·n-®n-d-Ip-Iƒ B--sS B-fl-I-Y-˛ F.]n.sP.A-_v-Zpƒ Iemw 731. F-kv.sI.s]m-‰-°m-´n-s\ ⁄m-\-]oT-Øn-\¿-l-\m-°n-b Ir-Xn˛ H- tZ-i-Øn-s‚ I-Y 732. C-¥y-bpw d-jy-bpw tN¿-∂v hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø B‚n jn-∏v anssk¬-˛ {_-t“m-kv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

3

 kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂p-≈ A-Ie - w A-\p-kc - n-®v `q-an-bp-sS ÿm-\w F-{Xm-aX - m-Wv  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ F-{X co-Xn-bn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-ømw  C-¥y-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v F-{X h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\-߃ e≠-\n¬ \-S-∂n-´p-≠v  H- hn-j-b-Øn-se s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w ]-c-am-h-[n F-{X t]¿-°v ]-¶n-Smw  a-\p-jy-\v H- sN-hn-bn¬ F-{X A-ÿn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v F-{Xm-as - Ø `m-KØ - n-em-Wv  Hm-tkm¨ X-∑m-{X-bn¬ F-{X Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ B-‰-ß-fm-Wp≈-Xv  ÿm-\-{I-a-Øn¬ kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v F-{Xm-a-sØ {K-l-am-Wv `q-an  H- bm¿-Uv F-{X A-Sn-bm-Wv  F-{X N-e-\ \n-b-a-ß-fm-Wv \yq-´¨ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv  tem-Ivk - ` - b - v° - v H- h¿-jw F-{X sk-j\ - p-If - p-≠v  `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS F-{Xm-as - Ø ]-´n-Ib - m-Wv {]-Xn-⁄I - s - f°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v  \n-b-a-k-`mw-Kw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂ _n¬ F-{X hm-b-\-bn-eqsS I-S∂ - p t]m-Ip-∂p  tI-cf - Ø - n¬ In-gt- °m-s´m-gp-Ip-∂ \-Zn-Iƒ F-{X-sb-Æa - m-Wv  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ {]-Im-cw H- ]u-c-\v F-{X co-Xn-bn¬ ]u-cX - zw \-jvS- s - ∏-Smw

733. A-Xve - m‚n-Iv Nm¿-´d - n¬ H-∏p-sh-® A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v˛- {- ^m¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 734. _n-Fw-U-_v-fyp Im¿ \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv cm-Py-Øv-˛ P¿-a-\n 735. A-am-hm-kn, ]u¿-W-an Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ th-en-tb-‰w A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ kv-{]n-Mv ssS-Uv 736. _o-a¿ F-∂ ]-Zw G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ {In°-‰v 737. a-Yp-c G-Xv \-Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-b-ap-\ 738. Cw-•o-jv A-£-c-am-e-bn-se F-kv- B-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 739. B-Zy-am-bn hn-t£-]n-® a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-X D-]-{K-lw-˛ kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv 740. A-[:- kvY - n-Xc - p-sS D-∂a - \ - Ø - n-\m-bn- _-ln-jvI - r-X ln-XI - m-cn-Wnk-`- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv ˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 741. 2018se tem-I-I-∏v ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚ B-Xn-tY-b¿-˛-d-jy 742. C-¥y c-≠m-a-sØ A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-\w (Hm-∏-td-j≥ i-‡n) \-S-Øn-b-sX-t∏mƒ-˛ 1998 sa-bv 11, 13 743. {^m-≥-kn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-˛ tem-bn¿ 744. D-an-bmw X-Sm-Iw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 745. cm-Py-Øm-Zy-am-bn B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-®-XvG-Xv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS Im-e-Øv- ˛ C-μn-cm Km-‘n 746. D-c-K-ß-fn-√m-Ø h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 747. I-]S- t- em-IØ - n-em-flm¿-Ya - m-sbm- lr-Zb - a - p-≠m-bX - m-sW≥ ]cm-P-bw F-∂p ]m-Sn-b-Xv-˛ N-ß-ºp-g 748. F-hn-S-sØ kn-\n-am hy-h-km-b-am-Wv tem-fn-hp-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv ˛-em-tlm¿ 749. hw-i-\m-i-`o-j-Wn- t\-cn-Sp-∂ Po-hn-I-fp-sS t]--hn-h-c-߃- AS-ßn-b _p-°v- ˛-sd-Uv- Um-‰ _p-°v750. hn-t\m-ZØ - n-\m-bn a-‰p-Po-hn-Is - f sIm-√p-∂ G-I Po-hn-˛a - \ - p-jy≥ 751. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b B¿-´-dn-˛ A-tbm¿-´ 752. A-©m-a-sØ th-Zw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-lm-`m-c-Xw 753. _m-¶v Hm-^v kzo-U≥ ss{]-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xv hn-jb-Øn-se s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-am-Wv-˛ C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv 754. e-£-Zzo-]v {Kq-∏n¬-s∏-´ Zzo-]p-I-sf an-\n-t°m-bv Zzo-]p-I-fn¬\n-∂v th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ Nm-\¬-˛ 9 Un-{Kn Nm-\¬

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

53

755. I-kv-Xq¿-_m Km-‘n F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛ B-K-Jm≥ ]m-e-kv P-bn¬ 756. Im-\n-Mv {]-`p-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øv 1860˛¬ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ _-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ k¿ sP-bnw-kv hn¬-k¨ 757. \-f-N-cn-Xw In-fn-∏m-´v c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 758. k-Xy-tim-[-Iv k-am-Pw cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛ tPym-Xn-_ ^q-se 759. kz-¥w cm-Py-sØ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv a-{¥n-bm-b ^p-Sv-t_mƒ Xm-cw-˛ s]-se 760. _w-Kmƒ Dƒ-°-S¬ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛-C-¥y≥-alm-k-ap-{Zw 761. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS Io-gn¬ hn-Zym-`ym-kw, im-kv-{Xw,kw-kvIm-cw F-∂o ta-J-e-I-fn¬ h-f¿-® t\-Sm≥ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ H G-P≥-kn-˛ bp-s\-kv-tIm 762. {_n-´o-jv cm-Pm-hv C-¥y≥ C≥-Un-s]≥-U≥-kv _n-√n¬ H-∏psh-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1947 Pq-sse 18 763. {io-]-Zv-a-\m-`-kzm-an t£-{X-Øn¬ ap-d-P-]-hpw `-{Z-Zo-]-hpw Bcw-`n-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a 764. {Kn-tKm-dn-b≥ I-e-≠-dn-se B-Zy-sØ am-kw-˛ P-\p-h-cn 765. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b t]-in-˛ •q-´n-b-kv am-Iv-kna-kv 766. N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS \n-cym-W-Øn¬ A-\p-tim-Nn-®p-sIm-≠v kam-[n k-¶¬-]w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 767. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ bq-tdm-]y≥ in-jy≥-˛ GW-Ãv In¿-Iv 768. B--sS _m-ey-Im-e-\m-a-am-Wv Ip-am--˛ Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ 769. G-Xv \-thm-∞m-\ \m-bI - s - ‚ a-I\ - m-Wv \-Sc - m-PK - p--˛ tUm.]¬]p 770. {Sm-h≥-Iq¿ ssS-‰m-\n-bw ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥]p-cw 771. ¢-a‚ v B-‰v-en C-¥y-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥yw kw-_-\v-[n-® Xo--am\w {]-Jym-]n-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1947 s^-{_p-h-cn 20 772. A-\-tIm-≠ F-∂-bn-\w- ]m-ºv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ h≥-I-c ˛ sXt° A-ta-cn-° 773. C-Øn-am-Zv D-Zv Zu-f-bp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ \q¿-P-lm≥ 774. tJ¬-c-Xv-\ ]p-cv-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn Xm-cw-˛ sI.Fw._o-\m-tamƒ 775. sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ In-S-°p-∂ km-[-\-ß-sf I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ tkm-Wm¿ 776. A-\v-[¿-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈- en-]n- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®- {^-©p-Im-c≥-˛ eqbn- {_-bv¬777. a-\- x-im-kv{- X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - v˛- kn-‹≠ - v t{^mbv-Uv 778. A-\y-Po-hn-bp-sS Iq-´n¬ ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛ Ip-bn¬ 779. a-ø-gn-bp-sS tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn {]-h¿-Øn-® kw-L-S-\-˛ am-ln alm-P-\-k-` 780. a-dm-Ø am-Iy-sh-√n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ _m-em-Pn hn-iz-\m-Yv 781. a-´m-t©-cn-bn¬ b-lq-Z-∏-≈n ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1567 782. A-£¿-[mw-t£-{Xw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 783. _w-Kmƒ hn-`-P-\-sØ C-¥y-bn-se ln-μp-˛-ap-…nw sF-Iy-Øns‚ ta¬-ho-W t_mw-_v F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-cv ˛-kp-tc-{μ\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn 784. A-©m-a-sØ kn-Jv-Kp--hm-b A¿-Pp≥ tZ-hn-s\ h-[n-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 785. a-c-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw h-en-b Iq-Sp-sI-´p-∂ ]-£n-˛ _mƒ-Uv CuKnƒ 786. a-lm-`m-cX - Ø - n-s‚ A-hk - m-\s - Ø ]¿-hw-˛ kz¿-Km-tcm-lW - ]¿hw 787. {Sn-∏nƒ- B≥-dn-P≥-h-gn- {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ tcm-K-߃-˛ Un-^v-Xo-cn-b, hn-√≥-Np-a,- sS-‰-\-kv788. a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se `o-a-s‚ hn-Nm-c-߃ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂ Fw.Sn.bp-sS Ir-Xn-˛ c-≠m-aq-gw 789. A-c-hn-μm-{i-a-Øn-se A-Ω-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ ao-c dn-®m¿-Uv 790. tem- I v - k - ` m sk- { I- ´ - d n P- \ - d - e n- s \ \n- b - a n- ° p- ∂ - X m- c v - ˛ kv-]o-°¿ 791. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-Xp Pn-√-bn-em-Wv \m-hn-I A-°m-Z-an ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ I-Æq¿

54

CONFUSING FACTS   

C-¥y-bn¬ X¿-°-c-ln-X {]-tZ-i-sØ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ `mKw kn-°n-an-se Im-©≥-Pw-K-bpw G-‰-hpw Xm-gv-∂ `m-Kw tI-c-f-Øn-se Ip-´-\m-Sp-am-Wv. N-en-°p-∂ Im-hyw `-c-X \m-Syw, N-en-°p-∂ in¬-]w H-Uokn. tem-I-{]-kn-≤-hn-π-h-Im-cn-bm-b sN-tKz-c(1928-˛67) P-\n-®Xv A¿-P‚o-\-bn-em-Wv. 1954¬ s_m-fo-hn-b-bn-se-Øn-b A-t±-lw A-hn-sS-\n-∂v sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-epw F-Øn. Iyq_≥ hn-πh - Ø - n¬ Im-ktv- {Sm-bs v- °m-∏w tXmƒ tN¿-∂p-s]m-Xn-b sN-tKz-c ]n-∂o-Sv Iyq-_ hn-Sp-I-bpw s_m-fn-hn-b≥ a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬ hn-π-h-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-bvXp. C-hn-sS-h-®v F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fp-sS ]n-Sn-bn-em-b A-t±-lw h-[n-°-s∏-´p.

792. t\m-l-bp-sS t]-S-Iw D-d-®p-\n∂ ]¿-h-Xw-˛ A-cm-d-Øv (Xp¿°n) 793. A-d-_n-hym-]m-cn- kp-sse-ams‚ tI-c-f k-μ¿-i-\w G-Xp h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.851 794. a-d-°p-S-bv-°p-≈n-se a-lm-\-cIw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ Fw.B¿._n. 795. A-c-hn-μ-tLm-jv c-Nn-® C-Xnlm-kw-˛ km-hn-{Xn 796. a-cn-®h - c - p-sS Ip-∂v Im-Ws - ∏-Sp∂ kn-‘p kw-kv-Im-c-tI-{μw˛ sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm 797. A-]-I¿-j-Xm t_m-[w F-∂ kz-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn-®v B-Zyw Nn-¥n-®-Xv-˛ B¬-{^-Uv B-Uv- tJ¬- c - X v - \ ]p- c v - k v - I m- c w t\e¿ Sn- b B- Z y a- e - b m- f n Xm- c w- ˛ 798. a-gh - n-√n¬ G-‰h - pw ]p-dØ - m-bn sI.Fw._o- \ m- t amƒ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ \n-dw-˛ Np-h-∏v 799. lm¿-en kv-{So-‰v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ e-≠≥ 800. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-kw-L-S-\ F-∂ t]- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-˛ {^m-¶v-fn≥ dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 801. A-c-hn-Sp hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Xn--a-e \m-b-Iv 802. sIm-®n-bn-se U-®p-sIm-´m-cw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ 803. sIm-ºp-am-bn P-\n-°p-∂ G-I ar-Kw-˛-Pn-dm-^v 804. \-¥-\m--sS b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ ]n.kn.tKm-]m-e≥ 805. a-g-hn-√n¬ G-‰-hpw A-I-Øm-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ \n-dw-˛ h-b-e-‰v 806. sIm-√-h¿-jw B-cw-`n-®-sX-∂v-˛ F.Un.825¬ 807. A- _ n- k o- \ n- b C- t ∏mƒ F- ¥ p- t ]- c n¬ A- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p- ˛ F-tXym-]y 808. A-`n-[¿-a-]n-S-Iw F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-˛ _p-≤-XØz-ß-fp-sS hn-i-I-e-\w 809. ¢m-kn-°¬ `m-jm ]-Zh - n \¬-Is - ∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ `m-j˛Xan-gv 810. 1993se apw-ss_ I-em-]w A-t\z-jn-®-Xv-˛ {io-Ir-jv-W I-Ωnj≥ 811. πm-\n-Mv I-Ωn-j≥, \m-jW - ¬ U-he - ] - s v- a‚ v Iu¨-kn¬, C‚¿ tÃ-‰v Iu¨-kn¬ F-∂n-hb - p-sS F-Ivk - v H-^o-tjym A-[y-£≥˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 812. ¢n-tbm-]m-{S G-Xp cm-Py-sØ a-lm-dm-Wn B-bn--∂p-˛ Cu-Pn]vX - v 813. 1936˛¬ ÿm-\-Xym-Kw sN-bv-X {_n-´o-jv cm-Pm-hv-˛ F-tUz¿-Uv F-´m-a≥ 814. ln-μp-°ƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ h≥-I-c-˛-G-jy 815. a-g-hn-√n¬ \-Sp-°v Im-Wp-∂ \n-dw-˛ ]-® 816. Km-‘n-ssa-Xm≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]m-‰v-\

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

817. kn.hn.cm-a-\v s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø I-≠p-]n-SnØw-˛ cm-a≥ C-^-Iv-Sv 818. kn.Sn.kv-Im≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tKm-Uv-s{^ lu¨-kv-^o¬-Uv 819. 1979˛¬ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn¬-h-®m-Wv jn-∏nw-Kv tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ ssI-c-fn F-∂ I-∏¬ Im-Wm-Xm-b-Xv-˛ C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 820. a-\p-jy-\-Jw F-∂-Xv-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ B-Wv-˛ t{]m-´o≥ 821. tI-c-f-Øn¬ h-\-an-√m-Ø G-I Pn-√-˛-B-e-∏p-g 822. ln-μp-ÿm≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv dn-∏ª - n-°≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j\ - v t\Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv -`-K-Xv kn-Mv 823. bq-dm¬ \-Zn ]-Xn-°p-∂ X-Sm-Iw-˛ Im-kv-]n-b≥ I-S¬ 824. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS B-Zy P-bn¬-hm-kw A-\p-`-hn-® ÿ-ew-˛ sPml-∂m-kv-s_¿-Kv 825. ap-Kƒ ]q-t¥m-´ \n¿-am-W ]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv-˛_m-_¿ 826. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l-Ime-Øv \n-cm-lm-cw A-h-km-\n-∏n-® t\-Xm-hv-˛ sI.tI-f-∏≥ 827. B-cy≥-am--sS kz-tZ-iw a-t[y-jy-bm-sW-∂v A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´ P¿-a≥ K-th-j-I≥-˛ am-Iv-kv ap-≈¿ 828. kn-°n-an-t\m-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ]-›n-a _wKm-fn-se hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛ _m-Kv-tUm-{K 829. `m-jm-im-kv-{Xw (enw-Kzn-Ãn-Iv-kv) D--Øn-cn-™ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 830. {]-hm-kn-I-fp-sS Po-hn-Xw B-kv-]-Z-am-°n _-\ym-an≥ c-Nn-® IrXn-˛ B-Sp-Po-hn-Xw 831. A-d-_n-Iv sh-≈n-\m-W-b-߃ C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn A-Sn-®n-d-°nb kp¬-Øm≥-˛ C¬-Øp-an-jv 832. kw-ÿm-\ im-kv-{X ]-cn-ÿn-Xn Iu¨-kn¬ sN-b¿-am≥-˛-ap-Jya-{¥n 833. ]p--j-\m-a-ap-≈, h-S-°p In-g-t° C-¥y≥ \-Zn-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 834. A-[n-Im-cw ssI-b-S-S-°m≥ 1923¬ ln-‰v-e¿ \-S-Øn-b A-´n-a-dn {i-a-Øn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ _o¿ lmƒ ]p-jv 835. a-[p-c G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ ssh-K 836. a-\p-jy-\v B-sI F-{X t]-in-I-fp-≠v-˛ 639 837. ap-Sn-bn-e-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ amw-kyw-˛ sI-cm-‰n≥ 838. ap-t m-fn-\n `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 839. \-_m¿-Uv \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1982 840. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn¬ \-S-Øn-b {]-kw-K-Øn-eq-sS {i-t≤-b\m-b a-e-bm-fn-˛ hn.sI.Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m≥ 841. _w-Kmƒ hn-`-P-\w d-±m-°n-b {_n-´o-jv cm-Pm-hv-˛ tPm¿-Pv A©m-a≥ 842. t]¿-jy-\p-]-I-cw Cw-•o-jv C-¥y-bp-sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-bmbn kzo-I-cn-® `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv 843. tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v Hm-h≥ 844. A-Pv-ao¿ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-P-b-cm-P≥ 845. a-Pv-en-kv F-∂ t]--≈ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-≈ km¿-°v cmPyw-˛ am-en-Zzo-]v 846. apw-ss_ \-K-c-Øn-ep-≈ H- {]-ik -- v-X-am-b h-\w C-t∏mƒ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\a - m-Wv. G-Xm-WX - v˛- k-RvP - b - v Km-‘n \m-jW - ¬ ]m¿-°v 847. a-\p-jy-\v F-{X A-ÿn-I-fp-≠v-˛206 848. tbm-K k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ ]-X-⁄-en 849. tc-h-Xn ]-´-Øm-\-Øn-s‚ th-Zn-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv X-fn t£-{Xw 850. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ a-c-®o-\n Ir-jn t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-® cm-Pm-hv-˛hn-im-Jw Xn--\mƒ 851. Sm-tKm-dn-s\ Km-‘n-Pn kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-Xn--∂-Xv-˛ Kp--tZ-hv 852. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- A-Sn-a-Iƒ-°v- tam-N-\w- \¬-In-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1853 853. t]-∏¿ B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® kw-kv-Im-cw (cm-Pyw)˛ ssN-\ 854. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- H-Sp-hn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø F-kv-F≥-Un-]n tbmKw hm¿-jn-Im-tLm-jw \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ ]-≈p--Øn 855. Sm-tKm-dn-s‚ tI-c-f k-μ¿-i-\-th-f-bn¬ A-t±-l-sØ {]-Io¿Øn-®v Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ c-Nn-® Zn-hy-tIm-In-ew B-e-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ kn.tI-i-h≥ 856. A-Jn-e Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ap-…nw a-lm-P-\-k-`-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ h-°w au-e-hn 857. \m-j-W¬ A-kw-_v-fn Hm-^v ]o-∏nƒ-kv ]-h¿ F-hn-S-sØ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bm-Wv-˛-Iyq-_

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw            

3

a-\p-jy-\v F-{X tPm-Sn D-an-\o¿ {K-Ÿn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv 1962˛¬ C¥ym-˛-ssN-\ bp-≤w \-S-∂-Xv C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - F-{X X-cw A-Sn-b¥ - c - m-hÿ I - ƒ hyh-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v D-`-b Po-hn-I-fp-sS lr-Z-b-Øn-\v F-{X A-d-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv kq-cy-\v F-{X ]m-fn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv 2013 G-{]n¬ H-∂p-ap-X¬ sN-°n-s‚ Im-em-h-[n F-{X amk-am-Wv `q-an-bp-sS ap-gp-h≥ {]-X-e-hpw ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h--Øm-\m-bn F-{X `q-ÿn-c D-]-{K-l-ß-fm-Wv th-≠-Xv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿l-am-b-Xv sd-Uv t{Im-kv F-∂ kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv. F-{X {]mh-iyw cm-Py-sØ ]-Z-hn-∏-´n-I-bn-se {I-a-Øn¬ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n F{Xm-aX - m-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ tI-{μ a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬ F-{X X-cw a-{¥n-am-cmWp-≈X - v tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-{Xm-a-sØ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv (1965) H I-£n-°pw hy-‡-am-b `q-cn-]-£w e-`n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \n-b-a-k-` cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-sX t]m-b-Xv hm-ktv- Im U Km-a F-{X {]m-hi - yw tI-cf - Ø - n¬ h-∂n-´p-≠v

858. {]n≥-kv Hm-^v sh-b¬ v k - v ayqkn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ apwss_ 859. G- X v k- a p- { Z- Ø n- e m- W v s_≥-Kzo-e {]-hm-lw-˛-A-Xvem‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 860. {]m-Xn-\n-[y-an-√m-sX \n-IpXn-bn-√˛- C-Xv G-Xp-am-bn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ A-ta-cn°≥ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw 861. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tZ-io-bKm-\-am-Wv an-√n X-cm-\-˛-A^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥ 862. t\-Xm-Pn kp-`m-jv C≥-Ãn‰yq-´v Hm-^v kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv Fhn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]m-Sym-e ap-t m-fn-\n 863. ssh-‰v tImƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂ Sp-∂-Xv-˛ P-e-ssh-Zyp-Xn cm- P yw- ˛ C- ‰ - e n 864. G-Xv ar-K-Øn-s‚ ]m-en-\mWv ]n-¶v \n-d-ap-≈-Xv-˛ bm-Iv 865. B-Xn-c-∏-≈n sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ Nm-e-°p-Sn-∏p-g 866. G-Xv ar-K-Øn-s‚ {]n-b-s∏-´ `-£-W-am-Wv tX≥-˛ I-c-Sn 867. tem- I v - X - I v P- e - s sh- Z yp- X ]- ≤ - X n G- X p kw- ÿ m- \ - Ø v - ˛ a-Wn-∏q¿ 868. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn-te-°p-≈ B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-L-sØ \bn-® a-e-bm-fn-˛ k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 869. a-\p-jy-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b t]-in-˛-•q-´n-b-kv am-Iv-kn-a-kv 870. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-Y-a sk-{I-´-dn-˛ ]m-em \mcm-b-W≥ \m-b¿ 871. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- B-bn-eyw- Xn--\mƒ- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d kv-Ym-\mtcm-l-Ww G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1861 872. tIm-∏¿-\n-°-kv G-Xp-cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ t]m-f-≠v 873. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv Km-e-∏m-tKm-kv Zzo-]p-Iƒ-˛-]-k-^n-Iv kap-{Zw 874. Xn-anw-Kn-e-Øn-s‚ i-co-c-Øn-ep-≈ sIm-gp-∏p-]m-fn-˛ ª-∫¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

55

875. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv Cw-Kv-fo-jv Cu-Ãn¥ym-°-º-\n-°v C-¥y-bn¬ ^m-Iv-S-dn \n¿-an-°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn e-`n-®-Xv-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 876. X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-s‚ I-ºn-fn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kn-¶v Hm-Iv-sskUv 877. G-Xv ar-K-Øn-s‚ {]n-b-s∏-´ `-£-W-am-Wv A-t°-jy C-e-Iƒ-˛Pn-dm-^v 878. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-sb-°p-dn-®m-Wv Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ D--≠p a-dn-™p \-S-°p-I-bpw Po-hn-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v D--≠p a-dn™p t]m-Ip-Ib - pw sN-bvX - p F-∂v N-cn-{X-Im-c\ - m-b se-bv≥] - qƒ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ lp-a-bq¨ 879. th-gv-km-bv D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw A-h-km-\n-® bp-≤-ta-Xv-˛ H-∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w 880. thmƒ-K \-Zn G-Xp I-S-en¬ ]-Xn-°p-∂p-˛ Im-kv-]n-b≥ I-S¬ 881. G-Xv A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚n-s\-bm-Wv eo lm¿-hn Hm-kv-hmƒUv sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 882. B-Xp-ci - p-{iq-jm-cw-KØ - v hn-πh - I - c - a - m-b am-‰ß - ƒ h--Øn-b hy‡n-˛ ^v-tfm-d≥-kv ss\-‰n-tM¬ 883. B-Zn-Im-hyw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ cm-am-b-Ww 884. am-Pn-Iv tPm¨-k-Wp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv-˛ _m-kv-I-‰v_mƒ 885. A-\n-›n-X-Xz kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ B-hn-jv-I¿-Øm--hv-˛ ssl-k≥_¿-Kv 886. G-Xv A-Sn-a-kp¬-Øm-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv sN-¶n-jv-Jm-s‚ B-{I-aW-`o-j-Wn t\-cn-´-Xv-˛ C¬-Øp-an-jv 887. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-\p-t—-Zw 352 {]-Im-cw {]-kn-U‚ v B-Zy-ambn A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1962 888. A-`n-\h - `- m-cX - skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ÿm-]I - ≥-˛ hn.Un. khm¿-°¿ 889. B- k q- { Xn- X - a m- b C- ¥ y≥ kw- ÿ m- \ X- e - ÿ m- \ - ß ƒ- ˛ N-WvU - n-KV - v, Km-‘n-\K - ¿ 890. B-Zy-am-bn t]m-ì Ãm-ºv ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1840 891. C-¥y-bn¬ Im-em-h-[n ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b, tIm¨-{K-kp-Im-c-\√m-Ø G-I {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ F._n.hm-Pv-t]-bn 892. H-∂mw tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂-Xv-˛ 1957 G-{]n¬ 27˛-\v 893. ]-cn-Wm-aw F-∂ t\m-h-en¬ G-Xv ar-K-am-Wv {]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m{Xw-˛ \m-b 894. _m¬-_-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ D-ep-Lv-Jm≥ 895. X§p-I-sf A-a¿-® sN-bv-X K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬ ˛ hn-eyw s_‚nIv {]-`p 896. th-hn-®m¬ \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ kn 897. sh-s≈-gp-Øv F-∂ t\-{X-tcm-K-Øn-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ ssl∏¿-sa-t{Sm-∏n-b 898. bp-ssW-‰-Uv t\-j≥-kv ssl-°-Ωo-j-W¿ t^m¿ sd-^yq-Pokn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-P-\o-h 899. Pw-j-Uv-]q¿ G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ C--ºp--°v 900. C-¥y-bn¬ F-{X h¿-jw Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv ^n-\m≥-kv I-Ωn-js\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛ A-©p-h¿-jw 901. kw-t£-]-th-Zm¿-Yw 1772˛¬ F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv {]-kn-≤-s∏Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ tdmw 902. kn.]n.sF.(Fw) t]m-fn-‰v-_yq-tdm-bn-se B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ hr-μ Im-cm-´v 903. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw ]-Sn-™m-dm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ Pn-√-˛ I®v 904. Km-‘n-Pn-sb B-Zy-am-bn cm-jv-{S- ]n-Xm-hv F-∂p hn-fn-®-Xv-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv 905. ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-cw a-{¥n-am¿-°v h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ hn-`-Pn-®p \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 906. Kp-]X v- h - w-iØ - n-se G-‰h - pw {]-ik - X v- \ - m-b `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn ˛- N{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 907. sIm-¶¨ sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS \o-fw-˛ 760 In.ao. 908. kw-ÿm-\ Zp-cn-X \n-hm-c-W A-tXm-cn-‰n-bp-sS sN-b¿-am≥ -˛ ap-Jy-a-{¥n 909. sk‚n-\¬ td-©v F-∂ ]¿-h-X-\n-c F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A‚m¿-´n°-bn¬

56

CONFUSING FACTS  tIcfØn¬ G‰hpw DbcØnep≈ Pn√ CSp°n. Xmgv∂ Pn√ Be∏pg.  tZiobXeØn¬ anI® Nn{XØn\p≈ sh≈nsaU¬ t\Snb BZyaebmfNn{Xw \oe°pbn¬ BWv. tZiobXeØn¬ anI® Nn{XØn\p≈kz¿WsaU¬ t\Snb BZyaebmfNn{Xw sNΩo≥ BWv.  Cw•ojnse {]IrXnbpsS Ihn th¿Uv k v h ¿Øv , aebmfØnteXv CSt»cn.  kzmX{¥ye_v[nbpsS kabØv {_n´ojv C¥ybnse G‰hpw henb s{]mhn≥kv Bbn∂Xv _wKmƒ Bbn∂p. F∂m¬, 1937˛¬ C¥ybn¬\n∂v _¿asb th¿s]SpØp∂Xn\papºv _¿abn∂p G‰hpw henb {]hniy. 910. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Im-em-h-[n(5 h¿-jw) Xn-I-®p `-cn-® G-I tIm¨{K-kv ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ sI.I--Wm-I-c≥ (1982˛87) 911. sN-hn-sb-bpw A-Xn-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-K-ß-sf-bpw Ip-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂ im-kv-{X-im-J-˛ Hm-t´m-f-Pn 912. Sn-jyp Iƒ-®-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tl-_¿em≥-Uv 913. sS-‰-\-kn-\p Im-c-W-am-b _m-Iv-So-cn-b-˛ t¢m-kv-{So-Un-bw sS-‰\n 914. sX-°≥ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se Nm-∂m¿ kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v am-dp-a-d-bv°m≥ kzm-X-{¥yw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ D-{Xw Xn--\mƒ 915. \-bp-Zm-Ω A-hm¿-Uv- G-Xp cw-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ im-kv{- X-˛k - m-t¶-Xn-Iw 916. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ a-Æv-˛ em-‰-ssd-‰v 917. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn¬ Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b cm-Pyw-˛ sam-Wm-t°m 918. tI-c-f-Øn¬ k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ h-\y-Po-hn kt¶-Xw-˛ aw-K-f-h-\w 919. \-_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ apw-ss_ 920. sk-√p-em¿ t^m-Wn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ am¿-´n≥ Iq-∏¿ 921. sXm-≠-ap-≈v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ Un-^v-Xo-cn-b 922. Syq-_¿-°p-tem-kn-kn-\v Im-cW - a - m-b _m-ISv- o-cn-b˛- ssa-t°m _mIv-So-cn-bw 923. tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b hn-‰m-an≥ ˛ Po-h-Iw kn 924. {^m≥-kn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ ssk-\n-I _-lp-a-Xn-˛ eo-Pn-b≥ Hm-^v Hm-W¿ 925. Sm-tKm-dn-s\ t{K-‰v sk‚n-\¬ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ Km-‘nPn 926. Kzm-≠-\m-tam P-bn¬ G-Xv Zzo-]n-em-Wv ˛-Iyq-_ 927. Zp¿-Km-∏q¿ Ão¬ πm‚ v G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚-k-l-I-c-W-tØm-sSbm-Wv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ {_n-´¨ 928. tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-≈v F-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Pn-√-˛ sIm-√w 929. Zp-jy-¥≥ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xw Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚ G-Xp \m-S-I-Øn¬˛ A-`n-⁄m-\ im-Ip-¥-fw 930. B-Zn-{K-Ÿw t{Im-Uo-I-cn-® kn-Jv Kp--˛ A¿-Pp≥ tZ-hv 931. F-kv.F≥.Un.]n.bp-sS ÿm-]-I sk-{I-´-dn-˛ Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ 932. I-Æp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂ im-kv-{X-im-J-˛ H-^v-Xm¬-tam-f-Pn 933. lo-a-‰q-dn-b F-∂m-se-¥v-˛ aq-{X-Øn¬ c-‡w Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ Ah-ÿ 934. B-e-∏p-g Pn-√-bn-se {]-[m-\-Im-b-ep-Iƒ-˛ th-º-\m-Spw Im-bwIp-fh - pw 935. k-Xym¿-Y {]-Im-iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 936. U¬-ln ÿm-]n-® hw-iw-˛ tXm-am-c-hw-iw 937. tI-c-f-Øn¬ D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ G-I a-{¥n-˛ sI.ap-cf - o-[c - ≥

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

938. B-Zy-am-bn a-e-bm-fw A-®-Sn-®-Xv G-Xv cm-Py-Øv-˛ tlm-f-≠v (s\X¿-e≥-Uvk - v) 939. kw-ÿm-\ a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se H- a-{¥n cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-∂-]-£w B h-Ip-∏v B-cn¬ h-∂p-tN-w-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 940. lm¬-Un-b G-Xp \n-e-bn¬ {]-kn-≤w-˛ F-Æ-ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e 941. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ a-Æv-˛ em-‰-ssd-‰v 942. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS lyp-a≥ ssd-‰v-kv sa-U-en-\v B-Zy-ambn A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛-s\¬-k¨-a-t≠-e 943. kw-ÿm-\ B-kq-{X-W t_m¿-Un-s‚ A-[y-£≥-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 944. tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kv-Y-e-Øv- Ir-jn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ Im¿-jn-I-hn-f-˛ sX-ßv945. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ÿ-e-Øv Ir-jn sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ [m-\y-hn-f-˛ s\-√v 946. kw-km-c-Øn-eq-sS B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øp-∂ G-I Po-hn-˛ a\p-jy≥ 947. I-Æq¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ I-Æq¿ 948. I¿-Wm-S-I kw-ÿm-\-Øv A-t‰m-an-Iv ]-h¿ πm‚ v ÿn-Xn-sNøp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ ssI-K 949. A-Iv-_¿ \n¿-an-® X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ ^-tØ-]q¿ kn-{In 950. a-Æp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-sX P-e-hpw e-h-W-hpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v k-ky߃ \-´p-h-f¿-Øp-∂ co-Xn-˛ ssl-t{Um-t]m-Wn-Iv-kv 951. sj-Sv-em≥-Uv Zzo-]p-Iƒ G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bnem-Wv-˛ bp.sI. 952. lm≥-k¨-kv tcm-Kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Ip-jvTw 953. Km-‘n-\-K¿ cq-]-I-ev-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ se tIm¿-_p-kn-sb 954. jm-P-lm-s\ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v X-S-hn-em-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1658 955. hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ {]m-Y-an-I-cq-]w \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ BZy cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 956. h¿-°-e I-\m-en-s≥-d \n¿-am-Ww- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1867 957. B-Zy-sØ B-t{^m-˛-G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b-Xv-˛ sslZ-cm-_m-Zv 958. {^m≥-kn-kv-tIm- Un- A¬-sa-bv-U (t]m¿-´p-Ko-kv-)- I-Æq-sc-Ønb-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1505 959. A-k-em-ap A-sse-°pw- G-Xp `m-j-bn-se A-`n-hm-Zy-am-Wv-˛ D¿Zp 960. C-¥y-bn¬ Io-gm-f-h¿-K ]T-\-߃-°v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xm-cv-˛ cW-Pn-Xv Kp-l 961. A-kv-]r-iy-X \n-e-\n-∂m¬ ln-μp-a-Xw a-cn-°pw-˛-F-∂p ]-d-™Xv-˛ Km-‘n-Pn 962. a-Kv-k-tk A-hm¿-Upw `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw e-`n-® B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ aZ¿ sX-tc-k (1962, 1980) 963. C-¥y-bn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-£n-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw sN-dp-Xv-˛ CØn-°-Æn ]-£n 964. am¿-_n-fn-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 965. tlmw-dqƒ {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\-e-£yw-˛ {_n-´o-jv km-{amPy-Øn-\p-≈n¬ kz-bw-`-c-Ww t\-Sp-I 966. {]m-Wn-I-sf Xn-∂p-∂ k-kyw-˛ s\-∏-¥-kv 967. tem-I A-Xv-e-‰n-Iv ao‰n¬ sa-U¬ t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\nX-˛-A-Rv-Pp t_m-_n tPm¿-Pv 968. {]m-tZ-in-I-`m-jm ]{X \n-b-aw d-±m-°n-b ssh- t {km- b n- ˛ dn∏¨ {]-`p 969. _w-•m-tZ-in-se \mW-bw-˛ Sm-° 970. tdm-a≥ Zm¿-i\ - n-I\ - mb πn-\ n c-Nn-® 37 hm-ey-ap-≈ ]p-cm-X\ {K- Ÿ w- ˛ \m- ® p- d ¬ ln-Ã-dn a- K v - k - t k A- h m¿- U pw 971. A-e-Iv-km-≠-sd t\- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw e-`n-® B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ cn-´v- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ Ca- Z ¿ sX- t c- k (1962, 1980)

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw               

4

]-£n-I-fp-sS lr-Z-b-Øn-se A-d-I-fp-sS F-Æw th-Z-ß-fp-sS F-Æw a-\p-jy-lr-Z-b-Øn-se A-d-I-fp-sS F-Æw _p-≤-a-X N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]m-No-\ C-¥y-bn¬ \-S-∂ a-lmk-tΩ-f-\-ß-fp-sS F-Æw Xm¿ a--`q-an F-{X kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-em-bn hym-]n-®p In-S-°p∂p P-e-Øn-\v G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ km-{μ-X-bpw G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v hym-]v-X-hp-ap-≈ Du-jv-am-hv F-{Xm-a-sØ \n-b-a-k-`-bm-Wv tI-c-f-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn Imem-h-[n ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv K-eo-en-b≥ D-]-{K-l-߃ F-{X-sb-Æ-am-Wv ]-ip-hn-s‚ B-am-i-b-Øn-\v F-{X A-d-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv `q-an-°v H- Un-{Kn Xn-cn-bm≥ F-{X an-\n-´v k-a-bw th-Ww C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ cm-jv-{S-\-b-\n¿-t±-i-I X-Øz-ßsf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `m-Kw `-cW - L - S- \ - \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - t- i-jw Iq-´n-t®¿-°s - ∏-´ sj-Uyqfp-I-fp-sS F-Æw tem-I I-∏v ^p-Sv-t_mƒ \-S-°p-∂-Xv F-{X h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn°-em-Wv Xm-dm-hn-s‚ ap-´ hn-cn-bm≥ F-{X B-gv-N k-a-bw th-Ww ]q-ºm-‰-bp-sS Po-hn-X N-{I-Øn-\v F-{X L-´-ß-fp-≠v

¥y≥- cm-Pm-hv- ˛-t]m-d-kv972. N-c-I-kw-ln-X F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv-˛ ssh-Zy-imkv{- Xw 973. Jm-kn `m-j G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ `m-j-bm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 974. B-tbm-[-\ I-e-I-fp-sS am-Xm-hv-˛ I-f-cn-∏-b-‰v 975. P-\-\-k-a-b-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-ep-∏-ap-≈ Po-hn-˛ \o-e-Ønanw-Kn-ew 976. P-\-ß-fp-sS au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS kw-c-£-I-\m-Wv-˛ kp-{]owtIm-S-Xn 977. Km-tcm, P-bn≥-jy,Jm-kn Ip-∂p-Iƒ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 978. A-e-l-_m-Zn-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ {]-bm-Kv 979. {]-Im-i-h¿-W-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Lyw Ip-d-™-Xv-˛ hb-e-‰v 980. Kw-K-bp-am-bn tN¿-∂v kp-μ¿-_≥-kv sU¬-‰-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-Ip∂ \-Zn-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 981. {io-\n-tI-X≥ F-∂ {Km-ao-W ]p-\--≤m-c-W ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS D-]⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-Kq¿ 982. [-h-f ]m-X F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ t{_m-Uv th, \yq-tbm¿-°v 983. Xn--.-˛-sIm-®n- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥-d B-Zy- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ ]-d-hq¿ SnsI \m-cm-b-W-]n-≈ 984. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS Z-Wv-Un-am¿-®v \-S-∂ Im-ew-˛ 1930 am¿-®v 12˛ G{]n¬ 6 985. tI-c-f-Øn¬ a-{¥n-bm-bn-cn-s° hn-hm-ln-X-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X ˛ sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω 986. kw-ÿm-\ a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se H-∂m-a-\m-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥nv 987. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ F-{X X-cw ]u-c-Xzw hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂p-˛ H-∂v 988. kmw-_¬-]q¿- G-Xp [m-Xp-hn-s‚ J-\-\-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ I¬°-cn 989. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ tkz-—m-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn--∂p K-±m-^n-˛ en-_n-b 990. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ a-Z¿-˛-C≥-˛-em F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ sU-∑m¿°v 991. G-Xp cw-K-Øn-em-Wv G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ a-Kv-km-tk A-hm¿-Uv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛-]p-Xp-t\-Xr-Xzw

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

57

992. km-tc P-lmw tk A-Ov-Om F-∂ Km-\-Øn-\p kw-Ko-Xw \¬In-b-Xv-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v c-hn-i-¶¿ 993. kmw-_-kn \-Zn G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-C-¥y≥-alm-k-ap-{Zw 994. tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ C--ºp-\n-t£-]ap-≈-Xv-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 995. X-an-gv-\m-´n¬ Hm-^v-sk-‰v A-®-Sn-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ in-hIm-in 996. t{K-‰v t…-hv X-Sm-Iw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Im-\-U 997. {Kn-K¿ sa≥-U-en-s‚ sXm-gn¬ F-¥m-bn--∂p-˛ ]p-tcm-ln-X≥ 998. t]-cn-s‚ D¬-`-h-Øn-\v {Ko-°v-˛-tdm-a≥ ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-am-bn _‘-an-√m-Ø {K-lw-˛ `q-an 999. {Zm-hn-U ap-t∂-‰ I-g-Iw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛-kn.F≥.A-Æm-Zp-ssc 1000. ªm-°v tlmƒ F-∂m¬-˛ a-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ \-£-{Xw 1001. Q-ew \-Zn-bp-sS {]m-No-\-\m-aw-˛ hn-Xm-kv-X 1002. tdm-b¬ G-jym-‰n-Iv skm-ssk-‰n Hm-^v _w-Kmƒ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hm-d≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv 1003. tIm-g-t©-cn {]-kw-K tI-kn¬ kn.tI-i-h-\p-th-≠n hm-Zn-® A`n-`m-j-I≥-˛ Sn.Fw.h¿-Ko-kv 1004. B-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ lT-tbm-Kw kzm-b-Ø-am°n-b-Xv-˛ ssX-°m-Sv A-ø 1005. P-bn¬-tam-Nn-X-\m-b kn.tI-i-h-s\ B-e-∏p-g-bn¬-kw-L-Sn-∏n® kzo-I-c-W-tbm-K-Øn¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se In-co-Sw h-bv-°mØ cm-Pm-hv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ sI.kn.am-Ω≥ am-∏n-f 1006. a-e_ - m-dn¬ I¿-jI - k - w-Lw cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-°p-∂X - n-\v {]-tNm-Z\ - w \¬-In-b \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-μ≥ 1007. A-sse Z¿-hm-k ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 1008. a-tØ-cm≥ h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-Xw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-lmcm-jv{- S 1009. tkm-Wm¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ B-gw A-dn-bm≥ 1010. \¿-a-Z-bp-sS Xo-c-Øp-h-®v l¿-j-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b Nm-eqIy-cm-Pm-hv-˛ ]p-en-tI-in c-≠m-a≥ 1011. Cw-•o-jv A-£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn¬ A-h-km-\w-h--∂ X-e-ÿm\w-˛ km-{K-_v 1012. t¢m-Wn-ßn-eq-sS kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy ]-ip-˛ hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b 1013. tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-[-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ F-tUz¿-Uv P-∂¿ 1014. kw-ÿm-\ D-∂-X hn-Zym-`ym-k Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ hn-kn-‰¿ ]-Zhn A-e-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xv ˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 1015. C-¥y-°p-sh-fn-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn C-¥y≥ t]m-tÃm-^o-kv ÿm]n-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 1016. kmw-_m-Pn-bp-sS ]n≥-Km-an-˛ cm-Pm-dmw 1017. kmw-Jy-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ h-‡m-hv-˛ I-]n-e≥ 1018. G-Xp h¿-j-sØ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv P-\-K-W-a\- B-Zy-am-bn B-e-]n-®-Xv-˛ 1911 1019. lm¿-Uv tImƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ I¬-°-cn-bn-\w-˛ B-{¥mssk-‰v 1020. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Im-Ãn-Mv thm-´v {]-tbm-Kn-® B-Zy-sØ kv-]o-°¿˛ F.kn.tPm-kv 1021. lm-c-∏ kw-kv-Im-cw \n-e-\n-∂n--∂ \-Zo-X-Sw-˛-kn-‘p 1022. lp-a-bq¨ A-¥-cn-®-sX-t∏mƒ-˛ 1556 P-\p-h-cn 24 1023. tlm-kv-Zp¿-Kv tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ C-t°-cn-hw-i-Øn-se tkm-a-tiJ-c \m-b-Iv 1024. U-b-‰v G-Xv cm-Py-sØ ]m¿-e-sa‚m-Wv-˛ P-∏m≥ 1025. tem-I hym-]m-c I-cm-dn-s‚ in¬-]n-˛ B¿-X¿ U-¶¬ 1026. se-Uv s]≥-kn¬ \n¿-an-°m-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yt- a-Xv˛- {Kmss^-‰v 1027. sh-¶n-tS-iz-c t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--∏-Xn 1028. tdm-a≥ ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv-˛ Pq-∏n-‰¿ 1029. P-cn-b J-\n-bn¬-\n-∂p e-`n-°p-∂ [m-Xp-˛ I¬-°-cn 1030. _p-≤-s‚ Kp--°ƒ-˛ A-em-c≥, D-{Z-I≥ 1031. ]-Xn-\m-em-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS C-¥y≥ bqWn-b-t\m-Sv Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-´ {]-tZ-iw-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn 1032. ]-Zv-a-`q-j¨ t\-Sn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛-h-≈-tØmƒ \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m≥ 1033. t{K-‰v _m-Øv (a-lm kv-\m-\-L-´w) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv I-s≠-Ønb-Xv-˛ sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm

58

CONFUSING FACTS  ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X A-∂m Nm-≠n-bm-Wv. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bm-b B-Zy a-ebm-fn h-\n-X Fw.F-kv. ^m-Øn-am _o-hn-bm-Wv.  Pv-Rm-\-]oTw t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\n-X B-im-]q¿-Wm-tZ-hn-bmWv. km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-bm-b B-Zy h\n-X-bm-Wv A-ar-Xm-{]o-Xw.  ⁄m-\-]oT-Øn-\v B-Zy-am-bn A¿-l-\m-b-Xv a-e-bm-f Ihn-bm-b Pn.i-¶c - ° - p-dp-∏m-Wv (1965). F-∂m¬ ⁄m-\] - oTw t\-Sn-b B-Zy t\m-h-en-Ãv _w-Km-fn-se Xm-cm-i-¶¿ _m\¿-Pn-bm-Wv (1966). ⁄m-\-]oTw t\-Sn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-f t\m-h-en-Ãv F-kv.sI.s]m-‰-°m-´m-Wv. 1034. a-™n-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Im-\-U 1035. A-an-sse-kv F-∂ F≥-sskw F-¥n-em-Wv {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv˛ A-∂-Pw 1036. A-an-X-am-bn e-l-cn-]m-\o-b-߃ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-aq-ew G-Xh-b-h-Øn-\m-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ \m-i-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ I-cƒ 1037. P-dp-k-te-an-se Pq-X-tZ-hm-e-bw- tdm-am-°m¿- \-in-∏n-®-Xp-aq-ewb-lq-Z¿- tI-c-f-Øn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ F-Un-68 1038. tdm-a≥ I-tØm-en-°¿ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 1039. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ ]-Wn-∏p-c F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ s_¬-Pn-bw 1040. A-—-s‚ Hm¿-a-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ Cu-®-chm-cy¿ 1041. an-skm-d-an-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ ep-jm-bv ln¬ Un-kv-{Sn-Iv-Sv 1042. an-t‚m-˛-tam¿-en `-c-W ]-cn-jv-Im-cw G-Xp h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ 1909 1043. tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-S¬-Øo-c-ap -≈-Xv-˛ I-Æq¿ 1044. 1952˛¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-am-b {]-i-kv-X `m-c-Xo-b tPym-Xn-im-kv{X-⁄≥-˛ ta-L-\m-Yv km-l 1045. {In-kv-‰-^¿ sIm-fw-_-kv P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 1046. A¿-Pp-\ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy {In-°-‰¿-˛ k-enw Zp-cm-\n 1047. t]m-bn‚ v Im-en-a¿ ]-£n k-t¶-Xw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øn¬-˛ Xan-gv-\m-Sv 1048. _w-Kmƒ hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1905 1049. tem-Iv-k-`m-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p sN-bv-X B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v˛ sI B¿- \m-cm-b-W≥1050. t]m¿-®p-K-en-se Im-X-dn-s\ hn-hm-lw I-gn-®-t∏mƒ Cw-•-≠n-se Nmƒ-kv c-≠m-a≥ cm-Pm-hn-\v kv-{Xo-[-\-am-bn e-`n-® {]-tZ-iw-˛ t_mw-s_ 1051. A-Nyp-X-tZ-h-cm-b--sS- Im-e-Øv- hn-P-b-\-K-cw- k-μ¿-in-®- t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-c-\m-b Ip-Xn-c hym-]m-cn-˛ s^¿-\m-thm \yq-\n-kv 1052. ao-\-®n-em¿ G-Xp Pn-√-bn-se {]-[m-\-\-Zn-bm-Wv-˛ tIm-´-bw 1053. A-Pv-ao-cn¬ A¿-lm-bn Zn≥ Im tPm≥-]-cm ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv 1054. ao-cm-tZ-hn-bp-sS t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Nn-tØm¿-K-Vv 1055. A-ÿn-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ tem-lw-˛ Im¬-kyw 1056. ap-f-bn-e-Iƒ am-{Xw Xn-∂p Po-hn-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ ]m-≠ 1057. A-tbm-[y G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛ k-c-bp 1058. A-td-_y≥ \m-Sp-I-tf-bpw B-{^n-°≥ h≥-I-c-tb-bpw th¿-Xncn-°p-∂ I-S¬-˛ sN-¶-S¬ 1059. a-Wv-U-cn tcm-K-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b Po-hn-˛ ssh-d-kv 1060. an-t‚m-s\-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛ thm-fot_mƒ 1061. kn-‘p-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw ˛-I-dm-®n 1062. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ a-g e-`n-°p-∂ au-kn≥-dw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 1063. ao-kn¬-kv hm-Iv-kn≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ tPm¨ F-^v.-F≥-tUgv-kv(1960) 1064. kn-°n-an-t\m-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ]-›n-a _wKm-fn-se sd-bn¬-th tÃ-j≥-˛ \yq P-bv-]m¬-Kp-Vn

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

1065. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ sN-dp-In-S hy-h-km-b bq-Wn-‰pIƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 1066. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS B-Zy k-Xym-{K-lw-˛1907 1067. kn-bm-Mv F-∂ t]-cn¬ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-in¬ {]-th-in-°p∂ \-Zn-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 1068. Lm-{K bp-≤-Øn¬ (1529) a-“q-Zv tem-[n-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ A-^v-Km-\n-I-sf tXm¬-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛-_m-_¿ 1069. lm¬-Un-L-´v bp-≤-Øn¬ (1576)A-Iv-_-sd F-Xn¿-Øp ]-cm-Pb-s∏-´ c-P-]p-{X-cm-Pm-hv-˛ dm-Wm {]-Xm-]v 1070. tI-c-f-Øn¬ A-Sn-a-°-®-h-Sw \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ dm-Wn Ku-cn e-£v-ao-`m-bn 1071. A-Xm-cy-h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-®p-‰n {]-Im-iw h-f-™p k-©-cn-°p-∂ {]Xn-`m-kw-˛ Un-{^m-£≥ 1072. C-¥y dn-∏-ªn-°m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v H- Zn-h-kw ap-ºv A-¥-cn-® \-thm∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ tUm.]¬-]p 1073. B-sc k-μ¿-in-®-ti-j-am-Wv {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- ap-\n-N-cy-]-©Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ c-a-W a-l¿-jn 1074. X-s‚ tZ-h-\pw tZ-hn-bpw kw-L-S-\-bm-sW-∂v {]-Jym-]n-® \thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 1075. Po-h-Im--Wy-\n-cq-]-Ww c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ 1076. aw-K-tfm-Z-b-Øn-s‚ {]q-^v do-U-dm-bn--∂ \-thm-∞m-\ t\-Xmhv-˛ hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 1077. a-Xn-ep-Iƒ F-∂ t\m-h¬ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ssh-°w ap-l-Ω-Zv _-jo¿ 1078. A-Xn-Nm-e-I-X I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ Im-a¿-en-Mv Hm-\-kv 1079. Ir-{Xn-a ]-´v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ d-tbm¨ 1080. l-cn-bm-\-bn-se G-I \-Zn-˛ L-§¿ 1081. kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy hy-‡n-K-X H-fn-ºn-Iv sh-≈n saU¬ tP-Xm-hv-˛ cm-Py-h¿-[≥ kn-Mv dm-tØm-Uv 1082. Kw-ssK-sIm-≠-tNm-f-]p-c-Øv _r-l-tZ-iz-c t£-{Xw \n¿-an-®-Xv˛ cm-tP-{μ-tNm-f≥ 1083. B-Zy-sØ em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥ A-d-_v D-®-tIm-Sn-°v (2005) th-Znbm-b \-K-cw-˛ {_-ko-en-b 1084. B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ tXm-a-kv sP-t^-gv-k¨ 1085. a-\p-jy-s‚ C-S-tØ izm-k-tIm-i-Øn-s‚ i-cm-i-cn `m-cw-˛ 620 {Kmw 1086. B¿-´n-^n-jy¬ C‚-en-P≥-kn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ A-e≥ Sq-dn-Mv 1087. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS lr-Z-b-hpw B-flm-hpw-F-∂v tUm.Aw-t_-ZvI-¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ B¿-´n--°nƒ 32 1088. B¬-{^-Uv s\m-t_-en-s‚ {]-[m-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw-˛ ss\-t{Sm•n-k-dn≥ 1089. B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 1090. A-Xp-e≥ B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p-˛ h-√-`≥ c-≠m-a≥ 1091. B¿-°p-ti-j-am-Wv _m¬-_≥ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm-\m-b-Xv-˛ \mkn-dp-±o≥ a-lv-aq-Zv 1092. Bƒ-°-tlm-fn-se L-S-I-߃-˛ Im¿-_¨, ssl-{U-P≥, Hm-Ivkn-P≥ 1093. B-am-i-b-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-bn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ {K-Ÿn-˛ ]m≥{In-bm-kv 1094. B‚n sk-]v-‰n-Iv k¿-P-dn-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ tPm-k-^v enÿ 1095. B-‰n-߬- I-em-]w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1721 1096. B‚n-e-kn-s‚ ap-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Iyq-_ 1097. tI-c-f-Øn-se P-tem¬-k-h-߃ B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv h-≈w I-fn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv-˛ N-º-°p-fw 1098. B‚n-P≥ A-S-ßn-bn-´n-√m-Ø c-‡-{Kq-∏v-˛ H 1099. [-\-X-Øz im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ B-Uw-kv-an-Øv 1100. Kn-cn P-e-tk-N-\ ]-≤-Xn G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv ˛-ln-am-N¬ {]-tZiv 1101. k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ln-tcm-jn-a 1102. tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-am-b B-Zy tI-c-fo-b h-\n-X-˛-B-\n a-kv-{Io≥ 1103. `-Ko-c-Yn-bpw A-f-I-\-μ-bpw kw-K-an-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ tZ-h-{]-bm-Kv 1104. kz¿-W-Øn-s‚ em-b-Iw-˛ A-Izm do-Pn-b 1105. B‚n-t_m-Un A-S-ßn-bn-´n-√m-Ø c-‡-{Kq-∏v-˛ F _n 1106. b-ap-\-bp-sS D¬-`-h-ÿm-\w-˛ b-ap-t\m-{Xn

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw                

4

B-\-bp-sS ]-√p-I-fp-sS F-Æw A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-‚ n-s≥-d- Im-e-m-h-[n- F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv hn-P-b-\-K-c km-{am-Py-Øn-se cm-P-hw-i-ß-fp-sS F-Æw km-[m-cW - a - m-bn I-≠p-hc - p-∂ {]-[m-\ c-‡{- Kq-∏p-If - p-sS FÆw F-{X h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnwkv \-S° - p-∂X - v Im-X-dn≥ sl-]v-t_¨ (1907˛2003) B-Wv A-`n-\-b-Øn-\v G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw Hm-kv-I¿ t\-Sn-b-Xv . A-h¿ F{X {]m-h-iyw B Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-\v A¿-l-bm-bn F-{Xmw ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 14 _m-¶p-Iƒ tZ-ik - m-XI v- c - n-®X - v `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS F-{Xm-as - Ø ]-´n-Ib - m-Wv cm-Py-k` - b - n-se ko-‰I - f - p-sS A-tem-´vs - a‚n-s\-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v km-c\ - m-Yn-se A-tim-I kvX - w-`Ø - n¬ F-{X knw-lß - f - p-≠v G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-bn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv F-^v.Un. dq-kv-sh¬-‰m-Wv. F-{X {]m-hiyw {I-a` - w-KØ - n-\v F-{X L-´ß - f - m-Wp-≈X - v Ipw-`t- a-fb - v° - v th-Zn-bm-Ip-∂ \-Kc - ß - ƒ F-{X t]m-tfm I-fn-bn¬ H- So-an¬ F-{X I-fn-°m¿ D-≠m-Ipw a-\p-jy-cn-se ⁄m-\-Z-¥-ß-fp-sS F-Æw. F-{X A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚p-am¿ ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° h-[n°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v 1976˛¬ au-en-I Np-a-X-e-Iƒ ]p-Xp-Xm-bn `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ A-Xv G-Xv `m-K-Øn-em-Wv (]m¿-´v) Iq´n-t®¿-ØX - v

1107. B-ap-‡-am-ey-Z F-∂ km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn sX-ep-¶n¬ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Irjv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ 1108. B-a-tkm¨- \-Zn- ]-Xn-°p-∂- k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em≥-dn-Iv1109. C-{k-tb-en-s‚ P-\-\-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b {]-ÿm-\w-˛ kn-tbmWn-Ãv {]-ÿm-\w 1110. B¿-Pn-X C-¥y≥ ]u-c-Xz-ap-≠m-bn--∂ B-Zy `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w tPXm-hv-˛ a-Z¿ sX-tc-k 1111. C-°-tWm-an-Iv ln-Ã-dn Hm-^v C-¥y c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ B¿.kn.Z-Øv 1112. G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv tl-a-ss‰-‰v-˛ C--ºv 1113. B¿-ss{X-‰n-kv (hm-Xw) _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ k-‘n-Iƒ 1114. G-Xp th-Z-Øn-s‚ D-]-th-Z-am-Wv K-‘¿-h-th-Zw-˛ km-a-th-Zw 1115. B¿-t\mƒ-Uv jm¿-kv-s\-£¿ P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Hm-kv-{Sn-b 1116. l-Δm _o-®v G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 1117. B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ c-‡t- Im-iw-˛ tiz-X c-‡mWp-°ƒ 1118. Kw-K-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw ]-Sn-™mtd-b-‰-Øv D-Zv`-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-b-ap-\ 1119. tI-c-f-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn hm¿-jn-I hn-ti-jm¬-{]-Xn ]p-d-Øn-d°n-b ]-{Xw-˛ an-X-hm-Zn 1120. ln-am-e-b≥ t^m-d-Ãv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂sX-hn-sS-˛-jnw-e 1121. tI-c-f-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn Im-em-h-[n ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b \n-b-ak-`-˛-\m-emw \n-b-a-k-` (1970˛77) 1122. H-∂mw ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bn¬ {]m-ap-Jyw \¬-I-s∏-´-Xv ˛-Irjn 1123. Im-\-U G-Xv `p-J-Wv-U-Øn-em-Wv-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 1124. H-∂mw ]m-\n-∏-´v bp-≤w \-S-∂-Xv-˛ 1526 1125. kv-t{Smw-t_m-fn sIm-Sp-ap-Sn G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-‰-en 1126. tI-c-f-Øn-¬- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b B-Zy- tIm-tf-Pv-˛ kn-Fw-F-kv- tImtf-Pv,- tIm-´-bw1127. kn.]n.cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿ ]-Z-hn-sbm-gn-™-t∏mƒ B-Iv-Sn-Mv Zn-hm-\m-b-Xv-˛ ]n.Pn.F≥.-D-Æn-Øm≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

59

1128. tI- c - f - Ø n¬ kz¿- W - \ n- t £- ] w Iq- S p- X - e p- ≈ kv - Y - e w- ˛ \n-e-ºq¿ 1129. Im-\-U, {Ko≥-em≥-Uv {]-tZ-i-߃-°n-S-bv-°p-≈ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ tU-hn-kv I-S-en-Sp-°v 1130. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ln-μp-°ƒ F-Æ-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Pn√ ˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 1131. N-{μ-{K-l-Ww D-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-t∏mƒ-˛ `q-an kq-cy-\pw N-{μ-ap-an-Sbv-°v h--tºmƒ 1132. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ln-μp-ÿm≥ \yq-kv {]n‚ v ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂-Xv-˛ sh-≈q¿ 1133. C-¥y≥ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ Sow B-Zy-am-bn H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ ]-s¶-SpØ h¿-jw-˛ 1948 1134. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ln-μp-ÿm≥ em-‰-Iv-kv ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 1135. ln-μn-bn-epw a-‰v C-¥y≥ `m-j-I-fn-epw ln-μv a-lm-km-K-cw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 1136. G-Xp tk-\-bp-sS X-e-h-\m-Wv A-Uv-an-d¬- ˛-\m-hn-I-tk-\ 1137. _p-≤-s‚ h-f¿-Ø-Ω-˛ Ku-X-an 1138. C-Øn-lm-Zv F-b¿-sse≥-kv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ bp.F.C. 1139. G-Xp-\-Zn-bn-em-Wv A--hn-°-c Umw-˛-I-c-a-\-bm¿ 1140. C-¥p-∏n-s‚ cm-k-kq-{Xw-˛ s]m-´m-kyw t¢m-ssd-Uv 1141. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv cm-Pv-`-h-\p-ap-∂n-ep-≈ {]-Xn-a G-Xp cm-jv-{Sob-t\-{Xn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv-˛ A-°-Ω sN-dn-bm≥ 1142. cm-P-X-cw-Kn-Wn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ I¬-l-W≥ 1143. C-¥y `-cn-® B-Zy-sØ A-^v-Km≥ hw-i-P≥-˛ _-lv-ep¬ temZn 1144. C-¥y `-cn-°m≥ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ kzo-I-cn-® X-{¥w-˛ `n-∂n-∏n-®p `cn-°¬ 1145. Kw-ssK sIm-≠ tNm-f≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ cm-tP-{μ≥ H-∂m-a≥ 1146. C-¥y-bn¬ tZ-io-b-]m¿-´n-bm-bn Aw-Ko-Im-cw e-`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ G‰hpw Ip-d™Xv F-{X kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Aw-Ko-Im-cw e-`n-® ]m¿-´n-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww-˛ 4 1147. Ip-f-®¬ Xp-d-ap-Jw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 1148. B-[p-\n-I P-\m-[n-]-Xy kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy-cmPyw-˛ {_n-´¨ 1149. Kn¿- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v- G-Xv- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv1150. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b sh-≈-®m-´w-˛ tPm-Kv sh-≈®m-´w 1151. cm-j{v- S-Iq-Sh - w-iØ - n-se-G‰ - h - pw-{]-Ke - `v- ¿-˛ tKm-hn-μ, A-tam-Lh - ¿j≥ 1152. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Xp-c-¶w-˛ Im¿-_p-sU S-W¬ 1153. a-Z¿ C-¥y F-∂ Nn-{X-Øn¬ {]-[m-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ A-h-Xcn-∏n-® \-Sn-˛ \¿-Ko-kv 1154. B-[p-\n-I C-¥y-bp-sS {k-jv-Sm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ U¬-lukn {]-`p 1155. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn \n-b-a-_n--Zw t\-Sn-b h-\n-X-˛ tIm¿-tWen-b tkm-dm-_v-Pn (1894) 1156. I-ayp-Wn-kw sIm-Sp-ap-Sn A-Y-hm C-kv-am-bn¬ k-am-\n sIm-Spap-Sn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ X-Pn-°n-ÿm≥ 1157. Xn-an-cw I-Æn-s‚ G-Xp `m-Ks - Ø _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-Ka - m-W˛v- se≥kv 1158. tIm-Øm-cn I-Ωn-j-s‚ {Xn-`m-jm ]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏´ `m-j-Iƒ-˛ ln-μn, Cw-•o-jv, {]m-tZ-in-I `m-j 1159. tlm-K-\-°¬ sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 1160. B-Zn-{K-Ÿ-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ Kp--{K-Ÿ-km-ln-_v 1161. ]p-cm-W{- ]-Im-cw, ]-ci - p-cm-a≥ tKm-I¿-WØ - p-\n-∂v F-dn-™ a-gph-∂p-]-Xn-® ÿ-ew ˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 1162. _w-•m-tZ-in-s‚ cm-jv-{S-in-ev-]n-˛ ap-Po-_p¿ d-lv-am≥ 1163. sa-e-t\m-a F-∂ Iym≥-k¿ i-co-c-Øn-s‚ G-Xp `m-K-sØ-bmWv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Xz-°v 1164. {]m-No-\I - m-eØ - v ap-kn-cn-kv F-∂dn-bs - ∏-´n--∂ Xp-da - p-Jw-˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿ 1165. \-£-{X-߃ Xn-f-ßm≥ Im-c-Ww-˛ dn-{^m-£≥ 1166. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Nm-cm-b \n-tcm-[-\w sIm-≠p-h-∂ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛F.sI. B‚-Wn

60

CONFUSING FACTS  1923˛¬ {]-h¿-Ø-\w B-cw-`n-® kz-cm-Pv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS ÿm]-I¿ kn.B¿.Zm-kpw tam-Øn-em¬ s\-lv-dp-hpw. 1934˛¬ tIm¨-{K-kv tkm-jy-en-Ãv ]m¿-´n ÿm-]n-°m≥ ap≥-ssIsb-Sp-ØX - v B-Nm-cy \-tc-{μ-tZ-hpw P-b{- ]-Im-iv \m-cm-bW - pw.  a-{Zm-kv \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥ {^m≥-kn-kv tU B-Wv. {^m≥-kn-kv am¿-´n≥ B-Wv t]m-≠n-t®-cn (]p-Xp-t®-cn) ÿm]n-®X - v.  tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm K-h¿-W¿ tPym-Xn sh¶n-Sm-N-e-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ K-h¿-W¿ ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b BZy tI-c-fo-b h-\n-X P-Ãn-kv Fw.F-kv. -^m-Øn-am-_o-hnbm-Wv.  Hm-kv-I¿ t\m-an-t\-j≥ t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ Nn-{Xw a-Z¿ C-¥y-bm-Wv. Kp--hm-Wv Cu {]-tXy-I-X-bp-≈ B-Zy a-ebm-f Nn-{Xw. 1167. kn.hn.cm-a\ - v G-Xp hn-jb- Ø n- e m- W v s\mt_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-®Xv-˛ Du¿-P-X-{¥w 1168. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ Np-Æm-ºpI-√v Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂ ÿew-˛ hm-f-bm¿ 1169. lm-tPm F-∂ Xo¿-YmS-\ tI-{μw G-Xv \-Zn-bpsS Xo-c-Øm-Wv {_-“]p-{X 1170. ln-μp-ÿm-s‚ X-\-Xmb ^-ew F-∂v am-ßsb hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - m-cv˛- _m-_¿ 1171. bq-tdm G-Xv h≥-Ic - b - nse cm-Py-ß-fn-se \m]- Z v - a - ` q- j ¨ t\- S n- b W-b-am-Wv ˛ bq-tdm-∏v B- Z y a- e - b m- f n- ˛ 1172. kn.-F.-Sn. kv-Im-\¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-®X - m-cv˛- tKm-Uv- h-≈-tØmƒ \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ {^n lu¨-kv-^o¬-Uv 1173. C-¥y≥ ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚ sa-°-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 1174. Km-‘n-Pn-sb G-sd kzm-[o-\n-® A¨-Sp Zn-kv em-Ãv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ d-kv-In≥ 1175. kw-ÿm-\-Øv {]-kn-U‚ v `-c-Ww {]-Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ tI-{μØn-\p-th-≠n kw-ÿm-\ `-c-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 1176. Kw-K-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-S-{]-tZ-i-ap-≈Xv-˛ -b-ap-\ 1177. tI-c-f-Øn¬ D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS ko-‰p \n-e-\n¿-Øn-b BZy Aw-Kw ˛ tdm-k-Ωm ]p-∂q-kv 1178. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£-]-Z-hn h-ln-® hntZ-i hw-i-P-˛-tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n 1179. Kw-Km-Xo-c-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛-Im¨-]q¿ 1180. se-]v-®, `q-´n-b F-∂n-h G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ P-\-X-bm-Wv-˛ kn°nw 1181. sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S k-`b - p-sS cq-]h - X - vI - c - W - Ø - n-\v ap≥-ssI-sb-Sp-Ø A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 1182. Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[\ - \n-ba - {- ]-Im-cw H- Aw-KØ - n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ Xo--am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ A-[n-Im-c-s∏-´-Xm-cv ˛-kv-]o-°¿ 1183. Im-_¿- X-Æo¿-Ø-Sw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ _o-lm¿ 1184. Im-_pƒ B-ÿm-\-am-bn `-c-W-\n¿-h-l-Ww \-S-Øn-b ap-Kƒ N{I-h¿-Øn-˛-_m-_¿ 1185. H-∂mw `u-a D-®-tIm-Sn-bp-sS th-Zn-˛ dn-tbm Un P-\o-tdm ({_ko¬)

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

1186. se-s{]m-an≥ sS-Ãv G-Xp tcm-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ Ip-jT v w 1187. thmƒ-´-b¿ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ {^m≥-kv 1188. X-£-in-e C-t∏mƒ G-Xp cm-Py-Øv ˛ ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ 1189. tkm-]m-\-kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m--t]-cv-˛ sIm-´n-∏m-Sn tk-h 1190. tKm-_¿ Kym-kn-s‚ {]-[m-\-L-S-I-ta-Xv-˛ ao-ssY≥ 1191. B-W-h-bp-K-Øn-s‚ in-ev-]n F-∂d-- n-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ F≥-dn-t°m s^¿-an 1192. B-kn-Up-ag - b - v° - p Im-cW - a - m-b {]-[m-\h - m-XI - w-˛ kƒ-^¿ ssU Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv 1193. C-¥y-bn¬ en-ss·-‰v Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 1194. Xn-tem-Ø-a G-Xv hn-f-bp-sS C-\-am-Wv-˛ F-≈v 1195. B- W n- s ‚ D- Z - c Øn¬- \ n- ∂ v Ip- ™ p- ß ƒ ]p- d - Ø p- h - c p- ∂ Po-hn-˛ I-S¬-°p-Xn-c 1196. Xo I-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ 1197. A-t¶m¿ hm-´n-se t£-{Xw G-Xp tZ-h-\v k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ hn-jvW - p 1198. Xo≥ _n- K tIm- d n- t Um¿ ]m- ´ - Ø n- \ p hm- ß n- b cm- P yw- ˛ _w-•m-tZ-iv 1199. ssh-dk - p-Iƒ kmw-{I-an-Ia - m-sW-∂p I-s≠-Øn-bX - v˛- sh≥-U¬ Ãm≥-en 1200. {]-Im-i-h¿-jw F-¥n-s‚ G-I-I-am-Wv-˛ Zq-cw 1201. a-\p-jy-s‚ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b A-ÿn-˛-tÃ-∏n-kv 1202. t]m¿-_-¥-dn-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ kp-Zm-am-]p-cn 1203. ssk-\n-I-k-lm-b hy-h-ÿ B-hn-jv-I-cn-® K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ sh-√-…n {]-`p 1204. lm¿-tam-Wn-bw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ tZ-s_-bv≥ 1205. km-ln-Xy s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ hn≥è N¿-®n¬ (1953) 1206. ssP-\-a-X-Øn-se 24˛m-a-sØ Xo¿-Y-¶-c≥-˛ a-lm-ho-c≥ 1207. A-\-en-‰n-°¬ tPym-a-{Sn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ sd-s\ Z-°m¿-sØ 1208. am-lm-fn-tcm-Kw G-Xp-k-ky-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂p-˛ I-hp-ßv 1209. k-ap-{Z \n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂pw Xm-sg-bm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂, tI-c-fØn-se ÿ-ew- Ip-´-\m-Sv 1210. am-Pn-\-‰v sse≥ G-sXm-s° cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn-em-Wv-˛ {^m≥kv, P¿-a-\n 1211. B-tcm-sSm-∏w tN¿-∂m-Wv Km-‘n-Pn Jn-em-^-Øv {]-ÿm-\-Øn\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Z-en-bpw ju-°-Ø-en-bpw 1212. B-Uw-kv-an-Øv P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Uv 1213. X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-\m-b Po≥ t]mƒ km¿-s{X P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 1214. tIm¿-Wn-b-sb B-h-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂ kv-X-cw-˛ I¨-P-IvSn-h 1215. Bw-\-Ãn C‚¿-\m-j-W-en-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ]o-‰¿ s_-\≥k¨(1961) 1216. tIm-bv-\ A-W-s°-´v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 1217. kw-kv-Ir-X km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ A-K-Ã≥ bp-K-am-bn hn-e-bn--Øs∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xv cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-am-Wv ˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-ZnXy≥ 1218. kw-ÿm-\ `-c-Ww kw-_-‘n-® F-√m D-Ø-c-hp-I-fpw B--sS t]-cn-em-Wv ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ K-h¿-W¿ 1219. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS-`m-cy-˛ I-kv-Xq¿-_m Km-‘n 1220. tI-c-f kw-ÿm-\ Po-h-\-°m¿-°v D-’-h _-Ø A-\p-h-Zn-® apJy-a-{¥n-˛-F.sI. B‚-Wn 1221. tI-c-f-Øn¬ c-≠p-{]m-h-iyw D-]-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b G-I hy-‡n˛ kn.F-®v.ap-l-Ω-Zv tIm-b 1222. bq-tdm-]y≥ kv-t]-kv dn-k¿-®v Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w˛ ]m-co-kv 1223. C-¥y≥ ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚ sXm-´n¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 1224. kw-ÿm-\ a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS X-e-h≥-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 1225. tIm-e-Øp-\m-´n-se cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ tIm-e-Øn-cn 1226. Xo¿-Y-¶-c≥-am¿ F-∂ hm-°v G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛ ssP-\-a-Xw

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

5

 G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-em-h-[n-bp-≠m-bn--∂ tem-Iv-k-` F{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv (1971˛77)  F-{X h¿-jw Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ Im¿-jn-I sk≥k-kv F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv  sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S c-£m-ka - n-Xn-bn¬ Xm¬°m-en-Imw-Kß - f - mbn F-{X B-t{^m-˛-G-jy≥ cm-Py-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  P-\K - W - a - \ - F-∂ Km-\Ø - n-s‚ B-Zy-Nc - W - a - m-Wv `m-cX - Ø - ns‚ tZ-io-b Km-\-am-bn kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. B-sI F-{X N-c-Wß-fp-≠v P-\-K-W-a-\-bv-°v  ]-Zm¿-YØ - n-s‚ F-{Xm-as - Ø A-hÿ - b - m-Wv t_m-kv˛- s - F≥Ão≥ I-≠≥-tk-‰v  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn-se ÿn-cmw-K-ßfp-sS F-Æw  {K-l-߃-°n-S-bn¬ h-ep-∏-Øn¬ `q-an-bp-sS ÿm-\w  C-¥y-bn¬ F-{X h¿-jw Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv ^n-\m≥-kv I-Ωnj-s\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv  {Xn-X-e ]-©m-b-Ø-[y-£≥-am--sS Im-em-h-[n F-{X h¿j-am-Wv  `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b ]-cn-lm-c-߃-°v C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S\-bn¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈ dn-´p-I-fp-sS F-Æw  U¬-ln 1206 ap-X¬ 1526 h-sc `-cn-® kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v cm-Phw-i-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  Km-‘n-Pn F-{X {]m-h-iyw tI-c-fw k-μ¿-in-®n-´p-≠v  s]‚m-Xv-tem¨ F-{X a-’-c-bn-\-߃ Dƒ-s∏-´-Xm-Wv  _m-lv-an-\n cm-Pyw X-I¿-∂-tXm-sS Z-£n-W-]-Y-Øn¬ F{X kp¬-Øm-t\-‰p-I-fm-Wv cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv 1227. tI-c-f-Øn¬ B-Zy-sØ {]-kv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ s_-©-an≥ s_bv-en 1228. A-k-an-se Im-kn-cw-K tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w G-Xp ar-K-Øn-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ H-‰-s°m-º≥ Im-≠m-ar-Kw 1229. a-K-e≥ I-S-en-Sp-°v G-sXm-s° cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bv-°m-Wv-˛ A¿P‚o-\-bv-°pw Nn-en-bv-°p-an-S-bv-°v 1230. `q-an-bp-sS hr-°-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ X-Æo¿-Ø-S-߃ 1231. _w-•m-tZ-in-s‚ cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ C-¥y≥ {][m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 1232. tI-c-f-Øn¬ D- \n¿-am-W-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ t_∏q¿ 1233. ]q¿-W-am-bpw k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n-\p-ap-I-fn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ h≥-Ic-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 1234. kw-ÿm-\ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-I-fp-sS ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿-am-sc \nb-an-°p-∂X - m-cm-Wv˛- K - h - ¿-W¿ 1235. tbm-an-bp-cn jnw-_p¨ G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ ]-{X-am-Wv-˛ P-∏m≥ 1236. tlm-gv-kv-en Ip-∂p-Iƒ -G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ B-{‘m-{]-tZiv 1237. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬ h--tºmƒ D-≠m-bn--∂ `-c-WL-S-\m sj-Uyq-fp-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 8 1238. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ C-¥y≥-hw-i-P--sS {]-iv-\-ß-fp-am-bn k-l-Icn-®-Xn-\m-em-Wv kn.F-^v.B≥-{Uq-kn-\v Zo-\-_-‘p F-∂ t] e-`n-®-Xv-˛ ^n-Pn 1239. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ap-…n-߃ F-Æ-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Pn√ ˛ a-e-∏p-dw 1240. lm-c-∏ I-s≠-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1921 1241. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ sI.I-Wm-Ic - ≥ 1242. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-Xp h¿-jw \-S-∂ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv H- I£n-°pw hy-‡-am-b `q-cn-]-£w e-`n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \n-b-a-k-` cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-sX t]m-b-Xv-˛ 1965

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

61

1243. tdm-f-≠v Km-tcm F-∂-Xv F-¥n‚ v t]-cv ˛ {^-©v Hm-∏¨ sS-∂okv I-fn-ÿ-ew 1244. Xn-aq¿ C-¥y B-{I-an-® h¿-jw-˛ 1398 1245. P-e-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ kq-£n-®p-h-bv-°p-∂-aq-e-Iw-˛ sh-≈ t^m-kv^-dk - v 1246. Xn-aq¿ C-¥y B-{I-an-®-t∏mƒ U¬-ln `-cn-®n--∂ hw-iw-˛ Xp-•I - v 1247. b-lq-Z¿ tI-c-f-Øn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.68 1248. am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a A-¥-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1758 1249. 1934¬ G-Xp-ÿ-e-Øp-sh-®m-Wv Iu-ap-Zn F-∂ s]¨-Ip-´n Xs‚ B-`-c-W-߃ Km-‘n-Pn-bv-°p \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ h-S-I-c 1250. tdm-_n≥-k¨ {Iq-tkm F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jSv- n-®X - ˛v- Um\n-tb¬ Uo-t^m 1251. Km-‘n-Pn-sb a-lm-flm F-∂v B-Zy-am-bn kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-XXv-˛ Sm-tKm¿ 1252. tdm-´-dn C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ t]mƒ lm-cn-kv 1253. t{K hn-π-hw F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ kn-a≥-dv D¬-]mZ-\w 1254. tI-c-f \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv˛- {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- 1255. G-Xp hn-‰m-an-s‚ A-`m-h-Øn-em-Wv s_-dn s_-dn F-∂ tcm-Kw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ _n (X-b-an≥) 1256. lp-a-bq¨ \m-a c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Kp¬-_-Z≥ _o-Kw (_m-_-dp-sS aIƒ) 1257. tI-c-f-Øn¬ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n 1957¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂t∏mƒ ]m¿-´n kw-ÿm-\ sk-{I-´-dn-˛ Fw.F≥.tKm-hn-μ≥ \mb¿ 1258. tI-c-f-Øn¬ c-≠m-a-sØ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1960 1259. bq-tdm-∏n¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ssl-Uv ]m¿-°v-˛ e-≠≥ 1260. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS ss{]-h-‰v sk-{I-´-dn-˛ a-lm-tZ-hv tZ-im-bn 1261. tI-c-f-Øn¬ D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚(1930) {]-[m-\ th-Zn-bmbn--∂-Xv-˛ ]-ø-∂q¿ 1262. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw D-b-c-Øn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ]-´-Ww-˛ aq∂m¿ 1263. tI-cf - K-h¿-W¿ ]-Zw h-ln-®t- i-jw cm-j{-v S-]X - n-bm-bX - ˛-v hn.hn.Kncn 1264. a-™n-s\ i-{Xp-hm-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Im¿-jn-I hn-f-˛ Im-∏n 1265. G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ c-‡-k-Ω¿-±-ap-≈ ar-Kw-˛ Pn-dm-^v 1266. t{i-jvT `m-jm ]-Z-hn e-`n-® B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ `m-j-˛ X-an-gv 1267. a-Zyw _m-[n-°p-∂ X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ `m-Kw-˛ sk-dn-_-√w 1268. tI-c-f K-h¿-W-dm-b G-I a-e-bm-fn-˛ hn.hn-iz-\m-Y≥ 1269. tdm- a ≥ ]p- c m- W - Ø n- s e k- t μ- i - h m- l - I - \ m- b tZ- h ≥- ˛ sa¿-°p-dn 1270. G- ‰ - h pw D- ® - Ø n¬ i- _ v - Z - a p- ≠ m- ° m≥ I- g n- b p- ∂ Po- h n- ˛ Xn-anw-Kn-ew 1271. sF-tlmƒ im-k-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Wv-Un-X≥v-˛ c-hn-Io¿Øn 1272. Pzm-em-ap-Jn G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-sØ Xo¿-Ym-S-\ tI-{μ-am-Wv-˛ lnam-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 1273. tI-c-f-Øn-se sN-j-b¿ tlmw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-sX-hn-sS-˛ Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cw 1274. G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn¬- ]-d-°p-∂ ]-£n- -˛-I-gp-I≥1275. tem-ln-Xv G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 1276. G-Xp ]-£n-bp-sS ap-´-tØm-Sm-Wv I-e-lm-cn a--`q-an-bn-se _pjv-sa≥ hn-`m-K-°m¿ P-ew-kq-£n-°p-∂ P-£p-I-fm-bn D-]-tbmKn-°p-∂X - v˛- H - ´- I - ∏ - £ - n 1277. sIm-¶¨ sd-bn¬-th _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ ÿ-e-߃-˛ aw-K-em]p-c-hpw apw-ss_ (tdm-l)bpw 1278. G-‰-hpw D-b-c-Øn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ X-e-ÿm-\ \-K-c-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ s_m-fo-hn-b 1279. t^m¿-ap-e h¨ Im-tdm-´ a¬-k-c-Øn¬ a¬-k-cn-°m≥ A¿-l\m-b B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ \m-cm-b¨ Im¿-Øn-tI-b≥ 1280. Xo¿-Ym-S-\-Øn-s‚ h¿-j-߃ B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ cm-Pmcm-aÆ 1281. G-‰h - pw D-bc - Ø - n¬-h® - p \-S∂ - H-fn-ºn-Ivk - v˛- sa-Ivk - n-t°m kn-‰n

62

CONFUSING FACTS  C-¥y-bp-sS ]q-t¥m-´-\-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv _mw•q¿ B-Wv. C-¥y-bp-sS ]q-t¥m-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv I-ia v- o-cm-Wv.  H- Pm-Xn H--a-Xw,H- ssZ-hw a-\p-jy-\v- F-∂v ]-d-™Xv \m-cm-b-W-Kp-. Pm-Xn th-≠. a-Xw th-≠ a-\p-jy-\vF-∂p ]-d-™-Xv k-tlm-Z-c≥ A-ø-∏≥.  ap-Øp-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv C-¥y-bn-se ssl-Zc - m-_m-Zv. h-fI - f - p-sS \-Kc - w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v ]mIn-ÿm-\n-se ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv.  th-Z-k-am-Pw ÿm-]n-®-Xv {io-[-c-ep \m-bn-Up. tZ-h-kam-P-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥ in-h-\m-cm-b¨ A-·n-tlm-{Xn.  P-\-km-{μ-X Iq-Sn-b G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b `q-J-Wv-Uw G-jy. Ip-d-™-Xv Hm-kv-t{S-en-b. 1282. Bw-t•m C-¥y≥ k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\v {]m-Xn-\n-[y-an-s√-¶n¬ cm-jv{S-]-Xn-°v F-{X Aw-K-ß-sf \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-ømw-˛2 1283. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv Xn--®n-d-∏-≈n-˛-Im-th-cn 1284. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ {io-aq-ew {]-Pm-k-` (t]m-∏p-e¿ A-kw-_vfn) {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-® h¿-jw- 1904 1285. tI-c-f k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬-\n-∂v kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn tUm-Iv-S-td-‰v t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ kn.sI.tc-h-Ω 1286. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1956 1287. F¬.]n.Pn-bp-sS tNm¿-® I-s≠-Øm≥ tN¿-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ sa¿-°m-]v-‰¨ 1288. tI-c-f-Øn¬ h-\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Pn-√-˛ C-Sp-°n 1289. G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b k-kv-X-\n- -˛ Pn-dm-^v1290. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-Y-a D-]m-[y-£≥- h-≈tØmƒ \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ 1291. tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn \¬-Ip-∂ c-‡m-Wp-˛ sh-fp-Ø c-‡mWp 1292. tI-c-f ]-{Xn-I Zn-\-∏-{Xw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ sN-¶p-f-Øv h-en-b Ip™n-cm-a≥ \m-b¿ 1293. ssh--[y-ß-fp-sS k-¶-e-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ Xp-•-Iv-kp¬-Øm≥˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 1294. tI-c-f ]-ªn-Iv k¿-ho-kv I-Ωn-j-s‚ B-Zy-sØ sN-b¿-am≥-˛ hn.sI.th-em-bp-[≥ 1295. t]m-Mv A-W-s°-´v G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ _n-bm-kv 1296. kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cw B-cn-em-Wv \n-£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v ˛-Kh - ¿-W¿ 1297. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v I-S-tem-c-ap-≈ Pn-√-˛ sIm-√w 1298. Km-‘n-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 1299. tI-c-f-Øn¬- h-c-bm-Sp-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛-Cc-hn-Ip-fw1300. kn-°n-an-se {]-[m-\-s∏-´ \-Zn-˛ Soà 1301. tI-c-f-Øn¬ hm-b-\m-hm-c-am-bn BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Pq¨ 19˛25 1302. G-Xp cm-Py-am-Wv se-tkm-sØ-sb ]q¿-Wa - m-bpw Np-‰n ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂Xv-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 1303. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Im-em-h-[n (5 h¿-jw) Xn-I-®p `-cn-® G-I am¿-Iv-kn-Ãp apJy- a - { ¥n C.sI.\m- b \m¿(1996˛2001) 1304. G-Xp h¿-jw s^-{_p-hc - n 28˛-\m-Wv tI- c - f - Ø n¬ D- ] - X n- c cm-a≥ C-^I - vS- v kn.hn.cm-a≥ I-s≠s™- S p- ∏ n- e q- s S ko- ‰ p \nØn-b-Xv-˛ 1928 e- \ n¿- Ø n- b B- Z y Aw- K w ˛ tdm- k - Ω m ]p- ∂ q- k v

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

1305. kq-b-kv I-\m¬ B-{^n-°-sb G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv th¿s]-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv-˛-G-jy 1306. tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ ap-ºv F-Xp t]-cn-em-Wv A-dn-b-s∏-´n-∂X - v˛- Km-´v 1307. X-an-gn¬ cm-am-b-Ww B-Zy-am-bn X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛-I-º¿ 1308. tZ-hm-\mw {]n-b-Z¿-in F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ au-cy N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ A-tim-I≥ 1309. {]-Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-`-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛-s]m-bv-I-bn¬ A-∏®≥ 1310. tIm-gn-t°m-´v {]o-Xn-t`m-P-\w kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-μ≥ 1311. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv F-kv-F≥-Un-]n tbm-Kw {]-knU‚m-b-Xv-˛ 1923 1312. Nm-hd - b - ® - s - ‚ `u-Xn-Im-hi - n-jvS- w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv kq-£n-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv-˛ am-∂m-\w 1313. tlmw dqƒ {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ B-\n _-k‚ v 1314. tN¿-Ø-e-{]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv ˛-I-c-∏p-dw 1315. U¬-ln-bv-°p-ap-ºv ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-∂-Xv-˛ B-{K 1316. tI-c-f-Øn¬ I¿-j-I-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-®p-t]m--∂-Xv-˛ Nn-ßw H∂v 1317. lo-tam-^o-en-b-bp-sS {]-[m-\ e-£-Ww-˛-c-‡w I-´ ]n-Sn-°m-Xncn-°¬ 1318. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew a-{¥n-bm-b hy-‡n-˛ sI.Fw.am-Wn 1319. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ A-¥n-a-am-b e-£yw C¥y-bp-sS ]q¿-W-kzm-X-{¥y-am-sW-∂v k-tΩ-f-\w {]-Jym-]n-® em-tlm¿ k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv ˛ P-hm-l¿em¬ s\-{lp 1320. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n, D-]-ap-Jy-a-{¥n,kv-]o-°¿,tem-Iv-k-`mwKw Xp-S-ßn-b ]-Z-hn-Iƒ h-ln-® G-I hy-‡n-˛ kn.F-®v.ap-l-ΩZv tIm-b 1321. lo-en-bw, \n-tbm¨, B¿-K¨, {In-]v-t‰m¨, kn-t\m¨, dmtUm¨ F-∂n-h-bv-°v s]m-Xp-hm-bn ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ A-]q¿-hhm-X-I-߃ (t\m-_nƒ hm-X-I-I-߃) 1322. G-Xp hn-`m-K-Øn-se s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-tP-Xm-°-sf-bm-Wv Hmkv-tem-bn-se I-tcm-en-\m C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Xo--am-\n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ sshZy-im-kv-{Xw 1323. lm-c-∏ kw-kv-Im-cw I-s≠-Øn-b ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp K-th-j-I≥-˛ tPm¨ am¿-j¬ 1324. tdm-bn-´¿ G-Xp cm-Py-sØ \yq-kv G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv-˛ {_n-´¨ 1325. kmw-_n-b-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ sI-\-Xv Iu-≠ 1326. tdm-°v tIm-´¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-kv-_-tÃm-kv 1327. lp-´n kz¿-W-J-\n G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 1328. s]-bn‚n-s‚ {]m-Y-an-I \n-d-߃-˛ \o-e, a-™, Np-h-∏v 1329. tdm-an-se N-cn-{X-{]-kn-≤-am-b Xo-]n-Sp-Øw D-≠m-b h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.64 1330. sF.F≥.F.bp-sS h-\n-Xm sd-Pn-sa‚n-s\ \-bn-®-Xv-˛ Iym-]v-‰≥ e-£v-an 1331. a-Zy-Zp-c-¥-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ ao-ssY¬ Bƒ-°-tlmƒ 1332. B-[p-\n-I \m-S-I-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ sl≥-dn-Iv sP C-_v-k≥ 1333. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-X-˛ ta-cn Un-kqk 1334. \o-e-Kn-cn ]¿-h-X sd-bn¬-th Du-´n-sb G-Xp ÿ-e-hp-am-bn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-˛ ta-´p-∏m-f-bw 1335. ta-°n-Mv Hm-^v a-lm-fl F-∂ kn-\n-a-bp-sS kw-hn-[m-b-I≥-˛ iymw s_-\-K¬ 1336. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-sØ Hm-kv-I¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]p-en-‰v-k¿ k-Ωm-\w 1337. \o-f-Øn-s‚ Aw-Ko-Ir-X F-kv.sF.bq-Wn-‰v-˛ ao-‰¿ 1338. a-\p-jy-s‚ h≥-Ip-S-en-s‚ \o-fw-˛ 1.4 ao-‰¿ 1339. A- h - k m- \ - s Ø {]- X m- ] - i m- e n- b m- b ap- K ƒ N- { I- h ¿- Ø n- ˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 1340. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-\v Zn-hy-⁄m-\w e-`n-®-Xv F-hn-sS-h-®v-˛ a-Xzm-ae 1341. a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`-\pw B¿.i-¶-dpw tN¿-∂v ÿm-]n-® kw-L-S-\˛ ln-μp-a-lm-a-Wv-U-ew

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

5

 sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn-se F-{X Aw-K-߃-°m-Wv ho-t‰m ]-h¿ (hn-e-°-[n-Im-cw) D-≈-Xv  F-{Xm-a-sØ kn-Jv Kp--hm-bn--∂p A¿-P≥ tZ-hv  Km-‘n-Pn-sb F-{X {]m-h-iyw k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_-en-\v \ma-\n¿-t±-iw sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-´n-I-bm-Wv sj-Uyqƒ-Uv G-cn-b-I-fp-sS `-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  {Xn-X-e ]-©m-b-Øw-K-߃ F-{X h¿-j-tØ-°m-Wv Xn-cs™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d-en-s‚ Im-em-h-[n F-{X h¿-jw  C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£-]-Zw h-ln-®n-´p≈ F-{Xm-a-sØ h-\n-X-bm-Wv tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n  1956˛¬ tI-c-f-kw-ÿm-\w \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ F-{X Pn√-I-fm-Wp-≠m-bn--∂-Xv (Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm-√w, tIm-´bw, Xr-»q¿, a-e-_m¿)  ⁄m- \ - ] oTw t\- S n- b F- { Xm- a - s Ø a- e - b m- f n- b m- W v H.F≥.hn.Ip-dp-∏v  F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-imbn k¿-°m¿ Im-em-h-[n Xo-w-ap-ºv A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` sk-Iyq-cn-‰n Iu¨-kn-en-te-°v ÿn-c-a√m-Ø Aw-K-ß-sf Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn tem-I-cm-Pyß-sf F-{X ta-J-e-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p  \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂ H- _n¬ F-{X L-´ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv \n-b-a-am-Ip-∂-Xv  sS-Ãv {In-°-‰n-s‚ k-a-b-ssZ¿-Lyw F-{X Zn-h-k-am-Wv  ssP-\-a-Øn-s‚ F-{Xm-a-sØ [¿-a-am-Wv a-lm-ho-c≥ Iq-´nt®¿-Ø {_-“-N-cyw  ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se D-]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ h-ep-∏-Øn¬ N-{μ-s‚ ÿm-\w 1342. F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv bm-N-\m-bm-{X B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ Xr-»q¿ 1343. ap- … nw F- ∂ {]- k n- ≤ o- I - c - W w h- ° w au- e - h n B- c w- ` n- ® h¿-jw-˛ 1906 1344. A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ kzm-an-tØm-∏v 1345. _p-≤-a-X-Øn-se {Xn-]n-S-I-߃ G-sX-√mw-˛ hn-\-b-]n-S-Iw, kq-{X-]n-S-Iw,A-`n-[¿-a-]n-S-Iw 1346. \-f-μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e X-I¿-Ø-Xv-˛ _-‡n-bm¿ J¬-Pn 1347. \m-j-W¬ sk-Iyq-dn-‰n Km¿-Un-s‚ A-]-c-\m-aw-˛ I-cn-ºq-®-Iƒ 1348. X-an-gv-\m-Sp-am-bpw I¿-Wm-S-I-hp-am-bpw A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ tIc-f-Øn-se G-I Xm-eq-°v-˛ kp¬-Øm≥ _-tØ-cn 1349. \o-e-kz¿-Ww F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ P-ew 1350. j-Uv-Z¿-i-\-߃ G-h-˛ \ym-b, ssh-ti-jn-I,kw-Jy,tbm-K,]q¿h-ao-amw-k,D-Øc - a - o-amw-k 1351. \-Jw D-≈n-te-°v h-en-°m-Ø-Xpw am¿-Pm-c-h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´-Xpam-b G-I-Po-hn-˛ No-‰ 1352. \m-®p-d¬ ln-Ã-dn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ πn-\n 1353. ]p-en-‰v-k¿ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b G-I A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 1354. ]-g-»n cm-Pm-hpw i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm-\pw A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1805 1355. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b {]-i-kv-X C≥-tUm-f-Pn-Ãv-˛ ]n.hn.Im-s\ 1356. \m-´p-cm-Pm-°≥-am¿-°v {]n-hn ]-gv-k-kv F-∂ t]-cn¬ \¬-In-bn-∂ B-\p-Iq-ey-߃ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 26˛mw-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 1357. \m-a-°¬ G-Xv hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ ]uƒ-{Sn 1358. Xm-¥n-bm tXm-∏n-sb Xq-°n-te-‰n-b h¿-jw ˛1859 1359. sk≥-{S¬- e-Pn-kv-te-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS kv-]o-°-dm-bn- Xn-cs™-Sp-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ hn-ج-`m-bn- sP ]-t´¬-

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

63

1360. t`m-∏m¬ Zp-c-¥-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b I-º-\n-˛ bq-Wn-b≥ Im¿ss_-Uv 1361. ]-g-»n I-em-]w t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-bn \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´ {_n-´o-jv ssk-\n-I ta-[m-hn-˛ tI-W¬ sh-√-…n 1362. th-cn-sk-√m ssh-d-kv D-≠m-°p-∂ {]-[m-\ tcm-Kw-˛ Nn-°≥-t]mIvk - v 1363. ]-g-h¿-K-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ am-º-gw 1364. \m-j-W¬ Un-^≥-kv tIm-tf-Pv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-\yq-U¬-ln 1365. t_m-[-K-b G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ ^¬-Kp (\n-c-Rv-P-\) 1366. t\m-s{I-Iv tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lme-b 1367. sk≥-{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bn¬- B-Zy-sØ sU-]yq-´nkv-]o-°-dm-bn--∂ hy-Iv-Xn ˛ k-®n-Zm-\-μ kn≥-l (1921 s^{_p-h-cn- aq-∂n-\v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p) 1368. B-[p-\n-I km-º-Øn-I-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-Uw-kv-an-Øv 1369. ]-g-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ t]m-tam-f-Pn 1370. ⁄m-\ {]-Im-iw F-∂ ]-{Xw \-S-Øn-b t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Irjv-W tKm-J-se 1371. ]-g-b I¬-°-´ \-K-c-Øn-s≥-d kv-Ym-]-I≥-˛ tPm-_v- Nm¿-t\m-Iv 1372. ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Z-Øn-ep-≈, A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS B-W-h ]-co-£W tI-{μw-˛ _n-°n-\n A-t‰mƒ 1373. \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS kw-tbm-P-\-Øn¬ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´-en-s\ klm-bn-® a-e-bm-fn-˛ hn.]n.ta-t\m≥ 1374. i-X-hm-l-\ hw-i-Øn-se cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X≥˛ Ku-Xa - n-]p-{X i-XI - ¿-Wn 1375. sI.]n.tI-i-h-ta-t\m-s‚ _n-em-Øn-hn-ti-jw- F-∂ bm-{Xm-hnh-c-W-Øn¬ G-Xp cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {_n´¨ 1376. ]-\m-a I-\m-en-eq-sS B-Zy-am-bn Hm-Sn-® I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv-˛ Fkv.F-kv. B-¶¨ 1377. ]-k^ - n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- A-Xe v- m- ≥-dn-Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- H-tc-sbm-- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°≥- cm-Pyw- -˛-sImfw-_n-b1378. B-[p-\n-I Im-e-sØ A-¤p-X kw-`-hw F-∂v Km-‘n-Pn hn-tijn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ t£-{X-{]-th-i-\ hn-fw-_-cw 1379. ]-g-»n-cm-P-sb tI-c-f-knw-lw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 1380. ]-hv-\m-dn¬ ]-cw-[m-a B-{i-aw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hn-t\m-_m `m-sh 1381. ]-I¿-®-hym-[n-I-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ kmw-{I-an-Ikm-[y-X-bp-≈ tcm-Kw-˛ Ip-jvTw 1382. \o-ew Ir-jn-°m¿-°m-bn a-lm-flm-Km-‘n k-a-cw \-S-Øn-b Nºm-c≥ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ _o-lm¿ 1383. ]-≈n-hm-k¬ ]-≤-Xn G-Xp-\-Zn-bn¬-˛ ap-Xn-c-∏p-g 1384. k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 1385. hn-I-emw-K¿-°m-bn kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv-˛ ]m-cm-enw-]nIvk - v 1386. k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-® G-I tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f\w (1931) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \-S-∂-Xv-˛-I-dm-®n 1387. ]-g-»n I-em-]w A-Sn-®-a¿-Øn-b {_n-´o-jv k-_v I-e-Iv-S¿-˛ tXma-kv lm¿-th _m-_¿ 1388. \m-K-km-°n-bn¬ ho-W t_mw-_n-s‚ t]-cv-˛ ^m-‰v am≥ G- ‰ - h pw D- ® - Ø n¬ i- _ v - Z - a p- ≠ m- ° m≥ I- g n- b p- ∂ Po- h n- ˛ Xn- a nw- K n- e w

64

CONFUSING FACTS  £-b-tcm-Kw-aq-ew A-¥-cn-® a-e-bm-f I-hn N-ß-ºp-g ,t]hn-j-_m-[-tb-‰v a-cn-®-Xv Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿, t_m-´p-ap-ßn-acn-®-Xv Ip-am-c-\m-im≥, B-fl-l-Xy sN-bv-X a-e-bm-f I-hn C-S-∏-≈n cm-L-h≥-]n-≈.  cm-jv-{Sw, A-Xp Rm-\m-Wv F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv {^m≥-kn-se eq-bn ]-Xn-\m-em-a≥. F-\n-°p-ti-jw {]-f-bw F-∂p ]-d™-Xv eq-bn ]-Xn-\-©m-a≥.  cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-b ⁄m-\-]oT tP-Xm-hv Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v. tem-Ik v- `- mw-Ka - m-b ⁄m-\] - oT tP-Xm-hm-Wv F-kv.sI. s]m‰-°m-´v. 1389. ]-™n-s°-´p-Iƒ-t]m-se B-Im-i-Øv hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂ taL-߃-˛ Iyp-ap-e-kv 1390. k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ e-h-Ww˛ tkm-Un-bw t¢m-ssd-Uv 1391. ]-√p-I-fp-sS B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\v A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-b aq-e-Iw-˛Im¬-kyw 1392. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-eØ - m-Wv ]p-Ib - n-e Ir-jn Bcw-`n-®-Xv-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 1393. ]-c-{¥o-kp-`m-j F-∂-Xp sIm-≠v N-cn-{X-Im-c≥-am¿ D-t±-in-°p∂ `m-j-tb-Xv-˛ {^-©v 1394. K-h¿-W-dpw a-{¥n-k-`-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ I-Æn F-∂-dn-b-∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ap-Jy-a-{¥n 1395. ]-c-a-ho-c-N-{Iw cq-]-I-ev-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xm-cv-˛ km-hn-{Xn J-t\m¬°¿ 1396. \-f-μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e kv-Ym-]n-® Kp-]v-X cm-Pm-hv- ˛-Ip-am-c-Kp-]vX≥.1397. H-do-k-bp-sS an-t√-\n-bw \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ I-´-°v 1398. H-do-k-bp-sS kmw-kv-Im-cn-I X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ I-´-°v 1399. G-Xp bp-K-Øn-em-Wv a-lm-hn-jv-Wp Iq¿-am-h-Xm-cw sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ k-Xy-bp-Kw 1400. \-f-μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-sb ]p-\--÷o-hn-∏n-® ]m-e-hw-i cm-Pmhv-˛ [¿-a-]m-e≥ 1401. H-do-k-bp-sS Zpx-Jw-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-lm-\-Zn 1402. `nw-t`-Sv-I Kp-l-Iƒ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 1403. \-f-μm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS-A-h-in-jv-S-߃ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Øm-Wv Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv-˛ _o-lm¿ 1404. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv Nn-”-Øn-se \o-e h-f-bw {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp∂ h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 1405. sk≥-{S¬ {U-Kv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v C-¥y-bn¬ F-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ e-Iv-\u 1406. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv _m-_v-dn a-kv-Pn-Zv \n¿-an-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛-_m-_¿ 1407. {_n- ´ o- j v - a- e - _ m¿- \n- e - h n¬- h - ∂ - X v - G- X v h¿- j - Ø n¬- ˛ F.Un.1793 1408. `m-K-t[-b-Øn-s‚ a-\p-jy≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ t_m-W-∏m¿-´v 1409. Iyq-_≥ an-ssk¬ {]-Xn-k-‘n ssI-Im-cyw sN-bv-X A-ta-cn°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 1410. ]-c-am-Wp kn-≤m-¥w D-∂-bn-® ]p-cm-X-\-`m-c-X Zm¿-i-\n-I≥-˛ IWm-Z≥ 1411. J-\z-bp-≤-Øn¬ (1527) B-cm-Wv kw-{Km-a-knw-l-s\ ]-cm-P-bs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛-_m-_¿ 1412. K-±m-^n {In-°-‰v tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-em-tlm¿ 1413. k-h¿-Æ ln-μp-°ƒ-s°-Xn-cm-b k-a-c-Øn-s≥-d `m-K-am-bn- a-\pkv-ar-Xn- I-Øn-® t\-Xm-hv-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 1414. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS i-h-Ip-So-c-am-Wv Im-_q-fn-ep-≈-Xv˛-_m-_¿ 1415. H- f n- º n- I v - k v sa- U ¬ t\- S n- b C- ¥ y≥ sS- ∂ o- k v Xm- c w- ˛ en-bm-≠¿ ]-b-kv

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

1416. tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂pw D¬-`-hn-°p-∂ Im-th-cn-bp-sS t]m-j-I\-Zn-˛ I-_-\n 1417. ]-©h - ’ - c - ] - ≤ - X - n-Iƒ-°v A-¥n-a Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂X - v˛- tZio-b hn-I-k-\-k-an-Xn 1418. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv A-e-Iv-km-≠-dpw t]m-d-kpw G-‰pap-´n-b-Xv-˛ Q-ew 1419. \yq-t{Sm¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sP-bnw-kv Nm-Uv-hn-°v 1420. ]-©-kn-≤m-¥n-I, _r-l-’w-ln-X F-∂n-h c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ h-cm-l-anln-c≥ 1421. _p-°¿- k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ hw-i-P≥ ˛ hn.Fkv.\-bv-t]mƒ 1422. _n-kv-an-√m-Jm≥ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xv kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-hpam-bn _-‘-s∏-´v-˛ sj-l-\m-bn 1423. \yq-\-]-£-k¿-°m-cn-s‚ X-e-h-\m-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a{¥n-˛ N-c¨-kn-Mv 1424. \o-e-Kn-cn-bn¬ Im-Wp-∂ tKm-{X-hn-`m-Kw-˛ tXm-U¿ 1425. Hmƒ C-¥ym td-Un-tbm \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1936 1426. \yq-¢n-b¿ ^n-kn-Iv-kn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ dp-Y¿-t^m¿-Uv 1427. \yq-am-‰n-Iv S-b¿ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ U¨-e-]v 1428. _n-Kv t_m¿-Uv F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tÃm-°v FIv-kv-tN-©v-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 1429. ]q¿-W-am-bn C-¥y-bn-eq-sS H-gp-Ip-∂ \-Zn-I-fn¬ \o-f-Øn¬ H∂mw ÿm-\-ap-≈ \-Zn ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 1430. ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I B-ÿm-\-am-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛-em-tlm¿ 1431. {_n-´o-jv C-¥y≥ s{]m-hn≥-kp-I-fn¬ Zzn-`-c-Ww G¿-s∏-Sp-Ønb h¿-jw-˛ 1919 1432. sk≥-{S¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v _p-≤n-Ãv Ã-Uo-kv F-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ P-Ωp I-iv-ao-cn-se te F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv 1433. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv Cu-tdm-Uv \-K-cw ÿn-Xn sN-øp∂-Xv˛- I - m-th-cn 1434. `n-em-bv Ão¬ πm‚ v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ N-Øo-kv-K-Vv 1435. sk≥-{S¬ C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]n-em-\n 1436. `m-Ko-c-Yn-bpw A-f-I-\-μ-bpw kw-K-an-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ tZ-h-{]-bmKv 1437. G-Xv A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚n-s‚ a-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®v A-t\z-jn°m-\m-Wv hm-d≥ I-Ωo-j-s\ \n-b-an-®-Xv-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂Un 1438. sk≥-{S¬ km¬-‰v B‚ v a-ssd≥ sI-an-°¬-kv dn-k¿-®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ `m-hv-\-K¿ 1439. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-˛ am-S-\m-im-\pw Ip-´nb-Ω-bpw 1440. sk≥-{S¬ ln-μp tIm-tf-Pv ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛ hm-cm-Wkn 1441. Xn--h-≈p-h¿ {]-Xn-a-bp-sS D-b-cw-˛ 133 A-Sn 1442. th-ep-Ø-ºn- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Z-f-h-bm-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1802 1443. tπ-t‰m-bp-sS Kp--˛ tkm-{I-´o-kv 1444. G-Xp tcm-K-sØ {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-Wv D-∏n¬ A-b-Un≥ tN¿°p-∂-Xv-˛ tKm-bn-‰¿ 1445. `n-´m¿-I-Wn-I I-≠¬-°m-Sv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ H-do-k 1446. G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv C¬-a-ss\-‰v ˛ ssS-‰m-\n-bw 1447. ]-jv-Xq-Wp-Iƒ- G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ P-\-hn-`m-K-am-Wv-˛ A-^v-Km-\n-kvXm≥ 1448. ]-k-^n-°n-s‚ ap-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Kp-b-bm-Izn¬ Xp-dap-Jw 1449. _p-°¿ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛-A--‘-Xn tdmbn 1450. \yq-Iv-fn-b¿ ^n-j≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Hm-t´m lm≥ 1450. Ctbm¨ F∂ Im¿ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Iº\n ˛ lyp≠mbn 1451. \yq-tdm-f-Pn F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ \m-Uo-hyq-lw 1452. A-Sn-a-Øw \n-dp-Ø-em-°n-b A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ F-{_lmw en-¶¨ 1453. \yq-tbm¿-°v \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ \yq Bw-ÿ-Umw

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

6

 cm-Py-k-`mw-K-Øn-s‚ Im-em-h-[n F-{X-h¿-j-am-Wv  Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿ B‚ v Hm-Un-‰¿ P-\-d-en-s‚ Im-em-h-[n F{X h¿-ja - m-Wv  ]n≥-tIm-Un-se A-°-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv C-…mw-a-X ÿm-]-I-\m-b ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n P-\n-®-Xv  ssP-\-a-X-Øn-s‚ hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿ-߃ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°-s∏´-Xv F.Un. F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn-se Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-I-fp-sS F-Æw  th-Zmw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  \n-jv-{In-b hm-X-I-߃ A-Y-hm Ip-eo-\ hm-X-I-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  H- k-a-N-Xp-c-°-´-bp-sS h-i-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  C--]-Øn-sbm≥-]-Xmw h-b- n¬ sIm-´m-cw hn-´n-d-ßn-b kn-≤m¿-Y-\v (Ku-X-a-_p-≤≥) F-{X h¿-j-sØ A-e-™pXn-cn-b-en-\p ti-j-am-Wv Zn-hy-⁄m-\w e-`n-®-Xv  Iv-tfm-°n-se an-\n-´v kq-Nn H- an-\n-´v-sIm-≠v F-{X Un{Kn Xn-cn-bpw  c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w F-{X-h¿-jw \o-≠p-\n-∂p  C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v ÿm-\-tØ-°v H-gn-hp-h-∂m¬ F-{X am-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \n-I-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww  bp-tKm-…m-hy-bv-°v F-{X L-S-I dn-∏-ªn-°p-I-fm-Wp-≠mbn--∂X - v  ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ F-{Xm-a-sØ A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv s^¿-an-tbmWn-Iv I-≠≥-tk-‰v 1454. \-Zn-bn¬- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- C-¥y-bn-se- G-I- ta-P¿- Xp-d-ap-Jw˛-sIm¬-°-Ø1455. \-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-˛ t]m-´-tam-f-Pn 1456. ]-® {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ bp-dm-\-kv 1457. \yq-¢n-b¿ dn-bm-Iv-S-dp-I-fn¬ L-\-P-ew (sl-hn hm-´¿) F-¥mbn-´m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tam-U-td-‰¿ 1458. ]-£n-h¿-K-Øn-se s]m-eo-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Im-°-غp-cm-´n 1459. ]-© tem-l-ß-fn-se L-S-I-߃-˛ kz¿-Ww,sN-ºv,sh-≈n,Cubw,C--ºv 1460. t¢m-Wn-ßn-eq-sS kr-jv-Sn-® B-Zy-sØ ]-´n-˛ kv-\q-∏n 1461. \yq-tbm¿-°v \-K-cw G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ l-Uv-k¨ 1462. tI-c-f-Øn-te-°v sN-¶-S-en¬-°q-Sn-bp-≈ F-fp-∏-h-gn I-≠p-]n-Sn®-Xv-˛ ln-∏m-e-kv 1463. ]-® kz¿-Ww F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hm-\n-e 1464. ]-´n-Wn Pm-Y \-bn-®-Xv ˛ F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ 1465. \yq-U¬-ln-bp-sS tbm-P-\m \n¿-am-Xm-hv-˛ F-Uzn≥ ep-Sy≥-kv 1466. ]m-en¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-©-km-c-˛ em-Iv-tSm-kv 1467. tP¿-W-en-kw {In-tb-‰o-hv I-ayp-Wn-°-j≥ hn-`m-K-Øn¬ a-Kvk-tk A-hm¿-Uv C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Aan-Xm-`v Nu-[-cn(1961). 1468. ]-®-\n-dw am-{X-ap-≈ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xv-˛ en_n-b 1469. _o-Kw l-{k-Øv a-l¬ B-[p-\n-I C-¥y-bn-se G-Xp kw-`-ham-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ 1857˛-se I-em-]w 1470. ]-©m-_n-s\ {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-tbm-Sv tN¿-Ø K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬˛ U¬-lu-kn 1471. C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - n-se G-Xv en-Ãn-em-Wv hn-Zym-`ym-kw-˛ I¨I-d‚ v 1472. cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1906 1473. -]m-en-\v -Nn \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ em-Iv-tSm-kv 1474. cm-P-ÿm-\n-se {]-i-kv-X-am-b ssk-‘-h kw-kv-Im-c-tI-{μw-˛ I-en-_w-K≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

65

1475. {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc \m-´p-Im¿- \-S-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ kw-LSn-X I-em-]w-˛ B-‰n-߬- e-l-f 1476. C-Sp-°n A-W-s°-´v G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ s]-cn-bm¿ 1477. ]m-en-Øm-\ G-Xp a-X-°m--sS B-cm-[-\m-e-b-߃-°p {]-kn≤w-˛ ssP-\¿ 1478. i-co-c-Øn-se cm-k-]-co-£-W-im-e-˛ I-cƒ 1479. i-co-cØ - n-se Im-h¬-°m¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- tiz-Xc - ‡ - m-Wp°ƒ 1480. ]m-en¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ amw-kyw-˛ tI-ko≥ 1481. ]m¿-es - a‚n-s\ A-`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°m-Ø G-I C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\ a-{¥n-˛-˛ N-c¨-kn-Mv 1482. C-¥y-bn-se H-tc-sbm- tX-°v ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \n-e-ºq¿ 1483. {_n-´-Wn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ ssk-\n-I _-lp-a-Xn-˛ hn-Iv-tSmdn-b t{Im-kv 1484. cm-P-ÿm≥ ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ tPm-[v-]q¿ 1485. C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS i-º-f-hpw B-\p-Iq-ey-ß-fpw \n-›bn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v 1486. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-Ωn-‰n-bm-b F-Ãn-ta-‰v-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bn-se Aw-K-߃-˛ 30 1487. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b s_m-´m-Wn-°¬ Km¿-U≥-kv-˛ \mj-W¬ s_m-´m-Wn-°¬ Km¿-U≥-kv, sIm¬-°-Ø 1488. ]m¿-e -sa‚n-s‚ C- c p- k - ` - I - f p- s S- b pw kw- b p- ‡- k-tΩ-f-\w hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°p-∂-Xv-˛ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn 1489. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ tIm-°v-]n-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ s_¬-Pnbw 1490. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ G-sX-¶n-ep-sam- k-`-bn¬ Aw-K-a-√m-sX {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ \-c-knw-l-dm-hp 1491. ]m-en-s\ ssX-cm-°p-∂ _m-Iv-So-cn-b-˛ em-Iv-tSm-_m-kn-√-kv 1492. sXm-Æq-dm-am-≠v e-l-f F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Du-cq-´-º-ew e-l-f 1493. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛1814 1494. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 1916˛¬ k-μ¿-in-® a-lm≥-˛ c-a-W-a-l¿-jn 1495. {]-Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-`-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ C-c-hn-t]-cq¿ 1496. _v-fm-°v se-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {Km-ss^-‰v 1497. I-enw-K-bp-≤-Øn¬ a-\w-s\m-¥v _p-≤-a-Xw kzo-I-cn-® N-{I-h¿Øn-˛ A-tim-I≥ 1498. I-enw-K-bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ _n.kn.261 1499. _w-•m-tZ-in-\m¬-Np-‰-s∏-´p-In-S-°p-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ {Xn]p-c 1500. ]m-gv-kn a-Xw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tkm-cm-ÿ 1501. ]m-gv-kn-I-fp-sS ]p-cm-X-\ A-·n-t£-{X-ß-fp-≈ D-Uzm-U G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 1502. ]m-h-ß-fp-sS Xm-Pv-a-l¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _n-_n Im a-Jv_-c 1503. ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n¬-\n-∂p-≈ \p-g-™p-I-b-‰-°m-sc ]p-d-Øm-°m≥ Im¿-Kn-en¬ \-S-Øn-b ssk-\n-I \-S-]-Sn-˛ Hm-∏-td-j≥ hn-P-bv 1504. ]m-N-I-hm-X-I-Øn-se {]-[m-\-L-S-Iw-˛ _yq-t´≥ 1505. C-¥y≥ am-°n-bs - h-√n F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-´X - v˛- Nm-WI - y≥ 1506. A-hn-hm-ln-X-\m-b- G-I- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-≠v-˛ sP-bnw-kv_p-°m-\≥1507. ]m-h-ß-fp-sS a¬-kyw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Nm-f 1508. ]-k-^n-°n-s‚ I-hm-Sw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]-\m-am I-\m¬ 1509. `-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ i-co-c-Øn¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ tlm¿tam¨-˛-A-{Un-\m-en≥ 1510. ]m-en-s‚ a-™-\n-d-Øn-\p Im-c-Ww F-¥n-s‚ km-∂n-[y-am-Wv-˛ I-tcm-´n≥ 1511. _m-e-N-{μ-ta-t\m-s\ `-c-Xv A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-\m-°n-b Nn-{Xw-˛ kam-¥c - ß - ƒ 1512. ]m-‰v-\ \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ ]m-S-eo-]p-{Xw 1513. tIm¿-∏-td-j-\n¬ {]-Y-a-ÿm-\w h-ln-°p-∂ hy-‡n-˛ ta-b¿ 1514. k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛-sU-dm-Uq¨ 1515. ]m-en-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ em-Iv-tSm-kn-s\ Z-ln-∏n-°m≥ i-co-cw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ F≥-sskw-˛ em-Iv-tS-kv 1516. C-¥y≥ an-en-´-dn A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sU-dm-Uq¨ 1517. ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn- ˛-kn-\v-[p-

66

CONFUSING FACTS  B-[p-\n-I P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ kp-hn-ti-jw F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv dq-t m c-Nn-® tkm-jy¬ tIm¨-{Sm-Iv-Sv B-Wv. B[p-\n-I P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ B-Wn-°-√v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv am-·m Im¿-´-bm-Wv (Corner stone of modern democracy). Cw-Kv-f-≠n-se tPm¨ cm-Pm-hv P-\-ß-fp-sS A-h-Imi-߃ \n¿-h-Nn-®p-sIm-≠v d-Æn-ao-Uv F-∂ ÿ-e-Øp-h-®v 1215˛¬ C-Xn¬ H-∏n-´p.  C-¥y-bn¬ kzm-X-{¥y-tPym-Xn sX-fn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv B¥-am≥ \n-t°m-_m¿ Zzo-]p-I-fn-se sk-√p-em¿ P-bn-en-emWv. A-a¿ tPym-Xn Pm-en-b≥-hm-em _m-Kn-epw A-a¿ Phm≥ tPym-Xn \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se C-¥ym tK-‰n-ep-am-Wv.  X-an-gv I-e-≠-dn-se B-Zy-am-kw Nn-Øn-c-bpw A-h-km-\-amkw ss]-¶p-\n-bp-am-Wv. 1518. ]-lm-cn `m-j G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 1519. C-¥y≥ an-ssk¬ ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ F.]n.sP. A_v-Zpƒ I-emw 1520. ]m-en-b-t‚m-f-Pn F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ t^m-kn¬ 1521. C-¥y≥ A-Wp-t_mw-_v ]-Zv-[-Xn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv-˛ cm-P cm-a-Æ 1522. ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ tZ-io-b Km-\w-˛ Izm-an X-cm-\ 1523. `-c-W-L-S-\-{]-Im-cw C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cw B-cn¬ \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 1524. I-_-Un-bp-sS P-∑-\m-Sv-˛ C-¥y 1525. ]m-e-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tKm-]m-e≥ 1526. i-_v-Z-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww A-f-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ sU-kn-_¬ 1527. ]m-‰m-Kp-fn-I-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ \m-^v-X-eo≥ 1528. ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Z-Øn-\v B t]- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ a-K-√≥ 1529. hp-Uv kv-]n-cn-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ao-ssY¬ B¬-°-tlmƒ 1530. hr-°-bp-sS L-S-\m-]-c-hpw [¿-a-]-c-hp-am-b A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-Iw˛-s\-t{^m¨ 1531. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew Fw.F¬.F.B-bn--∂-Xv-˛ kn.l-cn-Zm-kv 1532. sk‚ v tXm-a-kv C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.52 1533. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£-bm-b c-≠m-a-sØ h-\n-X-˛-tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n 1534. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ sXm-gn¬ c-ln-X¿ D-≈ Pn-√-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 1535. tI-c-f-Øn¬ H-Sp-hn¬ cq-]w sIm-≠ Pn-√-˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv 1536. G-Xp D-S-º-Sn {]-Im-c-am-Wv {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v Sn-∏p-hn¬-\n-∂v ae-_m¿ e-`n-®-Xv-˛ {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww D-S-º-Sn 1537. tI-c-f-Øn¬ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n \-S-Øn-b G-‰-hpw hen-b k-a-cw-˛ ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿ 1538. lo-en-bw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ cmw-tk 1539. N-c-I≥ G-Xp \n-e-bn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤-\m-bn--∂p-˛ `n-j-Kz-c≥ 1540. B-[p-\n-I ]m-›m-Xy Nn-¥-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛ sd-s\ sZ-°m¿-sØ 1541. X-©m-hq-cn-se _r-l-Zo-iz-c-t£-{Xw- (cm-P-cm-P-t£-{Xw) ]-WnI-gn-∏n-®-Xm-cv -˛ cm-P-cm-P-tNm-f≥-H-∂m-a≥ 1542. Xn-aq¿ B-{I-an-°p-tºmƒ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ \mkn-dp-±o≥ a-l-Ωq-Zv 1543. \m-Km¿-Pp≥ km-K¿ Umw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ B-{‘m-{]tZ-iv ˛ sX-e¶m-\ A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬ 1544. ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ tkm-°¿ (A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ) 1545. ]n-∂n-te-°p ]-d-°m≥ I-gn-hp-≈ ]-£n-˛ l-Ωn-Mv ]-£n 1546. t\m-°v Hu-´v- G-Xp-Im-bn-I-C-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ t_m-Iv-kn-Mv

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

1547. Km-‘n-bpw tKm-Uv-sk-bpw F-∂ I-hn-X c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ F≥.hn.IrjvW - h - m-cy¿ 1548. k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈ D-b-cw I-W-°m-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ Bƒ-´n-ao-‰¿ 1549. jm-P-lm-s‚ aq-Ø-]p-{X≥-˛ Zm-c 1550. a-\p-jy-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-ÿn-˛-^o-a¿ 1551. ]n-∂-Wn Km-bn-I-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬ {]-i-kv-X-bm-b `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w tP-Xm-hv˛- e-Xm-at- ¶-jvI - ¿ 1552. ^n-tdm-kv-]q¿ G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ k-Xv-e-Pv 1553. ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-se I-dp-Ø ap-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s]-se 1554. _-ln-cm-Im-i-bm-{Xn-I-bm-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ hw-i-P-˛ I¬-]-\m Nu-f 1555. \m-j-W¬ sl-dmƒ-Uv F-hn-sS \n-∂p-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ e-Iv-\u 1556. 1964˛¬ km-ln-Xy s\m-t_¬ \n-cm-I-cn-® {^-©p X-Øz-Nn-¥I≥-˛ Po≥ t]mƒ km¿-{X v 1557. C-¥y-bn¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv {^-©v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv˛- ] - p-Xp-t®-cn 1558. H- sS-Ãv am-®n¬ ]-Øp-hn-°-s‰-Sp-Ø B-Zy {In-°-‰¿-˛ Pnw te-°¿ 1559. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ kp-K-‘ hy-RvP - \ - w-˛ Ip--ap-fI - v 1560. {^m≥-kn-se- F-{Xm-a-sØ- dn-∏-ªn-°m-Wv- C-t∏mƒ- \n-e-hn-ep≈-Xv-˛ A-©m-a-sØ 1561. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-b h-\nX ˛ sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω 1562. G-Xp hw-i° - m--sS kw-`m-h\ - b - m-Wv Km-‘m-cI - e - ˛- C-t¥m-˛{- Ko°p-Im¿ 1563. H- ssa¬ F-{X A-Sn-bm-Wv-˛ 5280 1564. G-Xp hy-‡n-bm-Wv B-Zy-am-bn lr-Z-b-am-‰-i-kv-{X-{In-b-bn-eq-sS lr-Z-bw kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ eq-bn-kv hm-jv-Im≥-kv-In 1565. H- sS-Ãv am-®n¬ ]-Øp-hn-°-s‰-Sp-Ø B-Zy C-¥y≥ {In-°‰¿-˛ A-\n¬ Ipw-sª 1566. kv-Im≥-Un-t\-hn-b≥ cm-Py-߃ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bp-sS `m-K-am-Wv-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 1567. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw Ip-d® - p-Im-ew a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂X - ˛-v Fw.]n.hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿ 1568. _p-≤-a-X-°m¿ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ alm-cm-jv-{S 1569. 1966 P-\p-h-cn 10\v D-kv-_-°n-ÿm-\n-se Xm-jv-sI‚n¬-h-®v ]mIn-kv-Xm≥ {]-kn-U‚ v A-bq-_v-Jm-\p-am-bn Xm-jv-sI‚ v I-cmdn¬ H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn 1570. \m-j-W¬ t]m-eo-kv A-°m-Z-an B--sS t]-cn¬ \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ 1571. H- t\m-´n-°¬ ssa¬ F-{X ao-‰-dm-Wv-˛ 1852 1572. tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- sIm-t°m,- hm-g-∏-gw- F-∂n-h D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Pn-√-˛ tIm-´-bw1573. lo-tam-Kv-tfm-_n-\n-ep-≈ tem-lw-˛-C--ºv 1574. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tX-bn-e D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Pn-√-˛ C-Sp-°n 1575. kw-ÿm-\ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v I-Ωn-j-W-sd \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛K-h¿-W¿ 1576. G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy B-dp _ney¨ Xn-I-™-Xv˛ 1999 1577. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£-]-Z-hn h-ln-® B¿Pn-X C-¥y≥ ]u-c-Xz-ap-≈ G-I hy-‡n-˛-tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n 1578. tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Xm-eq-°p-I-fp-≈ Pn-√-˛ F-d-WmIp-fw1579. kw-ÿm-\-sØ {]-Y-a ]u-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 1580. tI-c-f-Øn¬ hn-tam-N-\ k-a-cw- \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1959 1581. \-h-Pm-X-in-ip-hn-s‚ A-ÿn-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 300 1582. thƒ-Uv ssh-Uv ^-≠n-s‚ Nn-”w-˛ `o-a≥ ]m-≠ 1583. t]- i n- I - f p- s S N- e - \ w \n- b - { ¥n- ° p- ∂ a- k v - X n- j v - I - ` m- K w- ˛ sk-dn-_-√w

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

6

 kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a-k-` /]m¿-e-sa‚ v F-{X am-k-Øn-semcn-°¬ k-tΩ-fn-®n-cn-°-Ww  Hm¿-Un-\≥-kn-s‚ Im-em-h-[n km-[m-c-W-am-bn F-{X amk-am-Wv  kw-ÿm-\ \n-ba - k - ` - b - p-sS Im-em-h[ - n A-©p-h¿-ja - m-Wv. F-∂m¬, P-Ωp I-iv-ao-cn-se \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS Im-em-h-[n F-{X h¿-ja - m-Wv  sF-kv tlm-°n-bn¬ H- So-an¬ F-{X I-fn-°m¿ D-≠m-Ipw  {_-bv¬ en-]n-bn¬ F-{X Ip-Øp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw km-[y-am-°p-∂-Xv  F-{X hn-jb - ß - f - n-em-Wv s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂X - v  B-W-h-i-‡n-bm-b F-{Xm-a-sØ cm-Py-am-Wv C-¥y  {In-°-‰n¬ H-tcm-h-dn¬ A-Sn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-c-am-h-[n kn-Iv-k-dp-I-fp-sS F-Æw  F-{X ta-Je - I - f - n-em-Wv am-Kvk - t- k A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂X - v  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ B¿-´n-°nƒ 19˛¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-øp∂ kzm-X-{¥y-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  I-Se - n-s‚ B-gw A-f° - p-∂ bq-Wn-‰m-Wv ^m-Øw. H- ^mØw F-{X A-Sn-bm-Wv.  D-dp-ºn-s‚ Im-ep-I-fp-sS F-Æw  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ C-t∏mƒ D-≈ au-en-Im-h-Imi-߃ F-{X-sb-Æ-am-Wv  H-∂mw tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ (1957˛59) F-{X h-\n-Xm Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv D-≠m-bn--∂-Xv  Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ \n-b-a {]-Im-cw A-tbm-Ky-X I¬-]n°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv A-ß-s\ Xo--am-\n-® Xo-b-Xn ap-X¬ F{X h¿-j-tØ-°m-Wv  No-^v C-e-£≥ I-Ωn-j-W-dp-sS-bpw C-e-£≥ I-Ωn-jW¿-am--sS-bpw Im-em-h-[n F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv 1584. jn-\-h-{X k-tlm-Z-c߃ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-amcm-b cm-Pyw-˛X - m-bve - ≥Uv 1585. \m-Km¿-Pp-\≥,h-kp-an{X≥,kp-{ip-X≥ F-∂nh¿ B--sS k-Z- nem-bn--∂p-˛ I-\n-jvI≥ 1586. Iym≥-k¿ _m-[n-°mØ i- c o- c m- h - b - h w- ˛ lr-Z-bw 1587. J-Pp-cm-tlm t£-{Xß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ H- f n- º n- I v - k v sa- U ¬ t\- S n- b Ca-X-߃-˛ ssP-\-a-X¥y≥ sS- ∂ o- k v Xm- c w- ˛ hpw ssi-h-a-X-hpw en- b m- ≠ ¿ ]- b - k v 1588. I-Ym-k-cn-Xv-km-K-cw cNn-®-Xv-˛ tkm-a-tZ-h≥ 1589. \m-j-W¬ tkm-jy-en-kw B--sS {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-am-bn--∂p˛ ln-‰v-e¿ 1590. ]n-≈-hm-X-Øn-\p {]-Xn-tcm-[ Nn-In-’ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm-\mkv km¬-°v 1591. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se ]n-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p {]-kn≤w-˛ Ão¬ 1592. k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn Fhn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-kq-d-Øv 1593. ]n-bm-Ø F-∂ in-ev-]w \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ ssa-°-em-©-tem 1594. sk≥-{S¬- Sp-_m-t°m- dn-k¿-®v- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- cm-P-ap-{μn-

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

67

1595. 1596. 1597. 1598. 1599. 1600. 1601. 1602. 1603. 1604. 1605. 1606. 1607. 1608. 1609. 1610. 1611. 1612. 1613. 1614. 1615. 1616. 1617. 1618. 1619. 1620. 1621. 1622. 1623. 1624. 1625. 1626. 1627. 1628. 1629. 1630. 1631. 1632. 1633. 1634. 1635. 1636. 1637.

68

]n-c-an-Up-Iƒ G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv ˛ ss\¬ kp-Jv-\ X-Sm-Iw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv \m-Km-em≥-Un-se Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-˛ Cw-•o-jv 1930˛¬ tI-c-f I-em-a-Wv-U-ew ÿ#m-]n-®-Xv-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ ]n-im-Nn-s‚ lr-Z-b-ap-≈ ]p-Wy-hm-f≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv \m-hn-I--sS tπ-Kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kv-I¿hn ]n-k-bn-se N-cn-™ tKm-]p-c-Øn-s‚ in¬-]n-˛ _-\m-\-kv ]n-Xr-l-Xy-bn-eq-sS knw-lm-k-\w ssI-b-S-°n-b C-¥ym-N-cn-{XØn-se B-Zy-sØ cm-Pm-hv-˛ A-Pm-X-i-{Xp cm-a-N-cn-X-am-\-kw a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ hn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ shÆn-°p-fw tKm-]m-e-°p-dp-∏v ]n-c-an-Up-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv ]-´-S-bv-°¬ a-μn-c-߃ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw \m-ev Im-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw ap-´p-Iƒ H--t]m-se a-S-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ar-Kw-˛ B-\ {]n-hn- ]-gv-k-kv- (\m-´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿-°v- \¬-In-h-∂n--∂ B-\pIq-eyw)- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n_p-≤-a-X-°m--sS B-cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛ ]-tKm-U \m-hm-ap-Ip-μ-t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--\m-hm-b 1893¬ Nn-°m-tKm-bn¬ \-S-∂ a-X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø `m-c-Xob≥-˛ kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ {]-Pm-aW - U v- e - Ø - n-s‚ ÿm-]I - ≥-˛ hn.B¿.Ir-jW -v s - \-gp-Ø— - ≥ _m-em-aW - n-bΩ - b - v° - v tI-{μ km-ln-Xy A-°m-Za - n A-hm¿-Uv t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø Ir-Xn-˛ ap-Ø-»n \m-hn-I ]-cn-io-e-\ tI-{μ-am-b sF.F≥.F-kv.sh-≠p--Øn Fhn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm-®n \m-j-W¬ ^n-enw B¿-t°-hv-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ ]q-s\ ^yq-kv h-b¿ G-sX-√mw tem-l-ß-fp-sS k-¶-e-\-am-Wv-˛ Sn-∂pw se-Upw _-{k G-Xp cm-Py-sØ Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv-˛ C-dm-°v _p-≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-߃ c-Nn-°-s∏-´ `m-j-˛ ]m-en _-¶nw-N-{μ-Nm-‰¿-Pn-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ t\m-h¬-˛ Zp¿-tK-i-\-μn-\n _¿-a-bp-sS t]-cv aym≥-am¿ F-∂m-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1989 a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bp-sS kv-Ym-]-I≥-˛ I-≠-Øn¬- h-dp-Ko-kv- am∏n-f \m-j-W¬ ^n-kn-°¬ e-t_m-d-´-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-U¬ln ]m-ºp-I-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv-˛ cm-P-sh-ºm-e tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tZ-io-tbm--Zym-\w-˛ C-c-hn-Ip-fw k-]v-X-i-X-Iw c-Nn-® i-X-hm-l-\-cm-Pm-hv-˛ lm-e≥ _-\n-bm≥-a-cw F-∂ t]-cn¬-°q-Sn A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ hr-£w-˛ t]cm¬ k-_¿-a-Xn-bn-se k-\ym-kn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-lm-flm-Km‘n _-•o-lm¿ P-e-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ P-Ωp˛-Ii - a v- o¿ K-{_n-tb¬ Km¿-ky am¿-t°-kv G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c≥-˛ sIm-fw_n-b k-¥m-\-tKm-]m-ew c-Nn-® `-‡-I-hn-˛ ]q-¥m-\w ^p-Uv B‚ v A-{Kn-Iƒ-®¿ Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛ tdmw G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ s^-U-d¬ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ bp. F-kv.F. G-‰h - pw ]-g° - a - p-≈ tZ-io-bK - m-\w G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-t‚-X˛v- P-∏m≥ Iv-\m-bn- sXm-Ω-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- H-- kw-Lw- {In-kv-Xym-\nIƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ F.Un. 345 A-hn-hm-ln-X-\m-b G-I C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-F.]n.sP. A-_vZpƒ I-emw A-Iv-_¿ \n-tcm-[n-® P-kn-b \n-Ip-Xn ]p-\-ÿm-]n-® ap-Kƒ N{I-h¿-Øn-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v sb¿-Im-Sv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c tI-{μ-am-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b--sS k-Z- -e-¶-cn-®n--∂ A-jv-S-Zn-§zn-P-ß-fpsS X-e-h≥-˛ A-√-km-\n s]-U-Æ

tNmZyw; DØcw P¥¿ a¥¿  P-¥¿ a-¥¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv? ]p-kv-X-I-ßfn¬ U¬-ln, P-bv-]q¿ F-∂n-ß-s\ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn Im-Wp∂p? = U¬-ln.P-b-]q¿, hm-cm-W-kn, D-÷-bn≥, a-Yp-c F-∂n-ß-s\ 5 ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ P-¥¿ a-¥¿ \n¿-an-®n-´p-≠v.  1727 \pw 1734 \pw a-t[y cm-Pm k-hm-bv P-bv-knw-Kv B-Wv Ch ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv. Bw-_¿ cm-Py-sØ `-c-W-I¿-Øm-hm-bn-∂p A-t±-lw.  "Instrument and formula-’ F-∂m-Wv P-¥¿ a-¥¿ F-∂ ]-ZØn-\¿-Yw. 1638. tkm-Un-bw th-∏¿ em-ºv G-Xp-\n-d-Øn¬ {]-Im-in-°pw-˛-a-™ 1639. G-‰-hpw h-en-b em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 1640. _p-≤-a-X-°m--sS G-‰-hpw h-en-b B-cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛ C-t¥m-\ojy-bn-e t_m-tdm-_p-Zq¿ 1641. G-‰-hpw h-en-b enw-^v {K-Ÿn-˛ kv-πo≥ 1642. G-‰-hpw h-en-b Ip-™n-s\ {]-k-hn-°p-∂ P-¥p-˛ \o-e-Øn-anwKn-ew 1643. ssX-°m-Sv d-kn-U≥-kn-bp-sS am-t\-Pc - m-bn--∂ \-thm-∞m-\ \mb-I≥-˛ ssX-°m-Sv A-øm-Kp- 1644. tI-c-f Z-fn-X≥ F-∂ B-i-bw ap-t∂m-´p-h-® \-thm-∞m-\ \mb-I≥-˛-s]m-bv-I-bn¬ A-∏-®≥ 1645. Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚ \-fn-\n F-∂ Ir-Xn-°v A-h-Xm-cn-I F-gp-Xn-bXv˛- F - .B¿.cm-Pc - m-Ph - ¿-a 1646. I-√p-am-e k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ A-ø-¶m-fn 1647. X-s‚ B-i-b-߃ {]-N-cn-∏n-°m≥ km-c-{Km-ln F-∂ {]-kn-≤oI-c-Ww B-cw-`n-® \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbmKn 1648. ]-® C-e Np-h-∏p-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ F-¥p \n-d-Øn¬ Im-W-s∏-Spw˛ I-dp-∏v 1649. \o-e-{K-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ `q-an 1650. ^n-t\m-fn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Im¿-t_m-fn-Iv B-kn-Uv 1651. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B--Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ kn.sI.e-£v-aW -- ≥ 1652. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ 1653. ^n¿-Zu-kn c-Nn-® {]-[m-\-Ir-Xn-˛ jm-\m-a 1654. thƒ-Uv ssh-Uv sh-_v {]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ {]-ap-J ]-¶v hln-® im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ Snw s_¿-W-kv en 1655. X-]m¬-Ãm-ºv B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 1656. -tcm-K-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-£-bw 1657. ^n-enw B‚ v sS-en-hn-j≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v C-¥y F-hn-sSbm-Wv-˛ ]q-s\ 1658. _p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚ G-Xp hn-`m-K-sØ-bm-Wv I-\n-jv-I≥ t{]m¬km-ln-∏n-®-Xv-˛ a-lm-bm-\w 1659. ^n-t\m-^v-X-en-\v B-kn-Un-ep-≈ \n-dw-˛ \n-d-an-√ 1660. e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv Iu¨-kn¬-D-≈ Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-߃I¿-Wm-S-Iw,B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv, sX-e¶m-\ 1661. _n-em-Øn hn-ti-jw F-∂ bm-{Xm-hn-hc - W - w c-Nn-®X - ˛v- sI.]n.tIi-h-ta-t\m≥ 1662. ]-©m-_n-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv-˛ k-Xv-e-Pv 1663. -hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zym-Kp--Ip-ew ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ B-d-∑p-f 1664. _p-≤-s‚ I-kn≥-˛ tZ-h-Z-Ø≥ 1665. Hm-l-cn hym-]m-cw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ \-S-°p-∂ C-¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛ apw-ss_ 1666. _n-kn.6˛mw i-X-I-Øn¬ D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ 16 a-lmP-\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-_-ew-˛ a-K-[ 1667. Hm-Mv km≥ kp Nn G-Xp cm-Py-sØ t\-Xm-hm-Wv-˛ aym≥-am¿ 1668. _p-≤≥ C-l-tem-I-hm-kw sh-Sn-™ \-K-cw-˛ Ip-in-\-K-cw 1669. Hm-S-°p-g¬ A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ Kp--hm-bp-c-∏≥ {S-Ãv 1670. \m-j-W¬ Pp-Uo-jy¬ A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ t`m-∏m¬ 1671. Hm-S-°p-g¬ A-hm¿-Uv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ Pn. i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

1672. ]-©m-_v knw-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv-˛ em-em e-Pv-]-Xv-dmbn 1673. Hm-Sn-hn-fb - m-Sp-]m-∏ F-∂ tZ-i` - ‡ - n-Km-\w c-Nn-®X - v˛- kp-{_-aW - y`m-cX - n 1674. Hm-t ´m-t a-‰-U v sS- √¿ sa- jo- ≥ (F.Sn.Fw) I- ≠p-] n-Sn®Xv ˛ tPm¨ sj-t^¿-Uv _mc¨ 1675. Hm-tcm--Ø-cn¬-\n-∂pw A-h--sS I-gn-hn-\-\p-k-cn-®v; Hm-tcm-Ø¿-°pw A-h--sS B-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- Cu X-Øzw GXp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ I-ayp-Wn-kw 1676. ]-©m-b-Øv-cm-Pv kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\v B t]- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ Phm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 1677. hn-‰m-an≥ _n-˛1 s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ X-b-an≥ 1678. l-cn-X-I-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ a-·o-jyw 1679. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw ]-≈n-˛ sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ 1680. ]-©m-b-Øv-cm-Pv Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ G{]n¬ 24 1681. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ B-bp¿-th-Z tIm-tf-Pv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥]p-cw 1682. l-cn-X-hn-π-hw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m 1683. tb-ip {In-kv-Xp P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ _n.kn-.4 1684. ]-º-bp-sS ]-X-\-ÿm-\w-˛ th-º-\m-Sp-Im-b¬ 1685. kz-bw N-en-°m-Ø P-¥p-˛ kv-t]m-©v 1686. \m-jW - ¬ sl-dmƒ-Uv F-∂ ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®X - v˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 1687. G-‰-hpw h-en-b k-ap-{Zw-˛ ]-k-^n-Iv 1688. _m-_¿ J-\z-bp-≤-Øn¬(1527) B-sc ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-˛ dm-Wm kw-{Kmw kn-Mv 1689. kz¿-W-Øn-s‚-bpw h-{P-Øn-s‚-bpw \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 1690. _m-_-dn-s≥-d i-h-Ip-So-cw-˛ Im-_qƒ1691. _o¿-_-en-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ a-tl-jv Zm-kv 1692. ^v-fq-dn≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Imƒ jo-se 1693. Ipw-`-ta-f \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-e-߃-˛ l-cn-Zzm¿, A-e-l-_m-Zv, D-÷-bn-\n, \m-kn-Iv 1694. Iq-\≥-Ip-cn-iv- k-Xyw- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1653 1695. ^v - f q- d n≥, t¢m- d n≥, t{_m- a n≥, A- b - U n≥ F- ∂ n- h - b v - ° v s]m-Xp-hm-bn ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ lm-sem-P≥ 1696. `-c-W-L-S-\ F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv D--Øn-cn-™Xv-˛ {_n-´¨ 1697. ^v-tfm-d≥-kv ss\-‰nw-tK-ep-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ bp-≤w-˛ {In-an-b≥ bp-≤w 1698. ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ Im-fn-μn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛-b-ap-\ 1699. G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ a-X-{K-Ÿw-˛ E-tKz-Zw 1700. _-ln-cm-Im-i-bp-K-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1957 H-Iv-tSm_¿ 4 (d-jy kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv-˛1 hn-t£-]n-®p). 1701. _m-¶v tZ-i-km¬-°-c-W-Øn-\p ap≥-ssI-sb-Sp-Ø a-e-bm-fn-bmb tI-{μ-\n-b-a-a-{¥n-˛ ]-\-ºn-≈n tKm-hn-μ-ta-t\m≥ 1702. _m¬-_≥,A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn,^n-tdm-kv jm Xp-•-Iv F-∂n-h-sS c-£m-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ I-gn-™ ]-Wv-Un-X≥-˛ A-ao¿ Jp-{kp 1703. tI-c-fw k-ºq¿-W km-£-c-X t\-Sn-b-t∏mƒ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ C.sI.\m-b-\m¿ 1704. _m- _ n- t em- W n- s e Xq- ° p- ] q- t ¥m- ´ w \n¿- a n- ® cm- P m- h v - ˛ s\-_p-I-Zv-s\-k¿ 1705. tI-k-cn ]-{X-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 1706. ]n-∂m-° k-ap-Zm-b-߃-°v \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ A¿-l-am-b {]m-Xn-\n-[yw t\-Sm≥ Xn--hnXmw-Iq-dn¬ kw-LS- n-∏n-°s - ∏´ {]-t£m-`-Ww-˛ \n-h¿-Ø\ {]-t£m-`-Ww 1707. X-fn-t°m-´-bp-≤-Øn¬-hn-P-b\-Kc - Ø - n-s\-Xn-sc H--an-® FXn¿ cm-Py-߃-˛ A-l-Ω-Zv \K¿,_o- P m- ∏ q¿,tKm¬- s °m≠,_n-Zm¿ 1708. tem-Mv hm-Iv Sp {^o-Uw (kzmX-{¥y-Øn-te-°p-≈ Zo¿-L-

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

7

 a-\p-jy-Øn-s‚ I-gp-Øn-se I-ti--°-fp-sS F-Æw  tI-{μ-`c - W - {]-tZ-ia - m-b U¬-ln-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈ tem-Ivk - ` - mwK-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  bp-ssW-‰U - v A-d_ - v F-an-td-‰k v- n-se F-an-td-‰p-If - p-sS F-Æw  cm-am-b-W-Øn-se Im-Wv-U-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  hm-´¿ t]m-tfm-bn-se I-fn-°m--sS F-Æw  F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv C-…mw-a-Xw ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv l¿-j-h¿-[-\≥ D-Ø-tc-¥y `-cn-®n-∂-Xv  F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv am-en-Iv _n≥ Zn-\m¿ tI-c-f-Ønse-Øn-b-Xv  tem-I-cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn¬ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬ C-¥y-bp-sS ÿm-\w  ]-_v-fn-Iv A-°u-≠v-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬ F-{X t]-cm-Wv cm-Pyk-`-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈-Xv  sk‚ v tXm-a-kv tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-{X ]-≈n-Iƒ ÿm-]n-®psh-∂m-Wv hn-izm-kw  Pn-dm-^n-s‚ I-gp-Øn-se I-ti--°-fp-sS F-Æw  F-kv.sF.bq-Wn-‰n-se A-Sn-ÿm-\ bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ F-{X-sbÆ-am-Wv  1956˛¬ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ t`-Z-K-Xn {]-Im-c-amWv `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kw-ÿm-\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\ \-S-Ønb-Xv  tdm-a≥ A-°ß - ƒ F-gp-Xm≥ D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂ {]-Xo-I߃ bm-{X) F-∂ B-fl-I-Y F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛-s\¬-k¨-a-t≠-e 1709. jm-P-lm-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ B-{K 1710. ]n≥-tIm-Un-\p k-am-\a - m-bn A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If - n-ep-≈Xv-˛ kn-]v 1711. X-I-gn-bp-sS G-Xv t\m-h-em-Wv B-Zy-am-bn N-e-®n-{X-am-b-Xv-˛ c-≠n-S-ß-gn 1712. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-≈ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-{]-i-kv-Xn-bm¿-Pn® hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c tI-{μw-˛-tIm-h-fw 1713. _mƒ-°≥-kn-se ]m-co-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _p-°m-d-Ãv 1714. c-≠m-a-sØ- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-≠v-˛ tPm¨- B-U-w-kv1715. \o-e-Kn-cn G-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛ ]-›n-a-L-´w 1716. _m-an-b≥ _p-≤-{]-Xn-a-Iƒ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-bn--∂p-˛ A-^v-Km\n-kv-Xm≥ 1717. G-‰-hpw- h-en-b k-kv-X-\n- ˛ Xn-anw-Kn-ew1718. _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ a-dm-Øn `m-j-bn¬ \-S-Øn-b {]-kn-≤oI-c-Ww-˛ tI-k-cn 1719. _m-lv-an-\n cm-Pyw ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1347 1720. G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-Æp-≈ Po-hn-˛ `o-a≥ I-W-h 1721. \m-j-W¬- Pn-tbm-˛-^n-kn-°¬- dn-k¿-®v- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- F-hn-sSbm-Wv- -˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn¬1722. ]n-∂m-° hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \n-∂pw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n˛ Kym-\n sk-bn¬ kn-Mv 1723. e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv Iu¨-kn-en¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Aw-K-ß-fp-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 1724. ^n-tdm-km-_m-Zn-se A-tim-Ik - vX - q-]Ø - n-se en-]n Xn-cn-®d - n-™ K-th-j-I≥-˛ sP-bnw-kv {]n≥-sk-]v 1725. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ ssh-kv {]kn-U‚ v-˛ Ir-j≥-Im-¥v 1726. ^n-tdm-kv Km-\v-[n A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p-˛ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w 1727. ^p-Sv-t_mƒ a¬-c-Ø n-s‚ ssZ¿C- ¥ y≥kans sk¬ ]- ≤L - X n-ywb˛p- s90 S an-\n-‰v D- ] - ⁄ m- X m- h v - ˛ F.]n.sP.A- _ v - Z pƒ I- e mw

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

69

1728. 1729. 1730. 1731. 1732. 1733. 1734. 1735. 1736. 1737. 1738. 1739. 1740. 1741. 1742. 1743. 1744. 1745. 1746. 1747. 1748. 1749. 1750. 1751. 1752. 1753. 1754. 1755. 1756. 1757. 1758. 1759. 1760. 1761. 1762. 1763. 1764. 1765. 1766. 1767. 1768. 1769. 1770. 1771. 1772. 1773.

70

\m-Km¿-Pp-\-km-K¿ Umw G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ Ir-jv-W ]-©-io-e X-Øz-߃ B-hn-jv-I-cn-® k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ _m-μq-Mv i-_v-Z-kp-μ-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ a-e-bm-f I-hn-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ B-Zy-sØ tem-I-I-∏v ^p-Sv-t_mƒ a¬-k-c th-Zn-˛ tam-≠n-hnUn-tbm ]m-e-°m-Sv tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ ssl-Z-c-en ]m-e--hn sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ sIm-√w bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛ thmƒ-K ]m-e-hw-i-°m¿-t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-®n--∂ a-Xw-˛ _p-≤-a-Xw B-[p-\n-I hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ tXm-a-kv Ip-°v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ C--k-`-I-fp-sS-bpw kw-bp-‡-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿ k-a-Xm-ÿ¬ B--sS k-am-[n-bm-Wv-˛ P-Kv-Po-h≥ dmw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \-S-]-Sn {I-a-ß-fn¬ iq-\y-th-f F-∂ k-{º-Zm-bw C-¥y-bn¬ B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1962 tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-ªn-Iv sse-{_-dn-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw ]-ªn-Iv sse-{_-dn C-¥y-bp-tS-Xm-b H- tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I P¿-a-\n-bn-se Ã-Uv-K¿´n¬ D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv-˛ am-Uw `n-°m-Pn Im-a C- ¥ y≥ {]- k n- U ‚m- b G- I im- k v - { X- ⁄ ≥- ˛ - F .]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw {_n-´-Wn-se-Øn-b B-Zy {_m-“-W≥-˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv cm-jv-{S-Iq-S-hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ am-\y-tJ-X X-an-gv-\m-´n¬ kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \-S∂ D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø a-e-bm-fn-˛-Pn.cm-a-N-{μ≥ tIm-ssh F-Iv-kv-{]-kv sN-ss∂-sb G-Xp \-K-c-hp-am-bn _-‘n∏n-°p-∂p-˛-tIm-b-º-Øq¿ C‚¿ ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn bq-Wn-b-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ P-\o-h tI-W¬- tPm¨- a¨-tdm- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw- sIm-®n-bn-epw- dUn-U≥-dv- B-b-Xv G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1810 B-[p-\n-I Im¿-´q-Wn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ hn-eyw tlm-Km¿-Øv ]m-e-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ [¿-a-]m-e≥ bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛ tam-kv-tIm ]m-‰v-\ \-K-cw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tj¿-j B-Zy-sØ tem-I-I-∏v tlm-°n \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ _m¿-kn-tem-W ]m¿-Y-km-c-Yn t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ B-d-∑p-f B- Z y- s Ø tIm¨- { K- k n- X - c {]- [ m- \ - a - { ¥n- ˛ sam- d m¿- P n tZ-im-bn ]m-≠-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ ssN-\ ]m-c-º-cy Kp-W-ß-sf A-Sp-Ø X-e-ap-d-bn-te-°v ]-I-cm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Po-\p-Iƒ _p-≤-a-X-Øn-se {Xn-c-Xv-\-߃-˛ _p-≤w, [¿-aw, kw-Lw A-h-km-\-sØ ap-Kƒ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ _-l-Zq¿-jm c-≠m-a≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-{]-Im-cw C-¥y-bn¬ b-Ym¿-Y \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cw \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Iym-_n-\-‰n¬ ]-d-bn-s]-‰ ]-¥o--Ip-e-Øn-se G-I h-\n-X-˛ Im-c-bv-°-e-Ω `m-c-Xo-b `m-j-I-fn¬ B-Zy-am-bn a-lm-Im-hyw cq-]w-sIm-≠ `m-j-˛ kw-kv-Ir-Xw \o-≠-I-c ^n-jn-Mv lm¿-_¿ G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ sIm-√w ]m¿- Y n- b ≥ `- c - W m- [ n- I m- c n- I - f n¬ G- ‰ - h pw {]- i - k v - X ≥- ˛ tKm-t≠m-s^¿-W-kv \o-Xn-bp-sS N-ß-e- kv-Ym-]n-® ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛-P-lmw-Ko¿]m¿-e-sa‚p-I-fp-sS am-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {_n-´¨ ]-dp-Zo-k-bn-se hn-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ G-e-°m-bv \q≥-a-Xn F-Æ-ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ A-kw H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-fn-bm-b \o-¥¬Xm-cw-˛ sk-_m-Ãy≥ tk-hy¿ \q¿-P-lm≥ F-∂ hm-°n-\¿-Yw-˛ tem-I-Øn-s‚ {]-Im-iw Hmƒ C-¥ym hm¿ sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ C-t∏mƒ F-¥p-t]-cn-e-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂p- ˛ C-¥ym-tK-‰v C- ¥ y- b p- s S ss_- k n- ° nƒ \- K - c w F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v - ˛ ep-[n-bm-\ {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ Po-hn-Xw B-kv-]-Z-am-°n Kp- F-∂ t\m-h¬ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ sI.kp-tc-{μ≥

CONFUSING FACTS  tI-c-f Im-fn-Zm-k≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv tI-c-f-h¿-a h-enb tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-\m-Wv. ss{I-kv-X-h Im-fn-Zm-k≥ F-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv I-´-°-bw sN-dn-bm≥ am-∏n-f-bm-Wv.  Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ P-\n-®-Xv Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw Pn-√-bn¬ Imbn-°-c-bn¬. t_m-´p-ap-ßn a-cn-®-Xv B-e-∏p-g Pn-√-bn¬ ]√-\-bm-‰n¬ (Ip-am-c-tIm-Sn).  C-¥y-bn¬ tem-Iv-k-`m Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p sN-bv-X (1998) B- Z y {]- k n- U ‚ v sI.B¿.\m- c m- b - W - \ m- W v . F.]n.sP.A-_vZ- pƒ I-em-am-Wv A-kw-ªn Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p sN-bv-X B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v. 1774. 1775. 1776. 1777. 1778. 1779. 1780. 1781. 1782. 1783. 1784. 1785. 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. 1790. 1791. 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804.

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

{_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbm-Kn P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1852 A-ssZz-X-Nn-¥m-]-≤-Xn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ _m-em-I-te-iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m hy-h-ÿ {]-Im-cw cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS ]-c-am-h-[n AwK-kw-Jy-˛ 250 tjm-fm-∏q¿ G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ ]--Øn-Øp-WnØ-cß - ƒ cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-bn-cn-t° tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b c-≠m-a-sØ hy-‡n-˛-F.sI. B‚-Wn c-≠mw ssP-\-a-X k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.512 \q¿-P-lm-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ sa-l-dp-∂n-k tkm-Wn-∏-´v F-∂ ÿ-ew F-¥n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ ssk-°nƒ cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS F-ÆØ -- n¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\w-˛ a-lm--cm-jv{S (19) tlm-an-\n-tU Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se hw-i-\m-i-`o-j-Wn t\-cn-Sm-Ø G-I Po-hn ˛-a-\p-jy≥ \q-dm-a-sØ km-ln-Xy s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hv-˛ sP.Fw.Iq-‰v-tk G-‰-hpw h-en-b km¿-°v cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y C-¥y-bn-se-G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Iq-Sn-b {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-b B-Zy ap-…nw-˛ {]n≥-kv kp-sse-am≥ A¬ a-kq-Zv irw-tK-cn aTw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ _¿-ap-U- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d- B-{in-X- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- -˛-bp-ssW‰-Uv- In-Mv-UwC- ¥ y- b n- t e- ‰ - h pw Ip- S q- X ¬ Im- ∏ n D¬- ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw _¿-a-sb C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-b \n-b-aw-˛ 1935˛-se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥ym \n-b-aw cm-tI-jv i¿-a _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-b t]-S-Iw-˛ tkm-bp-kv Sn˛11 _-cm-a-Xn tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ I-´-°v c-≠mw Pn-\≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ B-cy-kp-[¿-a≥ {_m-“-W-߃ F-∂m¬-˛ th-Z-hym-Jym-\-߃ _-Iv-km¿ bp-≤-Øn¬(1764) {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xv-˛ an¿ Im-knw _-ln-cm-Im-i hm-l-\w hn-t£-]n-® B-Zy-sØ G-jy≥ cm-Pyw˛ ssN-\ ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy-sØ tI-c-f K-h¿-W¿-˛ kn-°-μ¿ `-‡v `m-c-X-Øn¬ {]-tXy-I \n-tbm-P-I a-Wv-U-e kw-hn-[m-\w \-S∏n¬ h--Øn-b \n-b-a-]-cn-jv-Im-cw-˛ C-¥y≥ Iu¨-kn¬ \n-b-aw-˛1909 ]-©-km-c-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ aq-e-I-߃-˛ Im¿-_¨, ssl-{U-P≥, Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ ]m-thm {In-Ãm-‰-kv G-Xp ]-£n-bp-sS im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv-˛ a-bn¬ Im-¥-i-‡n ssh-Zyp-X-i-‡n-bm-°n am-‰m-sa-∂p-I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ ssa-°¬ ^m-c-sU tJ-{Xn J-\n-bn¬ \n-∂v e-`n-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛-sN-ºv

1805. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 1816. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846.

tlm-K-\-°¬ sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛-Im-th-cn im-¥n-h≥- B--sS k-am-[n-kv-Y-ew-˛ s\-lv-dpIm-´n-se F-©n-\o-b¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ P-¥p- -˛-_o-h¿]m-Wn-\n G-Xp \n-eb - n-em-bn--∂p {]-ik - X v- ≥-˛ kw-kI v- r-X sshbm-Ic - W - ≥ hr-°-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ I-√v cm-k-]-c-am-bn F-¥m-Wv-˛ Im¬-kyw Hm-Iv-k-te-‰v ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ I-dm-®n ]-g-»n-cm-Pm ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p-˛ tIm-gn-t°mSv ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-\w \-S-Øn-b ÿ-ew-˛ N-Km-bv Ip-∂p-Iƒ `m-cX - Ø - n¬ ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ D-Zb - Ø - n-\v b-Ym¿-YØ - n¬ Im-c-W-am-b bp-≤w-˛ c-≠mw ]m-\n-∏-´p-bp-≤w ]-g-»n-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ tIm-´-bw tI-c-f-h¿-a ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ F-∂ hm-°n-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ d-“-Øv A-en hr-°-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ s\-t{^m-f-Pn {In-an-b≥ bp-≤w F-t∏m-gm-bn--∂p-˛ 1854˛56 ]m-]-\m-iw kv-Iow G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ Xm-{a-]¿-Wn \o-‰p-I-°-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ {]-[m-\ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ Im¬kyw Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ en-bm-J-Øv A-en Jm≥ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sk≥-k-kv- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛ 1790 ]-£n-I-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]--¥v (Cu-Knƒ) G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv tIm-tf-Pv ˛ dq¿-°n ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ B-Zy K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂ a-te-dn-bb - v° - p Im-cW - a - m-b kq-£va - P - o-hn-˛ πm-kvt- am-Un-bw sshhm-Iv-kv (t{]m-t´m-tkm-h) A-tem-∏-Xn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ ln-t∏m-{Im-‰-kv ]-©-io-e-X-X-Øz-ß-fn¬ H-∏n-´-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp-hpw Nu F≥ em-bn-bpw tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-{X-am-b -cm-Py-k-am-Nm-cw- - tUm.Kp-≠¿-´v- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1847 {In-Ã-^¿ do-hv Po-h≥ \¬-In-b A-am-\p-j I-Ym-]m-{Xw-˛ kq∏¿-am≥ B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv K-h¿-W-dm-b a-e-bm-fn-˛ ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-I-\m-bn--∂ F-Uv-a-≠v ln-em-cn G-Xp cm-Py-°mc-\m-bn--∂p-˛ \yq-kn-e≥-Uv sk≥-{S¬ a-ssd≥ ^n-j-do-kv dn-k-¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS--bmWv-˛ sIm-®n ]m-Iv I-S-en-Sp-°v G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw sIm-®n tIm-´b - ° -v v t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ \¬-In-b t]-c˛-v am\p-h¬ tIm-´ ]n¬-°m-e-Øv (1952) h-tUm-Z-c-bn-te-°v am-‰n-b sd-bn¬-th Ãm^v tIm-tf-Pv 1930˛¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛sUdm-Uq¨ G-Xp tem-lØ - n-em-Wv ap-lΩ - Z- v _n≥ Xp-•° - v tSm-°¨ Id≥-kn \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv-˛ sN-ºv sk≥-{S¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v ^n-j-do-kv sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn F-hnsS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p-˛ sIm-®n A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS tZ-io-b-Km-\w-˛ Ãm¿ kv-]mwKnƒ-Uv _m-\¿ G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv kn-∂m-_m¿-˛ sa¿-°p-dn {io- ] - fl - \ m- ` - k zm- a n- t £- { X- Ø n- s e B- c m- [ - \ m- a q¿- Ø n- ˛ a - l - m-hn-jvW - p G- X p tem- l - Ø n- s ‚ A- b n- c m- W v t_m- I v- s sk- ‰ v ˛ A-ep-an-\n-bw {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bn-se A-h-km-\-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ au-≠v_m-‰¨ {]-`p sk≥-{S¬ e-X¿ dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sN-ss∂ {_n-´o-jv F-º-b¿ sK-bnw-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ Im-bn-I hnt\m-Z-Øn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv-˛ tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kv G-Xp-\-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv ]-©m-_n-\v t] e-`n-®-Xv-˛-kn-‘p sk≥-{S¬ em-Iv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ dm-©n

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

7

 ip-≤-P-e-Øn-s‚ ]n-F-®v aq-eyw  lm≥-Uv _mƒ So-an¬ F-{X I-fn-°m--≠m-Ipw  Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _-Uv-P-‰p-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-∏n®n-´p-≈ tI-{μ [-\-a-{¥n kn.Un.tZ-iv-ap-Jm-Wv. A-t±-lw A{]-Im-cw F-{X _-Uv-P-‰p-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v  I-_-Un So-an-se I-fn-°m--sS F-Æw  tUm.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ A-[y-£-\m-bn cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´ `-cW-L-S-\-bp-sS {Um-^v-‰nw-Kv I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬ B-sI F-{X AwK-ß-fp-≠m-bn--∂p  km¿-°v F-∂ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ÿm-]-I Aw-K-_-ew F-{Xbm-bn--∂p  kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ sk≥-k-km-Wv 2011˛¬ \-S∂ - X - v  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d-em-Wv tIm-^n A-∂m≥  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-bn--∂p lyp-bm≥ km-Mn-s‚ C-¥ym kμ¿-i\ - w  {Kn-tKm-dn-b≥ I-e-≠-dn-se G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv ln-Pv-d Ie-≠¿ B-cw-`n-®-Xv  B-h¿-Ø-\ ]-´n-I-bn¬ F-{X ]o-cn-b-Up-I-fp-≠v  1928˛¬ C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-j-\n¬ F-{X AwK-ßf - m-Wp-≠m-bn--∂X - v  Nm-W-Iy-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-{]-Im-cw cm-Py-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-I-߃ (Aw-K-߃) F-{X-sb-Æ-am-Wv  F-{Xm-a-sØ B-W-h-i-‡n-bm-Wv ]m-In-kv-Xm≥  apw-ss_-bn-se {]-[m-\-Zzo-]p-Iƒ F-{X  t]-jzm hw-i-Øn¬ B-sI `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ F-{X t]¿ 1847. G-Xp-h¿-am-Wv -kw-t£-]-th-Zm¿Yw-{]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ 1772 1848. {In-kv-Xp-a-X-sØ t{]m-’m-ln-∏n® B-Zy N-{I-h¿-Øn ˛ tIm¨Ã-ss‚≥ 1849. G-Xp-hw-i-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-_m_¿-˛ Nm-K-Øm-bv Xp¿-°v 1850. sk≥-{S¬ ssa-\n-Mv dn-k¿-®v tÃj≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ [≥-_m-Zv 1851. G-Xp tcm-Kw \n¿-W-bn-°m-\m-Wv F-en-k sS-Ãv \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ Fbv-Uv-kv 1852. \-h-km-c-Øn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Atam-Wn-bw Iv-tfm-ssd-Uv 1853. G-Xp-cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-am-\ k¿-hoI- √ p- a m- e k- a - c w km-Wv K--U-˛ C-s¥m-\o-jy \-bn-®-Xv-˛ A-ø-¶m-fn 1854. \-hm-K-X kn-\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-I¿°p-≈ \m-j-W¬ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ Cμn-cm-Km-‘n A-hm¿-Uv 1855. {Ko-kn-s‚ I-Æv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ G-Y≥-kv 1856. `q-an-bp-sS G-‰-hpw km-{μ-X-tb-dn-b `m-Kw-˛ A-I-°m-ºv (tIm¿) 1857. G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv K-eo-\ ˛ se-Uv 1858. {K-Ÿ-∏p-c-bp-sS tIm-Wn-∏-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂p ho-Wp-a-cn-® ap-Kƒ N{I-h¿-Øn-˛ lp-a-bq¨ 1859. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s≥-d P-∑-kv-Y-ew-˛ sN-º-g-¥n1860. B-{Km-\-K-cw- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv.-˛-kn-°-μ¿- tem-[n1861. {l-kz-Zr-jv-Sn-°v ]-cn-lm-c-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ se≥-kv-˛ tIm¨-tI-hv 1862. G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv Km-‘n-Pn c-£m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn A-Jn-te-¥ym {Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b kw-L-S-\ B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛1934 1863. {l-kz-Zr-jv-Sn-bp-sS ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b t]-cv-˛ a-tbm-∏n-b

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

71

1864. B-{‘m {]-tZ-in-s‚ in¬-]n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ t]m-‰n {iocm-ae - p 1865. \-ho-I-c-W {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv-˛ am¿-´n≥ eq-X¿ 1866. \m-W-b-Øn¬ Nn-{Xw ap-{Z-Ww sN-ø-s∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ {][m-\-a-{¥n-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 1867. ]-Xn-t\-gp-X-h-W C-¥y B-{I-an-® ap-…nw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ a-laq-Zv K-kv-\n 1868. ]-›n-a L-´-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b a-e-ºm-X-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv Npcw 1869. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ kv-am-c-Iw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-tXm-∂-bv-°¬ 1870. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-®, tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ \n-b-ak-`mw-Kw-˛ tUm.F.B¿. ta-t\m≥ 1871. ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ A-©m-a-sØ A-h-ÿ-˛ t_m-kv I-≠≥-tk-‰v 1872. ^-dm-°m _m-tc-Pv G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ Kw-K 1873. ]p--j≥-am-cn¬ ao-i h-f¿-Øp-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ sS-tÃm-sÃtdm¨ 1874. Im-I-Xo-b hw-i-Øn-s≥-d X-e-kv-Ym-\-am-bn--∂ \-K-cw- hm-d߬1875. Im-kn¬ F-∂ ]-Z-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-fn-˛ sN-kv 1876. ]p--j-s\ h-‘o-I-cn-°p-∂ i-kv-{X-{In-b-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ hm-k-Iv-San 1877. ]p-en-‰v-k¿ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂ A-ta-cn-°-bn-se k¿-h-I-emim-e-˛ sIm-fw-_n-b 1878. \yp-¢n-b¿ ^n-kv-Iv-kn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ G-W-Ãv dp-Y¿-t^m¿-Uv 1879. \o-e-hn-π-hw G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ a-t’m¬-]m-Z-\w 1880. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-_-‘n-® B-Zy-sØ sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S D-®-tIm-Sn°v th-Zn-bm-b-Xv-˛ tÃm-°v-tlmw 1881. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v a-μn-c-Øn¬ {]-Xn-a ÿn-]n-°-s∏-´ B-Zy I-ayp-WnÃv t\-Xm-hv-˛ F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ 1882. C-¥y-bn-se h-{P-\-K-cw ˛ kq-d-Øv 1883. C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b aq-∂m-as - Ø ap-…nw-˛F - .]n.sP. A-_vZ- pƒ I-emw 1884. ]p-cn-bn-se P-K-∂m-Y t£-{Xw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ B-\-μ-h¿-a≥ tNm-U-Kw-K(1076˛1148) 1885. ]p--j-]p-c-Øn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv-˛ s]-j-hm¿ 1886. \m-kn-Iv G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ tKm-Zm-h-cn 1887. C-¥y-bn-se Hm-l-cn hn-]-Wn \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\w-˛ sk_n 1888. \m-Sy-{]-[m-\w \-K-cw Z-cn-{Zw, \m-´n≥-]p-dw \-∑-I-fm¬ k-ar-≤w F-∂ h-cn-Iƒ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Ip-‰n-∏p-d-Øp tI-i-h≥ \m-b¿ 1889. C-¥y-bn-se hn-Zym-`ym-k am-[y-aw Cw-Kv-fo-jv B-°m-\p-≈ in]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ sa-°m-sf {]-`p 1890. \m-W-b-\n¿-am-Xm-°-fp-sS cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ap-lΩ-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 1891. \m-Sy-im-kv-{Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ `-c-X-ap-\n 1892. B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ G-‰-hpw- h-en-b ip-≤-P-e-X-SmIw-˛- sIm-t√-1893. ^m-kn-kw F-∂ {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 1894. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ hn-eyw sl≥-dn lm-cn-k¨ 1895. C-¥y-bn-se jn lp-hm-Mv Xn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ N{μ-Kp-]vX - a - u-cy≥ 1896. ^m-ln-bm≥ C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b Im-e-L-´w-˛ F.Un.A-©mw \q‰m-≠v 1897. ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´ Pn-√-bn¬ {]-kn-≤-am-b ln-μp-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\w \-S°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ sN-dp-tIm¬-∏p-g 1898. ]p-I-bn-e-s®-Sn-bp-sS G-Xv `m-K-Øm-Wv \n-t°m-´n≥ \n¿-Ωn-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ C-e 1899. `q-an-bn-se ip-≤-P-e-Øn-s‚ 70 i-X-am-\-hpw sF-kv cq-]-Øn¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 1900. ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw i-X-I-Øn¬ tkm-a\m-Y-t£-{Xw B-{I-an-® ap…nw B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv K-kv-\n 1901. B-¥-am≥ \n-t°m-_m¿ Zzo-]-k-aq-lw G-Xv ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bp-sS Xp-S¿-®-bm-Wv-˛ A-c-°≥ tbm-a 1902. ^m-Z¿ Hm-^v tkm-Um t]m-∏v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v {]o-Ãv-en

72

CONFUSING FACTS  tZ-io-b-Km-\-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ hm-°p-Iƒ D-≈ cm-Pyw P-∏m-\m-Wv. G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ ayq-kn-Iv D-≈ tZio-b-Km-\w s\-X¿-e≥-Uv-kn-s‚-Xm-Wv.  ap-¥n-cn-bp-sS \-K-cw \m-kn-Iv. Hm-d-©p-I-fp-sS \-K-cw \m-Kv]q¿.  h-Δm-en-s\-t∏m-se, F-t°m-sem-t°-j≥ X-Øzw {]-tbmP-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ k-ap-{Z k-kv-X-\-ß-fm-Wv Xn-anw-Kn-e-hpw tUmƒ-^n-\pw.  Xn-anw-Kn-e-sØ-t∏m-se, i-co-c-Øn¬ ª-∫¿ F-∂ sIm-gp∏p-]m-fn-bp-≈ Po-hn-bm-Wv {[p-h-°-c-Sn. 1903. ]p--j-kq-‡ G-Xp th-Z-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛ E-tKz-Zw 1904. H-∂n-e-[n-Iw cm-Py-ß-fp-sS {]-Y-a h-\n-X ]-Z-a-e-¶-cn-® G-I h\n-X-bm-Wv t{K-° am-tj¬. A-Xn¬ H- cm-Pyw sam-kmw-_n°m-Wv. a-t‰ cm-Py-ta-Xv-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 1905. 874 Zn-h-kw sIm-≠v a-lm-`m-c-Xw a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v ]-cn-`m-js∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ Ip-™n-°p-´≥ X-ºp-cm≥ 1906. ]p-I-h-en B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p lm-\n-I-cw F-∂v kn-K-c-‰p-I-h-dn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 1907. B-Zy-am-bn I-≠p-]n-Sn-® B‚n _-tbm-´n-Iv Hu-j-[w-˛ s]-\nsk-en≥ 1908. ^m-cn-Zn-\v sj¿-jm F-∂ _n--Zw \¬-In-b, _o-lm-dn-se `-cWm-[n-Im-cn-˛ _-l¿-Jm≥ tem-lm-\n 1909. ]p--j≥-am¿ am-{Xw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂ tI-c-fo-b hm-Zy-kwKo-Xw-˛ tkm-]m-\-kw-Ko-Xw 1910. ^m¬-t° A-hm¿-Upw `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw t\-Sn-b {]-Y-a hy-‡n-˛ k-Xy-Pn-Xv td 1911. hn-j-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-gv-sk\n-Iv 1912. ]-fl-{io t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-fn Im-bn-I Xm-cw-˛ ]n.Sn. Dj 1913. {io-`-´m-c-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ 1914. Xn--˛-sIm-®n-bn¬ a-{¥n-bm-b \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ k-tlmZ-c≥ A-ø-∏≥ 1915. _mw-•q-cn-epw sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-epw ]T-\w \-S-Øm≥ Ip-am-c-\mim-\v km-º-Øn-I k-lm-bw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ tUm.]¬-]p 1916. kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ-\v tI-c-f k-μ¿-i-\-th-f-bn¬ Nn-∑p-{Z-sb°p-dn-®v Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-b hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww-\¬-In-b-Xv-˛ N-´-ºn kzman-Iƒ 1917. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ A-hk - m-\s - Ø k-\ym-ki - n-jy≥-˛ B\-μ-Xo¿-Y kzm-an-Iƒ 1918. ]-tøm-fn F-Iv-kv-{]-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]n.Sn.D-j 1919. ]-fl{- io, ]-fl` - q-j¨, ]-flh - n-`q-j¨, `m-cX - c - X - v\ - w F-∂n-ht- \Sn-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ k-Xy-Pn-Xv td 1920. ]n-∂n-´v _w-•m-tZ-in-se-Øp-tºmƒ Kw-K F-¥p-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂p-˛ ]-Zv-a 1921. ]-tbm-dn-b _m-[n-°p-∂ A-h-b-hw-˛ tam-W 1922. ]-p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- X-a-k- F-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn- ˛tSm¨-kv1923. ]p-ssc-Sv-Nn X-sse-h¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-Fw.Pn. cm-a-N-{μ≥ 1924. B-¥-am≥ \n-t°m-_m¿ Zzo-]p-Iƒ ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ kp-`mjv N-{μ-t_m-kv \¬-In-b t]-cv-˛ j-lo-Zv kz-cm-Pv Zzo-]p-Iƒ 1925. ]q-°-fp-sS Xm-gv-h-c G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv 1926. in-em-en-Jn-X-ß-fn-eq-sS X-s‚ B-i-b-߃ P-\-߃-°p ]-I¿∂ B-Zy `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ A-tim-I≥ 1927. ]p-jv-]n-®m¬ hn-f-hp Ip-d-bp-∂ k-kyw-˛ I-cn-ºv 1928. In-fn-∏m-´p-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ F-gp-Ø-—≥ 1929. ]q-® h¿-K-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏w Iq-Sn-b kzm-`m-hn-I Po-hn-˛ ssk-_o-cn-b≥ I-Sp-h

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

1930. cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-sf Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a-k`mw-Kß - ƒ 1931. ]q-°-fp-sS Xm-gv-h-c I-s≠-Øn-b Cw-•o-jv ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-I≥-˛ {^m-¶v kv-an-Øv 1932. cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-b B-Zy tI-c-fo-b h-\n-X-˛ `m-c-Xn D-Z-b-`m-\p 1933. ]m¿-es - a‚ v a-μn-cw cq-]I - e - v] - \ - sNbvXX - v˛- sl¿-_¿-´v t_-°¿ 1934. Cw-•o-jv Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-sØ ^m-Iv-S-dn B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ kq-d-Øv 1935. ]q-\ sK-bnw-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛ _m-Uvan‚¨ 1936. cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-bn-cn-s° {]-[m-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ Cμn-cm Km-‘n 1937. ^-e-߃ ]-gp-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ F-Yn-en≥ 1938. ^-Ãv ¢m-kv {In-°-‰n¬ H-tcm-h-dn-se F-√m ]-¥pw kn-Iv-k-d-Sn® C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ c-hn im-kv-{Xn 1939. cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-bn-cn-s° tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n˛ kn.A-Nyp-X ta-t\m≥ 1940. `m-c-Xo-bm¿ k-am-[n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn 1941. ]q¿-h Nm-eq-Iy--sS X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ sh-ßn 1942. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ e-b¨-kv ¢-_v 1956˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-amb-sX-hn-sS-˛-apw-ss_ 1943. hn-j-ap-≈ G-I k-kv-X-\w-˛ B¨ πm-‰n-∏-kv 1944. ]-co-£W - m¿-Yw tem-IØ - m-Zy-am-bn A-Wp-t_mw-_v s]m-´n-® cmPyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 1945. ]--Øn G-Xp k-ky-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ am¬-th-ky 1946. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ d-∫¿ A-W-s°-´v \n¿-an-® kw-ÿm\w-˛-B-{‘-{]-tZ-iv 1947. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v F-∂m¬ tem-Iv-k-`-bpw cm-Py-k-`-bpw ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ Dw tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 1948. ]--Øn-Ir-jn-bv-°v G-‰-hpw A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b a-Æv-˛ I-cn-a-Æv 1949. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰v-˛ Hm-a-\° -- p-™-Ω 1950. B-¥-am≥ Zzo-]p-I-tfm-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ aym≥-a¿ 1951. ]--jv-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv G-Xp \-Zn-bm-Wv-˛ c-hn 1952. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ F-Iv-kv-{]-kv ssl-th G-Xp kw-ÿm\-Øm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 1953. ]-d-°pw kn-Jv F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp∂-Xv-˛ an¬-°m-kn-Mv 1954. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ F-©n-\o-bd - n-Mv tIm-tf-Pv˛- dq¿-°n (1847) 1955. \mw-cq-]v, N-{μ-∏q¿ Xm-]-ssh-Zyp-X-\n-e-b-߃ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\Øv-˛ A-kw 1956. ]-tY¿ ]m-Rv-P-en F-∂ t\m-h¬ F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ hn-`q-Xn-`q-j¨ _-tμm-]m-[ym-b 1957. bq-tÃ-jy≥ Syq-_v G-sX-√mw i-co-c-`m-K-ß-sf X-Ωn¬ _-‘n∏n-°p-∂p-˛ sN-hn-bpw sXm-≠-bpw 1958. ]o-c-¶n B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 1959. \m-Zn¿-jm-bpw ap-Kf - c - pw X-Ωn¬ bp-≤w \-S∂ - ÿ-ew-˛ I¿-Wm¬ 1960. ]q-t°m-Sv- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn¬-˛ h-b-\m-Sv-

Hmƒ C- ¥ ym hm¿ sa- t Ωm- d n- b ¬ C- t ∏mƒ F- ¥ p- t ]- c n- e - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p- ˛ C- ¥ ym- t K- ‰ v

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

8

 P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp F-{X {]m-h-iyw tIm¨-{K-kv {]-knU‚m-bn-´p-≠v  F-{X Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Up-I-fm-Wv 1982˛¬ Km-‘n kn-\n-a t\-Sn-b-Xv  H- ]-h≥ kz¿-Ww F-{X {Km-am-Wv  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ `m-j-I-sf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂-Xv F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-´n-I-bn-em-Wv  I-]m-e-Øn-se (t{I-\n-bw) A-ÿn-I-fp-sS F-Æw  F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw B-{I-a-Ww D-≠m-b-Xv  H- Iyq-_n-\v F-{X aq-e-I-fp-≠v  Iw-]yq-´-dn¬ F-{X _n-‰p-Iƒ tN¿-∂m-Wv H- ss_-‰v B-Ip∂-Xv  tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]mh-iyw Im-Ãnw-Kv thm-´p-Iƒ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈ kv-]o-°¿ F.kn.tPm-kv B-Wv. A-t±-lw F-{X {]m-h-iy-am-Wv Im-ÃnwKv thm-´v hn-\n-tbm-Kn-®-Xv  F-{X {]m-h-iy-am-Wv C-¥y H-fn-ºn-Iv tlm-°n kz¿-Ww t\Sn-b-Xv  1935 se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv {]-Im-cw {_n-´o-jv C-¥ybn¬ 1937˛¬ \-S-∂ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v F-{X {]-hniy-I-fn-em-Wv tIm¨-{K-kv ]m¿-´n A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv  \o-cm-fn-bp-sS Im-ep-I-fp-sS F-Æw  in-h-Pn-bp-sS a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS (A-jv-S-{]-[m≥) F-Æw 1961. tI-{μ-`-c-W {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se se-Pn-kv-tf-‰o-hv A-kw-ªn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈-Xv-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn 1962. C-¥y-bn¬ {^-©p kw-kv-Im-cw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ {]-tZ-iw-˛-]pXp-t®-cn 1963. bq-Wn-t\m¿ G-Xv cm-Py-sØ sk¬-t^m¨ k¿-ho-kv s{]mssh-U¿ I-º-\n-bm-Wv-˛-t\m¿-th 1964. ]p-©, ap-≠-I≥,hn-cn-∏v F-∂n-h G-Xn-s‚ Ir-jn-bp-am-bn _-‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ s\-√v 1965. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ t_m-´-]-I-S-Øn¬ a-cn-® ÿ-ew-˛-Ip-am-c-tIm-Sn 1966. ]-›n-a-_w-Km-fn-se K-h¨-sa‚ v sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v a-μn-c-Øn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ ssd-t‰-gv-kv _n¬-Un-Mv 1967. _p-≤≥ Nn-cn-°p-∂p F-∂ t]- \¬-In C-¥y B-W-h ]-co£-Ww \-S-Øn-b kw-ÿm-\w-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ 1968. ]q¿-h-ao-amw-k-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ P-an-\n 1969. `m-c-X-Øn-s‚ 1 cq-] ap-X¬ 10 cq-] h-sc-bp-≈ t\m-´p-Iƒ A-®Sn-°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \m-kn-Iv 1970. ^m¬-t° A-hm¿-Upw `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw t\-Sn-b G-I h-\n-X-˛ eXm-at- ¶-jI v- ¿ 1971. ]m-Wv-Uy≥-am--sS X-e-kv-Ym-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛-a-[p-c 1972. {Km≥-Uv-…mw G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Z-am-Wv-˛ {_n-UvPv 1973. `q-a-[y-tc-J-sb c-≠p X-h-W ap-dn-s®m-gp-Ip-∂ \-Zn-˛ tImw-tKm 1974. ]m-Xn-cm-a-W¬ Zzo-]v G-Xp Im-b-en-em-Wv ˛ th-º-\m-Sv 1975. ]m-›m-Xy ¢m-kn-°¬ kw-Ko-X-Øn-se {Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ F-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sam-km¿-´v, _o-tYm-h≥, _m-Jv 1976. C-¥y≥ kzm-X-{¥y k-a-c-Øn-s‚ \m-bn-I cm-[m-tZ-hn B--sS `m-cy-bm-bn--∂p-˛ em-em e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn 1977. ]n.hn.kn.I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sl≥-dn hn-Iv-S¿ sd-Pn-t\mƒ-Uv (1838) 1978. C-¥y≥ l-cn-X-hn-π-hw \-S-∂ k-a-b-Øv tI-{μ-Ir-jn-a-{¥n-˛ kn.kp-{_-a-Wyw 1979. \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw G-‰-hpw Ip-d-hp-≈ `-c-W-L-S-Iw-˛ t]m-≠n-t®-cn (30) 1980. ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚ ]-co-£-W-im-e F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Km-e-∏mtKm-kv Zzo-]v

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

73

1981. ]q¿-hm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw-˛ d-jy 1982. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø-sb sIm-´m-c-Øn-te-°v £-Wn-®p-h--Øn-b Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-hv-˛ kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 1983. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1873 1984. B-\-μ-a-Xw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbm-Kn 1985. 1947˛-se ap-Xp-Ip-fw {]-kw-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 1986. _p-≤≥ P-\n-® I-]n-eh - k - vX - p C-t∏mƒ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv˛- t\∏mƒ 1987. ]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw˛ Im-\-U 1988. {Km≥-Uv-{S-¶v tdm-Uv G-sX-√mw ÿ-e-ß-sf X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n°p-∂-Xv-˛ tkm-\m¿- K-thm¨ (sIm¬-°-Ø),s]-j-hm¿ 1989. GXv cmPysØ hml-\-\n¿ΩmW Iº-\n-bmWv HuUn ˛ P¿Ω\n 1990. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- P-\-k-w-Jy-bp-sS- `q-cn-`m-K-hpw- F-hn-sS-\n-∂pwh-∂-h-cm-Wv-˛ t{K-‰v- {_-n-´¨1991. {In-kv-a-kv Un-ko-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ lo-tam-^o-en-b 1992. ]yq-\n-Iv bp-≤-ß-fn¬ G-‰p-ap-´n-b-Xv-˛ tdm-apw Im¿-tØ-Ppw 1993. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛-P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 1994. Ip--t£-{X-bp-≤-`q-an G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ l-cn-bm-\ 1995. C-¥y≥ F-b¿-t^m-gv-kn¬ _m-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ bp-≤-hnam-\w-˛ an-Kv 29 1996. _p-≤-a-X tI-{μ-am-b km-©n G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-[y-{]tZ-iv 1997. Ip-dn-Ny¿ k-a-cw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1812 1998. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-®, tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ a-{¥n-˛ hn.sI.th-e-∏≥ 1999. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw X-Wp-∏p-Iq-Sn-b kw-ÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp I-iv-ao¿ 2000. ]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ AIzm≥-Im-Kz 2001. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b bm-{Xm-hn-am-\w-˛ F 380 2002. ]-S-hm-fn-s\-°mƒ i-‡n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv Xq-en-I F-∂p sX-fn-bn-® hn-π-hw-˛ {^-©p-hn-π-hw 2003. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b ]q-s\bn- s e F- k v . F≥.Un.‰n. k¿- h - I - e m- i m- e ÿm- ] n- ® - X v - ˛ Un.sI.Im¿-sh 2004. ]q¿-h Nm-eq-Iy-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Ip-_v-P-hn-jv-Wp h¿-[≥ 2005. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm Un.Pn.]n.˛ Im-©≥ `-´m-Nm-cy (D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv) 2006. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p Im-ew kn-Jv Kp--hm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ l¿ Inj≥(1661˛1664) 2007. ]u-\m-dn-se k-∂ym-kn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ B-Nm-cy hn-t\m-_ `m-sh 2008. D-]-Zzo-]o-b C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛ tKm-Zm-hcn 2009. d-_¿- dn-k¿-®v- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ tIm-´-bw-

]- £ n- I - f p- s S cm- P m- h v F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v ˛ ]- c p- ¥ v (Cu- K nƒ)

74

CONFUSING FACTS  ku-c-bq-Y-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Lyw Iq-Sn-b Zn-\-cm-{X-ßfp-≈ {K-lw ip-{I≥. G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Lyw Ip-d-™-Xv hym-gw (9 a-Wn-°q¿ 55 an-\n-´v).  Pp-\-K-Vv F-∂ ÿ-ew Kp-P-dm-Øn-em-Wv. F-∂m¬ Pp-\-KVv tIm-´ cm-P-ÿm-\n-se _n-°m-\n¿ F-∂ ÿ-e-Øm-Wv. 1588˛¬ cm-bv knw-Kv B-Wv C-Xv ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv.  tZ-io-b im-kv-{X-Zn-\w (National Science Day)^n-{_-h-cn 28 B-Wv . sa-bv 11 B-Wv tZ-io-b km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym-Zn-\w (National Technology Day). 2010. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm s]m-eo-kv tÃ-j≥-˛ tIm-gnt°m-Sv 2011. ]-X-bp-≈ tkm-^v-‰v {Un-¶p-I-fn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Im¿t_m-Wn-Iv B-kn-Uv 2012. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Z-am-Wv _-kv-Im-jn˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥ 2013. ]q¿-W-am-bpw C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ bm-{Xm-hn-am-\w-˛ k-ck - v 2014. D-]-Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS D-]-Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ bq-tdm∏v 2015. ]-X-dm-sX ap-t∂m-´v B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ sI.I--Wm-Ic≥ 2016. C-t°m-sem-t°-j≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v ]-d-°p-∂ Po-hn ˛-h-Δm¬ 2017. G-‰-hpw I-´n-Iq-Sn-b tXm-Sp-≈ ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 2018. Cw-•o-jv Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ^m-Iv-S-dn B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ a-kq-en-]-´-Ww 2019. B-{‘-]n-Xm-a-l≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ 2020. c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv t]ƒ lm¿-_¿ B-{I-an-® cmPyw-˛ P-∏m≥ 2021. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ P-e-ayq-kn-bw-˛ Ip-∂-aw-K-ew 2022. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Hm-W-d-dn tUm-Iv-S-td-‰p-Iƒ e-`n-® C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v ˛-F.]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 2023. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv U-°m¨ Io-g-S-°p-∂-Xn¬ BZyw {i-≤ sN-ep-Øn-b-Xv-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 2024. ]-Xm-Ib - n¬ `q-]S- w B-te-J\ - w sN-bvX - n-´p-≈ cm-Py-߃-˛ ssk{]-kv, sIm-tkm-thm 2025. ]p-cm-X-\ \-K-c-am-b t{Sm-bv-bp-sS A-h-in-jv-S-߃ G-Xp cm-PyØm-Wv-˛ Xp¿-°n 2026. I-hn-I-fp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tlm-a¿ 2027. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b c-≠m-a-sØ Zzo-]-k-aq-lw-˛ ^nen-ss∏≥-kv 2028. {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bp-sS th-\¬-°m-e X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂ \-K-cw-˛ jnw-e 2029. B-∏n-fn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ B-kn-Uv-˛ am-en-Iv B-kn-Uv 2030. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-I-kn-X cm-jv-{S-߃ D-≈ h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm∏v 2031. {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- ]m-en-b-Ø-®-s\ sIm-®n-bn¬-\n-∂v- \m-Sp-I-S-Ønb-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1809 2032. G-‰h - pw h-S° - m-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ X-eÿ m-\a - p-≈ bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-Pyw-˛-t\m¿-th 2033. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b cm-Py-hpw hn-kvXo¿-Ww Ip-d-™ cm-Py-hpw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 2034. ]n-®-f({_m-kv)bn-se L-S-I-tem-l-߃-˛ sN-ºv, \m-Iw 2035. G-‰-hpw I-\-Ø t_mw-_n-Mn-\v hn-t[-b-am-bn-´p-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ emthm-kv 2036. ]m-eq-´p-∂ ]-£n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {]m-hv 2037. C-¥y≥ s]m-fn-‰n-In-kn-s‚-bpw C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kn-s‚-bpw ]n-Xmhv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 2038. G-‰-hpw hym-h-km-bn-I-am-bn ]p-tcm-K-Xn {]m-]n-® B-{^n-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

2039. C-¥y≥ s^-U-d¬ kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ kw-c-£-I≥ F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn 2040. ]m-›m-Xy kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS dm-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ h-b-en≥ 2041. ]n.hn.kn.I-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn D-≠m-Ip-∂ hn-j-hm-X-Iw-˛ U-tbm-Iv-kn≥ 2042. B-¥-am-t\-bpw \n-t°m-_m-dn-t\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ I-S-en-Sp°v-˛ sS≥ Un-{Kn Nm-\¬ 2043. C-¥y≥ ÿn-Xn-hn-h-c-im-kv-{X-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ in-ev-]n F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]n.kn.a-l-e-t\m-_n-kv 2044. `m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS D¬-`-h-ÿm-\w-˛ B-\-a-e 2045. ]n.sI._m-e-Ir-jv-W-s‚ C-\n Rm≥ D-d-ß-s´- F-∂ t\m-h-ense {]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{Xw-˛ I¿-W≥ 2046. _p-≤-s‚ tX-cm-fn-˛ N-∂ 2047. \n-ba - \ - n¿-am-Wk - `- b - p-≈ tI-{μ-`c - W - {- ]-tZ-iß - ƒ-˛ U¬-ln (70), ]pXpt®-cn (30) 2048. C-¥y-bn¬ {]-kn-U‚p-`-c-Ww \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy kw-ÿm\w-˛ ]-©m-_v 2049. C-t¥m-˛-t\m¿-ho-Pn-b≥ ^n-j-do-kv I-Ωyp-Wn-‰n-t{]m-P-Iv-Sv \-S∏m-°n-b ÿ-ew-˛ \o-≠-I-c 2050. ]q-Pyw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 2051. C-¥y-bn¬ {]-`m-X kq-cy-s‚ In-c-W-߃ B-Zyw ]-Xn-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 2052. \n-b-a-]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-jw Km-‘n-Pn C-¥y-bn¬ {]m-Iv-So-kv \-SØn-b ÿ-e-߃-˛ t_mw-s_-bn-epw cm-Pv-tIm-´n-epw 2053. ]n.sP.B‚-Wn an-I-® \-S-\p-≈ tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b h¿jw-˛ 1973 2054. ]-Xn-aq-∂mw i-X-I-Øn¬ tI-c-fw k-μ¿-in-® am¿-t°m t]m-tfm G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ C-‰-en 2055. ]p-en-‰v-k¿ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-cn-˛ Ppw-_m em-ln-cn 2056. bq-tdm-∏n-se I-iv-ao¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥Uv 2057. C-¥y-bn¬- `m-jm-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠ B-Zy- kw-kvYm-\w- ˛ B-\v-{[ (1953 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 1)2058. ]p-fn-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ B-kn-Uv-˛ Sm¿-Sm-dn-Iv B-kn-Uv 2059. ]p-I-bn-e-bn-se hn-jmw-iw-˛ \n-t°m-´n≥2060. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn \n-hm-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 2061. ]o-®n-˛-hm-gm-\n A-W-s°-´v G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ Xr-»q¿ 2062. G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øß - ƒ-°v t]-‰‚ v t\-Sn-bX - v˛- tXma-kv B¬-hm F-Un-k¨ 2063. _n.-kn.Pn. hm-Iv-kn≥ G-Xp tcm-K-sØ-bm-Wv {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂-Xv-˛ £-bw 2064. {Km≥-Uv Im-\y≥ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 2065. _n-μp-km-c-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-˛ A-tim-I≥ 2066. ]-Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-Iƒ B--sS k-Z- n-s\-bm-Wv A-e-¶-cn-®n--∂Xv-˛ am-\-hn-{I-a-tZ-h≥ 2067. ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 18 2068. {io-]-Zv-a-\m-`-kzm-an t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 2069. ]q¿-W-am-bpw hn-Zym-`ym-km-h-iy-Øn-\m-bn C-¥y hn-t£-]n-® B-Zy D-]-{K-lw-˛ F-Uyp-km-‰v 2070. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn `-h-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ ssh-kv-do-K¬ ]m-e-kv 2071. ]q¿-W-am-bpw Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bm¬ Np-‰-s∏-´ cm-Pyw-˛ sem-tkmtØm 2072. C-t¥m-˛-_m-Iv-{Sn-b≥ cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-kn-≤≥-˛ sa\m≥-U¿ 2073. ]q-Pyw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-Ø H- kw-Jym-k-{º-Zm-bw ˛ tdm-a≥ kwJy 2074. I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ F-Un-k¨ 2075. ip-{I-s‚ A-¥c - o-£Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈ hm-XI - w-˛ Im¿_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 2076. ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿ k-a-cw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1946 2077. ]n.Sn.D-j tIm-®n-Mv sk‚¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 2078. {io-e-¶-bp-sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I Sn.hn.Nm-\¬-˛ cq-]-hm-ln-\n

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

8

 C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ sj-Uyq-fp-I-fpsS (]-´n-I-Iƒ) F-Æw  F-{X h¿-ja - m-Wv jm-Pl - m≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn X-Sh - n¬-°n-S∂ - X - v  F-{X h-i-ß-fp-≈ Pym-an-Xo-b cq-]-am-Wv H-Iv-S-K¨  ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se {K-l-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  a-\p-jy-]n-Wv-U-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv c-‡w  \-ck - nw-ld - m-hp a-{¥n-k` - b - n¬ [-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn--∂ a≥-taml≥-knw-Kv C-¥y≥ km-º-Øn-I-cw-K-Øv D-Zm-c-h-Xv-I-c-Ww B-cw-`n-®-Xv F-{Xmw ]-©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv  D-Øc - m-b\ - tc-J (t{Sm-∏n-Iv Hm-^v Im≥-k¿) F-{X C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p  kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn-\v `q-an-bn-se-Øm≥ F-{X an-\n-´v k-a-bw th-Ww  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d-emWv _m≥ In aq¨  U¬-ln-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ \-K-c-am-Wv \yq-U¬-ln  H-cmƒ-°v ]-c-am-h-[n F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚ v ]-Z-hn h-ln-°m≥ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≈-Xv  Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b--sS ]-Wv-Un-X k-Z- m-b A-jv-S-Zzn-§n-Pß-fn-se Aw-K-߃  km¿-°v F-∂ kw-L-S-\-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ Aw-K-am-Wv A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm≥  sN-kv I-fn-bn¬ H- I-fn-°m-c-\v F-{X Im-em-fp-I-fm-Wp≈-Xv  `q-h-Xv-I-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv A-ep-an-\n-bw  {]-Y-a tem-I I-∏v {In-°-‰v a¬-k-c-Øn¬ F-{X cm-Py-ßfm-Wv ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv 2079. ]r-Yzn F-¥p X-cw an-ssk-em-Wv-˛ I-c-bn¬-\n-∂pw I-c-bn-te°p-≈X - v 2080. ]n-Ø-c-kw F-hn-sS kw-`-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ]n-Øm-i-b-Øn¬ (Kmƒ ªm-U¿) 2081. ]-sØm≥-]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ X-an-gv-\m-´n¬ P-\n-® hn-Jym-X KWn-X im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ cm-am-\p-P≥ 2082. A-¥-co-£-Øn-se G-Xp ]m-fn-bn-em-Wv Hm-tkm¨ D-≈-Xv-˛ kv{Sm-t‰m-kv-^n-b¿ 2083. \m-Wb - Ø - p-´p-If - n-√m-Ø- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°≥- cm-Pyw- ˛- ] - c - m-tKz2084. {Km≥-Uv {S-¶v tdm-Uv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ sj¿-j 2085. B-{‘-kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛- tKm-Zm-h-cn2086. ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- Im-fn-μn- F-∂- t]-cn¬- ]-cm-ar-jv-S-am-bn-´p-≈- \Zn- ˛-b-ap-\2087. C-¥y-bn¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v t^m-d-Ãv am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v F-hn-sSbm-Wv-˛ t`m-∏m¬ 2088. A-k-an-s‚ ¢m-kn-°¬ \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ km-{Xn-b 2089. am-¶p-fw hn-jv-Wp-\-ºq-Xn-cn G-Xv I-em-cq-]-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p-˛ I-Y-I-fn 2090. C-¥y-bn¬ C-‡m k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s\ km-{º-Zm-bn-I-co-Xn-bn-em°n-b-Xv-˛ Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv 2091. tI-{μ tXm-´-hn-f K-th-j-W-tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]m-tem-Sv 2092. am-\h - n-I hn-Ik - \ - kq-Nn-I cq-]s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v˛- sa-l_ - q-_v D¬ l-°v 2093. j-lo-Zv C A-kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ `-K-Xv kn-Mv 2094. _p-≤≥ F-∂ hm-°n-\¿-Yw-˛ P-Rm-\w kn-≤n-®-bmƒ 2095. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy-sØ tem-Iv-k-`m kv-]o-°¿-˛ Pn.hn.am-hv-e-¶¿ 2096. `q-an-bp-sS Kp--Xzm-I¿-j-W-Øn-s‚ F-{X a-S-ßm-Wv N-{μ-s‚-Xv-˛ B-dn-sem-∂v 2097. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ _-tbm Uo-k¬ πm‚ v ÿm-]n-X-am-b kw-ÿm-\w-˛ B-{‘-{]-tZ-iv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

75

2098. `m-c-X tI-k-cn F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ a-∂-Øp ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 2099. ]p-©n-cn-bp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 2100. ]-ªn-Iv A-°u-≠v-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS sN-b¿-am-\m-bn km-[m-c-W \n-b-an-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv 2101. ]-ªn-Iv k¿-ho-kv hn-`m-K-Øn¬ a-Kv-k-tk A-hm¿-Uv C-¥ybn¬-\n-∂pw B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨ (1965) 2102. ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿ k-a-c-Øn-\p Im-c-Ww-˛ A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬ `-cW - ] - c - n-jvI - m-cw 2103. ]-£n-∏-\n-bv-°p Im-c-W-am-b A-Wp-Po-hn-˛ ssh-d-kv 2104. G-‰-hpw- h-en-b I-S¬-∏-£n- ˛-B¬-_-t{Sm-kv2105. C-¥y-bn¬ Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS `-c-Ww \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b \n-b-aw-˛ 1858˛-se \n-b-aw 2106. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-`-b-Po-hn-˛ P-∏m-\o-kv P-b‚ v km-e-am≥-U¿ 2107. {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ a-{Zm-kn¬ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-® tIm-´-˛ sk‚ v tPm¿-Pv tIm-´ 2108. ap-Ip-μ-am-e c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Ip-e-ti-J-c B-gv-hm¿ 2109. {Km-ss\-‰v \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-_¿-Uo≥ 2110. C-¥y hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø ss]-e-‰n-√m-Ø sN-dp-hn-am-\w-˛ t\-{X 2111. B-e-∏p-g Xp-d-ap-Jw hn-I-kn-∏n-® Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Zn-hm≥-˛ cm-Pm tI-i-h-Zm-kv 2112. ]m-en-s‚-bpw tX-\n-s‚-bpw tZ-iw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Im-\≥ 2113. G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-S¬-˛ sX-°≥ No-\m I-S¬ 2114. _m-lv-an-\n-hw-i-Øn-se lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚ {]-K-ev-`-\m-b {]-[m-\-a{¥n-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv K-hm≥ 2115. {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn-˛ 73 2116. _m-W-`-´≥- B--sS B-kv-Ym-\ I-hn-bm-bn--∂p-˛ l¿-j≥2117. \m-j-W¬ ^n-em-‰-en-Iv ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 2118. c-≠p kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fp-sS X-e-ÿm- \-am-b \-K-cw-˛ N-Wv-Un-KVv 2119. C--]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- B-cw-`-Øn¬- Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-em{I-a-Øn¬- B-Zy-sØ- cm-Py-am-bn--∂p- A-_v-ko-\n-b.- Cu- cmPy-Øn-s≥-d- C-t∏m-g-sØ- t]-cv-˛-F-tXym-]y2120. c-≠p tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-ß-fn-epw ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ cm-Pyw-˛ P¿-a-\n 2121. _m-W-`-´-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ hn-jv-Wp-tKm-]≥ 2122. _p-≤-a-X-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ k-\ym-kn-\n-˛ Ku-X-an 2123. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-sØ sd-bn¬-∏m-X-˛ apw-ss_-˛-Xm-s\ 2124. _mw-•q-cn-se {]-i-kv-X-am-b tÃ-Un-bw-˛-Nn-∂-kzm-an tÃ-Un-bw 2125. _n._n.kn.cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1927 2126. G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew tI-cf - K-h¿-Wd - m-bX - v˛- hn.hn-iz-\m-Y≥ 2127. G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tI-c-fw- `-cn-® ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ C sI \mb-\m¿2128. {io-l-cn-t°m-´ G-Xp \n-e-bn¬ {]-kn-≤w-˛ D-]-{K-l hn-t£-]Ww 2129. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- {]-ap-J- cm-jv-{So-b- ]m¿´nIƒ-˛ d-n-∏-ªn-°≥]m¿´n-bpw- sU-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv- ]m¿´n-bpw2130. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-sØ sk≥-k-kv \-S-∂-sX-hn-sS-˛ Xn--hn-XmwIq¿ 2131. {Km‚ v {S-¶v tdm-Uv \n¿-an-®-Xm-cv-˛ sj¿-j 2132. ]n-∂m-° hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \n-∂pw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy‡n-˛ tUm.a≥-tam-l≥ kn-Mv 2133. ]p-en-‰v-k¿ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v ]p-en-‰vk¿ 2134. _n-bm-kv \-Zn-bp-sS ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ hn-]m-k 2135. G-Xp `m-j-bm-Wv Iym-ºv emw-tKz-Pv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ D¿-Zp 2136. C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-se Xm≥-k≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv˛ Ip-μ≥-em¬ ssk-Kmƒ 2137. C-¥m-¶n \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ \m-Kmem≥-Uv 2138. G-Xp `m-j-bn-em-Wv D-t´m-∏n-b c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ em-‰n≥ 2139. _p-≤-a-X-sØ tem-I-a-X-am-°n h-f¿-Øn-b au-cy N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ A-tim-I≥ 2140. B-bv cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I Nn-”w G-Xv ar-K-am-bn-∂p ˛ B-\

76

CONFUSING FACTS  A-h-km-\-sØ A-Øm-gw F-∂ s]-bn‚nw-Kv h-c-®-Xv enbm-\m¿-tUm Um-hn-©n-bm-Wv. ssa-°-em-©-tem-bm-Wv A¥y-hn-[n c-Nn-®-Xv.  G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bv-°v A¿-l-\mb-Xv k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ (2013) 40 ˛mw h-b- n¬. G-‰hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bv-°v A¿-l-X-t\-Snb- h\nX C-μn-cm-Km-‘n (1917˛1984)bm-Wv. 1971¬ _-lp-aXn e-`n-°p-tºmƒ A-h¿-°v 54 h-b- m-bn--∂p.  C-¥y-bp-sS X-Ø F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv Aao¿ Jp-{kp B-Wv. C-¥y-bp-sS hm-\-ºm-Sn F-∂p hn-fn-®Xv k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up-hn-s\-bm-Wv. 2141. Jn¬-Pn hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-kn-≤-\m-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ A-em-hp±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 2142. _p-≤s - \ G-jy-bp-sS sh-fn-®w F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛- F-Uzn≥ B¿-t\mƒ-Uv 2143. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ Nn¬-° 2144. tem- I - a - l m- b p- ≤ - ß ƒ- ° p {]- [ m- \ - t h- Z n- b m- b h≥- I - c - ˛ bq-tdm-∏v 2145. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-sØ k¿-h-I-em-im-e \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw˛ 1857 2146. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b Pn-√-˛ e-Um-°v (Bÿm-\w-˛-te) 2147. tI- c - f \n- b - a - k - ` - b n¬ _- U v - P - ‰ v A- h - X - c n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X v - ˛ [-\-a-{¥n 2148. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Hm-^o-kv a-μn-cw-˛ s]‚-K¨ 2149. B-Zy I¿-Wm-Sn-Iv bp-≤w A-h-km-\n-∏n-® k-\v-[n-˛ A-bn-Iv-kv-˛em Nm-t∏¬ 2150. _p-≤-s‚ _m-ey-Im-e-\m-aw-˛ kn-≤m¿-Y≥ 2151. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b-hr-£w-˛ B¬ 2152. \m-emw _p-Zv-[-a-X k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ hkp-an-{X≥ 2153. _m-_¿ F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛ B-{K 2154. C-¥y-bp-sS X-]m¬ Ãm-ºn-epw \m-W-b-Øn-epw C-Sw ]n-Sn-® B-Zy tI-c-fo-b≥ ˛-{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 2155. _m-_-dp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw C-t∏mƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Im-_qƒ 2156. A-Sn-a, ssk-\n-I≥, a-{¥n, cm-Pm-hv C-h-sb-√m-am-bn--∂ sU¬ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ _m¬-_≥ 2157. am-am-¶s - Ø-°p-dn-®v hn-iZ- a - m-bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv amam-¶w In-fn-∏m-´v. C-Xv c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ Im-Sm-t©-cn \-ºq-Xn-cn 2158. \m-ev B-cy-k-Xy-߃ G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ _p-≤a - X - w 2159. 1931 s^-{_p-h-cn 27\v A-e-lm-_m-Zn-se B¬-{^-Uv ]m¿-°n¬sh-®v t]m-eo-kp-Im-tcm-tS-‰p-ap-´n a-cn-® hn-πh - I - m-cn-˛ N-{μ-ti-J¿ B-km-Zv 2160. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn, cq-]-bp-sS ap≥-Km-an-sb A-h-X-cn-∏n-® `-cWm-[n-Im-cn-˛ sj¿-jm 2161. \m-j-W¬ A-°m-Z-an Hm-^v A-Uv-an-\n-kv-t{S-j≥ F-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ a-kq-dn 2162. ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿ k-a-c-Im-e-Øv Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Zn-hm≥-˛ kn.]n.cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿ 2163. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bv-°v A¿-l-bm-b {]-Y-a-h-\n-X ˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 2164. ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏-\v hn-Zzm≥ _-lp-a-Xn \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ tI-c-f-h¿-a h-en-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ 2165. A-ø-¶m-fn A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1941 2166. hn-Zym-t]m-jn-Wn F-∂ kw-LS- \ - ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- k-tlm-Zc - ≥ Aø-∏≥ 2167. {io-\m-cm-bW - -Kp- c-Nn-® \-ha - R - vP - c - n B¿-°m-Wv k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv-˛ N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ-°v 2168. N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS sN-dp-∏-Øn-se Hm-a-\-t∏-cv-˛ Ip-™≥ (bYm¿-Y t]-cv A-ø-∏≥)

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

2169. 2170. 2171. 2172. 2173. 2174. 2175. 2176. 2177. 2178. 2179. 2180. 2181. 2182. 2183. 2184. 2185. 2186. 2187. 2188. 2189. 2190. 2191. 2192. 2193. 2194. 2195. 2196. 2197. 2198. 2199. 2200. 2201. 2202. 2203. 2204. 2205. 2206. 2207. 2208.

Ãm-ºp-I-fn¬ kp-thm-an F-∂-®-Sn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ ^n≥-e≥-Uv Im≥ ^n-enw s^-Ãn-h¬ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ {^m≥-kv ]p-√p h¿-K-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b k-kyw-˛ ap-f B-Wt- hm¿-Pw sIm-≠v k-©c - n-°p-∂ tem-IØ - n-se B-Zy-sØ ap-ßn-°-∏¬-˛ t\m-´n-e-kv ]p-cm-hk - X -v p-°s - f-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂ im-k{-v X-im-J˛- B¿-°n-tbmf-Pn C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-bpw ]-c-tam-∂-X _-lp-a-Xn t\Sn-b B-{^n-°-°m-c≥-˛ s\¬-k¨ a-t≠-e _p-≤a - X - s - Ø-°p-dn-®p-≈ G-‰h - pw k-a{- K-am-b hn-⁄m-\{- K-Ÿw˛ a-lm-hn-`m-jw(c-Nn-®-Xv h-kp-an-{X≥) G-Xp `m-j-bn¬ c-N-\-\-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°m-Wv C-Iv-_m¬ k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ D-dp-Zp _p-≤n-am-\m-b hn-Uv- -Vn-,- ]n-im-Nn-s≥-d lr-Z-b-ap-≈ ]p-Wy-hmf≥,-ssh--[y-ß-fp-sS k-¶-e-\w- F-∂n-ß-s\ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ U¬-ln-kp¬-Øm≥.-˛-ap-l-Ω-Zv-_n≥- Xp-•-Iv_p-≤-N-cn-Xw, ku-μ-cm-\-μw,kq-{Xm-e-¶m-cw F-∂n-h c-Nn-®-Xm-cv˛ A-iz-tLm-j≥ C-¥y-bn-se G-Xp {]-tZ-i-am-Wv ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Im-knw B-{Ian-®-Xv-˛ kn-‘v C-¥y-bp-sS X-Ø F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ A-ao¿ Jp-{kp cm-Pm tI-i-h-Zm-k-s‚ ]-´-W-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ B-e∏p-g cm-jv-S-]-Xn ÿm-\w H-gn-hp-h-∂m¬ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v B ]-Zhn F-{X Im-ew A-e-¶-cn-°mw-˛ 6 am-kw cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS Xm-gv-h-c F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xo-_v-kv C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b hn-t\m-Zw-˛ tlm-°n cm-P-ap-{μn G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-bpw ]-c-tam-∂-X _-lp-a-Xn t\Sn-b G-I C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn Cw-•o-jv A-£-c-am-e-bn-se Un B-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛ B¿-´n-Iv k-ap-{Zw C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy ]p-I-bn-e hn-ap-‡ \-K-cw-˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv Cu-ÿ Zzo-]v G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw C-¥y-bn-se kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\ kw-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ tI-c-fw D-Øc - h - m-Z{- ]-t£m-`W - I - m-eØ - v a-e_ - m-dn¬-\n-∂v Pm-Y \-bn-s®Øn-b F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ F-hn-sS h-®m-Wv A-d-Ãv sN-ø-s∏-´Xv-˛ B-ep-h C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b h--am-\w B-Zy-am-bn I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛ ZmZm-`m-bv \-hv-tdm-Pn ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ B-{‘-P≥-am¿ F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ i-Xh - m-l\ - ≥-am¿ ]q-Pyw I-≠p-]n-Sn-® cm-Py-°m¿-˛ C-¥ym-°m¿ _p-≤-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ ip-t≤m-[-\≥ D-Ø-c-hn-b-‰v-\m-apw Z-£n-W-hn-b-‰v-\m-apw Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1976 ]p-cm-X-\ kn¬-°p-]m-X I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ Np-cw-˛ \m-Yp-e \n¬-°m≥ H- ÿ-e-hpw i-‡n-bp-≈ H- tIm-epw X-∂m¬ Cu `q-an-sb X-s∂ Rm≥ s]m-°n-am-‰mw F-∂p ]-d™ X - v˛- B¿°n-an-Un-kv {Kn-tKm-dn-b≥ I-e-≠-dn-se A-h-km-\-sØ am-kw-˛ Un-kw-_¿ C-¥y-bv-°pw ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw C-S-bv-°v k¿-ho-kv \-S-Øp-∂ Xoh-≠n-˛ kw-tQm-X F-Iv-kv-{]-kv {Ko-°p ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se B-Im-i-tZ-h-s‚ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ {K-lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-bv-X ]nw-K-en sh¶-ø G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛-B-{‘-{]-tZ-iv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hp-w- h-en-b- \-K-cw-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v{io-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy--sS Kp--˛ tKm-hn-μ-]m-Z¿ \n¿-an-Xn-I-fp-sS cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ jm-P-lm≥ ]p-cm-X-\ tem-I-sØ N-{I-h¿-Øn-\n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tdmw _p-≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂ `m-c-X N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ A-tim-I≥ \m-W-b-ß-fn¬ _p-≤-s‚ cq-]w ap-{Z-Ww sN-bv-X B-Zy cm-Pmhv-˛ I-\n-jv-I≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

9

_n-tYm-h≥ c-Nn-® knw-^-Wn-I-fp-sS F-Æw F-{Xmw ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv tI-c-f k¿-°m¿ P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv ]-ip-hn-s‚ K¿-`-Im-ew F-{X am-k-am-Wv c-≠mw tN-c km-{am-Pyw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Ip-e-ti-J-c km{am-Pyw ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv tX-Pv _-lm-Zq¿ (1621--.˛1675) F-{Xm-a-sØ kn-Jv Kp--hm-Wv C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Xq-°p-]m¿-e-sa‚ v F-{Xma-sØ ]m¿-e-sa‚m-bn--∂p t_-kv _mƒ So-an-se I-fn-°m--sS F-Æw {Xn-tIm-W kv-Xq-]n-I-bp-sS h-°p-I-fp-sS F-Æw A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-\o-Xn \ym-b tIm-S-Xn-bn-se P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS Imem-h-[n F-{X h¿-jw tI-c-f-Øn-se cm-Py-k-`m ko-‰p-I-fp-sS F-Æw kq-cy-\pw {K-l-ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-sS ku-c-bq-Y-Øn¬ F-{X AwK-ßf - p-≠v `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS H-∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS Iq-´n-t®-°-s∏-´ ]-´n-I `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS F-{Xm-as - Ø `m-KØ - n-em-Wv (]m¿-´v) ]-©mb-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b Pn-√-bm-b am-ln-bp-sS hn-kvXo¿-Ww F-{X N-Xp-c-{i In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv

2209. C-t°m-f-Pn F-∂ ]-Zw B-Zy-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛ G-W-Ãv sl°¬ 2210. \n-b-a-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ F-√m-h¿-°pw Xp-ey-X D-d-∏p-h--Øp-∂ `c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-Ov-tO-Zw-˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 14 2211. ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´-bp-sS kmw-kv-Im-cn-I X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ B-d-∑p-f 2212. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn B-Zyw Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Fw.Dta-jv dm-hp 2213. \n-f,- t]-cm¿- F-∂o- t]--I-fn-epw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn- ˛-`m-c-X∏p-g2214. {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se Hu-dw-K-ko-_v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 2215. \n-e-°-S-e Ir-jn-bn¬ ap-∂n-´p \n¬-°p-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 2216. C-¥y-bn¬ ]-Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp-Ip-∂ \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-epXv-˛ \¿-a-Z 2217. tI-c-f `m-jm C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ B-Zy U-b-d-Iv-S¿-˛ F≥.hn. Ir-jvW - h - m-cy¿ 2218. \m-ep sh-≈-®m-´-߃ tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv tPm-Kv sh-≈-®m-´w. A-h G-sX-√mw-˛ cm-P, dm-Wn, tdm-°-‰v, tdm-d¿ 2219. ]-¥¬ X-I¿-∂p-ho-Wp a-cn-® Xp-•I - v kp¬-Øm≥-˛ Kn-bm-kp-±o≥ Xp-•I - v 2220. ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn P-\-kw-Jy G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ DØ¿ {]-tZ-iv 2221. {io-s]-w-]p-Xp-cn¬ P-\n-® ssh-jv-W-h B-Nm-cy≥ ˛ cm-am-\pP≥ 2222. \n-Ip-Xn-io-´v B-hi - y-am-bn h--∂n-Sß - f - n¬ lm-Pc - m-°p-∂X - v GXp X-cw \n-Ip-Xn A-S-®-Xn-s‚ c-ko-Xm-Wv-˛ `q-\n-Ip-Xn 2223. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Ip--ap-f-Ip-¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Pn-√-˛ C-Sp-°n 2224. ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø cm-Pyw F-Xn-cm-fn-tbm-Sv a-Xn-∏v-tXm-∂n Xn-cn-sI \¬-In-b B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-˛-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn 2225. G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- cm-Pyw- -˛-Im-\-U2226. \n-b-a-k-`m kv-]o-°¿ cm-Pn k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xm¿-°v-˛ U-]yq-´n kv-]o-°¿ 2227. {Ko-°v Zp-c-¥-\m-S-I-ß-fp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ C-kv-In-e-kv 2228. a-™-∏n-Øw {]-[m-\-am-bpw G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p∂-Xv˛- I-cƒ

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

77

2229. \n-jv-{In-b hm-X-I-߃ A-Y-hm Ip-eo-\ hm-X-I-߃ F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂ 6 F-Æw-˛ lo-en-bw. \n-tbm¨,B¿-K¨, {In-]vt‰m¨,kn-t\m¨,dm-tUm¨ 2230. a¿-Ωw (\yq-¢n-b-kv) I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v {_u¨ 2231. A-a¿-\m-Yn-se B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ in-h≥ 2232. A-ta-cn-°b - n-se kp-h¿-Wk - w-ÿm-\w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b 2233. {Iq-°v-kv •m-kv F-¥n-s\ {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-˛ Aƒ-{Sm-h-b-e-‰v In-c-Ww 2234. \n-b-a-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ Cu-‰n-√w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]p-cm-X-\ \-K-cw-˛ tdmw 2235. \n- -l-I-c-W {]-ÿm-\w ]n≥-h-en-°m≥ Km-‘n-Pn-sb t{]-cn∏n-® kw-`-hw-˛ Nu-cn-˛-Nu-cm kw-`-hw(1922) 2236. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se \n-h¿-Ø-\ {]-t£m-`-W-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\t\-Xm-°ƒ-˛ F≥.hn.tPm-k-^v, kn.tI-i-h≥, ]n.sI.Ip-™v 2237. \n-ln-en-kw F-∂ hm-°v cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ C-hm≥ S¿-P-t\-hv 2238. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v k-tΩ-fn-°m-Ø-t∏mƒ {]-kn-U‚ v ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ D-Ø-c-hv-˛ Hm¿-Un-\≥-kv 2239. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ \n-dw-˛ ]-® 2240. C-¥y-bn¬ _m-¶p-I-fp-sS tZ-i-km¬-°-c-Ww \-S-∂ h¿-j-߃˛ 1969,1980 2241. \n-t°m-_m¿ Zzo-]p-I-tfm-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C-s¥m-\o-jy 2242. {Ko≥ ]m¿-°v tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-Im¨-]q¿ 2243. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-sb A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-X B-Zy {]-knU‚ v ˛-sI.B¿.\m-cm-b-W≥ 2244. \n-h¿-Ø-\-{]-t£m-`-W-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø k-ap-Zm-b-߃-˛ Cug-h¿, {In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ, ap-…n-߃ 2245. {]m-No-\ tI-c-f-Øn¬ ar-Xm-h-in-jv-S-߃ A-S-°w sN-bv-Xn-∂-Xv-˛ \-∂-ßm-Sn-I-fn¬ 2246. C-¥y-bn¬ {^-©p-`-c-W-Øn-\v A-¥yw Ip-dn-® bp-≤w-˛ hm-≠nhm-jv 2247. {Ko-kn-\pw Xp¿-°n-°p-an-S-bv-°p-≈ a-[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bp-sS `m-Kw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ Cu-Pn-b≥ I-S¬ 2248. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-sb A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-X B-Zy {]-[m-\a-{¥n-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 2249. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ Kp-Pdm-Øv 2250. \m-j-W¬- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- dq-d¬- sU-h-e-]v-sa≥-dv- F-hn-sSbm-Wv- -˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn¬ 2251. \n-d-ß-fp-sS D¬-k-hw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ B-tLm-jw-˛ tlm-fn 2252. {Iq-Uv Hm-bn-en¬-\n-∂v hn-hn-[ s]-t{Sm-fn-bw D¬-]-∂-߃ th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ {^m-£-W¬ Un-Ãn-te-j≥ 2253. \m-j-W¬- dn-tam-´v- sk≥-kn-Mv- G-P≥-kn-bp-sS B-kv-Ym-\w- Fhn-sS-bm-Wv- - -˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn¬2254. {Sq-jy¬- kv-t‰-‰p-Iƒ- F-∂ t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂- `q-hn-`m-KØn-s≥-d- C-t∏m-g-sØ- t]-cv- -˛-bp-ssW-‰-Uv- A-d-_v- F-an-td-‰v-kv2255. \n-b-a-hn--≤-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ I-≠m¬ kz-bw tI-sk-Sp-°m≥ a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰n-\v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂ h-Ip-∏v-˛ kp-thm-tam-t´m 2256. ]-cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-bn-se A-h-km-\-sØ P-¥p hn-`m-Kw-˛ k-kvX-\n-Iƒ 2257. H-c-º-ew \-in-®m¬ A-{X-bpw A-‘-hn-izm-kw \-in-°pw F-∂ hn-hm-Z-{]-kv-Xm-h-\ \-S-Øn-b t\-Xm-hv-˛ kn.tI-i-h≥ 2258. C-\n \-ap-°v A-º-e-߃-°p Xo sIm-fp-Ømw F-∂ e-Lp-teJ-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛ hn.Sn.`-´Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 2259. {_-“-{io {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ Po-h-N-cn-{X-kw-{K-lw c-Nn®-Xv˛- Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ 2260. Ip-am-c\ - m-im-s\ hn-πh - Ø - n-s‚ I-hn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛- Xmbm-´v i-¶-c≥ 2261. \n-b-a-k-`m-[y-£≥, ap-Jy-a-{¥n, K-h¿-W¿ F-∂o ]-Z-hn-I-fn-seØn-b a-e-bm-fn-˛ F.sP.tPm¨ 2262. ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´ Pn-√-bn-se {]-kn-≤-am-b \m-S≥-I-em-cq-]w-˛ ]-S-bWn

78

CONFUSING FACTS  Koala bp-sS C-jv-S-`-£-Ww bq-°m-en-]v-‰-kv C-e-I-fm-Wv. Pn-dm-^n-\p {]n-bw A-t°-jy-bn-e-I-fm-Wv.  a-’y-ß-sf im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn h-f¿-Øp-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv ]nkn-Iƒ-®¿. a-’y-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv C-‡n-tbmf-Pn.  au-em-\m A-_p¬ I-emw B-km-Zn-s‚ P-∑-Zn-\-am-b \hw-_¿ 11 tZ-io-b hn-Zym-`ym-k Zn-\-am-bpw (National Education Day)tUm. km-enw A-en-bp-sS P-∑-Zn-\-am-b \-hw_¿ 12 tZ-io-b ]-£n Zn-\-am-bpw (National Bird Day)BN-cn-°p-∂p. ]n.kn. a-le - t- \m-_n-kn-s‚ P-∑Z- n-\a - m-b Pq¨ 29 Ãm-‰n-‰n-Iv-kv Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂p. 2263. ]-Xn-aq-∂mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ A-kw Io-g-S-°n-b A-tlmw hw-i-P¿ `c-W-Øn-\m-bn \n-tbm-Kn-® ssht{km-bn-am¿-˛ `¿-°≥-am¿ 2264. \m- j - W ¬ F≥- h - t bm¨- s as‚¬ F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \mKv] - q¿ 2265. G-Xv- Kp-]X v- c - m-Pm-hn-s≥-d k-Z  - ns\-bm-Wv- \-hc - X - v\ - ß - ƒ- A-e¶ - cn-®n--∂X - v˛- N - {- μ-Kp-]vX - ≥- c-≠ma≥2266. ]¿-h-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w- G- ‰ - h pw- Iq- S p- X ¬- Im- e w˛ Hm-tdm-f-Pn tI- c - f w- `- c n- ® ap- J y- a - { ¥n- ˛ 2267. _o-lm-dn-s≥-d- Zpx-Jw- F-∂-dn-bC sI \m- b - \ m¿s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn-˛ tIm-kn2268. tI-cf - \n-ba - k - `- b - n-te-°v G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-hi - yw Xn-cs - ™Sp-°-s∏-´ h-\n-X ˛-sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω 2269. H-km-a _n≥ em-Z≥ G-Xp \m-´p-Im-c≥-˛ ku-Zn A-td-_y 2270. hm-´¿ Kym-kv F-¥n-s‚-sbm-s° an-{in-X-am-Wv-˛ ssl-{U-P≥, Im¿-_¨ tam-tWm-Iv-ssk-Uv 2271. _o-P-Iv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ I-_o¿ 2272. _p-[≥ F-{X Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv kq-cy-s\ {]-Z-£n-Ww sNøp-∂-Xv-˛ 88 2273. G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-˛ bm-Mv-kn- In-bm-Mv2274. _p-°¿ k-Ωm-\w c-≠p {]m-h-iyw t\-Sn-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ sP.Fw.Iq-‰v-tk 2275. {Ko-°p tZ-h-s‚ t]--≈ G-I {K-lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv 2276. t£-{X-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ `q-an-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ tZh-kzw 2277. {Um-°p-f t\m-h-en-\p ]-›m-Ø-e-am-b Im¿-∏m-Øn-b≥ a-e-\nc-Iƒ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ sdm-am-\n-b ,s…m-hm-Iy, t]m-f-≠v F-∂o cm-Py-ß-fn¬ 2278. {Xn-]p-c kw-ÿm-\-hp-am-bn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ _w•m-tZ-iv 2279. _o-lm¿ Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv2280. _p-≤≥ B-Zy-am-bn a-X-{]-`m-j-Ww \-S-Øn-b km-c-\m-Yv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 2281. \o-¥¬-°p-f-߃ A-Wp-hn-ap-‡-am-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hmX-Iw-˛ t¢m-dn≥ 2282. A-e-°p-Im-c-Øn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ tkm-Un-bw Im¿-_-tW-‰v 2283. A-e-am-´n Umw G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-W 2284. ^-tØ-]q¿ kn-{In-bp-sS I-hm-Sw-˛ _p-e-μv Z¿-hm-k 2285. ^v-fo-‰v kv-{So-‰v G-Xp \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv ˛ e-≠≥ 2286. Iw-]yq-´-dn-s\ kw-_-\n-[n-®n-S-tØm-fw hn-h-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b L-S-Iw-˛ ss_-‰v 2287. k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-Zm-\w \-S-°p-∂ \-K-cw-˛ Hm-kvtem

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

2288. Im-bn-I-tem-I-sØ Hm-kv-I¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ temd-kv A-hm¿-Uv 2289. Cu-Un-∏-kv cm-Pm-hv F-∂ {Ko-°p \m-S-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tkm-t^m¢o-kv 2290. c-≠v- `q-JW - vU - ß - f - n¬- kvY - n-Xn-sN-øp-∂ \-Kc - w-˛ C-kvX - m≥-_pƒ2291. hm-´¿-•m-kn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ tkm-Un-bw kn-en-t°-‰v 2292. Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Nmƒ-kv _m-t_-Pv 2293. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw A-hn-izmk {]-ta-bw t\-cn-´ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ sI.I--Wm-I-c≥ 2294. I-b¿-^m-Iv-S-dn-Iƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Pn-√-˛-B-e-∏p-g 2295. C-¥y-bn¬ bp-≤-`q-an-bn¬ ]o-c-¶n-∏-S B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv-˛-_m-_¿ 2296. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b a-cw-˛ sd-Uv-hp-Uv 2297. C- ¥ y- b n¬ bq- t dm- ] y≥- a m¿ \n¿- a n- ® B- Z y- s Ø tIm- ´ ˛ sIm®n tIm-´ 2298. I- g p- Ø v {]- X n- t cm- [ - Ø n- \ v D- ] - t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ k- k v - X - \ w- ˛ -Pn-dm-^v 2299. Cw-]o-®v-sa‚n-\v hn-t[-b-\m-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ hm-d≥ tlÃn-Mv-kv 2300. I-c-bn-se k-kv-X-\-ß-fn¬ \o-f-Øn¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\-ap-≈-Xv-˛Pn-dm-^v 2301. G-‰-hpw \o-f-ap-≈ ]m-ºv-˛ sd-´n-°p-te-‰-Uv ss]-ب 2302. Im-gv-N sIm-≠-√m-sX h-gn-b-dn-bp-∂ k-kv-X-\n-˛ h-Δm¬ 2303. Im-in-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b-t]-cv-˛ hm-cm-W-kn 2304. `q-an-bp-sS km-¶¬-]n-I A-£w- ew-_-Øn¬-\n-∂v- F-{X Un-{KnN-cn-™m-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ 23.-5 Un-{Kn2305. Cw-]o-cn-b¬ _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ tÃ-‰v _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y 2306. ayq-t´-j≥ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ lyq-tKm Uo-{hnkv 2307. A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS kzm-X-{¥y {]-Jym-]-\w X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛ tXm-a-kv sP-t^-gv-k¨ 2308. G-Xp \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv ssSw kv-Iz-b¿-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 2309. {In-°-‰n-s‚ ss_-_nƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ am-kn-I-˛ hn-kv-U≥ 2310. `q-an-bp-sS Im-¥n-I-i-‡n-bv-°-\p-k-cn-®v k-©-cn-°m≥ I-gn-hp≈ Po-hn-˛ H-®v 2311. A-h-\-h-\m-fl-kp-J-Øn-\m-N-cn-∏-h-b-]-c-∂p kp-J-Øn-\m-bn htc-Ww- C-{]-Im-cw D-Zv-t_m-[n-∏n-®-Xv-˛ {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 2312. `m-hn-bp-sS tem-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ssS-‰m-\n-bw 2313. bm-N-I--sS cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ a-Z≥ tam-l≥ am-fhy 2314. D-dq-kv- G-Xp a-X-°m--sS H- B-tIm-j-am-Wv-˛ C-…mw 2315. C-¥y-bp-sS Nm-b-tØm-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-kw 2316. b-Mv C-‰-en {]-ÿm-\-sØ \-bn-®-h¿-˛ Km-cn-_mƒ-Un-bpw a- o-\n-bpw 2317. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-t√-Pp-Iƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZiv 2318. F-Uzn≥ B¿-t\mƒ-Un-s‚ Zn sse-‰v Hm-^v G-jy F-∂ Ir-Xnbn-se {]-Xn-]m-Zyw B--sS Po-hn-X-am-Wv-˛ {io-_p-≤≥ 2319. e-Lp-`m-kv-I-co-b-Øn-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv-˛ i-¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥ 2320. F-√m {Km-a-ß-fn-epw ssh-Zyp-Xn e-`y-am-°n-b B-Zy kw-k-Ym\w-˛ l-cn-bm-\ 2321. In-g-°n-s‚ Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛ ]qs\ 2322. cm-Pyw \n-߃-°p-th-≠n F-¥p-sN-øpw F-∂-√, cm-Py-Øn-\pth-≠n \n-߃-°v F-¥p-sN-øm-\m-hpw F-∂m-Wv Nn-¥n-t°-≠Xv- C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-™ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v ˛ tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 2323. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b c-≠m-a-sØ sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ tKm-Uv-hn≥ Hm-Ãn≥ 2324. C-¥y-bn¬ b-Ym¿-Y \n¿-h-lW -- m-[n-Im-cw hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv ˛ tI-{μ a-{¥n-k-` 2325. I-b¿-s^Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w ˛-B-e-∏p-g 2326. tI-cf - \n-ba - k - `- b - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew Bw-t•m-˛C - ¥ - y≥ {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ Ão-^≥ ]m-Zp-h

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

10

 C- ¥ y≥ {]- k n- U ‚m- b F- { Xm- a - s Ø hy- ‡ n- b m- W v sI.B¿.\m-cm-b-W≥  ssZ-hw tam-i-bv-°v F-{X I-ev-]-\-I-fm-Wv sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv  hn-h-cm-h-Im-i \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw hn-h-cw e-`n-°m≥ F-{X cq-]bm-Wv ^o-skm-Sp-t°-≠-Xv  Pm-Xn-hy-hÿ b - p-sS D-Zv` - h - s - Ø-°p-dn-®v ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂ ]p-j-kq-‡w E-tKz-Z-Øn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ a-Wv-U-e-Øn-emWv  F-{Xm-a-sØ hm¿-jn-I-am-Wv Sn≥ B-\n-th-gv-k-dn  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{X-am-sØ ]-´n-I-bn-em-Wv Iqdp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ \n-b-aw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn-se Xm-Xv-Im-en-I Aw-K-ßfp-sS F-Æw  E-tKz-Z-Øn-\v F-{X a-Wv-U-e-߃ D-≠v  F-{X Izn‚-em-Wv H- S¨  F-{X h¿-j-sØ C-S-th-f-bn-em-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ sk≥-kkv F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv  H- {In-°-‰v am-®n¬ F-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-c-am-h-[n hn°-‰p-I-fp-sS F-Æw  F-{Xm-a-sØ kn-Jv-Kp--hm-bn--∂p A-h-km-\-sØ kn-JvKp--hm-bn--∂ tKm-_n-μv kn-Mv 2327. cm-ta-iz-cw Zzo-]n-s\ C-¥y≥ D-]-Zzo-]p-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]m-º≥ Nm-\¬ 2328. am-hn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ C-¥y 2329. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ C-μn-cm Km-‘n 2330. _p-≤-˛-ssP-\-a-X-߃ C-¥y-bn¬ D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ _n.kn.Bdmw i-X-I-Øn¬ 2331. I-c-_-≤-cm-Py-ß-fn-√m-Ø G-I h≥-I-c-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 2332. £m-c-]-Zm¿-Y-߃ en-‰v-a-kn-s‚ \n-dw Np-h-∏n¬-\n-∂pw ˛-˛-˛-˛ B°p-∂p-˛ \o-e 2333. hn-im-JZ- Ø - s - ‚ ap-{Zm-cm-£k - Ø - n-se {]-[m-\ I-Ym-]m-{Xw-˛ NmW-Iy≥ 2334. £o-c-]-Y-tI-{μ-sØ H- {]m-h-iyw h-ew-h-bv-°m≥ kq-cy-s\Sp-°p-∂ k-a-bw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ tIm-kv-an-Iv C-b¿ 2335. {Xn-]p-c-kp-μ-cn-t£-{Xw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ {Xn-]p-c 2336. \m-j-W¬ t]m-eo-kv A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_mZv 2337. G-Xv kw-bp-‡-am-Wv ssl-t∏m F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tkm-Unbw X-tbm-k¬-t^-‰v 2338. G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se k-º-Zv hy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv a-Wn-tbm¿-U¿ k-º-Zv hy-h-ÿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv 2339. C-¥y-bn¬ ap-…nw `-c-W-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d ]m-In-b-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv tKm-dn 2340. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn B-Zyw k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄ sN-bv-X hy‡n-˛ tdm-k-Ωm ]p-∂q-kv 2341. ]m-]n-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _m-t¶m-°v 2342. ]-√-h≥-am--sS X-e-kv-Ym-\-am-bn--∂-Xpw- ]-´p-hy-h-km-b-Øn-\pt]-- tI-´-Xp-am-b \-K-cw-˛-Im-©o-]p-cw2343. B-Zy sS-en-hn-j≥ kw-t{]-£-Ww sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ _n._n.kn. 2344. tI- c - f ]- ª n- I v k¿- h o- k v I- Ω n- j - s ‚ B- ÿ m- \ w- ˛ - ˛ -Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 2345. C-¥y≥-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Ip-d-™-Xv-˛ A-Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 2346. G-Xv ÿm-]-\-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv Km-‘n-Pn \n-b-a-_n--Zw t\-Snb-Xv-˛ e-≠-\n-se C-∂¿ sS-ºnƒ 2347. ]n-Ø-c-k-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]n-s‹‚p-Iƒ-˛ _n-en-dq_n≥, _n-en-sh¿-Un≥ 2348. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy tI-{μ-a-{¥n-˛ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

79

2349. \n-b-aw ]m-h-s∏-´-h-s\ I-i-°p-∂p, ]-W-°m-c≥ \n-b-a-sØ-bpw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ H-fn-h¿-tKmƒ-Uv-kv-an-Øv 2350. G-Xv ssZ-h-sØ-bm-Wv \m-b-\m¿-am¿ B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ in-h≥ 2351. \m-j-W¬ ln-Ã-dn ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ U¬-ln 2352. `m-c-Øn¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\-ap-≈ ]-£n-˛ Im-tkm-h-cn 2353. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw Hm-W-d-dn Hm-kv-Im-dpw t\-Sn-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ kXy-Pn-Xv td 2354. G-‰-hpw- h-en-b hm-bv- D-≈ k-kv-X-\w- ˛ ln-t∏m-s]m-´m-a-kv2355. sX-°v tIm-h-fw ap-X¬ h-S-°v Im-k¿-tIm-Sv h-sc A-d-_n-°-Sen-\v k-am-¥-c-am-bn \o-fp-∂ {]-[m-\ P-e-]m-X-˛ sh-Ãv tIm-kv‰v I-\m¬ 2356. ]-Xm-I-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ sh-Iv-kn-t√m-f-Pn 2357. {Sm-h≥-Iq¿- kn-a≥-dv-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \m-´-Iw2358. ]m-_v-tfm s\-cq-Z P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Nn-en 2359. ]-º-bp-sS D-Zv-`-hw-˛ ]p-e®n-a-e 2360. _¿-tZm-fn k-Xym-{K-lw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ 2361. ]-√-h hw-i-Øn-se cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X≥-˛ \-ck - nw-lh - ¿-a≥ H-∂m-a≥ 2362. ]¿-h-X-ß-fp-sS I-S¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {_n-´o-jv sIm-fw_n-b 2363. \yq-kv t]-∏¿ t_m-bv F-∂ a-e-bm-f kn-\n-a kw-hn-[m-\w sNbv-X-Xv-˛ ]n.cmw-Zm-kv 2364. \yq-t{Sm¨ C-√m-Ø aq-e-Iw-˛ ssl-{U-P≥ 2365. ]-√-h-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ knw-l-hn-jv-Wp 2366. \o-e-Kn-cn-bp-sS dm-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ D-Z-I-a-Wv-U-ew 2367. \yq-t{Sm¨ t_mw-_v I-≠p-]n-Sn-® A-ta-cn-°≥ im-kv-{X-⁄≥˛ km-ap-h¬ tIm-l≥ (1958) 2368. {Ko-°p-Im¿ km≥-t{Um-tIm-´q-kv F-∂ t]-cv N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-au-cys\ kq-Nn-∏n-°m-\m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv F-∂v B-Zy-am-bn sX-fnbn-®-Xv-˛ hn-eyw tPm¨-kv 2369. hn-ip-≤ ]¿-h-Xw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ^yq-Pn-bm-a 2370. Km-\-K-‘¿-h≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Km-b-I≥-˛ tb-ip-Zm-kv 2371. {Xn-]p-c-bn¬ {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bn-se-t]m-e-sØ `-c-W-kw-hn-[m\w G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ a-lm-cm-P am-Wn-Iy _-lm-Zq¿ 2372. tI-c-f-Øn-se C-©n K-th-j-W tI-{μ-Øn-s‚-B-ÿm-\w-˛ Aº-e-h-b¬ 2373. tI-c-f ]-cm-a¿-i-ap-≈ B-Zy-sØ in-em-tc-J-˛ A-tim-I-s‚ 2374. I-c-`m-Kw ap-gp-h≥ k-\-K¬ F-∂ cm-Py-Øm¬ Np-‰-s∏-´ cm-Pyw˛ Kmw-_n-b 2375. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew kv-]o-°¿-˛ h°w ]p--tjm-Ø-a≥ 2376. {Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ B-sc-√mw-˛ {_-“m-hv, hn-jv-Wp, in-h≥ 2377. G-Xp ssh-t{km-bn-°m-Wv 1900 se Cu-g-h sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ ka¿-∏n-®-Xv-˛ I-gv-k¨-{]-`p 2378. tI-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-Im-ehnZym-eb - ß - ƒ A-dn-bs - ∏-´n--∂X - v˛- IpSn-∏-≈n-°q-S-߃ 2379. _p-≈-‰v {]q-^v h-kv-{X-߃ \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-˛ sI-hv-em¿ 2380. G-Xp ÿ-e-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cm-Wv sh-¶-S-tIm-´-˛ tIm-´-bv-°¬ 2381. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-Py-k-`b -- nte-°v- km-ln-Xyw,- im-kv-{Xw,- I-e,- km-aq-ln-I {]-h¿-Ø-\w- F∂o- cw-K-ß-fn¬- {]-K¬-`-cm-b 12t]-sc cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- \m-a-\n¿-tZiw- sN-øp-∂-Xv ˛80˛mw- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw2382. Z-£n-W-{[p-hw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ A-ap-≠v-sk≥ 2383. bp-td-\n-b-Øn-s‚ in-Yn-eo-I-c-Ww-aq-ew A-h-km-\w e-`n-°p-∂Xv-˛ I-dp-Øo-bw 2384. G-Xp-hw-i-P-cm-bn--∂p A-Sn-a kp¬-Øm≥-am¿-˛ Xp¿-°n 2385. C-¥y-bn¬ `q-]-S-߃ X-øm-dm-°p-∂ G-P≥-kn-˛ k¿-th Hm-^v C- ¥ y 2386. G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv Nw-_¬-˛-b-ap-\ 2387. F-√m B-kn-Up-I-fn-epw A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ aq-e-Iw-˛ ssl-{UP≥ 2388. G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv Xo-kv-X-˛-{_-“-]q-{X 2389. G-Xp h¿-K-°m--sS B-{I-a-W-am-Wv Kp-]v-X-`-c-W-sØ £-bn∏n-®-Xv-˛ lq-W≥-am¿ 2390. Hm-∏¨ lm≥-Uv tam-Wp-sa‚ v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv

80

CONFUSING FACTS  Fw.hn-tiz-iz-c-ø-bp-sS P-∑-Zn-\-am-b sk-]v-Xw-_¿ 15 BWv C-¥y-bn¬ F-©n-\o-tb-gv-kv Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂Xv. tUm._n-[m≥ N-{μ tdm-bn-bp-sS P-∑-Zn-\-am-b Pq-em-bv H-∂v B-Wv tUm-Iv-tS-gv-kv Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv.  D-c-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv sl¿-∏-t‰m-f-Pn. ]m-ºpI-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w Hm-^n-tbm-f-Pn.  N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-sh-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv {Ko-°v ]-Wv-UnX-\m-b sl-tdm-tUm-´-kv (_n.kn.484˛425) B-Wv . Atem-∏-Xn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-sh-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv {Ko-°v `n-j-Kz-c\m-b ln-t∏m-{Im-‰-kv B-Wv. B-[p-\n-I N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv en-tbm-t]mƒ-Uv thm¨ dms¶ B-Wv. 2391. Z-£n-W {[p-hw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 2392. t{_m-Uv _m≥-Uv C‚¿-s\-‰v A-Iv-k-kv \n-b-a-]-c-am-b A-h-Imi-am-°n-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ ^n≥-e≥-Uv 2393. Z-£n-W ssN-\m-°-S¬ G-Xv Zzo-]n-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv kap-{Zw 2394. B-Zy- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-≠v-˛ tPm¿-Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S¨2395. C-¥y-bn-se [m-Xp ]-cy-th-j-W-Øn-\v Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]-\w-˛ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y 2396. C-¥y-bn-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-sb-∂p hn-ti-jn∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-kn 2397. C-¥y-bn¬ \-Zn-bn-ep-≈ G-‰-hpw \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b ]m-e-am-b a-lmflm-Km-‘n tk-Xp (5575 ao.)F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-]m-‰v-\ 2398. G-Xp cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv B ÿm-\-sØ-Øpw-ap-ºv tI-c-f K-h¿W-dm-bn tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-´p-≈-Xv-˛ hn.hn.Kn-cn 2399. A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT--sS _m-ey-Im-e-\m-aw-˛ ap-Øp-°p-´n 2400. h-°w au-e-hn A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1932 2401. {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ Im-cm-´v tKm-hn-μ≥Ip-´n-ta-t\m≥ 2402. 1928˛¬ bp-‡n-hm-Zn am-kn-I-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-b-Xv-˛ k-tlm-Zc≥ A-ø-∏≥ 2403. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ F-hn-sS h-®m-Wv ho-W-]q-hv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ssP-\nta-Sv 2404. C-¥y-bn¬ ]m-gv-kn-Iƒ B-Zy-am-bn Xm-h-f-a-Sn-® ÿ-ew-˛ k÷mw 2405. I-S-en-se Zq-cw A-f-°m-\p-≈ G-I-Iw-˛ t\m-´n-°¬ ssa¬ 2406. C-¥y-bn¬ \n-e-°-S-e K-th-j-W-tI-{μw F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂p-˛ Pp-\-K-Vv 2407. F-√m cm-K-ß-fpw hm-bn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-Ko-tXm-]I-c-Ww-˛ km-cw-Kn 2408. I-c-bm-sX I-Æo-scm-gp-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ ko¬ 2409. tI-°p-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Uv 2410. B-Zy H-fn-ºn-Iv sK-bnw-kv \-S-∂-Xv-˛ _n.kn.776 2411. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-se ]m-km-b G-I A-hn-izmk {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ ]n.sI.Ip-™v 2412. B-Zy tem-I-I-∏v ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-se B-Zy tKmƒ t\-Sn-b {^-©pXm-cw-˛ eq-kn-b≥ tem-d-Mv 2413. Hm-∏-td-j≥ ªq Ãm¿ k-a-b-Øv I-c-tk-\m-Ø-e-h-\m-bn--∂-Xv˛ P-\-d¬ F.F-kv ssh-Zy 2414. tI-c-f {]-kv A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ Im-°-\m-Sv 2415. G-Xp t\-Xm-hn-s‚ D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv sI.tI-f-∏≥ Kp--hmbq-cn-se k-Xym-{K-lw A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv- ˛ Km-\v-[n-Pn 2416. in-h-Pn-sb kzm-[o-\n-°p-I-bpw B-bp-[m-`ym-kw ]-cn-io-en-∏n-°pI-bpw sN-bv-X {_m-“-W≥-˛ Zm-Zm-Pn sIm-≠-tZ-hv 2417. G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- Cu-^¬- S-h¿-˛ sk-bv≥2418. G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv tem-ln-Xv ˛ {_-lv-a-]p-{X 2419. G-Xp t]-cn-em-Wv kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv th-j-{]-—-∂-\m-bn C¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p I-S-∂-Xv-˛ au-e-hn kn-bm-hp-±o≥

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

2420. em a-dm-_v-se F-∂ {^-©p-t\m-h¬ a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v hn-h¿Ø-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ \m-e-∏m-´v \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ 2421. c-≠p th-en-tb-‰-߃-°n-S-bn-ep-≈ C-S-th-f-˛ 12 a-Wn-°q¿ 25 an-\n-´v 2422. G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv- tIm-´-bw-˛ ao-\-®n¬ 2423. c-≠p-{]m-h-iy-Øn¬-Iq-Sp-X¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ {]-kn-U‚m-bn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ G-I hy-‡n-˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 2424. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b kv-t‰m-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v-˛ apw-ss_ 2425. G-Xp tcm-K-am-Wv ep-°o-an-b- F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ c-‡m¿_p-Zw 2426. in-h-tk-\ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ cm-jv-{So-b I-£n-bm-Wv ˛-a-lmcm-jv{- S 2427. Z-£n-W Kw-tKm-{Xn, ssa-{Xn, `m-c-Xn F-∂o K-th-j-W tI-{μ߃ C-¥y F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 2428. C-¥y-bn¬ {]-`m-X kq-cy-s‚ In-c-W-߃ B-Zyw ]-Xn-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 2429. G-Xp ssi-en-bn-em-Wv A-P-¥m Kp-l-I-fn-se Nn-{X-߃ h-c-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ s{^-kv-tIm 2430. C-¥y-bn¬ {]-kn-U‚p-`-c-Ww \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy kw-ÿm\w-˛ ]-©m-_v 2431. bp-td-\n-bw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ am¿-´n≥ ¢m t{]m-Øv 2432. {Xn-c-Xv-\-߃ G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ssP-\-aXw 2433. hr-μm-h≥ Km¿-U≥ G-Xv A-W-s°-´n-\p k-ao-]-am-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-Wcm-P-km-K¿ 2434. G-Xp t£-{X-Øn-en--∂m-Wv ta¬-∏-Øq¿ \m-cm-b-Wo-bw c-Nn®-Xv-˛ Kp--hm-bq¿ 2435. hr-≤-Kw-K- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn-˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn2436. I-gp-Øn-s‚ \o-fw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Po-hn-˛ Pn-dm-^v 2437. {Xn-tIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈ k-ap-{Zw-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 2438. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tIm¨-{K-kn-X-c D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ N-c¨-kn-Mv 2439. kq-cy-t\m-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ \-£-{Xw t{]mIv-kn-a sk-t‚m-dn 2440. hm-kv-tIm- U Km-a ssh-t{km-bn- B-bn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- F-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.1524 2441. C-¥y≥ \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ cm-Pmdmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 2442. km¬-h-tZm¿ Zm-en-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-e-˛ Nn-{X-I-e 2443. {io-cmw km-K¿ ]-≤-Xn G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 2444. A-¥-co-£-an-√m-sb-¶n¬ B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ \n-d-sa-¥m-bn-cn-°pw˛- I-dp-∏v 2445. a-c-Wm-\-¥-c _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w {]-Jym-]n-®-ti-jw ]n≥-h-en-®-Xv B--sS Im-cy-Øn-em-Wv-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv 2446. {io-aq-ew {]-Pm-k-` ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1904 2447. k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂pw Xm-sg-bm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ X-e-ÿm\ \-K-cw G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv-˛ s\-X¿-e≥-Uv-kv 2448. ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ k-kv-X-\-ß-sf km-[m-c-W-am-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ h≥I-c-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 2449. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n-h-[w A-t\z-jn-® I-Ωn-j≥-˛ Xm-°¿ I-Ωo-j≥ 2450. dq¿-t°-e Ão¬ ]v-fm‚n-s‚ \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ k-l-I-cn-® cm-Pyw˛ P¿-a-\n 2451. 1292¬- tI-c-fw- k-μ¿-in-® C-‰m-en-b≥- k-©m-cn-˛ am¿-°mt]mtfm 2452. {io-aq-ew- Xn--\mƒ- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hm-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-jØn¬-˛ F.Un.1885 2453. {Ko-°v ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv-˛ ko-bp-kv 2454. A-ta-cn-°≥ N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b an-en-´-dn t]m-cm-´w-˛ hn-b-‰v-\mw bp-≤w 2455. cm-jv-So-b kzm-X-{¥y-am-Wv H- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ Po-h-izm-kw F∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ A-c-hn-μ-tLm-jv 2456. C-¥y≥ \n¿-an-X-am-b B-Zy-hn-am-\w(1951)˛ ln-μp-ÿm≥ s{Sbn-\¿ 2457. kq-cy-s‚ Xm-]-\n-e A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ss]-tdm-lo-en-tbmao-‰¿

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

10

 Um-\yq-_v \-Zn F-{X bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-Py-ß-fn-eq-sS H-gp-Ip∂p  F-{X an-√o-ao-‰-dm-Wv H- sk‚o-ao-‰¿  tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _-Uv-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n´p-≈ [-\-a-{¥n sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn-bm-Wv .F-{X _-Uv-P‰p-I-fm-Wv A-t±-lw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv  A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ sk≥-k-kv \-S-°p-∂-Xv F-{X h¿-jw IqSp-tºm-fm-Wv  `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS F-{Xm-as - Ø `m-KØ - n-em-Wv (]m¿-´v) ss{S_¬ G-cn-b-I-sf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  F-{X Un-{Kn Nm-\-em-Wv Zzo-]-k-aq-l-ß-fm-b B-¥-am-t\bpw \n-t°m-_m-dn-s\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv  F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv tI-c-f hnI-k-\ ]-≤-Xn \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv  t_m-Iv-knw-Kn¬ C-Sn-tb-‰p ho-gp-∂-bmƒ F-{X sk-°‚pIƒ-°-Iw F-gp-t∂-‰v a¬-k-c-Øn-\v X-øm-dm-bn-s√-¶n-em-Wv t\m-°u-´m-Ip-∂X - v  R-≠n-\v F-{X Im-ep-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv 2458. cm-P-ÿm-\n-se {]-kn-≤-am-b H- X-Sm-Iw-˛ ]p-jv-I¿ X-Sm-Iw 2459. {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v Zn-hm-\n A-\p-h-Zn-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ jm B-ew 2460. cm-P-ÿm-\n-se G-I ln¬-tÃ-j≥-˛ au-≠v A-_p 2461. C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b ti-jw {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b BZy hy-‡n-˛ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n 2462. s\-√n-°-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Po-h-Iw-˛ Po-h-Iw kn 2463. km¿-kv tcm-Kw _m-[n-°p-∂ A-h-b-hw-˛ izm-k-tIm-iw 2464. C-¥y≥ \yq-´¨ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-cy-`-´≥ 2465. H-∂mw `u-a D-®-tIm-Sn-bp-sS th-Zn-˛ dn-tbm Un P-\o-tdm ({_ko¬) 2466. {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw- Cw-•o-jv- Cu-kv-‰v- C-¥ym-I-º\n-°v- e-`n-® a-e-_m¿- {]-tZ-i-sØ `-c-Ww- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- IΩo-j-W¿-am-¿- F-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1792 2467. cm-k kq-cy≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tem-lw-˛ a-·o-jyw 2468. dq-t m G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv P-\n-®-Xv-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv 2469. bm-Z-h hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ tZ-h-Kn-cn 2470. am≥-l-´≥ ]-≤-Xn-bv-°v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ Hm-∏≥-ssl-a¿ 2471. 99se sh-≈-s∏m-°w F-∂ {]-kn-≤-am-b sh-≈-s∏m-°w D-≠mb-sX-t∏mƒ-˛ 1924 2472. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Ggmw t`Z-KXn {]Imcw B-Zy-am-bn kw-ÿm\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\ \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1956 2473. a-\p-jy≥ a-X-ß-sf kr-jv-Sn-®p F-∂ Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ h-b-em¿ cm-ah - ¿-a 2474. H-∂mw h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-°p-tºmƒ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ C¿hn≥ {]-`p 2475. H- A¿-[-hr-Øw F-{X Un-{Kn-bm-Wv-˛ 180 2476. {io-e-¶-bp-sS ]-Xm-I-bn¬ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈ ar-Kw-˛ knw-lw 2477. 1342˛45Im-e-Øv tI-c-fw k-μ¿-in-® C-_v≥ _-Øp-Ø G-Xp-cmPy-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ sam-tdm-t°m 2478. kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy H-fn-ºn-Iv sh-≈n sa-U¬ tP-Xm-hv˛ cm-Py-h¿-[≥ kn-Mv dm-tØm-Uv 2479. s]m-Xp-[-\-Øn-s‚ Im-h¬-\m-b F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sc˛ Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿ B‚ v Hm-Un-‰¿ P-\-d¬ 2480. s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv h-Ip-∏v \-S-∏m-°n-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ U¬lu-kn 2481. hm-´¿-eq bp-≤-°-fw G-Xp cm-Py-Øv-˛ s_¬-Pn-bw 2482. Km-‘n-P n-bpw tKm-Uv-sk-bpw F-∂ I-hn-X F-gp-Xn-b -Xv -˛ F≥.hn.Ir-jvW - h - m-cy¿ 2483. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ F-h-d-Ãv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

81

2484. i-I≥-am--sS `-cW - Ø - n-em-bn--∂ amƒ-hb - pw ku-cm-j{-v S-hpw (KpP-dm-Øv) Io-g-S-°n-b Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 2485. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy sd-bn¬-th sse≥ t_mw-s_ ap-X¬ Xms\ h-sc ÿm-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1853 2486. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw- h-en-b \-Zn-˛ B-a-tkm-¨2487. lo-{_p Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-bp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ C-{k-tb¬ 2488. P-\k - w-Jym hn-ktv- ^m-S\ - k - n-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚ D-]⁄ m-Xm-h˛v- am¬Øq-kv 2489. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` C-S-s]-´ B-Zy-sØ bp-≤w-˛ sIm-dn-b≥ bp≤w 2490. sh-√-kv-en- {]-`p-hn-s≥-d ssk-\n-I-k-lm-b hy-h-kv-Y-bn¬- H∏p-sh-® B-Zy-sØ \m-´p-cm-Pyw- -˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv2491. tcm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ ]m-tXm-f-Pn 2492. sh-≈m-\-I-fp-sS \m-Sv-˛ Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 2493. ssa ssSw-kv- B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ sP._n.Ir-]-em-\n 2494. ssX-°m-Sv A-øm-kzm-an t£-{X-Øn-se B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ inh≥ 2495. km-[p-P\ - ] - c - n-]m-e\ - k - w-Lw ÿm-]n-°m≥ A-ø¶ - m-fn-°v {]-tNmZ-\-am-b kw-L-S-\-˛ F-kv-F≥-Un-]n-tbm-Kw 2496. a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ s]--∂ 2497. sS-‰-\-kn-\p Im-c-W-am-b tcm-Km-Wp-˛ t¢m-kv-{So-Un-bw 2498. tl-_n-b-kv tIm¿-∏-kv F-∂m¬ A¿-Yw-˛ i-co-cw lm-P-cm-°pI 2499. s]m-Xp-am-∏v sIm-Sp-°m≥ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v A-[n-Im-cw \-ev-Ip-∂Xv-˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 72 2500. ssa-{Xm-I-hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ h-√-`n 2501. sS-Ãv {In-°-‰n¬ {Sn-∏nƒ sk-©z-dn A-Sn-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ Xmcw-˛ ho-tc-μ¿ sk-hm-Kv 2502. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ l-Ωp-dm-_n 2503. tKm-bn-‰-dn-s‚ a-s‰m--t]-cv-˛ t{K-hv-kv tcm-Kw 2504. tkm-dn-bm-kn-kv _m-[n-°p-∂ i-co-c-`m-Kw-˛ Xz-°v 2505. C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚n-s\ X¬-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂pw \o-°p-∂ `-c-WL-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw-˛ 61 2506. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-kv-‰n-Mv thm-´v {]-tbm-Kn-® kv-]o-°¿-˛ F.kn.tPm-kv 2507. kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ ^o¬-Uv am¿-j¬-˛ F-kv.F®v.F-^v.sP.a-t\-£m 2508. K-Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ G-I-th-Zw-˛ b-Pp¿-th-Zw 2509. ssI-Im-ep-I-fn-se B-sI A-ÿn-Iƒ- ˛-- 126 2510. hm-´¿-•m-kn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ tkm-Un-bw kn-en-t°-‰v 2511. s]m-´m-kyw s]¿-amw-K-t\-‰v Nq-Sm-°p-tºmƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂ hm-XIw-˛ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ 2512. ssa-°-em-©-tem A-¥y-hn-[n F-∂ Nn-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv h-c®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kn-ssÃ≥ Nm-∏-en-s‚ Aƒ-Øm-c-bn¬ 2513. s]m-´-t‰m Cu-t‰-gv-kv F-∂ Nn-{Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hm≥-tKm-Kv 2514. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ dm-_n hn-f-˛ tKm-X-ºv 2515. i-co-c-h-ep-∏-hp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-bap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 2516. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Zw cm-Pn-h-®-Xv-˛ sam-dm¿Pn tZ-im-bv 2517. i-co-c-hp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw h-en-b a-kv-Xnjv-I-ap-≈ P-e-Po-hn-˛ tUmƒ-^n≥ 2518. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-Zo-P-\y I-≠¬-°m-Sv-˛ kp-μ¿_≥-kv 2519. i-I h¿-j-Øn-se A-h-km-\-sØ am-kw-˛ ^m¬-Kp-\w 2520. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ Jm-cn-^v hn-f-˛ s\-√v 2521. s]m-∑p-Sn a-e-tbm-c hn-t\m-Z k-©m-c tI-{μw G-Xp Pn-√-bn-emWv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 2522. tem-I-sØ B-Zy ]p-I-bn-e ap-‡ cm-Pyw-˛ `q-´m≥ 2523. Nn¬-{U≥-kv _p-°v {S-Ãv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Im¿-´q-Wn-Ãv i-¶¿ 2524. lp-a-bq¨ ÿm-]n-® \-K-cw-˛ Zn≥-]-\ 2525. cm-jv{- S-]X - n-kvY - m-\t- Ø-°v- ho-≠pw- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´ G-I hyIv-Xn-˛ tUm.- cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv2526. in-h-Pn A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1680 2527. lp-a-bq-Wn-s\ tXm¬-]n-® A-^v-Lm≥ ho-c≥-˛ sj¿-jm

82

CONFUSING FACTS CONFUSING FACTS  P-bv P-hm≥, P-bv In-km≥ F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn-s‚ D-]⁄m-Xm-hv em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-{Xn-bm-Wv. A-S¬ _nlm-cn hm-Pv-t]-bn-bm-Wv P-bv P-hm≥, P-bv In-km≥, P-bv hn-⁄m≥ F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv.  _p-≤-a-X-Øn-se a-lm-bm-\ hn-`m-K-am-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ A-`nhr-≤n {]m-]n-®-Xv. A-b¬ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ lo-\-bm-\-hpw.  \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v dq-d¬ U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v ssl-Zcm-_m-Zn-em-Wv. tI-c-f-Øn-se tÃ-‰v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v dqd¬ U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v sIm-´m-c-°-c-bn-em-Wv.  \yq-a-tdm-f-Pn kw-Jy-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv. \yq-tdm-fPn \m-Uo-hyq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv. 2528. Nn-cn-°p-∂ a-’yw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tUmƒ-^n≥ 2529. km≥-{^m≥-kn-kv-tIm-bn¬ K-±¿ ]m¿-´n-°p cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ em-em l¿-Z-bm¬ 2530. Nn-cn-∏n-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw (em-^n-Mv Kym-kv) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ss\-{S-kv Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv 2531. cm-jv-{So-bm-[n-Im-cw tXm-°n≥-Ip-g-en-eq-sS F-∂p ]-d-™ t\Xm-hv-˛ am-thm tk-Xp-Mv 2532. In-g-°≥ ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ _w-•m-tZ-iv F-∂ kz-X-{¥-cm-Py-am-bnØo¿-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1971 2533. km-^v sK-bnw-kn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b t]-cv-˛ ku-Øv G-jy≥ sK-bnwkv 2534. In-g-°n-s‚ ]-dp-Zo-k F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tKm-h 2535. In-g-°n-s‚ ap-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ {io-e-¶ 2536. km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ A-Xn¿-Øn a-t[y-jy h-sc hym-]n-∏n-® C-¥y≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ I-\n-jv-I≥ 2537. in-h-Ip-am¿ i¿-a-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-Ww-˛ k¥q¿ 2538. C-¥y-bv-°p sh-fn-bn¬ I-_-d-S-°-s∏-´ ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-am¿˛ _m-_-dpw P-lmw-Ko-dpw 2539. im-k{v- X-⁄≥-am--sS h≥-Ic - F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- A - ‚m¿-´n-° 2540. In-g-°n-s‚ sh-\o-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-B-e-∏p-g 2541. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ X-]m¬ Ãm-ºv (kn-‘v [m-°v) ]p-dØn-d-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛ I-dm-®n 2542. C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv ]-h¿ A-f-°p-∂-Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ hm´v 2543. c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\pw k-am-[m-\-Øn-\pw s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\Sn-b hy-‡n-˛ en-\-kv t]m-fn-Mv 2544. Im-fn-Zm-k k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cmWv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 2545. km¿-h-{Xn-I em-b-Iw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ P-ew 2546. In-g-°≥ ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v _w-Kv-fm-tZ-si-∂-t]-cn¬ kz-X-{¥-cm-Pyam-bn-Øo-cm-\m-h-iy-am-b k-lm-b-߃ \¬-In-b C-¥y≥ {][m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 2547. km¿-°n-s‚ B-Zy D-®-tIm-Sn-°p-th-Zn-bm-b-Xv-˛ [m-° 2548. In-g-°n-s‚ Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛ ]qs\ 2549. -in-h-Kn-cn-°v B t]- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 2550. Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-s‚ \n¿-am-Ww ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv-˛ C¬-Øp-anjv 2551. C-¥y-bv-°p-sh-fn-bn¬-h-®v A-¥-cn-® G-I {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn 2552. In-g-°≥ bq-tdm-∏n-se tkm-hn-b-‰v ta-[m-hn-Xzw D-t±-in-®v Ab¨ I¿-´≥ F-∂ {]-tbm-Kw B-Zy-am-bn \-S-Øn-b-Xm-cv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 2553. C-¥y-bv-°p-th-≠n {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m-km-°n-b A-h-km\-sØ \n-b-aw-˛ C-¥y≥ C≥-Un-s]≥-U≥-kv B-Iv-Sv 2554. km-¥m-{Iq-kv hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ apw-ss_ 2555. Im-c-‰n¬ [m-cm-f-am-bn A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛ Po-h-Iw F

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

2556. ssl-{U-P≥, lo-en-bw F-∂o-h I-gn-™m¬ {]-]-©-Øn¬ G‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ 2557. Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kn-s\ a-d-hp-sN-bv-X ÿ-ew-˛ e-≠≥ 2558. km-£-c-X G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™, tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 2559. In-gm¿-s\-√n G-Xv tcm-K-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-b Hu-j-[-am-Wv-˛ a-™-∏nØw 2560. km¬-‰v te-°v tÃ-Un-bw (^p-Sv-t_mƒ) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm¬°-Ø 2561. in-h-k-ap-{Zw, {io-cw-Kw F-∂o Zzo-]p-Iƒ G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛-Imth-cn 2562. km-©n kv-Xq-]w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 2563. tdm-t_m-´v F-∂ hm-°v B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛ Imƒ sNt∏-°v 2564. in-h-Pn \-S-∏m-°n-b {]-[m-\ \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ-˛ Nu-Xv, k¿-tZ-iv-ap-Jn 2565. km-©n-kv-Xq-]w \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ A-tim-I≥ 2566. km¿-°n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ ImTv-a-Wv-Up 2567. Ip- ™ m- e n- \ m- e m- a - s \- t ]m¿- ® p- K o- k p- I m- ¿ - h - [ n- ® - h ¿- j w- ˛ F.Un.1600 2568. Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-°n-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-emtlm¿ 2569. C-bm≥ ^v-sf-an-Mn-s‚ B-Zy t\m-h¬-˛ Im-kn-t\m tdm-b¬ 2570. 11 Hm-kv-Im-dp-Iƒ In-´n-b Nn-{X-߃-˛ s_≥-l¿, ssS-‰m-\n-Iv, tem¿-Uv Hm-^v Z dn-Mv-kv 2571. im-¥ k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw _-‘n-∏n°p-∂ I-\m¬-˛ ]-\m-a I-\m¬ 2572. ]-®-bpw Np-h-∏pw tN¿-∂m¬ e-`n-°p-∂ h¿-Ww-˛ a-™ 2573. bp-td-\n-bw B-Zy-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-®-Xv-˛ bp-Pn≥ s]-en-tKm-´v 2574. {]-kn-≤-am-b hmƒ kv-{So-‰v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 2575. B--sS A-]-c-\m-a-am-Wv I-sse-⁄¿-˛-I--Wm-\n-[n 2576. {]-kn-≤-am-b sK-‰n-kv-_¿-Kv {]-kw-Kw \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ 2577. `m-c-Xo-b P-\-kw-L-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ iym-a-{]-km-Zv ap-J¿Pn 2578. 1924¬ ssh-°-Øp-\n-∂v Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°v k-h¿-W-Pm-Ybv-°v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 2579. B-{^n-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ In-fn-a-©mtcm (Xm≥-km-\n-b) 2580. `m-c-Xv `-h≥ F-∂ aƒ-´n B¿-´v sk‚¿ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ \-K-cw˛ t`m-∏m¬ 2581. {In-°-‰n-s‚ sa-° F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ e-≠-\n-se tem¿-Uv-kv tÃ-Un-bw 2582. A-Xy-[n-Iw Xm-gv-∂ Du-jv-am-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ {I-tbmP-\n-Iv-kv 2583. ayq-d¬ ]-tKm-U F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ sIm-´m-cw-˛ ]-Zv-a\m-`-]p-cw 2584. I-c-bn-se I-ti--In-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-Æp-≈ Po-hn-˛ H-´I-∏-£n 2585. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v B-Zy D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-∂ a-WvU-ew-˛ tZ-hn-Ip-fw 2586. Hm-´≥ Xp-≈-en-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 2587. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿ ]-Z-hn kz-X-{¥mw-K-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ h-ln-® G-I hy-‡n-˛ kn.F-®v.ap-l-Ω-Zv tIm-b 2588. I-eym-Wn¬ F.Un.973˛¬ ]-›n-a Nm-eq-Iy-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv˛ ssX-e 2589. B--sS a-{¥n-k-`-bm-bn--∂p A-jv-S-{]-[m≥-˛ in-h-Pn 2590. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-∂p-Im-en-Iƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 2591. kq-cy-s‚ Xm-]w `q-an-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-In-c-Ww h-gn 2592. Kym-e-]v t]mƒ- F-∂ k-t¶-X-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 2593. kz-]v-\-irw-K-ß-fp-sS \-K-cw-˛ Hm-Iv-kv-t^m¿-Uv 2594. tem-I-sØ B-Zy sS-e-t^m¨ F-Iv-kv-tN-©v \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 2595. s]m-fn-‰n-°¬ k-b≥-kn-s\ am-ÿ Hm-^v k-b≥-kv F-∂p hnfn-®-Xv-˛ A-cn-tÃm-´n¬

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

11

 C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b Xp-c-¶-am-b ]o¿ ]-Rv-Pen-s‚ \o-fw F-{X In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv  G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ t\-Sn-b kn-\n-aI-fm-Wv s_≥-l¿, ssS-‰m-\n-Iv, tem¿-Uv Hm-^v Z dnw-Kv-kv F-∂n-h. C-h Hm-tcm-∂n-\pw F-{X Hm-kv-I-dm-Wv e-`n-®-Xv  ^p-Sv-t_mƒ So-an-se I-fn-°m--sS F-Æw  F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv a-lv-aq-Zv K-kv-\n tkm-a-\m-Y-t£{Xw B-{I-an-®-Xv  tlm-°n So-an-se I-fn-°m--sS F-Æw  ku-c° - m-‰p-Iƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂X - v F-{X h¿-jØ - n-sem-cn-°e - mWv  ]-©m-b-Øv `-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-LS-\m sj-Uyqƒ  100 In-tem-ao-‰-dn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ \o-fa-- p-≈ F-{X \-Zn-Iƒ tI-cf-Øn-ep-≠v  B-Zy G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kn¬ (1951) F-{X cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv  {In-°-‰v-So-an-se I-fn-°m--sS F-Æw  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv \q-‰m-≠p bp-≤w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tN-c-˛-tNm-f kw-L-´-\w A-c-tß-dn-b-Xv  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv Cw-Kv-f-≠n¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]n-d-hnsb-Sp-Ø-Xv  2002 se `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS C-¥y≥ `-c-W-LS-\-bn-se au-en-I Np-a-X-e-I-fp-sS F-Æw F-{X-bm-bn  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 73mw t`-Z-K-Xn F-{Xm-a-sØ sj-Uyq-fnem-Wv Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv  tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬ F-{X Aw-K-ßfp-≠m-bn--∂p  1935 se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv {]-Im-cw {_n-´o-jv C-¥ybn-se F-{X {]-hn-iy-I-fn-em-Wv 1937˛¬ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \S-∂X - v 2596. tX-fn-s‚ hn-j-ap-≈ A-h-b-hw-˛ hm¬ 2597. {io-i¶ - c - kw-kvI - r-X k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - p-sS B-Zy ssh-kv Nm≥k-e¿-˛ B¿.cm-a-N-{μ≥ \m-b¿ 2598. 1871˛¬ A-hn-`-‡ ]-©m-_n-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-b \-K-cw-˛-jnw-e 2599. tZ-h-`q-an-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø-cm-J-WvUv 2600. {I-tbm-sse-‰n¬-\n-∂pw e-`n-°p-∂ {]-[m-\ tem-lw-˛ A-ep-an\n-bw 2601. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ ]-´-Ww-˛ sP-dn-t°m 2602. tZ-h-cm-b≥ H-∂m-a-s‚ Im-e-Øv hn-P-b-\-K-cw k-μ¿-in-® C-‰-en°m-c≥-˛ \n-t°m-tfm tIm-≠n 2603. {Km-ºq-hn-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ a-U-K-kv-I¿ 2604. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ cm-P-hw-iw `-cn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw˛ P-∏m≥ 2605. ⁄m-\-∏m-\ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]q-¥m-\w 2606. Um¬-´-Wn-kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ h¿-Wm-‘-X 2607. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-Zy-sØ Zn-hm≥-˛-cm-Pm tI-i-h-Zm-kv 2608. t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]-{X-am-[y-a-߃ 2609. t_m-[-K-b G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ _o-lm¿ 2610. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ F-b¿-sse≥-kv G-Xp cm-PyØn-t‚-Xv-˛ s\-X¿-e≥-Uv-kv 2611. tIm-h-e-s‚-bpw I-Æ-In-bp-sS-bpw {]-W-bw {]-Xn-]m-Zy-am-b IrXn-˛ Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-cw 2612. Un.F≥.F.bp-sS L-S-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ hm-Sv-k-Wpw {In-°pw 2613. tIm-i-Øn-s‚ Du¿-P-kw-`-c-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ssa-t‰mtIm¨-{Sn-b 2614. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ knw-lm-k-\w ˛ P-∏m≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

83

2615. Xo¿-Ym-S-I-cn¬ cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ lypbm≥ km-Mv 2616. Xp-•-Iv hw-i-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ Kn-bm-kp-±o≥ Xp-•-Iv 2617. sd-Uv en-‰n¬ _p-°v c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ am-thm tk Xp-Mv 2618. Z-£n-W-]q¿-th-jy-bn-se G-I I-c-_-≤ cm-Pyw-˛ em-thm-kv 2619. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- kzm-Xn-Xn--\m-fn-s≥-d knw-lm-k-\m-tcm-lWw- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1829 2620. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ a-Æv-˛ em-‰-ssd-‰v 2621. Xo-h-≠n B-Zy-am-bn B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 2622. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ssl-t°m-S-Xn ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛1881 2623. tI-c-f-Øn-se H-∂mw \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se B-sI Aw-K-߃-˛ 127 (126+1) 2624. cm-jv-S-X-{¥-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn {Ko≥-em≥-Uv G-Xv h≥-I-c-bp-sS `m-K-am-Wv-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 2625. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v _mw-_p tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w- ˛ A-¶-am-en 2626. 1876˛¬ B-\-μ tam-l≥ t_m-kp-am-bn tN¿-∂v C-¥y≥ \m-jW¬ A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-®X - m-cv ˛-kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m\¿-Pn 2627. Zn _w-Km-fn F-∂ ]-{Xw 1879˛¬ B-cw-`n-®-Xm-cv ˛-kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn 2628. tIm-gn-t°m-Sv B-ÿm-\-am-bn 1923˛¬ B-cw-`n-® ]-{Xw-˛ am-Xr`q-an 2629. sj¿-jm-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ ^-co-Zv 2630. Um-t_m-fnw hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ tKm-h 2631. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-{Xw G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 2632. Un-k‚ v Hm-^v am≥ c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛-Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 2633. v X-an-gv-\m-´n-se {]-[m-\ \-Zn ˛-Im-th-cn 2634. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ dn-∏-ªn-Iv-˛ km≥ am-dn-t\m 2635. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-\v e-`n-® Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS Nn-Xm-`-kv-a-Øn-s‚ `mKw k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ \n-a-÷-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv kq-£n-®n-∂ ÿ-ew F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 2636. X-a-km A-Y-hm tSm¨-kv G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv-˛b-ap-\ 2637. cm-jv-{S-sa-∂-Xv Rm-\m-Wv F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ eq-bn ]-Xn-\m-ema≥ 2638. ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS hn-c-an-°¬ {]m-bw-˛ 62 h-b- v 2639. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ th-Z-\-kw-lm-cn-˛ B-kv-]ncn≥ 2640. cm-P≥ tI-kv aq-ew ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\w \-jv-S-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv-˛ sI.I--Wm-Ic - ≥ 2641. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Po-hn-X-ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈ k-ky-߃ G-Xv hn`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ Pnw-t\m-kv-t]w-kv 2642. tI-c-f k¿-h-I-em-im-e tUm-Iv-S-td-‰v \¬-In B-Z-cn-® B-Zy hy‡n-˛-kn.]n.cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿ 2643. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- Im-t\-jp-am-cn- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1834 2644. ssU-\m-tam- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ ssa-°¬- ^m-c-tU 2645. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ Aw-Kw-˛ B¿._m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 2646. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn πm-Ãn-Iv \n-tcm-[n-® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ lnam-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 2647.s]m-Jv-cm≥ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ 2648. I-c-bn-se k-kv-X-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b \-s´-√p-≈-Xv-˛Pn-dm-^v 2649. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ÿm-\m¿-Yn F-Xn-cn-√m-sX Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ G-I a-Wv-U-ew-˛ a-t©-iz-cw 2651. I-c-bn-se k-k v- X - \ - ß- f n¬ G- ‰ - h pw B- b p-   v Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛ a - \ - p-jy≥ 2652. \-s´-√n¬ a--∂p Ip-Øn-h® - t- i-jw F-Sp-°p-∂ F-Ik v- tv- d-˛ ssatem-{Kmw 2653. ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-® ]m¿-´n-˛ U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv tkmjy-en-Ãv ]m¿-´n 2654. 1896 s^-{_p-h-cn 29\v Kp-P-dm-Øn-se `-tZ-\n {Km-a-Øn¬ P-\n®,\m-ep-h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ ]n-d-∂m-fm-tLm-jn-®n--∂ {]-[m\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 2655. ap-Sn \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂ t{]m-´o≥-˛ sI-cm-‰n≥

84

CONFUSING FACTS  Pmenb≥hmem_mKv Iq´s°mebv°v t\XrXzw \¬InbXv P\d¬ UbdmWv. AXn\p {]XnImcambn B kabØv ]©m_v Kh¿Wdmbn∂ ssa°¬ HUbdns\ 1940 am¿®v 13˛\v e≠\n¬h®v D±wknMv F∂ kn°pbphmhv shSnh®psIm∂p.  KZyhpw ]Zyhpw CSIe¿Ønbp≈ kmlnXycq]amWv Nºp. aebmfhpw kwkvIrXhpw CSIe¿Ønbp≈ cN\mcoXnbmWv aWn{]hmfw.  tX°SnbpsS IhmSw Ipafnbpw ssltd©nte°p≈ IhmSw tImXaKehpamWv. 2656. 2657. 2658. 2659. 2660. 2661. 2662. 2663. 2664. 2665. 2666. 2667. 2668. 2669. 2670. 2671. 2672. 2673. 2674. 2675. 2676. 2677. 2678. 2679. 2680. 2681. 2682. 2683. 2684. 2685. 2686.

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

aq¿-Øo-tZ-hn A-hm¿-Uv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ⁄m-\-]oTw {S-Ãv G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n C-¥y≥ {]o-an-b¿ eo-Kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-apw-ss_ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS kp-c-£-bp-sS Np-a-X-e-bp-≈ G-P≥-kn-˛ kvs]-jy¬ s{]m-´-£≥ {Kq-∏v A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ-°v Ãm-Nyp Hm-^v en-_¿-´n k-Ωm\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ C-jv-Sn-I-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ X-∑m-{X-Iƒ 1940˛¬ Km-‘n-Pn B-cw-`n-® hy-‡n-k-Xym-{K-l-Øn¬ hn-t\m_m-`m-sh-bv-°p-ti-jw A-Sp-Ø k-Xym-{K-ln-bm-bn A-d-kv-‰p-hcn-®v P-bn-en-em-b-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\ {Iqin® a-e-ap-Iƒ-˛ Km-Kp¬-Ø _w-Km-fn¬ Zzn-`-c-Ww \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v ss¢-hv sa-lv-tdm-fn kv-Xq-]-Øn¬ G-Xp Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv hn-h-cn-®-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X≥ c-≠m-a≥ B-Zy-sØ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ tem-I-I-∏v hn-P-bn-˛ D-dp-tKz A-Wp-t_mw-_n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Hm-∏≥-ssla¿ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ D-≠m-bn--∂ a-Wv-U-]-Øpw-hm-Xn-en-\p Xpey-am-b C-t∏m-g-sØ `-c-W-L-S-Iw-˛ Xm-eq-°v sam-km¿-´v P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Hm-kv-{Sn-b ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w U¬-ln-bn-te-°v am-‰n-bXv-˛ jm-P-lm≥ B-flm-hn-te-°p-≈ Pm-e-Iw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ i-co-c-`m-Kw-˛ IÆv a-Wv-U¬ I-Ωn-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛ _n-tμ-iz-cn {]km-Zv a-Wv-U¬ bm-{Xn-I¿-°v- {]n-b-s∏-´- cm-Pyw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {^m≥-kvC-¥y≥ \m-jW - ¬ tIm¨-{K-kn¬ Aw-KX - z-sa-Sp-Ø B-Zy-sØ Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-Imc≥-˛ Pn.]n.]n-≈ C-¥y-bn-se {]-[m-\ h-{P J-\n-˛ ]-∂ Zn-h-k-Øn¬ \m-ep-X-h-W th-en-tb-‰w kw-`-hn-°p-∂ tem-IØn-se G-I ÿ-ew-˛ Cw-•-≠n-se k-Xmw-]v-S¨ Zn-Kv-t_m-bv F-¥n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ F-Æ-∏m-Sw C-¥y X-t±-io-b-am-bn \n¿-an-® B-Zy D-]-{K-lw-˛ C≥-km-‰v 2F {In-kv-Xy≥- sa-Un-°¬- tIm-tf-Pv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -˛-sh-√q¿{io i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Du-∂¬ \¬-In-b am¿-Kw-˛ ⁄m-\-am¿-Kw `-£-W-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ H- B-kn-Uv-˛ A-sk-‰n-Iv Bkn-Uv C-¥y≥- \m-j-W¬- tIm¨-{K-kn-s≥-d A-[y-£-]-Zw- A-e-¶-cn® a-e-bm-fn-˛ kn- i-¶-c≥-\m-b¿{io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- A--hn-∏p-dw in-h{- ]-Xn-jvT \-SØ - n-b h¿-jw˛ 1888 G-Xv kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv D-Æn \-ºq-Xn-cn F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv-˛-tbm-K-t£-a-k-` \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 1910˛¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿-°m¿ I-≠p-sI-´n-b {]-kv h-°wau-e-hn-bp-sS A-\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-Iƒ-°v Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xo-am-\n-® tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ C.Fw.F-kv.

2687. £-bt- cm-KØ - n-\p Im-cW - a - m-b tcm-Km-Wp-˛ _m-Iv-So-cn-b 2688. _w-Kv-fm-tZ-in-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ap-Po-_v d-lv-am≥ 2689. £m-c] - Z- m¿-Yß - ƒ en-‰a -v k - n-s‚ \n-dw Np-h∏ - n¬-\n-∂pw ˛-˛˛- ˛- B°p-∂p-˛ \o-e 2690. C-¥y kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ kph¿-W-Pq-_n-en B-tLm-jn-®t∏mƒ {]- k n- U ‚ v- ˛ sI.B¿.\m-cm-b-W≥ 2691. 1929˛¬ sk≥-{S¬ se-Pn-t…‰o-hv A-kw-ªn-bn¬ t_mw-_v C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b s]m-´n-°m≥ t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-Inti- jw {]- X n- ]- £b-Xv- ˛- `-K-Xv kn-Mv t\- X m- h m- b B- Z y hy- ‡ n- ˛ 2692. {io-e-¶ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wvcm- P o- h v Km- ‘ n ˛- C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 2693. £o-c-]-Y-tI-{μ-sØ H- {]m-h-iyw h-ew-h-bv-°m≥ kq-cy-s\Sp-°p-∂ k-a-bw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ tIm-kv-an-Iv C-b¿ 2694. £o-tcm¬-]-∂-߃-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b B-\-μv G-Xp kw-kv-Ym--\Øv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 2695. 1936¬ Hmƒ C-¥y td-Un-tbm F-∂ t]--kzo-I-cn-® ÿm-]-\w B-Im-i-hm-Wn-bm-b h¿-jw-˛ 1957 2696. `-£-W-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ P-emw-iw B-Kn-c-Ww sN-øp-∂ Z-l-t\-{μn-b hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS `m-Kw-˛ h≥-Ip-S¬ 2697. {]-]© - Ø - n-s‚ hn-Im-kØ - n-\p sX-fn-hp \¬-In-bX - m-c˛v- F-Uzn≥ l-_nƒ 2698. _w-Kv-fm-tZ-in-s‚ tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛ I-_-Un 2699. {io-e-¶-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ kn-tem¨ 2700. Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ tIm-ßm-´n¬ cm-a≥ ta-t\m≥(a-{Zm-kv kw-ÿm-\w) 2701. {Ko-°v tdm-a≥ \m-hn-I-\m-b ln-∏m-e-kv sIm-Sp-ß-√q-cn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.45 2702. X-cn-km-∏-≈n im-k-\w ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv-˛ A-ø-\-Sn-Iƒ Xn--hSn-Iƒ 2703. X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Lyw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ \n-dw-˛ Np-h-∏v 2704. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ hn-izm-k {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-® G-I ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ kn.A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 2705. I-co-_n-b≥ Zzo-]-cm-jv-{S-ß-fn¬ P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ ap-∂n-ep-≈-Xv ˛-Iyq-_ 2706. tI-c-f `m-jm C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 2707. X-e-ap-Sn-°p \n-dw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ sa-em-\n≥ 2708. B-fl-I-Y-sb-gp-Xn-b ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-am¿-˛ _m-_-dpw P-lmwKo-dpw 2709. ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ X-I¿-®-tbm-sS D-b¿-∂p-h-∂ {]-hn-iyI-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-_-e-i-‡n-˛ a-dmTn-Iƒ 2710. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kv-t]m¨-tk¿-Uv N-e-®n-{Xw-˛ a-Iƒ-°v 2711. tI-c-f-Øn-se Nn-dm-]q-©n-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ e-°n-Sn 2712. Zn-lm-Mv F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛ {_-lv-a-]p-{X 2713. en-bm-≠¿ ]-b-kv H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ sS-∂o-kn¬ sh-¶-ew t\-Snb h¿-jw-˛ 1996 2714. F.]n.sP.A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ X-an-gv\m-Sv 2715. 1936 ap-X¬- F-tXym-]y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn--∂- Cu- cm-Pyw- 1993¬kz-X-{¥-am-bn.- t]-cv- -˛-F-dn-{Xn-b2716. Zo-\-_-‘p F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kn.F-^v.B≥{Uq-kv 2717. 1946˛ se \m-hn-I I-em-]w G-Xv Xp-d-ap-J-Øm-Wv B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ apw-ss_ 2718. A-cn-bm-eq¿ Xo-h-≠n-b-]-I-S(1956)Øn-s‚ [m¿-an-I D-Ø-c-hmZn-Xzw G-s‰-Sp-Øv a-{¥n-ÿm-\w cm-Pn-h-®-Xv-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿im-kv-{Xn 2719. 1744 ¬ sIm-®n-bn-se t_mƒ-Km-´n sIm-´m-cw \n¿-an-®X - ˛-v U-®p-Im¿ 2720. F-¥n-s‚ h-I-t`-Z-am-Wv Nm¿-t°mƒ- ˛ Im¿-_¨

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

12

 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ c-≠n-\v A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰ C-S-°m-e a-{¥nk-`-bn¬ D-]m-[y-£-\m-b P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp Dƒ-s∏sS a-{¥n-am--sS F-Æw  B-[m¿ \-º-dn-\v F-{X-b-°-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  ssP-\-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fm-b Aw-K-߃ F-{X-sb-Æ-ap-≠v  Iw-]yq-´-dn-se ^-Mv-j≥ Io-I-fp-sS F-Æw  Bw-ÿ-Um-an¬-\n-∂v tlm¿-Øq-kv a-e-_m-dn-°-kv F-{X thm-fy-ß-fm-bn-´m-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv  G-‰-hpw Im-em-h-[n Ip-d-™ tem-Iv-k-` (413 Zn-h-kw) F{Xm-at- Ø-Xm-Wv  C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ ta-P¿ Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv F-Æq¿  Hu-c-k-I I-ti--°-fp-sS F-Æw  C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v k-ap-®-b-Øn-\v F-{X I-hm-S-ß-fp≠v  tKm-h, Zm-a≥, Zn-bp F-∂n-h tI-{μ `-c-W {]-tZ-i-am-b-Xv F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv  tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ ko-tdm A-h¿ B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv F-{X aWn-°m-Wv  km-[m-c-W-am-bn H- t_m-Iv-knw-Kv a-’-c-Øn-s‚ ssZ¿Lyw F-{X du-≠m-Wv  C-¥y-bn¬ F-{X tPym-Xn¿-enw-K-ß-fp-≠v  C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew {]-kn-U‚ v ]-Z-hn h-ln-®-Xv tUm. cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zm-Wv. G-I-tZ-iw F-{X Ime-am-Wv A-t±-lw B ]-Z-hn h-ln-®-Xv  2012˛2017 Im-e-b-fn-hn¬ C-¥y-bn¬ \-S-∏m-em-°p-∂-Xv F{Xm-a-sØ ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv  Hm-Sn¬ (t{_m¨-kv) F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv Sn≥ 2721. 1955\p ap-ºv tÃ-‰v _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ Cw-]o-cn-b¬ _m-¶v 2722. H-∂mw Xm-t\-iz¿ bp-≤-Øn¬(1191) hn-P-bn-®-Xv-˛ ]r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nulm≥ 2723. h-c-bm-Sp-I-fp-sS kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b tZ-io-tbm[ym-\w-˛ C-c-hn-Ip-fw 2724. H- t\m-´n-°¬ ssa¬ F-{X ao-‰-dn-\p Xp-ey-am-Wv-˛ 1852 2725. Hm-kv-I-dn-\p _-Z-em-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ C≥-Uns]≥-U‚ v kv-]n-cn-‰v 2726. hn-‰m-an≥ _n-˛12s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ k-b-t\m-tIm-_m-em-an≥ 2727. hym-h-km-bn-I hn-]v-f-hw B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 2728. I-øq¿ k-a-cw \-S-∂ Pn-√-˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv 2729. i-‡n-tb-dn-b t{_-°p-≈-Xpw F≥-Pn≥ C-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b b-{¥w F-∂v F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp ]-d-™-Xv-˛ 1935 se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥ym B-Iv-Sv 2730. kv-sX-X-kv-tIm-∏v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sd-s\ sse-s\-Iv 2731. kw-L-Im-e-sØ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ X-an-gv hym-I-c-W-{K-Ÿw˛ tXm¬-°m-∏n-bw 2732. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n \m-j-W¬ t^m-d-Ãv A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛sU-dm-Uq¨ 2733. C-S-a-e-bm¿ ]-≤-Xn G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 2734. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n _m-¶p-Iƒ B-Zy-am-bn tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1969 2735. P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ B-Zy-Im-e-\m-aw-˛ k-enw 2736. ln-‰v-e-dp-sS B-fl-I-Y-˛ sa-bv≥ Imw-^v 2737. Nmƒ-kv Un-°≥-kn-s‚ F sS-bv¬ Hm-^v Sp kn-‰o-kv F-∂ t\mh-en-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew-˛ {^-©p hn-π-hw 2738. C-Sn-an-∂-en-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ `q-´m≥ 2739. Nn-en-bpw- C-Iz-tUm-dpw- H-gn-sI-bp-≈- F-√m- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°≥cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-{_-ko¬2740. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ Im-h¬-\m-b F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmsc-˛ ]-{X-ß-sf

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

85

2741. Km-‘n-Pn Z-Wv-Un bm-{X B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv 2742. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛ t\m¿-Øv CuÃv {Ko≥-em≥-Uv \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v 2743. C-¥y≥-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Iq-Sn-b-Xv -˛ _olm¿ 2744. P-Ωp Im-iv-ao-cn-se Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-˛ D¿-Zp 2745. s\-Sp-ºm-t»-cn hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 2746. s\-t{^m¨ G-Xv i-co-c-`m-K-Øm-Wv-˛ hr-°-bn¬ 2747. 1785¬ `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X Cw-•o-jn-te-°v hn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-bv-X-Xm-cv-˛ Nmƒ-kv hn¬-°n≥-kv 2748. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ c-‡w I-´ ]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b h-kvXp \n¿-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ I-cƒ 2749. s]-jz-am--sS `-c-W-tI-{μw-˛ ]q-\ 2750. Zo-]-hw-iw G-Xp `m-j-bn-se Ir-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ ]m-en 2751. 180 Un-{Kn tc-Jmw-iw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S Zn-\tc-J 2752. Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-\p-≈ cm-Pyw F-¥p t]cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p ˛ dn-∏-ªn-Iv 2753. C-¥y-bn-se ]-c-tam-∂-X \o-Xn-]oTw-˛ kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn 2754. 1946 ap-X¬- `q-an-]m¬- A-Xp-ey- tX-Pv- cm-Pm-hv- `-cn-°p-∂- G-jy≥cm-Pyw- -˛-Xm-bv-e≥-Uv2755. A¨-S-®-_n-en-‰n H-^≥-k-kv B-Iv-Sv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m-km-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1955 2756. tKm-h-bn-se hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛ [-t_m-fnw 2757. a-Æn-c-bp-sS iz-k-\m-h-b-hw-˛ Xz-°v 2758. A-∂-P \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂ L-S-Ih¿-W-߃-˛ Np-h-∏pw ]-®-bpw 2759. Zo-]n-I am-∂m-\-Øp-\n-∂p- (tIm-´-bw)- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un. 1887 2760. A-º-e-∏p-g-bp-sS ]-g-b-t]-cv ˛ sN-º-I-t»-cn 2761. a-c-Wm-\-¥-c _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\nX-˛ A--W B-k-^v A-en 2762. c-‡w I-´-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {]-[m-\ ]-¶v h-ln-°p-∂ L-S-Iw-˛ tπ‰vs - e-‰p-Iƒ 2763. C-¥y-bn-se {]-Y-a ]u-c≥- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ C¥y≥- {]-kn-U‚ v 2764. Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μn-cm Km-‘n 2765. B-Zy-am-bn tdm-_-´v F-∂ ]-Zw D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛ Imƒ sN-∏-Iv 2766. 1938 ¬ C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv kw-L-Sn-∏n-® \m-jW¬ πm-\n-Mv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS A-[y-£-\m-bn B-sc-bm-Wv Np-a-Xe-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 2767. B-Zy-am-bn- U¬-ln- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b hn-tZ-i B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-˛ apl-Ω-Zv- tKm-dn2768. C-¥y-°m-c-\-√m-Ø B-Zy-sØ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ tPm¿Pv bqƒ 2769. B-Zy-sØ Kp-]v-X≥ \m-b¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Fw.eo-em-hXn 2770. am≥-l-´≥ ]-≤-Xn-bv-°v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ Hm-∏≥-ssl-a¿ 2771. A-ta-cn-°≥ km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hmjn-Mv-S¨ C¿-hn-Mv 2772. a-cW - m-\¥ - c - _ - l - p-aX - n-bm-bn B-Zy-am-bn Hm-kvI - ¿ A-hm¿-Un-\¿l-\m-b-Xv-˛ kn-Uv-\n tlm-hm¿-Uv (1939) 2773. C-¥y-bn-se I-Sp-hm kw-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-[y-{]tZ-iv 2774. C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰v A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-_mw-•q¿ 2775. 1922˛¬ tdm-b¬ C-¥y≥ an-en-´-dn tIm-tf-Pv (C-t∏mƒ cm-jv-{Sob C-¥y≥ an-en-´-dn tIm-tf-Pv ) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-sUdm-Uq¨ 2776. C-¥y≥ an-en-´-dn A-°m-Z-an ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-W-˛-sU-dmUq¨v 2777. cm-P-Io-b tcm-Kw (tdm-b¬ Un-ko-kv) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ lotam-^o-en-b 2778. c-Rv-Pn-Xv kn-Mn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ em-tlm¿ 2779. G-‰-hpw hn-c-f-am-b c-‡-{Kq-∏v-˛ F _n {Kq-∏v 2780. G-Xp a-X-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ B-Nm-c-am-Wv tbmw In-∏q¿-˛ b-lq-Z

86

tNmZyw; DØcw

Acbmepw t]cmepw

 C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b hr-£w A-cb - m-em-tWm t]-cm-em-tWm? = C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b hr-£w ss^-°-kv _w-Km-f≥-kn-kv F-∂ k-ky-im-kv-{X-\m-a-ap-≈ t]-cm-em-Wv. C-Xv Banyan Tree F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ss^-°-kv dn-en-Pn-tbm-k F-∂m-Wv A-c-bm-en-s‚ k-ky-im-kv-{X-\m-aw. Pipal, Bodhi F-∂o t]--I-fn-epw C-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. _p-≤-\v Zn-hy⁄m-\w kn-≤n-®-Xv A-c-bm¬-®p-h-´n¬- h-®m-Wv. e-`y-am-b tc-J-Iƒ {]-Im-cw tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ A-cbm¬ {io-e-¶-bn-se A-\p-cm-[-]p-c-bn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. _n.kn. 288˛¬ Xn-k F-∂ cm-Pm-hm-Wv A-Xv \-´-Xv. 2781. Zm-Zm-km-tl-_v ^m¬-t° Ahm¿-Un-\¿-l\ - m-b B-Zy a-eb - mfn-˛ A-Sq¿ tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W≥ 2782. tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ {]-Y-a k-tΩ-f\-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn {]-kw-Kn-®Xv-˛ F.H. lyqw 2783. C- ¥ y- b n¬ B- Z y- a m- b n F.Sn.Fw. kw-hn-[m-\w \n-eh - n¬h-∂ \-K-cw-˛ apw-ss_ 2784. G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-hi - yw kn- Nn¬- { U≥- k v _p- ° v {S\n-a-bm-°n-b C-¥y≥ t\m-h¬Ãv ÿm- ] n- ® - X v - ˛ ˛ tZ-h-Zm-kv Im¿- ´ q- W n- à v i- ¶ ¿ 2785. ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cn¬ B-Zyam-bn h≥-tXm-Xn¬ a-μn-c-\n¿-amWw \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 2786. c-≠v k-b≥-kv hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b G-I hy-‡n-˛ am-Uw Iyq-dn 2787. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv a-’-c-ß-fn¬ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cn-\Øn-\v hy-‡n-K-X Nm-ºy-\m-b B-Zy C-¥ym-°m-c≥ ˛ hn¬k¨ tPm¨-kv 2788. s_¿-{Sm≥-Uv d-k-en-\v km-ln-Xy s\m-t_¬ e-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1950 2789. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛-Hm-Iv-kn-P≥2790. k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_¬ t\-Sn-b c-≠m-a-sØ kw-L-S-\-˛ s]¿-a\‚ v C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ]o-kv _yq-tdm (1910) 2791. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ H- Zn-h-kw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ aq-{XØn-s‚ A-f-hv-˛ 1.5 en-‰¿ ap-X¬ 1.8 en-‰¿ h-sc 2792. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S kn-hn¬ thym-a-bm-\ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ÿm\w-˛ tam¨-{Sn-b¬ 2793. a-Kvk - t- k A-hm¿-Uv tP-Xm-°ƒ-°v k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂ Xo-bX - n-˛ BK-kv-Xv 31 2794. s]--amƒ Xn--sam-gn F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ Ip-e-ti-J-c B-gv-hm¿ 2795. 1927¬ {_- ¬-kn¬ \-S-∂ -a¿-±n-X P-\-X-I-fp-sS tem-I-k-tΩf-\-Øn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ P-hml¿-em¬ s\-{lp 2796. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS kv-]o-°-dm-b B-Zy-sØ ]n.F-kv.]n.t\Xm-hv-˛ Un.Zm-tam-Z-c≥ t]m-‰n 2797. I-c-bn-se Po-hn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-en-b hm-bv D-≈-Xv-˛ ln-t∏ms]m-´m-a-kv 2798. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw a-’-cn® h-\n-X ˛-sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω 2799. i-cm-i-cn D-b-cw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 2800. G-‰-hpw km-[m-c-W-am-b I-cƒ tcm-Kw-˛ a-™-∏n-Øw 2801. I-c-fn¬ kw-`-cn-®n-cn-°m-hp-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ F 2802. G-jym-‰n-Iv sK-bnw-kn-\v G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv F-∂ t]- \¬In-b-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 2803. s\¬-k¨ a-t≠-e `m-c-X c-Xv-\ _-lp-a-Xn-°v A¿-l-\m-b h¿jw-˛ 1990

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

2804. C-¥y-bn¬ 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ c-≠n-\p cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´ CS-°m-e a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS D-]m-[y-£ ]-Z-hn h-ln-®-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿em¬ s\-{lp 2805. C-¥y≥ \m-hn-I tk-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 2806. {]-bp-‡ P-¥p-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ (A-ssπ-Uv kp-thm-f-Pn) ]n-Xmhv-˛ tIm¨-dm-Uv P-kv-\¿ 2807. B-Zy-sØ km-^v sK-bnw-kv th-Zn-˛ ImTv-a-Wv-Up 2808. s{^-jv-^p-Uv hn-‰m-an≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ kn 2809. A-ta-cn-°≥ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-sØ kzm-[o-\n-® A-¶nƒ tSmwkv Iym-_n≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ lm-cn-b-‰v _o-®¿ tÃm-hv 2810. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ P-\-Io-b I-hn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛ Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 2811. C-¥y-°m-c-\m-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰v Sow Iym-]v-‰≥-˛ hn-P-bv l-km-sc 2812. A-Æm {Zm-hn-U ap-t∂-‰ I-g-Iw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ Fw.Pn. cm-a-N{μ≥ 2813. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ sa-Km-ln-‰v kn-\n-a-˛ Po-hn-X-\u-I 2814. am-º-g-ß-fn¬ cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-\w-˛ A¬-t^m≥tkm 2815. A-Æm F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kn.F≥.A-Æm-Zp-ssc 2816. am-· Im¿-´ H-∏p-sh-® ÿ-ew-˛ d-Æn-ao-Uv 2817. am-· Im¿-´-bn¬ H-∏p-sh-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ tPm¨ cm-Pm-hv 2818. _yq-t^m¿-´v kv-sI-bn¬ F-¥-f-°m-\m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Im-‰n-s‚ th-Kw 2819. ap-Kƒ ta¬-t°m-bv-a Aw-Ko-I-cn-® B-Zy-sØ c-P-]p-{X cm-Pyw-˛ Bw-_¿ 2820. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ i-_v-Z-kn-\n-a-˛ _m-e≥ 2821. A-ta-cn-°≥ B-`y-¥-c-bp-≤-Øn¬ h-S-°≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf \-bn-®-Xv-˛ F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ 2822. _-Z¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ssd-‰v ssehv-en-lp-Uv A-hm¿-Uv 2823. B-Zy-sØ k-c-kz-Xn k-Ωm-\w e-`n-®-Xm¿-°v-˛ lcn-hw-ivdmbn _®≥ 2824. bm-°n-s\ Im-Wp-∂-Xv G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn¬-˛ G-jy 2825. ap-Kƒ in-ev-]-hn-Zy-bn¬ \n¿-an-® G-‰-hpw D¬-Ir-jv-S-am-b a-μncw-˛ Xm-Pv-a-l¬ 2826. bm-N-I--sS cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ a-Z≥ tam-l≥ am-fhy 2827. b-Mv C-‰-en {]-ÿm-\-sØ \-bn-®-h¿-˛ Km-cn-_mƒ-Un-bpw a- o\n-bpw 2828. A-©p-sX-ßn¬- tIm-´ \n¿-an-°m≥- B-‰n-߬- dm-Wn- Cw-•ojp-Im-sc A-\p-h-Zn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1684 2829. a-\p-jy-t\-{X-Øn¬ \n-dß - ƒ Xn-cn-®d - n-bm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ tImi-߃-°p ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ tIm¨ tIm-i-߃ 2830. a-\p-jy-t\-{X-Øn¬ {]-Xn-_nw-_w D-≠m-Ip-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ sd-‰n-\ 2831. 1492¬- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- bq-tdm-]y≥- \m-hn-I≥-˛ {In-kv-‰-^¿- sIm-fw-_-kv2832. bm-an-\n Ir-jv-W-aq¿-Øn, -Iv-an-Wo-tZ-hn F-∂o-h¿ G-Xv \r-Øcw-K-Øm-Wv {]-h¿-Øn-®-Xv-˛ `-c-X-\m-Syw 2833. 1510˛¬ _o-Pm-∏q¿ kp¬-Øm-\n¬-\n-∂v tKm-h ]n-Sn-®-S-°m≥ A¬-_p-°¿-°n-s\ k-lm-bn-® {]m-tZ-in-I t\-Xm-hv-˛ Xn-Ω-ø 2834. bp- F≥- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-em-bn--∂- Ip¿-´v- hmƒ-Uv- sslw- ]n∂o-Sv- kz-cm-Py-Øv- {]-kn-U-≠m-bn-.- c-m-Py-ta-Xv- -˛-Hm-kv-{Sn-b2835. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm No-^v sk-{I-´-dn-˛-]-flm cm-a-N-{μ≥ 2836. bm-Z-h hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ tZ-h-Kn-cn 2837. 1936˛¬ I-Æq-cn¬-\n-∂v a-{Zm-kn-te-°v ]-´n-Wn-Pm-Y \-bn-®-Xv-˛ F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ 2838. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿-˛-tUm.Pm≥-kn sP-bnw-kv 2839. a-c-Wm-\-¥-c _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\mb bp.F≥.sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d¬-˛ Um-Kv lm-a¿-tjmƒ-Uv(1961) 2840. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- tIm-tf-Pv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv2841. ap-Kƒ- km-{am-Py- kv-Ym-]-I≥-˛ _m-_¿2842. B-flI - Y - m-Im-c≥-am-cn¬ cm-PI - p-am-c≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - ˛v- _m-_¿ 2843. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy No-^v P-Ãn-kv-˛ sI.Sn.tIm-in

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

12

 H- hym-g-h-´w F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-gp-]-Øn-\m-emw t`-Z-K-Xn F{Xm-a-sØ sj-Uyq-fn-em-Wv Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv  sS-dn-t´m-dn-b¬ hm-´¿ F-∂-Xv H- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ A-Xn¿-Ønbn¬-\n-∂v F-{X t\m-´n-°¬ ssa¬ A-I-se-h-sc-bp-≈ Zqc-am-Wv  H- U-k≥ F-{X F-Æ-am-Wv  H- t{Km-kn¬ F-{X U-k≥ A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v  C-Xp-h-sc F-{X-t]¿ N-{μ-\n¬ C-d-ßn-bn-´p-≠v  F-{X h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv \o-e-°p-dn-™n ]q-°p-∂-Xv  F-{X h¿-jØ - n-sem-cn-°e - m-Wv ]q¿-WI - pw-`t- a-f \-S° - p-∂X - v  F-{X ]q¿-W Ipw-`-ta-f Iq-Sp-tºm-fm-Wv A-e-l-_m-Zn¬ H a-lm-Ipw-`-ta-f \-S-°p-∂-Xv  F-{X h¿-jw Iq-Sp-tºm-fm-Wv am-am-¶w \-S-∂n--∂-Xv  {In-kv-Xp-in-jy≥-am--sS F-Æw  ap-\n-kn-∏¬ `-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S\m sj-Uyqƒ  a-\p-jy-\v F-{X tPm-Sn in-tcm-\m-Un-I-fp-≠v  I¿-Wm-SI - Ø - n-se {im-hW - _ - e - t- Km-fb - n¬ F-{X h¿-jØ - nsem-cn-°-em-Wv a-lm-a-kv-X-Im-`n-tj-Iw \-S-°p-∂-Xv  a-\p-jy-\v F-{X tPm-Sn hm-cn-sb-√p-I-fp-≠v  `q-a-[y-tc-J-bn¬ ]-I-en-s‚ ssZ¿-Lyw F-{X a-Wn-°q-dm-Wv 2844. C-¥y kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ {_n-´-Wn¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn-em-bn-∂-Xv-˛ te-_¿ ]m¿-´n 2845. 1931 am¿-®v 23\v cm-Pv-Kp-, kp-Jv-tZ-hv F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w Xq-°nte-‰-s∏-´-Xv ˛- `-K-Xv kn-Mv 2846. C-ayp-tWm-f-Pn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ F-tUz¿-Uv sP-∂¿ 2847. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬ ap≥-`-c-W-]-cn-N-bw D-≠mbn--∂ G-I hy-‡n-˛ tUm.F.B¿.ta-t\m≥ 2848. Zn¬-hm-c t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ au-≠v A-_p 2849. C-¥y kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-bn--∂-Xv˛ sP._n.Ir-]-em-\n 2850. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy sU-]yq-´n kv-]o-°¿-˛ A-bn-jm `m-bn 2851. Zn-√n N-tem F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv 2852. C-¥y-bn-se {]-[m-\ th-en-tb-‰ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øn-se I≠v-e 2853. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy t]-∏¿ an¬-˛ ]p-\-eq¿ 2854. c-‡w I-´ ]n-Sn-°m-Xm-Ip-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ lo-tam-^o-en-b 2855. tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b B-Zy hn-I-kz-c cmPyw-˛ P-ssa-° (1966) 2856. A-©p h¿-jw Xn-I-®p `-cn-® B-Zy-sØ tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ kn.A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 2857. tI- c - f - Ø n- s e B- Z y- a - { ¥n- k - ` - b n- s e B- t cm- K y- a - { ¥n ˛ tUm.F.B¿.ta-t\m≥ 2858. tI-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-sØ \n-ba - k - m-£c - hy-hl - m-c hn-ap-‡ {Kmaw-˛ H-√q-°-c(Xr-»q¿) 2859. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S sXm-gn¬ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w ˛ P-\o-h 2860. a¨-kq¨- Im-‰p-I-fp-sS K-Xn- I-≠p-]n-Sn-® ln-∏m-e-kv- tI-c-fØn¬- F-Øn-b h¿-jw ˛ F-Un-45 2861. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ te-_¿ _m-¶v-˛ A-I-tØ-Ø-d (]m-e°m-Sv) 2862. A¨-lm-∏n C-¥y c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ em-em e-Pv-]-Xv dm-bn 2863. A-©p-\-Zn-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]-©m-_v2864. C-‰m-\-K¿ G-Xp kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 2865. 1947 Hm-K-Ãv 16˛-\v C-¥y-bp-sS K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬ B-bn--∂-Xv˛ au-≠v-_m-‰¨ {]-`p 2866. C-‰m-en-b≥ k-©m-cn \n-t°m-tfm tIm-≠n hn-P-b-\-K-cw k-μ¿in-®-t∏mƒ cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ tZ-h-cm-b H-∂m-a≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

87

2867. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 2868. tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kn-\p Z-£n-Wm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn¬ BZy-am-bn th-Zn-bm-b \-K-cw-˛ kn-Uv-\n (1938) 2869. tI-c-f-Øn-se C‚¿-s\-‰v tK-‰v th-˛ sIm-®n 2870. A-©p-X-cw dn-´p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 32 2871. tI-c-f-Øn-se c-≠m-a-sØ kv-]o-°¿-˛ ko-Xn km-ln-_v 2872. tI-c-f-Øn-se kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv A-_v-Zp d-lv-am≥ 2873. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Un.Pn.]n.˛ Sn.A-\-¥-i-¶-c A-ø¿ 2874. tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fn¬ ]--Øn-°-cn-a-Æv Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-W-s∏Sp-∂ Pn-√-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 2875. A-©p-sX-ßp-tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-Xm-cv-˛-{_n-´o-jp-Im¿ 2876. tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fn¬ ]p-I-bn-e G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]mZn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv 2877. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ t{S-Uv bq-Wn-b≥ t\-Xm-hv-˛ Pq-_m-cma-Ir-jvW - ] - n-≈ 2878. C-¥y-bn-se {]-Y-a Iw-]yq-´¿ km-£-c-Xm ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ N-{a-h´w 2879. B-Zy-sØ \-gv-k-dn hn-Zym-e-b-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I-˛ a-cn-b tam-≠nt m-dn 2880. 1939¬ tIm¨-{K- v {]-kn-U‚p ÿm-\-tØ-°v Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-∂-t∏mƒ Km-‘n-Pn ]n-¥p-W-® ÿm-\m¿-Yn-˛ ]-´m-`n ko-Xmcm-a-ø 2881. tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fn¬ A-d-_n-°-S-ep-am-tbm A-\y kw-ÿm\-ß-fp-am-tbm A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sm-Ø-Xv ˛ tIm-´-bw 2882. C-¥y-bn-se {]-Y-a h-\n-Xm-k¿-h-I-em-im-e ÿm-]n-® `m-c-X-cXv-\w tP-Xm-hv-˛ Un.sI.Im¿-th 2883. am¿-_n-fn-s≥-d cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Im¬-kyw- Im¿-_-tW-‰v2884. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ N-e-®n-{X \m-bn-I-˛-tdm-kn (Nn-{Xw-˛hn-KX - I - p-am-c≥) 2885. c-‡-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ lo-a-t‰m-f-Pn 2886. tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b B-Zy G-jy≥ \K-cw-˛ Ip-em-ew-]q¿ (1998) 2887. C-Sp-°n Pn-√-bn¬ C-t¥m-˛-kzn-kv t{]m-P-Iv-Sv ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛ am-´p-s∏-´n 2888. C-¥y-bn-se ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn kw-hn-[m-\w G-Xp cm-Py-tØ-Xn-t\mSm-Wv km-Zr-iyw-˛ {_n-´¨ 2889. D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-\p ]p-d-Øp-P-\n-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 2890. C-¥y X-t±-io-b-am-bn \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ an-ssk¬ t_m-´v-˛ sF.F≥.F-kv.hn-`q-Xn 2891. A-ø-¶m-fn-sb ]p-e-b cm-Pm-hv- F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ Km-\v-[nPn2892. a-c-Wm-\-¥-cw s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v B-Zy-am-bn A¿-l-\mb-Xv-˛ F-dn-Iv Imƒ-s^¬-‰v (1931˛-kzo-U≥) 2893. A-d-_n-°-S-en-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ e-£-Zzo-]v I-S¬ 2894. ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cn¬ km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ A-`n--Nn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≠m-bn--∂-Xv ˛ _m-_¿ 2895. a-c-X-I-Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 2896. c-‡-k-Ω¿-Zw Ip-d-™ A-h-ÿ-˛ ssl-t∏m-sS≥-j≥ 2897. B-fl-l-Xy sN-bv-X km-ln-Xy s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-°ƒ-˛ G-WÃv sl-an-Mv-th, bm-kp-\m-cn I-hm-_-Ø 2898. c-‡-kw-N-c-Ww (ª-Uv {Sm≥-kv-^yq-j≥) I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Po≥ _m-]v-‰n-à sU-\n-kv 2899. 1937˛¬ C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p th¿-]n-cn-™ `q-hn-`m-Kw-˛ _¿-a(aym≥a¿) 2900. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ tem-lw- ˛-Im¬-kyw2901. A-Æm {Zm-hn-U ap-t∂-‰ I-g-I-Øn-s‚ Nn-”w-˛ c-≠n-e 2902. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ I-f¿ kn-\n-a-˛ I-s≠ s_-® tIm-´v 2903. c-‡-km-£n-Xzw h-cn-® B-Zy kn-Jp Kp--˛ A¿-Pp≥ tZ-hv 2904. C-¥y kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ c-P-X-Pq-_n-en B-tLm-jn-®-t∏mƒ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ hn.hn.Kn-cn 2905. X-e-Io-gm-bn a-c-Øn¬-\n-∂n-d-ßm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ G-I k-kv-X-\n-˛ A-Æm≥

88

CONFUSING FACTS  B-kq-{X-W I-Ωn-j-s‚ B-Zy-sØ A-[y-£≥ P-hm-l¿em¬ s\-{lp-hpw D-]m-[y-£≥ Kp¬-k-cn-em¬ \-μ-bp-ambn--∂p.  sk≥-{S¬ ssd-kv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v H-do-k-bn-se I-´°v F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv. C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ssd-kv dn-k¿-®v kvt‰-j≥ ^n-en-ss∏≥-kn-se a-\n-e-bn-em-Wv.  a-e-bm-f `m-j-bn-se B-Zy-sØ N-ºp D-Æn-b-®o-N-cn-X-hpw k-tμ-i-Im-hyw D-Æp-\o-eo-k-tμ-i-hp-am-Wv.  G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏-ap-≈ ]-£n-bpw G-‰-hpw `m-cw-Iq-Sn-b ]£n-bpw H-´-I-∏-£n-bm-Wv. 2906. 1864˛¬ {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bp-sS th-\¬-°m-e X-e-ÿm-\-am-b \K-cw-˛-jnw-e 2907. a-{Zm-kv (sN-ss∂) \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ {^m≥-kn-kv tU 2908. A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ tPm¿-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S¨ 2909. B-fl-l-Xy-{]-h-W-X-bp-≈ P-¥p-˛ se-Ωn-Mv 2910. A-Wp-t_mw-_m-{I-aW - Ø - n-\p-hn-t[-ba - m-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ P-∏m≥ 2911. ap-Kƒ- Nn-{X-I-e A-Xn-s≥-d ]m-c-ay-X-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- N-{Ih¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-P-lmw-Ko¿2912. th-fn Sq-dn-Ãv hn-t√-Pv G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 2913. Km-‘n-Pn-°v kn-hn¬ Un-kv-H-_o-Un-b≥-kv F-∂ B-i-bw Bcn¬-\n-∂m-Wv e-`n-®-Xv-˛ sl≥-dn tU-hn-Uv tXm-tdm 2914. thmƒ-K \-Zn H-gp-Ip-∂ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 2915. B-Zy-am-bn t{Zm-Wm-Nm-cy A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv ˛ H.Fw.\-ºym¿ 2916. c-≠p h-en-b P-e-k-Rv-P-b-ß-sf X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ C-Spßn-b P-e-`m-Kw-˛ kv-{S-bn-‰v 2917. _w-Km-fn¬ im-iz-X `q-\n-Ip-Xn hy-hÿ \-S∏ - m-°n-bX - v˛- tIm¨hm-en-kv 2918. {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I A-s√-¶n¬ a-cn-°p-I F-∂v Km-‘n-Pn ]-d-™ A-h-k-cw-˛ Izn-‰n-¥ym k-a-cw 2919. B-fl-I-Y-bn¬ C-¥y-°m-sc C-jv-S-a-√ F-∂p sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ _m-_¿ 2920. 1940¬ B¬-_¿-´v sF≥-ssÃ-\v G-Xp cm-Py-sØ ]u-c-Xz-amWv kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 2921. _-Z-co-\m-Y-t£-{X-Øn-se B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ a-lm-hn-jv-Wp 2922. a-{Zm-kv- d-_¿- ^m-Iv-S-dn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ h-S-hm-Xq¿2923. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ hn-em-] Im-hyw-˛ H- hn-em-]w (kn.F-kv.kp-{_-a-Wy≥ t]m-‰n) 2924. A-Wp-kw-Jy 100 B-b aq-e-Iw-˛ s^¿-an-bw 2925. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b A-f-hn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ kw-bp-‡w-˛ P-ew 2926. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-\v B t]- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 2927. c-≠p h-en-b I-c-`m-K-ß-sf X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ C-Sp-ßn-b I-c` - m-Kw-˛ C-kvX - p-ak - v 2928. _w-Kv-d G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv-˛ ]-©m-_v 2929. _-Z-co-\m-Y-t£-{Xw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ B-Zn-i-¶-c≥ 2930. A-tim-I-s‚ km-{am-Py-Øn¬ Im-¥-lm¿ {]-tZ-i-sØ in-emim-k-\-ß-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®n--∂ `m-j-˛ A-cm-a-bn-Iv 2931. `-£-W-Øn-\m-bn a-s‰m- Po-hn-sb B-{i-bn-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ ]tcm-]-Po-hn 2932. C-…m-a-_m-Zn-\p ap-ºv ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛ dm-h¬-]n-≠n 2933. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb ]-Z-hn-bn¬-\n-∂pw \o-°w sN-øm-\p-≈ \-S-]-Sn{I-aw-˛ Cw-]o-®v-sa‚ v 2934. cm-Po-hv Km-‘n tJ¬ c-Xv-\ A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-bm-b B-Zy h-\nX-˛ I¿-Ww a-t√-iz-cn 2935. C-¥y-bp-sS h-μy-h-tbm-[n-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \h-tdm-Pn

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

2936. aq-∂m-dn¬ kw-K-an-°p-∂ \-Zn-Iƒ-˛ ap-Xn-c-∏p-g, \-√-X-Æn, Ip-≠f 2937. A-tam-Wn-b \n¿-an-°p-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ tl-_¿ {]-{In-b 2938. D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-\p ]p-d-Øv kw-kv-I-cn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 2939. B-Zy-sØ Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn \n¿-an-°-s∏-´ {Sm≥-kv-˛ bp-dm-\n-Iv aq-eIw-˛ s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-bw 2940. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xz-Øn¬ b-Mv C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy e°w C-d-ßn-b-Xv-˛ 1919 2941. D-Ø-c-cm-a-N-cn-Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ `-h-`q-Xn 2942. a-t≠-e X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®-sX-hn-sS-˛ tdm-_≥ sF-e≥-Uv 2943. C-¥y-bn-se tI-{μo-b _m-¶n-s‚ t]-cv-˛ dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v Hm-^v C- ¥ y 2944. A-tim-I-s\ G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b cm-Pm-sh-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ F-®v.Pn.sh¬-kv 2945. a-te-dn-b ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ A-t\m-^n-e-kv s]¨-sIm-Xp-Iv 2946. aq-∂mw ]m-\n-∏-´v bp-≤-Øn¬ a-dm-Ø ssk-\y-Øn-s‚ X-e-h≥˛ k-Zm-in-h-dm-hp 2947. c-≠p hn-c-ep-I-fp-≈ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 2948. a-te-dn-b _m-[n-°p-∂ A-h-b-h-߃-˛ kv-πo≥ (πo-l), I-cƒ 2949. A-tem-l-ß-fn¬ ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sS G-‰-hpw \-√ Nm-e-Iw-˛ {Km-ss^-‰v 2950. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛ F-kv- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥2951. C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ bq-tdm-]y≥ B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ 2952. c-≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap-≈- 55 h¿-j-ß-fn¬- 57 a{¥n-k-`-I-fp-sS- `-c-W-Øn-\p- hn-t[-b-am-b- bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-jv-{Sta-Xv- -˛-C-‰-en2953. aq-{X-Øn-s‚ a-™ \n-d-Øn-\p Im-c-Ww-˛ bq-tdm-t{Imw 2954. tI- { μ km- l n- X y A- ° m- Z - a n sk- { I- ´ - d n- b m- b B- Z y- s Ø Z-£n-tW-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ sI.k-®nZm-\-μ≥ 2955. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tIm-tf-Pm-b kn-Fw-F-kv- tIm-tf-PvtIm-´-b-Øv- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1860 2956. in-ip-hn-s‚ ]n-Xr-Xzw sX-fn-bn-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ssh-Zyim-kv-{X co-Xn-˛ Un.F≥.F.^nw-K¿-{]n‚nw-Kv 2957. Ip-‰m-ew sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 2958. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Ip-d-™ \-Zn-˛ a-t©-iz-cw- ]p-g 2959. i-X-k-l-{k-kw-ln-X F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Ir-Xn-˛ a-lm`m-cX - w 2960. tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn- ˛-s]-cn-bm¿2961. Izo≥-kv-s_-dn \n-b-a-߃ G-Xv Im-bn-I C-\-hp-am-bn _-‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ t_m-Iv-kn-Mv 2962. 1947 Hm-K-kv-Xv 15\v A-¥-cn-® kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛ A-PnXv kn-Mv 2963. 1948¬ sIm-®n \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS {]-Y-a Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ kv]o-°-dm-b-Xv-˛ F¬.Fw.ss]-en 2964. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Xp-d-∂ P-bn¬-˛-Im-´m-°-S 2965. 1950˛¬ ssSw am-K-kn≥ t]-gv-k¨ Hm-^v lm-^v sk-©z-dn Bbn Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xm-sc-bm-Wv-˛ N¿-®n¬ 2966. 1611¬- Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- ^m-Iv-S-dn- kv-Ym-]n-® kv-Y-ew-˛- - a-kq-en-]´-Ww2967. k¬-^yq-cn-Iv B-kn-Uv \n¿-an-°p-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ k-º¿-° {]-{Inb A-s√-¶n¬ tIm¨-Sm-Iv-Sv {]-{In-b 2968. Km-\v-[n-Pn B-sI F-{X Zn-h-kw P-bn¬-hm-k-a-\p-`-hn-®n-´p-≠v-˛ 2338 2969. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS h-[-tØm-sS \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´ kw-L-S-\-˛ B¿.F-kv.F-kv. 2970. Km-Ym-k-]v-X-i-Xn c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ lm-e≥ 2971. kn-ÿ \n-th-Zn-X B--sS {]-kn-≤-in-jy-bm-Wv-˛ kzm-an hn-th-Im-μ≥ 2972. C-Sn-ta-Lß - ƒ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ ta-Lß - f - p-sS t]-cv˛- Ip-ap-tem\nw-_-kv ta-L-߃ 2973. C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ A-t‰m-an-Iv F-\¿-Pn I-Ωn-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ hn-b-∂ 2974. C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ssd-kv dn-k¿-®v tÃ-j≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ a-\n-e

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

13

 A-ta-cn-°≥ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bn¬ Ip-dp-sI-bp-≈ h-c-I-fpsS F-Æw  C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b F-{Xm-a-sØ hy-‡n-bm-Wv (BIv-Snw-Kv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-sb H-gn-hm-°n) a≥-tam-l≥ knw-Kv  F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-ta-cn°-bn¬ A-Sn-a-Øw \n-tcm-[n-®-Xv  `-cW - L - S- \ - m-\n¿-am-W k-`b - v° - v F-{X I-Ωn-‰n-If - m-Wv D-≠mbn--∂X - v  Pq-X-a-X-hn-izm-k-{]-Im-cw H- B¨-Ip-´n-sb ap-Xn¿-∂ Bfm-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂ {]m-bw  t_-t°-gv-kv U-k≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-{X-sb-Æ-am-Wv  \m-Km-em≥-Un-s‚ kw-ÿm-\ ]-Z-hn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ `c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn  U¬-ln-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈ G-gp-t]¿ Dƒ-s∏-sS tI-{μ-`c - W - {]-tZi-ßf - n¬-\n-∂v B-sI F-{X tem-Ik v- `- mw-Kß - f - m-Wp-≈X - v  A-ta-cn-°-bn-se F-{X tIm-f-\n-Iƒ tN¿-∂m-Wv {_n-´-Wv F-Xn-sc kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw \-S-Øn-b-Xv.  C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚m-bn Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ F-{Xm-a-sØ hy-‡n-bm-Wv {]-W-_v ap-J¿-Pn  Ip-e-ti-J-c km-{am-Pyw F-{X \m-Sp-I-fm-bn-´m-Wv hn-`-Pn-°s∏-´n--∂-Xv  So-t\-Pv Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv F-{Xmw h-b- n-em-Wv  {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ A-h-km-\-sØ A-Øm-g-Øn-\v F-{X t]cm-Wv ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv  F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv U¬-ln-bn¬ kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v hwi-߃ `-cW - a - m-cw-`n-®X - v  C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ ta-P¿ Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv t]m¿-´v ªb¿  F-{Xm-a-sØ A-tim-I im-k-\-Øn-em-Wv I-enw-K-bp-≤-sØ°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv 2975. k-RvP - b - v Km-‘n tZ-io-b ]m¿-°v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv˛- alm-cm-jv-{S 2976. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ A-kw-ªn a-Wv-U-ew-˛ s\-øm-‰n≥-I-c 2977. tKm-h-bn-se X-t±-io-b-sc {In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-te-Øv ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-øn-°m≥ {In-kv-Xy≥ an-j-\-dn-am¿ kzo-I-cn-® \-S-]-Sn-˛ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ 2978. kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kn-s‚ cm-jv-{So-b-Kp--˛ kn.B¿.Zm-kv 2979. C-¥y-bn-se ]n-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Pw-j-Uv-]q¿ 2980. X-e-bn-se A-\-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ G-I A-ÿn-˛ Xm-Sn-sb-√v 2981. C-¥y kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ tPm¿Pv B-dm-a≥ 2982. Km-‘n-Pn, P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-lv-dp-hn-s\ cm-jv-{So-b ]n≥-Km-an-bmbn {]-Jym-]n-® h¿-jw ˛1942 2983. amw-k-\n-_-≤-a-√ cm-Kw F-∂p-Zv-tLm-jn-°p-∂ Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚ c-N-\-˛ eo-e 2984. \n-g¬-X-߃ F-∂p t]--≈ B-cm-[-\m-e-b-߃ ÿm-]n-®-Xv˛-A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ 2985. j¨-ap-J-Zm-k≥ F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-´ \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ 2986. G-Xv `m-j-bn-em-Wv {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- B-tflm-]-tZ-i-i-X-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ a-e-bm-fw 2987. C-¥y≥-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ kv-{Xo ]p--j A-\p-]m-Xw G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™-Xv-˛ l-cn-bm-\ 2988. tI-c-f-Øn-se P-em-K-Xm-K-X-h-Ip-∏n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ B-e-∏p-g 2989. kp-h¿-W \-K-c-I-hm-Sw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ km≥-{^m≥-kn-kvtIm 2990. C-¥y tlm-°n tem-I-I-∏v t\-Sn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1975

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

89

2991. A-ø-\-Sn-Iƒ- Xn--h-Sn-Iƒ- X-cn-km-∏-≈n- sN-t∏-Sv- F-gp-Xn-sImSp-Ø h¿-jw-˛ - F.Un.849 2992. a-ø-gn Km-‘n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛ sF.sI.Ip-am-c≥ am-ÿ 2993. c-‡-Nw-{I-a-Ww I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ hn-eyw lm¿-hn 2994. ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py-X-e-ÿm-\w U¬-ln-bnte-°v am-‰n-b-Xv ˛ jm-P-lm≥ 2995. a-dm-Ø hw-i-am-b kn-‘y F-hn-sS-bm-Wv `-cn-®-Xv-˛ Kzm-fn-tbm¿ 2996. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ e-£-W-sam-Ø t\m-h-em-b -C-μpte-J- - H N-¥p-ta-t\m≥- {]-kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1889 2997. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-˛ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿a 2998. a-ø-gn-bn¬- {^-©p-Im¿- Xm-h-f-ap-d-∏n-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1725 2999. 1734¬ sIm-´m-c-°-c ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øv Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ e-bn-∏n®-Xv˛- am¿-Øm-WvU - h - ¿-a 3000. I-cn-Im-e≥ H-∂mw i-X-I-Øn¬ Im-th-cn-bn¬ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-® I√-ssW B-Wv C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ A-W-s°-´v. G-Xv \-Znbn-em-W-Xv-˛-Im-th-cn 3001. a-{Zm-kv- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥-d t]-cv- X-an-gv-\m-Sv- F-∂m-°n-am-‰n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1969 3002. c-≠mw- Xm-t\-iz¿- bq-≤-Øn¬- (1192)- ]r-Yz-n-cm-Pv- Nu-lm-s\ tXm¬-∏n-®v- U¬-ln-bn¬- ap-…nw- `-c-W-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´ B{I-a-W-Im-cn- ˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- tKm-dn3003. A-®-Sn B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 3004. aq-h-_nƒ ssS-∏p-]-tbm-Kn-®v A-®-Sn-b-{¥-Øn-eq-sS A-®-Sn Bcw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ P¿-a-\n 3005. 1940˛¬ ssSw am-kn-I t]-gv-k¨ Hm-^v Z C-b¿ B-bn Xn-cs™-Sp-Ø-Xm-sc-bm-Wv ˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 3006. C-¥y-bp-sS c-≠m-a-sØ Ir-{Xn-tam-]-{K-lw-˛ `m-kv-I-c-˛-c-≠v 3007. tI-c-f-Øn-se ]-£n k-t¶-X-߃-˛ X-t´-°m-Sv ,aw-K-f-h-\w 3008. A-tim-I-N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ _n-μp-km-c≥ 3009. A-tam-Wn-b hm-X-Iw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v {]o-Ãv-en 3010. C-¥y-bp-sS G-Xv A-b¬ cm-Py-Øm-Wv Zn-th-Kn `m-j kw-km-cn°p-∂-Xv-˛ am-en-Zzo-]v 3011. A-tkm-kn-tb-‰v tÃ-‰v ]-Z-hn-bp-≠m-bn--∂ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm\w-˛ kn-°nw 3012. C-¥y-bn¬ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b \-K-cw-˛ X-©m-hq¿ 3013. aq-∂mw _p-≤-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚ c-£m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ A-tim-I≥ 3014. tI- c - f - Ø n- s e B- Z y a- { ¥n- k - ` - b n- s e B- t cm- K y- a - { ¥n- ˛ tUm.F.B¿.ta-t\m≥ 3015. C-¥y-bp-sS D-Zym-\w F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛ _mw•q¿ 3016. A-tim-Ik - vX - w-`Ø - n-se en-Jn-Xß - ƒ G-Xp en-]n-bn-em-Wv˛- {_m“n 3017. tI-c-f-Øn-se ]-g-\n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-l-cn-∏m-Sv kp-{_-a-Wy t£-{Xw 3018. C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b-Pm-X-Iw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ `c-W-L-S-\m-`m-Kw-˛ B-ap-Jw 3019. A-tim-I-N-{I t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ I-a-te-jv Ip-am-cn 3020. C-¥y-bn¬ sd-bn¬-th \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy \-K-cw-˛-apw-ss_ 3021. {_-t“m-kv F-b-tdm-kv-t]-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 3022. tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-t]¿-°v Po-h-lm-\n kw-`-hn-® `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 3023. tI-c-f-Øn-se ]m¿-e-sa‚ v a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-S-t°-b‰-tØ-Xv-˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv 3024. C-¥y-bp-sS G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n ˛-cm-Po-hv-Km‘n 3025. aq-∂mw tem-I-cm-jv-{S-߃ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-I-kz-c cm-Py߃ 3026. C-¥y-bp-sS G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-b¬ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN\ 3027. tIc-f-Ønse {]-[m-\ \m-Wy-hn-f-˛-d-∫¿

90

CONFUSING FACTS  a-lm-fl-Pn X-s‚ cm-jv-{So-b ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp-hn-s\-bm-Wv. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS B-flob ]n≥-Km-an F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv B-Nm-cy hn-t\m-_m `m-sh B-Wv.  tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m-tÃm-^o-kv B-cw-`n-®-Xv Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-e-∏p-g-bn¬ (1857). B-Zy kv-]o-Uv t]m-Ãv sk‚¿ sIm-®n-bn¬ (1986).  ]-tY¿ ]m-Rv-P-en F-∂ t\m-h-se-gp-Xn-b-Xv hn-`q-Xn-`q-j¨ _-tμm-]m-[ym-b B-Wv. C-tX t]-cn¬ A-Xv N-e-®n-{X-am°n-b-Xv k-Xy-Pn-Xv td. 3028. A-tim-I-s‚ in-em-en-Jn-X-ß-fp-sS s]m-ƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-™ K-thj-I≥-˛ sP-bnw-kv {]n≥-sk-]v 3029. 1941˛¬ P-∏m-s\-Xn-sc bp-≤ {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ H-∏p-sh-® A-tacn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 3030. tI-c-f-Øn-se {]-kn-≤-am-b X-Sm-I-t£-{Xw-˛ A-\-¥-]p-cw 3031. C-¥y-bp-sS G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-Øp-≈ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛-Xq-Øp-°p-Sn 3032. B--sS A-[y-£-X-bn¬ tN¿-∂ k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv 1938¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ im-J cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv-˛ ]-´m-`n ko-Xm-cm-a-ø 3033. tI-c-f-Øn-se {]-Y-a I-ayq-Wn-Ãv Fw.F¬.F.˛ C.tKm-]m-e- -Irjv-W ta-t\m≥(1949) 3034. A-tim-I-s‚ km-{am-Py-Øn¬ h-S-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥-`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ in-em-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ G-Xp en-]n-bm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv-˛ J-tcm-jv-Sn 3035. tI-c-f-Øn-se A-£-c-\-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-´-bw3036. au-cy km-{am-Py ÿm-]-I≥ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy≥ A-¥-cn-® ÿew-˛ {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f 3037. tI-c-f-Øn-se a--a-°-Øm-b k-{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn-®v ]-cm-a¿-in°p-∂ B-Zy ]p-kv-X-I-am-b an-dm-_n-en-b Un-kv-{In-]v-jy-c-Nn-®Xv ˛-{^-b¿ tPm¿-Um-\p-kv 3038. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b D-]-{K-lw-˛ B-∏nƒ 3039. au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃ \-S-∏m-°m≥ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn F-¥m-Wv ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ dn-´v 3040. 1945˛¬ ssh-t{km-bn th-h¬ {]-`p C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b `mhn kw-_‘ - n-®v tIm¨-{K-kv t\-Xm-°≥-am--am-bn N¿-®\ - S- Ø - nb \-K-cw-˛-jnw-e 3041. B--sS a-cW - Ø - n¬ A-\p-tim-Nn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ {]-tcm-Z-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ F.B¿.cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a 3042. tI-c-f-Øn-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw sN-dp-Xv-˛ a-t©-iz-cw 3043. -U-°m-Wn-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 3044. Um¿-Pn-en-Mv ln-am-e-b≥ sd-bn¬-th ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1881 3045. au-kn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ U-•-kv Fw-K¬-_¿-´v 3046. A-Wp-`m-cw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b kzm-`m-hn-I aq-e-Iw-˛ bp-td-\n-bw 3047. a-Wn-ta-J-e c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ k-Ø-\m¿ 3048. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy \n-b-a k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛ \p-bm¬-kv 3049. A-Wp-{]-k-c-Ww A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv-˛ Ko-K¿ Iu-≠¿ 3050. B--sS {]-kw-K-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv 1959se hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn\v B t]- e-`n-®-Xv-˛-]-\-ºn-≈n tKm-hn-μ-ta-t\m≥ 3051. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ hn-hn-t[m-t±-iy D-]-{K-lw-˛ C≥-km-‰v 1 F 3052. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-˛ ]n.Sn.Nm-t°m 3053. A-Wp-hn-`-P-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ Hm-t´m-lm≥ 3054. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈ ]-{Xw-˛ Zo-]n-I (1887¬- kvYm-]n-Xw)3055. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm hn-tZ-i-Im-cy a-{¥n-˛ e-£v-an F≥. ta-t\m≥ 3056. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ A-W-s°-´v-˛ ap-√-s∏-cn-bm¿ 3057. B--sS a-{¥n-k-`-bm-bn--∂p A-jv-S-{]-[m≥-˛ in-h-Pn

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3058. 1945˛-se {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°p-≈ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ `cWw \jvS-s∏-´ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 3059. A- ¥ ¿- t Z- i o- b ^p- S v - t _mƒ Sq¿- W - s a‚ n--s ‚ ssZ¿- L yw- ˛ 90 an-\n-´v 3060. U-®p-Im--sS B-Zy-sØ I-∏¬- k-aq-lw- sIm-®n-bn¬- F-Ønb-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1604 3061. B--sS A-Sn-ab - m-bn--∂p Ip-Ø_ - ±v- o≥ sF-_I - ˛v- ap-lΩ - Z- v tKmdn 3062. in-h-Pn-sb kzm-[o-\n-°p-I-bpw B-bp-[m-`ym-kw ]-cn-io-en-∏n-°pI-bpw sN-bv-X {_m-“-W≥-˛ Zm-Zm-Pn sIm-≠-tZ-hv 3063. U¬-ln G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-b-ap-\ 3064. A-W-en-hn-jw- _m-[n-°p-∂ i-co-c-hyq-lw-˛-c-Iv-X-]-cy-b-\ hy-hkv-Y 3065. Aw-K, ]q¿-h F-∂n-h G-Xp a-X-°m--sS {K-Ÿ-ß-fm-Wv-˛ ssP-\ 3066. {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-bn-se {]-kn-≤-am-b D-’-hw-˛ a-lm-a-kv-X-Im`n-tj-Iw 3067. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv h-ln-®n--∂ Hu-tZym-Kn-I ]-Z-hn-˛ t]m¿-_-¥-dn-se Zn-hm≥ 3068. U¬-ln-bn-se B-Zy-sØ (C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se-bpw)- ap-…nw`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- ˛-Ip-Xv-_p-Zo≥- sF-_-Iv3069. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-ta-J-e-bm-bn--∂ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ {]-hn-iy-˛ t\-‰mƒ 3070. {In-°-‰v ]-¥n-s‚ `m-cw-˛ 155.9 {Km-an-\pw 163 {Km-an-\p-an-S-bn¬ 3071. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬3072. a-Wn-∏q-cn-se ¢m-kn-°¬ \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ a-Wn-∏q-cn 3073. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ Im-em-h-ÿm D-]-{K-lw-˛ sa-‰v-km-‰v 3074. U¬-ln-°p k-ao-]w-Im-Wp-∂ {]-i-kv-X-am-b C--ºv Xq-Wv \n¿an-®X - v G-Xv `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS Im-eØ - m-Wv˛- N - {- μ-Kp-]vX - hn-{Iam-Zn-Xy≥ 3075. au-cy-`-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ am-\z¬ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ {K-Ÿw-˛ A¿-Y-im-kv-{Xw 3076. A-⁄X - B-\μ - I - c - a - m-Ip-∂n-SØ - v _p-≤n-am-\m-Im≥ {i-an-°p-∂Xv au-Vy-am-Wv- F-∂p ]-d-™-Xm-cv-˛ tXm-a-kv t{K 3077. Aw-_c - N - pw-_n-If - p-sS \-Kc - w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- \yq-tbm¿-°v 3078. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sS-en-tImw C≥-Ip-t_-j≥ sk‚¿ {]h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ I-f-a-t»-cn-bn¬ 3079. A-Un-k¨-kv tcm-Kw- G-X-h-b-h-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂p-˛ A-{Uo\¬ {K-Ÿn 3080. C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ [-\-k-lm-b-Øm¬ \n¿-an-°p-∂ Np-J t{]m-P-Iv-Sv G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ `q-´m≥ 3081. G-‰-hpw In-g-°m-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ In-cn-_m-‰n 3082. au-cy-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw- {]-i-kv-X-\m-b `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- ˛ Atim-I≥ 3083. Im-t° Im-t° Iq-sS-hn-sS F-∂ Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ D-≈q¿ 3084. cm-Py-k-`m D-]m-[y-£-\m-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ Fw.Fw.tP-°-∫v 3085. hn-\m-Kn-cn-bn-se B-kn-Uv-˛ A-k-‰n-Iv B-kn-Uv 3086. kw-Ko-X-Pv-R-\m-bn--∂ Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛-k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X≥3087. hn-]p-e-am-b-co-Xn-bn¬ \-K-c-`-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-sam--°n-b au-cy `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]vX - a - u-cy≥ 3088. cm-Py-k-`mw-K-Øn-s‚ Im-em-h-[n-˛ B-dp-h¿-jw 3089. A-·n-ia - \ - n-If - n¬ D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂ hm-XI - w-˛ Im¿-_¨ U-tbmIv-ssk-Uv 3090. C-dm-\n-se {Ko≥ km¬-‰v t{]m-P-Iv-Sv F-∂p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛ bp-td-\n-bw kw-kv-I-c-Ww 3091. c-≠mw ]-©-h¬-k-c ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS in¬-]n-˛ ]n.kn. a-l-e-t\m_n-kv 3092. kw-Ko-X-⁄-s\-∂pw t]--tI-´ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-hv-˛ kzmXn Xn--\mƒ 3093. Cw-•≠ - n-se a-X] - oT-\ß - f - n¬-\n-∂v c-£s - ∏-Sm≥ ]-Xn-t\-gmw \q‰m-≠n¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-°v Ip-Sn-tb-dm-\m-bn t]m-b ]n¬-{Knw ^m-tZ-gv-kv k-©-cn-® I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv-˛ sa-bv-^v-f-h¿ 3094. a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn-s‚ I-W-°v \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ `-c-W-L-S-\ 3095. A-{Un-bm-‰n-°n-s‚ dm-Wn ˛ sh-\o-kv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

14

 tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS {]-tXy-I k-tΩ-f-\w hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°p-∂Xn-\v ]-Øn-sem-∂n¬ Ip-d-bm-Ø Aw-K-߃ tc-Jm-aq-ew B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]-kn-U‚ v F-{X Zn-h-k-Øn\p-≈n¬ k-` hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°-Ww  tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-{X Pn-√m-k-l-I-c-W _m-¶p-Iƒ D-≠v  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sSbm-Wv ap-ºv {^-©-[o-\-X-bn-em-bn--∂ {]-tZ-i-߃-°v bqWn-b≥ sS-dn-´-dn ]-Z-hn \¬-In-b-Xv  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 86˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn {]-Im-cw F-{X h-b- ph-sc-bp-≈ Ip-´n-Iƒ-°m-Wv ku-P-\y-hpw \n¿-_-‘n-X-hpam-b hn-Zym-`ym-kw \¬-tI-≠-Xv  `u-tam-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se i-cm-i-cn Xm-]-\n-e F-{X Un-{Kn sk¬-jy-kv B-Wv  ]n.F-®v.kv-sI-bn-en-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ aq-eyw F-{X-bmWv  A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v ÿm-\m¿-Yn-bm-bn a-’-cn-°-Wsa-¶n¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™-Xv F-{X h¿-j-am-bn A-ta-cn-°bn-se ÿn-c-Xm-a-k-°m-c-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ {]-Im-cw F-{X h-b- n-\p Xm-sg-bp≈ Ip-´n-I-sf-bm-Wv A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p-∂-Xv \n-b-a-hn-t[-b-a-√m-Ø-Xv  1969 Pq-em-bv 19˛-\v C-μn-cm-Km-‘n tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-® _m-¶pI-fp-sS F-Æw 3096. H-∂-mw-tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤-Im-e-Øv- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-≠m-bn-∂-Xv-˛ hp-Uv-tdm- hn¬-k¨3097. kw-Ko-X-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ th-Zw-˛ km-a-th-Zw 3098. H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- X-e-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-eq-sSH-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn- ˛-Um-\yq-_v3099. Im≥-s^-Un-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ]n.F≥. ]-Wn-°¿ 3100. I-øq¿ k-a-cw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1941 3101. Im¬-]m-Z-Øn¬ ap-´-h-®v A-S \n¬-°p-∂ ]-£n-˛ s]≥-Kzn≥ 3102. cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-≈ tI-{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-߃-˛ U¬-ln (3), ]pXpt®-cn (1) 3103. Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b--sS k-a-Im-en-I-\m-bn--∂ ap-Kƒ `-c-Wm-[nIm-cn-˛ _m-_¿ 3104. I-S-em-kv B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 3105. {In-°-‰n-s‚ D¬-`-hw G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-bn--∂p-˛ Cw-•-≠v 3106. C-¥y-bn¬ C-Jv-Xm k-{º-Zm-bw \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xm-cv-˛ Xp¿-°n kp¬-Øm≥-am¿ 3107. ssh-ti-jn-I Z¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ I-Wm-Z-ap-\n 3108. I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-se sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-Iƒ-Iq-Sn I-W-°m-°p-tºmƒ temI-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ au-\m-In 3109. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- hn-im-Jw- Xn--\mƒ- cm-Pm-hm-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1880 3110. B--sS B-ÿm-\I - h - n-bm-bn--∂p `-h`- q-Xn-˛ I-\u-Pn-se b-timh¿-a≥ 3111. G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- cq-]-h¬-Ir-X-am-b- A-ta-cn-°≥ kv-t‰-‰v-˛ l-hm-bv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ3112. tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn lr-Z-bw am-‰n-h-bv-°¬ i-kv-{X-{In-b \-SØn-b ÿm-]-\w-˛ sa-Un-°¬ {S-Ãv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw 3113. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ ssk-\n-I-\m-Wv tSm-an A-‰v-In≥-kv F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {_n-´¨ 3114. B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv Po-hn-X k-a-cw-˛ kn.tI-i-h≥ 3115. tI-cf - Ø - n-em-Zy-am-bn sS-en-t^m¨ ÿm-]n-®X - ˛v- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ (1931) 3116. Hm¿-tØm-{K-^n F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ i-cn-bm-b D®m-cW - w 3117. hm¬-U-kv s]-\n≥-kp-e G-Xv `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw Xm-gv∂ `m-K-am-Wv-˛ sX-t° A-ta-cn-°

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

91

3118. I-∏m¿-´n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 3119. I-´-°-bw F-∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sN-dnbm≥ am-∏n-f 3120. kn-Jp-a-X-Øn-s‚ c-≠m-a-sØ Kp--˛ Aw-K-Zv 3121. A-{Uo-\¬ {K-Ÿn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ hr-°-bp-sS ap-Iƒ-`m-KØv 3122. tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn sam-ss_¬ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂Xv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 3123. Aw-_m-k-U¿ Im¿ ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ D-Ø-c-]p-c GXp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]-›n-a-_w-Kmƒ 3124. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Im¿-jn-I `q-hn-`m-Kw-˛ D-Ø-c-Kw-Km k-a-X-ew 3125. C-¥y-bn¬ sIm-´m-cß - f - p-sS \-Kc - w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- sIm¬°-Ø 3126. au-cy-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy≥ 3127. tI-{μ-k¿-°m-cn-s‚ \n¿-a¬ {Km-a ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-ZysØ ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ ]o-en-t°m-Sv (Im-k¿-tIm-Sv Pn-√) 3128. G-Xv kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ap-J-]-{X-am-Wv k¿-ho-kv-˛ F≥-F-kv-F-kv 3129. \n-h¿-Ø-\-{]-t£m-` I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ kn.tI-i-h≥ 3130. h-°w au-e-hn-bp-sS P-∑-ÿ-ew G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\¥-]p-cw 3131. G-Xv kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ap-J-]-{X-am-Wv tbm-K-\m-Zw-˛ F-kv-F≥Un-]n tbm-Kw 3132. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS £-W-{]-Im-cw 1912˛¬ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° k-μ¿in-® t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se 3133. tI-{μ-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ tUm.tPm¨ a-Øm-bn 3134. ssh-P-b-¥, A¿-Pp≥ Xp-S-ßn-b Sm-¶p-Iƒ \n¿-an-®-sX-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ B-h-Un 3135. A-Uz-t°-‰v P-\-d-en-s\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛ K-h¿-W¿ 3136. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm hn-tZ-i-Im-cy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ sNm°n-e A-ø¿ 3137. a-Wn-_n-√n-s\-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 110 3138. d-^v-fo-jy ]q-hv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-Wp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ a-te-jy 3139. au-cy-km-{am-Py X-e-ÿm-\w ˛ ]m-S-eo-]p-{Xw 3140. D-≈n-bp-sS `-£y-tbm-Ky-am-b `m-Kw-˛ Im-WvTw 3141. F-\¿-Pn B-Iv-Sn-th-j≥ B-Iv-Sv C-¥y-bn¬ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-sX∂v-˛ 2002 am¿-®v 3142. G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b ]q-hv-˛ ssS-‰≥ Bw 3143. A-Wp kw-Jy F-∂ B-i-bw B-Zy-am-bn ap-t∂m-´p-h-® im-kv{X-⁄≥-˛ sl≥-dn tam-kv-en 3144. C-¥y-bn¬ sF.F.F-kv.D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°p ]-cn-io-e-\w \¬-Ip∂ ÿm-]-\w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ a-kq-dn 3145. en-_n-b-bn-se \m-W-bw-˛ Zn-\m¿ 3146. in-ip-]m-e-h-[w c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ am-L≥ 3147. In-j≥-K-Vv s]-bn‚n-Mv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv D¬-`-hn-®-Xv-˛ cm-Pÿ m≥ 3148. F-kv.sI. s]m-‰-°m-´n-s‚ ]q¿-W-\m-aw-˛ i-¶-c≥-Ip-´n Ip-™ncm-a≥ s]m-‰-°m-´v 3149. Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b--sS B-ÿm-\-I-hn-˛ A-√-km-\n s]-±-\ 3150. B--sS Aw-_m-k-U-dm-bn-´m-Wv tXm-a-kv tdm C-¥y-bn-se-Ønb-Xv-˛ sP-bnw-kv H-∂m-a≥ 3151. A-¥-co-£ hm-bp-hn¬ B¿-K-Wn-s‚ A-f-hv-˛ 0.9 i-X-am-\w 3152. A-¥-co-£-a¿-Zw A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ _m-tcm-ao-‰¿ 3153. A-Wp-\m-i-I-ß-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v enÿ 3154. Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b--sS Im-e-sØ hn-P-b-\-K-c-sØ-∏-‰n {]-Xn-]mZn-°p-∂ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-˛ Zp¿-hm-sØ _¿-t_m-k, sUm-an\n-tKm-kv ]-b-kv 3155. I-S-∂p-I-b-‰-sØ X-S-™ A-tX hn-Im-c-tØm-Spw i-‡n-tbmSpw-Iq-Sn C-\n \-Ωƒ k-am-[m-\-Øn-\m-bn s]m--X-Ww F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn 3156. I-S¬ ]n-dt- Im-´n-b Ip-´p-h≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´ cm-Pm-hv˛- tN-c≥ sN¶p-´p-h≥ 3157. in-h-tk-\ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ cm-jv-{So-b I-£n-bm-Wv ˛-a-lmcm-jv{- S

92

CONFUSING FACTS  th-Z-ß-fn-te-°v a-S-ßq F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kzXn-bm-Wv. Ko-X-bn-te-°v a-S-ßq F-∂v B-lzm-\w sN-bv-X-Xv kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ-\m-Wv.  A-Sp-°-f-bn¬-\n-∂v A-c-ß-tØ-°v c-Nn-®-Xv hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn∏m-Sv B-Wv. A-Sp-°-f-bn¬-\n-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°v c-Nn-®Xv `m-c-Xn D-Z-b-`m-\p B-Wv.  1931˛¬ bm-N-\-bm-{X \-bn-®-Xv hn.Sn. `-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv. F.sI. tKm-]m-e≥ ]-´n-Wn Pm-Y \-bn-®-Xv 1936˛¬. 3158. I-S¬-Øo-cØ - n-s≥-d \o-fØ - n¬- C-¥y≥- kw-kvY - m-\ß - f - n¬- B\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-s≥-d kv-Ym-\w- ˛ c-≠mw-kv-Ym-\w3159. I-S¬-P-e-Øn¬-\n-∂pw ip-≤-P-ew X-øm-dm-°p-∂ co-Xn-˛ Un-Ãnte-j≥ 3160. jm-t\m h--W G-Xn-s‚ B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-Wv-˛ C-¥y≥ t\-hn 3161. jn¿-±n-km-bn _m-_-bp-sS P-∑-ÿ-e-am-b jn¿-±n G-Xv kw-ÿm\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 3162. Jn¬-Pn hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ P-em-ep-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 3163. G-‰-hpw \o-f-ap-≈ ]m-ºv-˛ sd-´n-°p-te-‰-Uv ss]-ب 3164. Jn¬-Pn kp¬-Øm≥-am¿ G-Xp hw-i-P-cm-bn--∂p-˛ Xp¿-°n 3165. tI-{μ-km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ a-ebm-f t\m-h¬-˛ sN-Ωo≥ (1957) 3166. ssh-tem-∏n-≈n-°v h-b-em¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø Ir-Xn-˛ a-I-c-s°m-bv-Øv 3167. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ Aw-K-am-bn k-Xy-{]-Xn-Pv-R sN-bv-X BZy h-\n-X ˛-tdm-k-Ωm ]p-∂q-kv(1957 G-{]n¬ 10) 3168. G-‰-hpw \n-jvTp-c-\m-b ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s∏-´-Xv-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 3169. Jn¬-Pn-hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-I¿-®-bv-°p Im-c-W-°m-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂ Jn¬-Pn ssk-\ym-[n-]≥-˛ am-en-Iv Im-^¿ 3170. Jn¬-Pn-hw-i-Øn-se A-h-km-\-sØ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ \m-kn-dp±o≥ Jp-kv-dp jm 3171. kv-t]-kv j-´n¬ A-b-® B-Zy G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 3172. kv-t]m-≠n-sse-‰n-kv- G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv˛ \-s´-√v 3173. kv - X o- I - s f- ° mƒ ]p- c p- j ≥- a m¿ F- Æ - Ø n¬ Iq- S p- X - e p- ≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 3174. K-W-]-Xn D¬-k-h-sØ P-\-Io-b-am-°n-b kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c \mb-I≥-˛ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-I≥ 3175. kw-_¬-∏q¿ G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ a-lm-\-Zn 3176. kv-Im≥-Un-t\-hn-b F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ {]-tZ-i-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂ cm-Py-߃-˛ t\m¿-th, kzo-U≥, sU-∑m¿-°v 3177. kw-c-£-I {]-`p F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ H-fn-h¿ t{Imw-sh¬ 3178. A-¥-co-£-an-√m-sb-¶n¬ B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ \n-d-sa-¥m-bn-cn-°pw˛- I-dp-∏v 3179. A-·n-bp-sS Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ sF-kv-e≥-Uv 3180. Kw-K,b-ap-\, k-c-kz-Xn \-Zn-I-fp-sS kw-K-aw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Øm-Wv-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 3181. kw-Ko-Xc - X - v\ - m-Ic - w c-Nn-®X - v˛- im¿-Mv[ - c - ≥ 3182. cm-Py-k-`-bv-°p Xp-ey-am-b Cw-•o-jv t]-cv-˛ Iu¨-kn¬ Hm-^v tÃ-‰v-kv 3183. im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b ap-b¬ h-f¿-ج A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ IqWn-Iƒ-®¿ 3184. -A-¥m-cm-jv-{S \m-W-b-\n-[n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ hm-jn-Mv-S¨ 3185. I-S-en-s‚ B-g-a-f-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ ^m-Xw 3186. A-ap-‡-am-ey-U c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ 3187. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ Im-b¬-˛ D-∏-f-°m-b¬ 3188. Aƒ- P o- c n- b I- g n- ™ m¬ G- ‰ - h pw h- e n- b A- d - _ v cm- P yw ˛-ku-Zn A-td-_y 3189. πm-kn-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv _w-Km-fn-se \-hm-_v-˛ kn-dm-Pv D-Zv Zu-f 3190. tI-cf - Ø - n-s‚ G-‰h - pw sX-t°-b‰ - s - Ø ip-≤P - e - X - S- m-Iw-˛s - h-≈mb-Wn-°m-b¬ 3191. Kp-P-dm-Øn-se {]-[m-\ hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3192. B--sS h-[-am-Wv Zo-]m-h-en-bn-eq-sS B-tLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ \-cIm-kp-c≥ 3193. tI- c - f - Ø n- s ‚ G- ‰ - h pw sX- t °- b - ‰ - s Ø Xm- e q- ° v˛-s\-øm-‰n≥-I-c 3194. C-¥y- k-μ¿-in-®- B-Zy- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-≠v-˛ sF-k-t\mh¿3195. G-‰-hpw \o-f-ap-≈ C-Xn-lm-kw-˛ a-lm-`m-c-Xw 3196. kw- h m- Z v Iu- a p- Z n F- ∂ ]- { Xw ÿm- ] n- ® - X v˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 3197. tI- c - f - Ø n- s ‚ h- S - t °- b - ‰ - Ø p- ≈ A- k w- _ v - f n a- W v - U - e w˛ a-t©-iz-cw 3198. tI- c - f - Ø n- s ‚ G- ‰ - h pw h- S - t °- b - ‰ - Ø p- ≈ Xm- e q- ° v˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv 3199. C-¥y hn≥-kv {^o-Uw (C-¥y- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sp-∂p-)F-∂ ]pkv-X-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ au-em-\m A-_pƒ I-emw B-km-Zv 3200. kw- J y- I ƒ tem- I - s Ø `- c n- ° p- ∂ p F- ∂ p ]- d - ™ - X v ˛ ss]-Y-tKm-d-kv 3201. C-¥y-bn¬ c-≠p kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy‡n-˛ F≥.Un.Xn-hm-cn 3202. ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Snb-Xv-˛ F-an¬ A-tUmƒ-^v s_-dn-Mv 3203. kw-Jym-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ I-]n-e≥ 3204. tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂p e-`n-®n-´p-≈ G-‰-hpw ]-g-b im-k-\w-˛ hm-g∏-≈n im-k-\w 3205. πm-t‚-j≥ tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ tIm-´-bw 3206. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- Ku-cn-e-£v-an-`m-bn- `-c-W-ta-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1810 3207. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I X-eÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛ Xr-»q¿ 3208. F-√m {Km-a-ß-fn-epw ssh-Zyp-Xn e-`y-am-°n-b B-Zy kw-ÿm\w-˛ l-cn-bm-\ 3209. Hm¿-Wn-tØm-f-Pn F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ ]-£n-Iƒ 3210. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew a-{¥n-bm-b h-\n-X ˛ sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω 3211. πm-kv-‰¿- Hm-^v- ]m-co-kn-s≥-d cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Im¬-kyw- k¬-t^-‰v3212. B--sS hn-Zz¬-k-Z- m-bn--∂p Ip-∂-e-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-am¿-˛ kmaq-Xn-cn 3213. cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ A-[y-£≥ ˛ tUm. F-kv. cm-[m-IrjvW - ≥ 3214. tI-c-f-Øn-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]-≤Xn-Iƒ D-≈-Xv-˛ s]-cn-bm¿ 3215. hm-≠-√q¿ kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xp kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv-˛ Xan-gv-\m-Sv 3216. Kw-K-bp-sS D¬-`-h-ÿm-\w-˛ Kw-tKm-{Xn 3217. I-´-Iv \-K-cw G-Xp-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv- a-lm-\-Zn 3218. Kw-K-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛ b-ap-\ 3219. πm-kn-bp-≤-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-°m≥ tdm-_¿-´v ss¢-hn-s\ k-lmbn-®-Xv-˛ an¿ Pm-^¿ 3220. 2002˛¬ G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b {_n-´o-jp-Im-c-\m-bn _n._n.kn. Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xm-sc-bm-Wv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 3221. I- c n- º n≥ Nm- d n¬ A- S - ß n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ ]- © - k m- c - ˛ kp-t{Im-kv 3222. 2005 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw \-S-∏n¬ h-cm-Ø kwÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp Im-iv-ao¿ 3223. I-cn-a-W-en¬-\n-∂v e-`n-°p-∂ {]-[m-\-[m-Xp-˛ C¬-a-ss\-‰v, tamW-ssk-‰v 3224. hn.sI.Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m≥ ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ tIm-gn-t°mSv 3225. Hm¿-Un-\≥-kn-s‚ Im-em-h-[n-˛ 6 am-kw 3226. cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ D-]m-[y-£≥-˛ F-kv.hn.Ir-jv-W-aq¿Øn 3227. kv-amƒ t]m-Iv-kv hm-Iv-kn≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ F-tUz¿-Uv P-∂¿ 3228. tI-∏v sI-∂-Un D-]-{K-l-hn-£-]-W-tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ^vtfm-dn-U (bp.F-kv.F.) 3229. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS kz-¥w ko-‰v \n-e-\n¿-Øn-b B-Zy h-\n-X ˛-tdm-k-Ωm ]p-∂q-kv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

14

 kn-en-°-Wn-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy  a-Wn _n¬ F-{X Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-≈n-em-Wv cm-Py-k-` Xn-cnsI  F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Z-am-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-\p ap∂n¬ Xp-ey-X-sb-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  kw-ÿm-\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\ \n-b-a {]-Im-cw 1956˛¬ \n-ehn¬-h-∂ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  ssP-\-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fm-b ]q¿-h-߃ F-{X-sb-Æ-ap-≠v  1929¬- ]m-km-°n-b im-c-Zm- B-Iv-Sv-{]-Im-cw- s]¨-Ip-´n-Ifp-sS hn-hm-l-{]m-bw- F-{X-bm-bn D-b¿-Øn  {]-kn-U‚n-s\ Cw-]o-®v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {]-ta-bw A-h-Xcn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-{X Zn-h-k-sØ ap≥-Iq¿ t\m-´o-km-Wv \¬-tI-≠-Xv  tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS tIm-dw F-{X-bm-Wv  G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Hm-kv-I¿ t\m-an-t\-j-\p-Iƒ t\-Sn-b c≠p Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv All About Eve (1950), Titanic (1997) F-∂n-h. F-{X ho-Xw  B-Zy-sØ B-[p-\n-I k-Ω¿ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ (1896) F-{X cm-Py-߃ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Xp-S-°-Øn¬ F-´mw ]-´n-I-bnep-≠m-bn--∂ `m-j-I-fp-sS F-Æw  C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se (tem-Iv-k-`-bpw cm-Py-k-`-bpw Dƒs∏-sS) \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  a-\p-jy-s‚ ap-J-sØ A-ÿn-I-fp-sS F-Æw 3230. ssh-Zyp-X {]-hm-l-Øn-s‚ km-∂n-≤yw A-dn-bm-\p-≈ D-]-I-cWw-˛ Km¬-h-t\m-ao-‰¿ 3231. kv-am¿-Ø-hn-Nm-cw F-¥n-\p-≈ hn-Nm-c-W-bm-Wv-˛ k-Zm-Nm-c-ewL-\w 3232. em¬- _-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn- A-¥y-hn-{i-aw- sIm-≈p-∂-Xv-˛ hn-P-bv-L-´n¬3233. hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚ ]q¿-W-\m-aw-˛ sh-≈n-Øn--Øn Xm-g-Øpa-\-bv-°¬ cm-a≥ `-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 3234. e-£-Zzo-]v {Kq-∏n-se G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Iq-Sn-b Zzo-]v-˛ I-h-cØn 3235. H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w A-h-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv {]-[m\-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ tem-bv-Uv tPm¿-Pv (1916˛22) 3236. h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw˛ Im-\-U 3237. em≥-kv Kn-_v-kv F-∂ {In-°-‰¿ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ sh-Ãv C≥-Uo-kv 3238. B--sS i-hI - p-So-ca - m-Wv tKm¬-Kpw-_m-kv˛- ap-lΩ - Z- v B-Zn¬-jm 3239. kv-‰m-Nyp- Hm-^v- en-_¿-´n-bp-sS- kv-{S-Iv-N-d¬- F-©n-\o-b¿-˛ Kpkv-Xm-hv- Cu-^¬3240. a-[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v l-÷v bm-{Xn-I¿ ]p-d-s∏´n--∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw ˛-kq-d-Øv 3241. G-‰h - p-sam-Sp-hn¬ Km-‘n-Pn-sb k-μ¿-in-® {]-ap-Jt- \-Xm-hv˛- k¿Zm¿ ]-t´¬ 3242. kv-ss{X-W-X-bv-°p Im-c-W-am-b tlm¿-tam¨-˛ Cu-kv-{S-P≥ 3243. C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ lm-tcmƒUv am-Iv an-√≥ 3244. H- ∂ mw tI- c - f - \ n- b - a - k - ` - b n¬ C.Fw.F- k v . {]- X n- \ n- [ m- \ w sN-bv-X a-Wv-U-ew-˛ \o-te-iz-cw 3245. Im¿-_-Wn-s‚ A-f-hv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ I¬-°-cn-bp-sS h-It`-Zw-˛ B-{¥-ssk-‰v 3246. h-S-°p-In-g-°≥ C-¥y-bn-se k-]v-X-tkm-Z-cn-am¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈-Xv-˛ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

93

3247. A-√m-a C-Iv-_m¬ C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ F-b¿-t]m¿-´v F-hn-sS-bmWv ˛-em-tlm¿ 3248. h-S-°p-t\m-°n-b-{¥w B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 3249. H-s∏-°n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w ˛ hn-b-∂ 3250. h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ tdm-°n ]¿-h-X-Øn¬-\n-∂p ho-ip-∂ D-jv-W-°m-‰v-˛ Nn-\q-Iv 3251. Im¿ _m-‰-dn-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ se-Uv (Cu-bw) 3252. km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy-sØ CwKv-fo-jv km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥-˛ dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv In-πn-Mv 3253. I-∏-tem-´n-b X-an-g≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-hn.H.Nn-Zw-_-cw ]n-≈ 3254. h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°-b-sb-bpw sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-sb-bpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]-\m-a I-\m¬ 3255. I- Ø o- { U¬ kn- ‰ n Hm- ^ v C- ¥ y F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v ˛ `p-h-t\-iz¿ 3256. I-∏¬-am¿-Kw B-dp {]m-h-iyw C-¥y-bn¬ h-cn-I-bpw jm-P-lms‚-bpw Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s‚-bpw Im-e-sØ-∏-‰n hn-h-cn-s®-gp-Xp-Ibpw sN-bv-X {^-©p-Im-c≥-˛ Po-≥ _m-]v-‰n-Ãv S-th-Wn-b¿ 3257. hn-{I-am-¶-tZ-h-N-cn-Xw c-Nn-®-Xv- ˛ _n¬-l-W≥ 3258. a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se a-e-©v-J-Wv-Uv J-\n G-Xv tem-l-Øn-\m-Wv {]kn-≤w-˛-sN-ºv 3259. A¬-jn-ta-gv-kv tcm-Kw- G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ a-kvX - n-jvI - w 3260. 1840 se I-dp-∏v bp-≤-Øn¬ ssN-\-sb tXm¬-]n-®-Xv-˛ {_n-´¨ 3261. H-∂n-e-[n-Iw tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-≈ tI-{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-iw-˛ U¬ln 3262. h-∂p I-≠p Io-g-S-°n Cu hm-°p-Iƒ B--am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛ Pq-en-b-kv ko-k¿ 3263. H≥-]-Xm-a-sØ kn-Jv Kp--hm-b tX-Pv _-lm-Zq-dn-s\ h-[n-®-Xv (F.Un.1675)˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 3264. kn-Jp-Im--sS B-cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛ Kp--Zzm-c 3265. h≥-I-c hn-ÿm-]-\ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ B¬{^-Uv sh-·¿ 3266. kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Ip--apf-Iv 3267. A-a-cm-h-Xn-bpw \m-Km¿-Pp-\-tIm-≠-bpw G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _‘-s∏-´m-Wv {]-kn-≤w-˛ _p-≤-a-Xw 3268. ln-μp-ÿm≥ C≥-sk-IvS- n-ssk-Uv en-an-‰U - n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛B - ep-h 3269. K-h¿-W-dp-sS A-km-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ssl-t°m-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-kv 3270. k-Jm-°-tf ap-t∂m-´v F-∂ k-tμ-iw \¬-In-b {]-i-kv-X-\m-b I-ayq-Wn-Ãv t\-Xm-hv-˛ ]n.Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 3271. A-a-cn-tKm sh-kv-]p-®n P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 3272. km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b Cw-•o-jv K-Wn-X-imkv-{X-⁄≥-˛ s_¿-{Sm≥-Uv d-k¬ 3273. ln-‰v-e¿ P¿-a-\n-bn¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1933 3274. kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\-ß-fp-sS D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ap-∂n-´p-\n¬-°p-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-Iƒ-˛ C-Sp-°n, h-b-\m-Sv 3275. ln-‰v-e-dpw ap-t m-fn-\n-bpw a-c-W-a-S-™ h¿-jw-˛ 1945 3276. km-ln-Xy-s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy d-jy-°m-c≥-˛ C-hm≥ _p-\n≥(1933) 3277. K-h¨-sa‚ v k¿-ho-kv hn-`m-K-Øn¬ a-Kv-k-tk A-hm¿-Uv C¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ kn.Un.tZ-iv-ap-Jv (1959) 3278. Km-‘m-c-I-e G-sXm-s° I-e-I-fp-sS kw-K-a-am-Wv-˛ {Ko-°v-˛`m-cX - w 3279. ln-μp-˛-ap-…nw sF-Iy-Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn cq-]w-sIm-≠ `m-j-˛ D¿Zp 3280. I-co-_n-b≥ cm-jv-{S-ß-fn¬-h-®v G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv-˛ Iyq-_ 3281. i-co-c-Øn¬ I-gp-Øn-\p Io-gv-t]m-´p-≈ `m-K-sØ dn-^v-f-I-kv B£≥ \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kv-ss]-\¬ tIm¿-Uv 3282. k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ C‚¿ \m-j-W¬ hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv 3283. kn-‘p \-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ k-hnti-jX - ˛- \-Kc - m-kq-{X-Ww 3284. C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ^n-\m≥-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w- ˛-hmjnw-Kv-S¨ Un.kn.

94

CONFUSING FACTS  cm-Po-hv Km-‘n h-[-Øn-\p ]n-∂n-se kp-c-£m ]m-fn-®-sb°p-dn-®v A-t\z-jn-®-Xv P-bn≥ I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv. cm-Po-hv Km‘n h-[-Øn-\p ]n-∂n-se Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-sb-°p-dn-®v At\z-jn-®-Xv h¿-a I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv .  H- cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂v a-s‰m- cm-Py-tØ-°v A-b-bv-°p-∂ \b-X-{¥ {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv Aw-_m-k-U¿. F-∂m¬, tIma¨-sh¬-Øv cm-Py-߃ ]-c-kv-]-cw A-b-bv-°p-∂ \-b-X{¥ {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv ssl-°-Ωo-j-W¿.  Cw-•-≠n-se d-Æn-ao-Un¬ tPm¨ c-≠m-a≥ cm-Pm-hv 1215˛¬ H-∏p-sh-® am-·m-Im¿-´-bm-Wv a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xv `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ _m-[y-X-bm-°n-s°m-≠p≈ B-Zy-tc-J. a-\p-jym-h-Im-iw kw-_-‘n-® B-Zy-sØ B-tKm-f-tc-J 1945 Pq¨ 26˛-\v km≥-{^m≥-kn-kv-tIm-bn¬ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´ sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` Nm¿-´¿ B-Wv. 3285. i-co-c-Øn¬ I-S-∂p-Iq-Sp-∂ hn-j-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ \-in-∏n-°m≥ \nbp-‡-am-b A-h-b-hw-˛ I-cƒ 3286. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b _p-≤-a-X sam-Wm-Ã-dn-˛ X-hm-Mv 3287. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn {]-Y-a C.Fw.F-kv a-{¥n-k-`-sb ]n-cn-®p-hn-´ Xo-bXn ˛1959 Pq-sse 31 3288. Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j≥ Hm-^v A-ta-cn-°≥ tÃ-‰v-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ Un.kn. 3289. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Kp--Zzm-c-˛-kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw 3290. Hm-kv-I¿ in-ev-]w cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ sk-{Un-Iv Kn-∫¨kv 3291. i-co-c-Øn¬- c-Iv-X-tIm-i-߃- \n¿-an-°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-˛ a-÷-bn¬3292. C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ ssN-\o-kv k-©m-cn-˛ ^m-ln-bm≥ 3293. kzm-an Nn-∑-bm-\-μ-s‚ ]q¿-hm-{i-a-Øn-se t]-cv-˛ _m-e-Ir-jv-Wta-t\m≥ 3294. Kzm-fn-tbm¿ ap-ºp `-cn-®n--∂ cm-P-hw-iw-˛ kn-‘y 3295. \n¿-hr-Xn ]-©-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 3296. \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS B-Zy kv-Iqƒ ÿm-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛ I-dp-I-®m¬ 3297. \n-h¿-Ø-\-{]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚ ap-J-]-{X-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛ tI-c-f tI-k-cn 3298. \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n F-∂ t]- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-˛ sI.]-c-ap-]n-≈ 3299. a-[y-{]-tZ-in¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv B¬-°-tem-bv-Uv ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿnXn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ \o-a-©v 3300. em-tlm-dn¬ _m-Zv-jm-ln tam-kv-Iv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 3301. 1857se hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ]-cm-P-b-ti-jw {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ _-l-Zq¿jm c-≠m-a-s\ F-hn-sS-°m-Wv \m-Sp-I-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ aym≥-a¿(_¿a) 3302. kn-Jp-Im¿ G-‰-hpw ]-hn-{X-am-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂ B-cm-[-\m-ebw-˛ A-ar-Xv-k-dn-se kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw 3303. I¨-^q-jy-\n-kw G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv {]-N-cn-®-Xv-˛ ssN-\ 3304. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ kzm-X-{¥y {]-ÿm-\-am-Wv au au-˛ sI-\n-b 3305. C-¥y-bn¬ D-∂-X hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ am-[y-aw Cw-•o-jv B°n-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv 3306. H-∂mw tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se a-Wv-U-e-߃-˛ 489 3307. em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ A-°m-Za - n Hm-^v A-Uva - n-\n-kvt- {S-js - ‚ B-ÿm\w-˛ ap-kq-dn 3308. B--sS B-fl-l-Xy-bn¬ a-\w-s\m-¥m-Wv N-ß-ºp-g c-a-W≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ C-S-∏-≈n cm-L-h≥-]n-≈ 3309. G-‰-hpw \o-f-ap-≈ Im-ep-I-fp-≈ ]-£n-˛ I-cn-©n-d-I≥ ]-hn-g°m-en 3310. B--sS hn-hn-[ P-∑-ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv Pm-X-I-I-Y-I-fn¬ {]-Xn]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {io-_p-≤-s‚ 3311. i-co-c-Øn-se _-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ t¢m-°v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-Ÿn˛ ]o-\n-b¬ {K-Ÿn

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3312. kzo-U-\n-se ]m¿-e-sa‚ v-˛ dn-Iv-kv-Um-Kv 3313. ln-μp- hyq- Hm-^v- sse-^v- ,- C-¥y≥- ^n-tem-k-^n- F-∂o- Ir-XnIƒ- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥3314. kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-Øn-se t_m-kv k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿ B-sc√mw-˛ i-c-Xv-N-{μ-t_m-kpw kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kpw 3315. kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c - N - c - n-{Xw A-Sn-ÿm-\a - m-°n \n¿-an-® tam-l≥-em¬ Nn-{Xw-˛ Im-em-]m-\n 3316. 1857se I-em-]-sØ C-¥y-bp-sS H-∂m-a-sØ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cam-bn B-Zyw hn-ti-jn-∏n-® `m-c-Xo-b≥-˛ hn.Un.k-hm¿-°¿ 3317. ln-μn hm-°p-Iƒ c-N-\-bv-°v D-]-tbm-Kn-® B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw F-gp-Øp-Im-c≥-˛ A-ao¿ Jp-{kp 3318. kzm-X{- ¥yw e-`n-°p-tºmƒ C-¥y-bp-sS G-‰h - pw sX-t°-b‰ - s - Ø \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ 3319. {_n-´-Wn¬-\n-∂v kzm-X-{¥yw e-`n-® B-Zy B-{^n-°≥ cm-Pyw ˛ Lm-\ 3320. kzm-X-{¥yw In-´p-tºmƒ sIm-®nbn¬ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂Xv-˛ ]-\-ºn-≈n tKm-hn-μ-ta-t\m≥ 3321. C-¥ybnse B-Zy-sØ kq-∏¿ Iw-]yq-´¿- hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø ÿm-]\w˛ kn˛UmIv, ]qs\ 3322. kzm-X-{¥y-e-_v-[n-h-sc cm-P-ÿm≥ A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ t]-cv-˛ -]p-Øm-\ 3323. ln-μn-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tbm-Km-fl-I I-hn-˛ I-_o¿ 3324. Km-‘m-cw F-∂ ]-g-b \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b t]-cv-˛ Im-¥-lm¿ 3325. ln-μp-a-Xw kzo-I-cn-® b-h-\ Aw-_m-k-U¿-˛ lo-en-tbm-tUm-dkv 3326. kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n cm-jv-{SsØ A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ sN-t¶m-´ 3327. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se B‚n-˛-sIm-bm-Kp-e‚ v-˛ sl-∏m-cn≥ 3328. ln-μp-kv-Ym≥- s]-t{Sm-fn-bw- tIm¿-]-td-j-s≥-d B-kv-Ym-\w-˛ hnim-J] - ´- W - w3329. lm-sse-‰v (tdm-°v km¬-‰v) G-Xn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛ tkm-Un-bw 3330. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ kn-cn-am-thm _-μm-c-\m-b-sI 3331. kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\-ß-fp-sS dm-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ G-ew 3332. i-co-c-sØ ip-Nn-bm-°p-∂ sI-an-°¬ em-_v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ hr-° 3333. Km-‘n-Pn t\-‰mƒ C-¥y≥ tIm¨-{K-kv ÿm-]n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1894 3334. Kp-l-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ kv-]o-en-tbm-f-Pn 3335. kp-Mv hw-iw `-cn-®n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 3336. Kp-P-dm-Øn¬ kq-cy-t£-{Xw ÿn-Xn-sN-bv-X ÿ-ew-˛ sam-t[-c 3337. hn-\-b-]n-S-Iw F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-˛ _p-≤-`n-£p°ƒ A-\p-k-cn-t°-≠ \n-b-a-߃ 3338. i-co-cw hn-b¿-°p-∂-Xn-\p ]n-∂n-se G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ [¿-aw˛ Xm-]-\n-e {I-ao-I-cn-°¬ 3339. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ l-Ωp-dm-_n 3340. Kp-P-dm-Øn¬ P-kn-b G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b G-I `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ Al-Ω-Zv jm H-∂m-a≥ 3341. h-≠¿ Zm-‰v Cu-kv C-¥y F-∂ ]p-kX v- I - w c-Nn-®X - ˛v- F.F¬._mjw 3342. k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°--sS ap-gp-h≥ t]-cv-˛ Im-hm-ew am-[-h∏-Wn-°¿ 3343. a-[y-{]-tZ-in¬ sk-Iyq-cn-‰n t]-∏¿-an¬ ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂ ÿew-˛ tlm-jw-K-_m-Zv 3344. 1956˛-se kw-kv-Ym-\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\m I-Ωn-j-s‚ A-[y-£≥-˛ ^-k¬ A-en 3345. k-b‚n-^n-Iv am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ s{^-U-dn-Iv sS-bv-e¿ 3346. h-√`m-bn ]-t´-en-\v k¿-Zm¿ ]-Z-hn \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ Km-‘n-Pn 3347. tI-c-f lm≥-Uv-eqw U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w˛ I-Æq¿ 3348. h-√-`m-Nm-cy¿ {]-N-cn-∏n-® X-Øzw-˛ ip-≤m-ssZz-Xw 3349. hn-{I-a-h¿-jw B-cw-`n-®-sX-∂v-˛ _n.kn.58 3350. tIm-i-Øn-s‚ Du¿-P-kw-`-c-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ssa-t‰mtIm¨-{Sn-b 3351. tIm-Ãv Km¿-Uv- ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1978

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

15

 A-¥m-cm-jv-{S \o-Xn-\ym-b tIm-S-Xn-bn-se P-Uv-Pn-am--sS F-Æw  sh-fp-Ø c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS ]-c-am-h-[n B-bp- v F-{X Znh-ka - m-Wv  {In-ì B-\n-th-gv-k-dn F-{Xm-a-sØ hn-hm-l-hm¿-jn-Iam-Wv  H- tS-_nƒ kv-]q¨ F-{X an-√o-en-‰-dm-Wv  `q-an F-{X Un-{Kn Xn-cn-bp-tºm-gm-Wv H- a-Wn-°q-dm-Ip-∂Xv  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ `m-K-Øn-em-Wv (]m¿-´v) Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv sIm-fw-_-kv A-ta-cn-° I-s≠-Ønb-Xv  Nm-W-Iy-s‚ A¿-[-im-kv-{X-sØ F-{X `m-K-ß-fm-bn Xn-cn®n-´p-≠v  a-Xw, hw-iw, Pm-Xn, enw-K-]-Z-hn, P-\-\-ÿ-ew Xp-S-ßn-b-hbp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn-th-N-\w ]m-Sn-√ F-∂ \n-jvI¿-jn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw B-sI \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-ß-fpsS F-Æ-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-Øn¬ Iq-Sm≥ ]m-Sn-√ F∂m-Wv hy-h-ÿ  lp-a-bq¨ F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv {]-hm-k Po-hn-Xw \-bn-®-Xv (1540˛1555)  G-Xp \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv tPm≥ Hm-^v B¿-°v Po-hn-®n--∂-Xv  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv hm-kv-tIm U Km-a B-Zy-am-bn tI-c-fØn-se-Øn-b-Xv  C-¥y≥ I-d≥-kn-bp-sS emw-tKz-Pv ]m-\-en¬ F-{X `m-j-Ifn-em-Wv aq-eyw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬ B-sI F-{X Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v  B-sI 22 Aw-K-ß-fp-≈ ]-_v-fn-Iv A-°u-≠v-kv I-Ωn-‰nbn¬ F-{X t]-cm-Wv tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈-Xv 3352. X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy c-≠m-a-sØ a-e-bm-fn-˛ cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 3353. Km-‘n-Pn 1910˛¬ {Sm≥-kh v- m-fn-\S- p-Øv ÿm-]n-® B-{i-aw-˛ tSmƒtÃm-bv ^mw 3354. tUm-bv-jv-em≥-Uv- F-∂- t]-cv- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-˛-P¿-a-\n3355. tIm-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ `m-Kw-˛ \yq-¢n-b-kv 3356. C-¥y-bn¬ tUm-Iv-tS-gv-kv Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv H- `m-c-Xc- X v- \ w tP- X m- h n- s ‚ P- ∑ - Z n- \ - a m- W v. B- c p- s S -˛ tUm._n.kn.tdm-bn 3357. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy sS-Ãv Syq-_v in-ip P-\n-® \-K-cw-˛ e-≠≥ 3358. tX-\o-® h-f¿-Ø-en-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ F-]n-Iƒ-®¿ 3359. Xo¿-Ym-S-I-cn¬ cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ lypbm≥ km-Mv 3360. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b A-W-s°-´v-˛ ln-cm-°p-Uv 3361. Xo-h-≠n B-Zy-am-bn B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 3362. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ P-\m-[n-]-Xy cm-Pyw-˛ {Ko-kv 3363. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ B-hn-°-∏¬-˛ F‚¿-ss{]-kv 3364. tIm-i-a¿-aw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v {_u¨ 3365. Xp-•-Iv hw-i-Øn-se H-Sp-hn-e-sØ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ \m-kn-dp-±o≥ a-lΩ - q-Zv 3366. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ `mj-˛ sX-ep-¶v 3367. kn-\n-am-t‰m-{Km-^v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ eq-an-b¿ k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿ 3368. ssh-°w- k-Xy-{K-l-Im-e-Øv- k-μ¿-i-\w- \-S-Øn-b X-an-gv-\m-´nse t\-Xm-hv-˛ C hn- cm-a-kzm-an- \m-bv-°¿-

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

95

3369. 61˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS(1989) thm-´n-Mv {]m-bw 21¬ \n-∂v 18 B-bn C-f-hp-sN-bv-X C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ ˛-cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n 3370. tem-I-Øn-se {]-ap-J F-Æ D¬-]m-Z-\ cm-Py-ß-fp-sS A-¥m-cmjv-{S kw-L-S-\-˛ H-s∏-Iv 3371. en-_¿-lm≥ I-Ωn-j≥ F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv A-t\z-jn-®X - ˛v- _m_v-dn a-kv-Pn-Zv X-I¿-°¬ 3372. tem-I-Øn-se {]-ap-J hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-߃ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øns‚ Xo-c-Øm-Wv ˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 3373. en-°p-Uv ]m¿-´n G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-{k-tb¬ 3374. h-{P-Øn-\p k-am-\-am-b ]-c¬-L-S-\-bp-≈ aq-e-I-ta-Xv-˛ P¿-ta\n-bw 3375. C-¥y B-Zy-am-bn tdm-°-‰v hn-t£-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛ Xp-º (Xn--h\-¥-]p-cw) 3376. ssh-°w- k-Xy-{K-l-Im-e-Øv- ssh-°Øp-\n-∂v- Xn--h-\-¥-]pc-tØ-°v- k-h¿-W-Pm-Y \-bn-®-Xv-˛ a-∂-Øv- ]-Xv-a-\m-`≥3377. ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-l-k-a-b-Øv \m-K¿-tIm-hn-en¬-\n-∂pw Xn-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°v k-h¿-W-Pm-Y \-bn-®-Xv-˛ tUm.Fw.C.\m-bnUp 3378. ssl-μ-h-hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-ap-≈ \m-ep-bp-K-ß-fp-sS i-cn-bm-b {Iaw-˛ Ir-X, t{X-X, Zzm-]-c,I-en 3379. tem-I-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn s{U-bn-t\-Pv kw-hn-[m-\w ÿm-]n-X-am-b \-K-cw-˛ sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm 3380. tI-c-f Ipw-`-ta-f F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-I-c-hn-f-°v 3381. Km-‘n-Pn {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s\ I-≠ h¿-jw-˛ 1925 3382. tem-IØ - n-s‚ k-am-[m-\ X-eÿ m-\w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- P - \ - oh 3383. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-Zy A-[y-£≥-˛ k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 3384. k-b‚n-^n-Iv tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kv 3385. K-b-bn-se t_m-[n-hr-£-sØ ap-dn-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ i-im-¶≥ 3386. k-c-kz-Xn k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ sI.sI._n¿-fm ^u-t≠-j≥ 3387. ssl-t{U-‰-Uv A-b¨ Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv km-[m-c-W-am-bn A-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xp--ºv 3388. tem-I-Øn-se c-≠m-a-sØ h-en-b ]-£n-˛ F-ap 3389. sIm-®n≥ t]m¿-´v {S-Ãv \n-e-hn-¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛1964 3390. sN-kv Hm-kv-I¿ t\-Sn-b d-jy-°m-c-\-√m-Ø B-Zy Xm-cw-˛ hn-iz\m-Y≥ B-\-μv 3391. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn F-bv-Uv-kv tcm-Kw dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-ø-s∏-´ cmPyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 3392. tIm¿-_-‰v tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ sl-bv-en \m-jW¬ ]m¿-°v 3393. tem-I-Øn-s‚ Im-∏n-°-S-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {_-ko-en-se km-t‚m-kv 3394. hm-Izw ¢o-\¿ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ C-hv-kv U-ªyp. a-Iv-K-^n(1869) 3395. hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sam-ss_¬ t^m¨ Xp-S-ßn-b BZy cm-Pyw-˛ P-∏m≥ 3396. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b sd-bn¬-th-∏m-ew G-Xp kwÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ P-Ωp I-iv-ao¿ 3397. I¿-Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn-epw ln-μp-ÿm-\n kw-Ko-X-Øn-epw D-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ]p-√m-¶p-g¬ 3398. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ I-dp-h-tØm-´w-˛ A-©-c-°≠n 3399. kn-‘p-hn-s‚ t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛ kXv-e-Pv 3400. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Zr-V en-Jn-X `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬h-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 3401. tI-c-f kw-ÿm-\-Øv a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X- -˛ sI.B¿.Kucn 3402. tk-hm-Zƒ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®v km-aq-ln-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿-∏-´Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 3403. tem-I-Øn¬ I-c-`m-K-Øp-≈ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b ]¿-h-X-\n-c˛ B¬-]v-kv 3404. tKm-_n a--`q-an G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ aw-tKm-fn-b 3405. tIm-fn- ^v-f-h-dn-s≥-d G-Xv- `m-K-am-Wv- `-£-W-Øn-\m-bn- D-]-tbmKn-°p-∂X - v˛- ]p-jv] - a - R - vP - c - n-

96

CONFUSING FACTS  a¿-a-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ D-≈ Po-hn-I-fmWv H-´-I-hpw (Camel) em-a-bpw (Lama).  A-d-bv-°¬ cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se ]p--j `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn Ben cm-P-sb-∂pw kv-{Xo-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-d-bv-°¬ _o-hn F∂p-am-Wv A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv.  "Service above Self" B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-b kw-L-S-\ tdm-´-dn C‚¿-\m-j-W¬. \m-j-W¬ Un-^≥-kv A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B]v-X-hm-Iyw Service Before Self.  ss_-_n-fn-te-°v a-S-ßq F-∂ B-lzm-\w am¿-´n≥ eq-X-dnt‚-Xm-Wv. {]-Ir-Xn-bn-te-°v a-Sß - q F-∂p ]-d™ X - v dq-t m. 3406. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-{Xw GXp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 3407. C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ {_n´o-jv cm-Pm-hv-˛ tPm¿-Pv A-©m-a≥ 3408. h-S-°p-In-g-°≥ C-¥y-bn-se G-‰hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛ Kp-h-l-Øn 3409. Im≥ N-e-®n-t{Xm¬-k-hw G-Xp cmPy-Øm-Wv-˛ {^m≥-kv 3410. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ lm-Xt-v j-]k -v p-Xv (CuPn-]v-Xv) 3411. kn-‘p \-Zo-X-S-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ-°v AtI- { μ- a - { ¥n- b m- b B- Z y ⁄m-X-am-bn--∂ ar-Kw-˛ Ip-Xn-c a3412. kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-ap-ºv Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn e - b m- f n- ˛ tUm.tPm¨ a- Ø m- b n G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew tIm¨-{Kkv {]-kn-U‚m-b-Xv ˛ au-em-\m A_pƒ I-emw B-km-Zv 3413. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b tdm-Uv-˛ ]m≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ ssl-th 3414. kn-‘p \-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-c tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv D-gp-Xpa-dn-® \n-ew Im-W-s∏-´-Xv-˛ I-en-_w-K≥ 3415. Kp-P-dm-Øn-se {]-kn-≤-am-b \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ Km¿-_ 3416. kn-Jp-Im-sc tbm-≤m-°-fp-sS k-ap-Zm-b-am-°n h-f¿-Øn-b Kp--˛ l¿-tKm-hn-μv 3417. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-f-ap-≈ ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bm-b A-Xv-em‚nIv dn-Uv-Pv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ 3418. kn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-cw I-s≠-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1921 3419. k¿-Zm¿ k-tcm-h¿ ]-≤-Xn- G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ \¿-a-Z 3420. Kp-Pd - m-Øn-s‚ sX-°p-`m-KØ - p-≈ Dƒ-°S- ¬-˛ Kƒ-^v Hm-^v Imwt_ 3421. tI-c-f ssl-th dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\¥-]p-cw 3422. tKm-_n-μv km-K¿ F-∂ a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-X X-Sm-Iw G-Xv kw-ÿm\-Øv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 3423. tZ-io-tbm-Zv-{K-Y-\-Øn-\p-≈ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-ambn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ kzm-an cw-K-\m-Ym-\-μ 3424. U¬-ln-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn I-tºm-f \n-b-{¥-Ww G¿-s∏-Sp-Ønb `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 3425. I-d-∏v e-`n-°p-∂ k-kyw-˛ t]m-∏n 3426. Km-‘n-Pn tIm¨-{K- n¬-\n-∂pw cm-Pn-sh-°m-\p-≈ Xo--am-\w {]-Jym-]n-® h¿-jw ˛1934 3427. I-dp-Ø C-c-´-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ C--ºpw I¬-°-cn-bpw 3428. _p-Iv e-Mv-kv G-Xv Po-hn-bp-sS iz-k-\m-h-b-h-am-Wv-˛ F-´p-Im-en 3429. I-dm-®n G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-kn-‘p 3430. `m-c-X-Øn-s‚ hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏v sI-´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp-{][m-\ ]-¶p-h-ln-® a-e-bm-fn \-b-X-{¥-⁄≥-˛ sI.]n.F-kv. ta-t\m≥ 3431. 1947˛¬ sI.tI-f-∏-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ sF-Iy-tI-c-f k-tΩ-f\w \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ Xr-»q¿

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3432. U¬-ln-bn¬ tam-´n a-kv-Pn-Zv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 3433. X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ {io-\m-cm-bW-Kp- 3434. a-[y-{]-tZ-iv ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ P-_¬-]q¿ 3435. 1857 ˛-se I-em-]-Im-e-Øv \m-\m km-tl-_v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv t\Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-Im¨-]q¿ 3436. ln-am-e-b-Øn-s‚ ]m-Z-`m-K-Øp-≈ ]¿-h-X-\n-c-Iƒ-˛ in-hm-en-Iv 3437. tI-c-f ssk-Kmƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ]-c-ta-iz-c≥-\m-b¿ 3438. Pm-XI - I-YI - f - p-sS Nn-{Xo-Ic - W - w Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Kp-l˛- AP-¥m Kp-l 3439. ln-kv-]m-\n-tbm-f Zzo-]n-se cm-Py-߃-˛ sUm-an-\n-°≥ dn-∏-ªn°pw sl-bv-Øn-bpw 3440. kn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ B-cm-[n-®n--∂ a-cw-˛ B¬ 3441. tI-c-f ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 3442. k-cn-kv-I ssS-K¿ km-Mv-Nz-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A¬-hm¿ 3443. k-em¬ P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]-≤-Xn G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ P-Ωp˛-Ii - a v- o¿ 3444. tI-cf - sl-an-Mvt- h F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- Fw.Sn.hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿ 3445. kn-kv-‰¿- A¬-t^m≥-k-bp-sS `u-Xn-Im-h-in-jv-Sw- kq-£n-®n-cn°p-∂X - v˛- `-cW - ß - m-\w3446. Ip-cym-t°m-kv G-en-bm-kv Nm-h-d P-\n-® h¿-jw ˛1805 3447. \o-e-I-WvT-Xo¿-Y-]m-Z--sS Kp--˛ N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ 3448. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ Z¿-i-\-hpw B-i-b-ß-fpw ]m-›m-Xytem-I-Øv {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ \-S-cm-P-Kp- 3449. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- H-Sp-hn¬ ÿm-]n-® t£-{Xw-˛ I-f-h≥-tIm-Sv 3450. Xp-h-b¬-]-¥n ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ 3451. kn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ-°v A-⁄m-X-am-bn--∂ {]-[m-\-temlw-˛ C--ºv 3452. `q-an-bn¬ e-`n-°p-∂ t^m-kn¬ C-‘-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-Xep-≈-Xv G-Xv-˛ I¬-°-cn 3453. tI-c-f sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v a-μn-cw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Zn-hm-\mbn--∂X - v˛- S- n.am-[h - d - m-hp 3454. {]m-No-\ tI-c-f-Øn¬ s\-bv-X¬ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n--∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-˛ I-S¬-Øo-cw 3455. {Km≥-Uv am-ÿ ]-Z-hn kz-¥-am-°n-b C-¥y-bn-se c-≠m-a-sØ h-\n-Xm sN-kv Xm-cw-˛ t{Zm-W-h-en l-cn-I 3456. {Ko≥-s_¬-‰v F-∂ B-i-bw D--Øn-cn-™ cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 3457. K-h¿-W-dm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ hn.]n.ta-t\m≥ 3458. tI- c - f km- l n- X y A- ° m- Z - a n- b p- s S B- Z y- s Ø s^- t √m- ˛ sI.]n.tI-i-h-ta-t\m≥ 3459. Km-‘n-Pn-sb s\-{lp B-Zy-am-bn I-≠ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f\w-˛ e-Iv-\u(1916) 3460. k-emw t_mw-s_ F-∂ kn-\n-a kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ ao-cm \m-b¿ 3461. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ D-≈q¿ 3462. Km-‘n-˛-C¿-hn≥ D-S-º-Sn H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛ 1931 3463. {_-ko¬ {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ Zn¬-a dp-tk-^v 3464. tKm-{io- F-∂ t]-cn¬ {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ sIm-®n 3465. tN-c-cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS {]-[m-\-tZ-h-X-˛ sIm-‰-ssh 3466. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cw 3467. tPm¨ cm-Pm-hv am-·-Im¿-´-bn¬ H-∏p-sh-® h¿-jw-˛ 1215 3468. tI-c-f sIm-¶-Wn A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 3469. tIm¿-_-‰v tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\-Øn-eq-sS H-gp-Ip-∂ \-Zn-˛ cmw-Kw-K 3470. ssl-sS-Iv- kn-‰n- F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv3471. `m-kv-I-c c-hn-h¿-a≥ H-∂m-a-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ im-k-\w-˛ 1000 F.Un-bn-se Pq-X-im-k-\w 3472. tIm¿-_ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ O-Øn-kv-K-Vv 3473. ªm-°v hm-´¿ ^o-h¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-te-dn-b 3474. ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bm-b B-Zy tI-c-fo-b h-\n-X-˛-P-Ãn-kv A-∂m Nm-≠n 3475. tPm¨- F-^v- sI-∂-Un- sIm-√-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛ 1963

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

16

 G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv ap-Kƒ km-{am-Pyw ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv  sN-kv I-fn-bn¬ H- h-i-sØ I--°-fp-sS F-Æw  H- k-a-N-Xp-c-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-hpw Np-‰-f-hpw H- c≠-° kw-Jy-bm-Wv. B kw-Jy G-Xm-Wv  {In-kv-Xp-a-kv {So-bp-sS D¬-`-hw F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv X-t®m-fn H-tX-\≥ Po-hn-®n--∂-Xv  P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp I-gn-™m¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]mh-iyw U¬-ln-bn-se sN-t¶m-´-bn¬ kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ {Xn-h¿-W ]-Xm-I D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv C-μn-cm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv. F{X {]m-h-iyw  j-´n¬ tIm-°n¬ F-{X Xq-h-ep-I-fp-≠v.  B-Zy-sØ B-[p-\n-I hn‚¿ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ (1924) F-{X cm-Py-߃ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp  C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv thm-´nw-Kv sa-jo-\n-s‚ H- _m-e-‰v bq-Wn‰n¬ F-{X ÿm-\m¿-Yn-I-sf Dƒ-s°m-≈n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw  {]m-No-\ `m-c-X-Øn-se a-lm-P-\-]-Z-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  A-f-hp-Xq-°-߃-°v lm-c-∏≥ P-\-X D-]-tbm-Kn-®n--∂-Xv G-Xv kw-Jy-bp-sS Kp-Wn-X-ß-fm-Wv  A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ {]-kn-U‚m-Wv F-{_-lmw en-¶¨  tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Ip-d-™ \-Zn-bm-b a-t©-izcw \-Zn-°v F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿ \o-f-ap-≠v  sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Xp-ey-X F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xv `-c-WL-S-\m A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-em-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  H- cq-]-bv-°v Xp-eyw F-{X A-W B-bn--∂p  Ir-jvW - t- Z-hc - m-b¿ hn-Pb - \ - K - c - k - m-{am-Pyw `-cn-®X - v G-Xv \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv  D-—z-kn-°p-∂ hm-bp-hn-se Hm-Iv-kn-P-s‚ A-f-hv F-{X iX-am-\a - m-Wv 3476. sj¿-jm I-\u-Pv bp-≤-Øn¬ lp-a-bq-Wn-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1540 3477. I-dp-Ø kz¿-Ww F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s]-t{Sm-fn-bw 3478. -Km-‘n-Pn tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-b h¿-jw-˛ 1924 3479. ssN-\-b-tb-bpw X-bv-hm-t\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ Xbv-hm≥ I-S-en-Sp-°v 3480. tIm-gn-t°m-Sv Pn-√-bn-se sIm-fm-hn-∏m-ew F-¥n-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ I-S-em-a-kw-c-£-W tI-{μw 3481. A-[n-h¿-j-ß-fn¬ ]p-Xn-sbm- am-k-ap-≈ I-e-≠¿ G-Xv-˛ blq-Z I-e-≠¿ 3482. 1957˛-se C.Fw.F-kv.a-{¥n-`-bn-se X-t±-i-`-c-W h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-˛ ]n.sI.Nm-Ø≥ 3483. tX-\o-® k-aq-l-Øn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ B-cv-˛ s]¨ tX-\o-® 3484. tZ-io-b-Km-\-Øn-s‚ ^pƒ th¿-j≥ ]m-Sm-\m-h-iy-am-b k-a-bw˛ 52 sk-°‚ v 3485. tI-c-f kn-hn¬ k-]v-ssf-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-F-dWm-Ip-fw 3486. km-sc P-lmw tk A-—m F-∂p Xp-S-ßp-∂ Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ apl-Ω-Zv C-Iv-_m¬ 3487. tI-c-f kw-Ko-X \m-S-I A-°mZ-an-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xr-»q¿ 3488. km-t©m ]m≥-k- F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-s‚ {k-jv-Sm-hv-˛ sk¿hm‚n-kv 3489. I-dp-Ø-Ω-F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xw B--sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv-˛ X-I-gn inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈ 3490. ln-μp-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS `n-j-Kz-c≥-˛ [-\z-¥-cn 3491. ln-μp-a-X-°m-c-\-√m-Ø B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ˛ a≥-taml≥ kn-Mv 3492. i-co-cØ - n-se `-S≥-am¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- sh-fp-Ø c-‡m-Wp°ƒ 3493. C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ hn-tZ-i k-©m-cn-˛ sa-K-kv-X-\o-kv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

97

3494. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S k-`-bn¬ {]-kw-Kn-® B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛-amXm A-ar-Xm-\-μ-a-bn 3495. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn {]-h¿-ØI-˛ hmw-Km-cn am-Xm-bn 3496. sF.F-kv.B¿.H.bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ _mw-•q¿ 3497. kn-‘p \-Zo-X-S \n-hm-kn-Iƒ {]-[m-\-am-bn B-cm-[n-®n--∂ ar-Kw-˛ Im-f 3498. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p th-Znbm-b \-K-cw-˛ e-≠≥ 3499. K-eo-en-tbm G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv P-\n-®-Xv-˛ C-‰-en 3500. kn-Jv-a-X-Øn-se B-sI Kp--°≥-am¿-˛ 10 3501. kn-K-d-‰v sse-‰-dp-I-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ _yq-t´-bv≥ 3502. sIm-®n Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚ in-ev-]n-˛ tdm-_¿-´v _n-tÃm 3503. k-am-[m-\w H-gn-sI-bp-≈ hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\Zm-\w \-S-°p-∂ \-K-cw-˛ tÃm-°v-tlmw 3504. tIm-g-t©-cn {]-kw-L-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ in-£n-°-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv˛ kn.tI-i-h≥ 3505. 1959 ¬ C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xp-\-K-c-Øn-em-Wv sS-en-hn-j≥ kw-t{]£-Ww B-Zy-am-bn \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 3506. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ⁄m-t\-{μn-bw-˛ Xz-°v 3507. tIm-h-e-s‚-bpw I-Æ-In-bp-sS-bpw {]-W-bw {]-Xn-]m-Zy-am-b IrXn-˛ Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-cw 3508. a-lm-ho-c≥ ssP-\-a-X-[¿-tam-]-tZ-iw \-S-Øm≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-∂ `m-j-˛ {]m-Ir-Xw 3509. C-¥y-bp-sS B-flm-hv {Km-aß - f - n-em-Wv F-∂v {]-Jym-]n-® a-lm≥˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 3510. sa≥-tem ]m¿-°n-se am-Pn-°p-Im-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ F-Unk¨ 3511. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-Zo-Zzo-]m-b a-Pp-en G-Xv \-Zn-bnem-Wv-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 3512. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b sd-bn¬-th πm-‰v-t^mw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ 3513. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ h≥-I-c-sb-bpw Sm-kv-am-\n-b Zzo-]n-t\-bpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ _m-kv I-S-en-Sp-°v 3514. sX-t° C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b I-S¬-∏m-ew-˛ ]m-º≥ ]m-ew (A-Æm-˛-C-μn-cm-Km-‘n ]m-ew) (2.3 In.ao.) 3515. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛ ap-td Um¿-enMv 3516. sa¿-°p-dn-Iv sX¿-tam-ao-‰¿ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Um-\n-tb¬ K-{_ntbm ^m-c≥-lo-‰v(1714) 3517. Pm-X-Iw X-øm-dm-°p-∂ hn-Zy C-¥ym-°m¿ B-cn¬-\n-∂p-am-Wv ]Tn-®-Xv-˛ {Ko-°p-Im¿ 3518. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ B-cw-`n-® ]-{Xw-˛ C-¥y≥ H∏n-\n-b≥ 3519. I-em-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚ {]-Y-a sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ ap-Ip-μ-cmP 3520. Pm-Xn th-≠m a-Xw-th-≠m a-\p-jy-\v F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ k-tlmZ-c≥ A-ø-∏≥ 3521. Pm-X-I-I-Y-Iƒ D-t±-iw F-{X-sb-Æ-ap-≠v-˛ 549 3522. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy A-d-_v km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥-˛ \-Po-_v a-lv-^q-kv (1988, Cu-Pn-]v-Xv) 3523. s\m-t_¬ ss{]-kv k-Ωm-\n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 3524. ssN-\o-kv hn-]v-f-h-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v Nn-bm-Mv ssI-j-Iv G-Xp Zzo]n-te-°m-Wv ]-em-b-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ X-bv-hm≥(t^m¿-tam-k) 3525. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se I-c-_-‘n-X cm-Py-߃-˛ s_m-fo-hnb, ]-cm-tKz 3526. t]m-fn-tbm hm-Iv-kn≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm-\m-kv km¬-°v 3527. kn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-cw F-∂ hm-°v B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ am¿-j¬ 3528. ln-μp-kv-Ym≥ t]-∏¿- tIm¿-]-td-j-s‚- B-kv-Ym-\w-˛ sh-≈q¿3529. ssN-\-˛-d-jy F-∂o cm-Py-ß-fp-sS A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-b \-Zn-˛ Aap¿ 3530. sa¿-°m-d (a-Sn-t°-cn) G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 3531. s\m-t_¬- k-am-[m-\- k-Ωm-\-w e-`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- A-ta-cn-°≥{]-kn-U-≠v-˛ Xn-tbm-U¿- d-q-kv-sh¬-‰v-

98

CONFUSING FACTS  N-{μ-Kn-cn-t°m-´ \n¿-an-®X - v _n-Z\ - q-cn-se in-h∏ - \ - m-bI - v, tlmkv-Zp¿-Kv tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv C-t°-cn-hw-i-Øn-se tkm-a-tiJ-c \m-b-Iv.  X-]m¬-Ãm-ºv, \m-W-bw F-∂n-h-bn¬ ap-{Z-Ww sN-ø-s∏´ B-Zy a-e-bm-fn {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hm-Wv. X-]m¬ Ãmºn-se-bpw \m-W-b-Øn-se-bpw B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X knÿ A¬-t^m≥-km-Ω-bm-Wv.  {_u¨ j¿-´v-kv F-∂ kw-L-S-\-bv-°p cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv P¿-a-\n-bn-se ln-‰v-e-dm-Wv. I-cn-¶p-∏m-b-°m¿ (ªm-°v j¿´v-kv) C-‰-en-bn-se ap-t m-fn-\n-bp-sS kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv. 3532. ln-μn km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® ]r-Yzn-cm-P-dm-tkm F∂ Ir-Xn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ N-{μ-h-c-Zm-bn 3533. ssN-\o-kv hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ k¨ bm-Xv sk≥ 3534. ln-μp Im-e-L-´-Øn-se A-Iv-_¿ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv˛ l¿-j≥ 3535. sX-t° C-¥y-bn¬,- A-ta-cn-°-°m¿ hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø kp-Jhm-k-tI-{μw-˛-sIm-ssU-°-\m¬3536. ln-μp-a-X-Øn-s‚ A-Izn-\m-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ B-Zn-i-¶-c≥ 3537. 1972 Pq-em-bn¬ C-μn-cm Km-‘n-bpw kp¬-^n-°¿ A-en `q-t´mbpw X-Ωn¬ C-¥ym-˛-]m-Iv I-cm¿ H-∏n-´ \-K-cw-˛-jnw-e 3538. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se c-≠m-a-sØ h-en-b {K-Ÿn-˛ B-t·-b {KŸn 3539. l-≠n-Mv-k¨ tcm-Kw _m-[n-°p-∂ A-h-b-hw-˛ a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw 3540. ln-Pv-d h¿-j-Øn-se A-h-km-\-sØ am-kw-˛ Zp¬-l-Pv 3541. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ C-¥y≥ H-∏n-\n-b≥ B-cw-`n-®Xv-˛1903 3542. Im-em-h-[n-bm-b A-©p-h¿-jw Xn-I-®, tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-se BZy kv-]o-°¿-˛ Fw.hn-P-b-Ip-am¿ 3543. ta¬-∏-Øq¿- \m-cm-b-W-`-´-Xn-cn-bp-sS Im-e-L-´w F-t∏mƒ˛ F.Un.1559˛1620 3544. ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-js - \-Xn-sc-bp-≈ {]-Xn-tj-[k - a - c - Ø - n-\n-Sb - n-te‰ em-Øn-bS- n-Iƒ G-Xp-t\-Xm-hn-\m-Wv a-cW - I - m-cW - a - m-b-Xv˛- emem e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn 3545. Nm-W-I-Øn¬-\n-∂v D-≠m-Ip-∂ H- hm-X-Iw-˛ ao-tY≥ 3546. Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy-Øn-s‚ i-cn-bm-b {I-aw-˛ {_m-“-W¿, £-{Xn-b¿, ssh-iy¿, iq-{Z¿ 3547. Pm-Zp-Kp-U J-\n G-Xp [m-Xp-hn-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ bp-td-\n-bw 3548. Pn.F-kv.A-ø¿ 1878˛¬ B-cw-`n-® ]-{Xw-˛ Zn ln-μp 3549. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy ]m-In-kv-Xm≥-Im-c≥-˛ A_v-Z-kv k-emw (^n-kn-Iv-kv, 1979) 3550. Nm-W-Iy-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ hn-jv-Wp-Kp-]v-X≥ 3551. Nn-{X-c-N-\-bn¬ X¬-]-c-\m-bn--∂ ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ P-lmwKo¿ 3552. Pn-∂m-lu-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ apw-ss_-bn¬ 3553. Nm-W-Iy-s‚ A¿-Y-im-kv-{Xw Cw-Kv-fo-jn-te-°v ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn-b-Xm-cv-˛ iym-a-im-kv-{Xn 3554. ÿm-\w sIm-≠v H- h-kv-Xp-hn-\p e-`n-°p-∂ Du¿-Pw-˛ ÿm-\ntIm¿-Pw 3555. ÿm-]-I≥ D-≈ a-X-ß-fn¬-h-®v G-‰-hpw {]m-No-\w-˛ Pq-X-a-Xw 3556. tI-c-f Iu-ap-Zn ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ sI.kp-Ip-am-c≥ 3557. tI-c-f Iu-ap-Zn F-∂ hym-I-c-W {K-Ÿw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tIm-hp-Æn s\-Sp-ßm-Sn 3558. Nn-{X-Im-c-\m-b hm≥-tKm-Kv P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ s\-X¿-e≥-Uv-kv 3559. tk-hm-{Kmw B-{i-aw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 3560. -tI-c-f-Øn-se Du-´n F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ dm-Wn-]p-c-Øn-s‚ ]-g-bt]-cv-˛ am-S-Øp-a-e 3561. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ]-d-¶n-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ t]m¿-®p-Kokp-Im¿ 3562. k-em¿-P-Mv- ayq-kn-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn¬-

]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3563. I-em-Im-c≥-am-cn¬ cm-Pm-hpw cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ I-em-Im-c\ - pw F∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 3564. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ Z¿-_-\n-\-Sp-Øv ^o-\n-Iv-kv sk‰n¬-sa‚ v ÿm-]n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1904 3565. s\-s©-cn-∏v A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-X-h-b-h-Øn-em-Wv-˛ B-am-ibw 3566. ta-∏n-fn-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Im-\-U 3567. sa-\m≥-U-sd _p-≤-a-X-Øn-te-°v ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ \mKm¿-Pp-\≥(\m-K-tk-\≥) 3568. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ^o-®¿ ^n-enw-˛ Io-N-I-h-[w 3569. ta-cn C-hm≥-kv- G-Xp-t]-cn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¿-Pv G-en-b-‰v 3570. kn-‘p kw-kv-Im-c-tI-{μ-am-b tdm-∏¿ G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Ømbn--∂p-˛ k-Xv-e-Pv 3571. Pn-√-Iƒ- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ 1949\p ap-ºv F-¥p-t]-cn-em-Wv Adn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ d-h-\yq Un-hn-j≥ 3572. 1975 Pq¨ 25\v A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ H-∏p-sh-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ {]Jym-]-\-Øn¬ H-∏p-sh-® {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ ^-{Ip-±o≥ A-en A-lΩ-Zv 3573. ta-cn Iyq-dn P-\n-® cm-Pyw ˛-t]m-f-≠v 3574. 1977¬ \-S-∂ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n-sb ]-cm-P-b-s∏Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ cm-Pv \m-cm-b¨ 3575. Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬ A-h-km-\-tØ-Xv-˛ I¬-°n 3576. ta-b-sd A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-øm≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-Zw-˛ Bcm-[y-\(b)m-b(tI-c-f-Øn¬ "BZ-c-Wob' F∂v t`Z-KXn sNbvXn-´p-≠v.) 3577. tI-c-f In-knw-P¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ t_-_n tPm¨ 3578. ta-Lm-e-b-bp-am-bn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ G-I A-b¬-cm-Pyw-˛ _w-•m-tZ-iv 3579. tI-c-f en-¶¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 3580. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn ÿm-\w h-ln-®-Xv-˛ hn hn Kn-cn 3581. tem-I-Øn¬ P-\-߃ G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw Xn-ßn-∏m¿-°p-∂ {]-tZiw-˛ a-°m-hp 3582. B-[p-\n-I d-jy≥ km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ ]p-jvI - n≥ 3583. tam-fn-hp-Uv (t_m-fn-hp-Uv) F-∂ A-]-c-am-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ apw-ss_-bn-se kn-\n-am-hy-h-km-bw 3584. sXm-≠-ap-g D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv G-Xv aq-e-I-Øn-s‚ A-`m-hw aq-e-amWv-˛ A-b-Un≥ 3585. Xm-thm-bn-k-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ em-thm-Sv-sk 3586. 1993˛¬ X-s‚ cm-jv-{So-b {]-Xn-tbm-Kn-s°m-∏w (F-^v.U-ªyp. Un ¢¿-°v) k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_¬ ]-¶n-´-Xm-cv-˛-s\¬-k¨-a-t≠e 3587. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn t]-∏¿ I-d≥-kn D-]-tbm-Kn-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN\ 3588. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se c-‡-Øn-s‚ i-cm-i-cn A-f-hv-˛-A-©p en-‰¿ 3589. tem-I-{]-kn-≤-am-b tIm-ln-\q¿- c-Xv-\w- e-`n-® J-\n- -˛ tKm¬s°m-≠ 3590. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp P-\n-°p-I-bpw P¿-a-\n tI-{μ-am-°n {]-h¿Øn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X hn-π-h-Im-cn-˛-tUm.sN-º-I-cm-a≥ ]n-≈ 3591. tem-I-Øn-s‚ {_-Uv _m-kv-I-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ {]-b-dn ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ h≥-I-c-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 3592. s\-Sn-bn--∏v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂ tZ-iL - S- I - w `-cn-®n--∂X - v˛- kmaq-Xn-cn 3593. I-en-°-‰v k¿-h-I-em-im-e \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1968 3594. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ _-Uv-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈ ap-Jy-a-{¥nam¿-˛ B¿.i-¶¿, kn. A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥, C.sI.\m-b-\m¿ 3595. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ sk-{I´-dn-b‰ - v k-{º-Zm-bw B-hn-jvI - c - n-® {_n´o-jv d-kn-U‚ v-˛ tI-W¬ a¨-tdm 3596. ta-L-°-S¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{μ≥ 3597. Xn-t°m-Sn-b≥ F-∂ Xq-en-Im\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ]n.Ip-™\-¥≥ \m-b¿ 3598. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ e-¥-°m¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ U-®p-Im¿

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

17

 H- i-_v-Zw {]-Xn-[z-\n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ i-_v-Z-kv-t{Xm-X- pw {]-Xn-^-en-°p-∂ C-S-hpw X-Ωn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™-Xv F-{X ao-‰¿ A-I-ew th-Ww  C-¥y≥ I-d≥-kn-bn¬ F-{X `m-j-I-fn¬ aq-eyw tc-J-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v  ap-l-Ω-Zv K-kv-\n C-¥y-sb F-{X {]m-h-iyw B-{I-an-®p  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv in-h-Pn Po-hn-®n--∂-Xv  kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ U¬-ln-bn-se sN-t¶m-´-bn¬ tZ-iob-]-Xm-I G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw D-b¿-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp-hm-Wv. F-{X {]m-h-iyw?  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ `m-K-Øn-em-Wv (]m¿-´v)HutZym-Kn-I `m-j-I-sf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  sIm-®n-sb-bpw ]-\-th-en-s\-bpw X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ C-t∏m-g-sØ 66˛mw \m-j-W¬ ssl-th ap-ºv F-{Xm-a-sØ \m-j-W¬ ssl-th B-bn--∂p  sIm¬-°-Ø sa-t{Sm C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ sd-bn¬th tkm-Wm-Wv  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv Xm-Pv-a-l¬ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv  C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy Cw-Kv-fo-jv ]-≠-I-im-e ÿm-]n-X-am-bXv G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv  C-¥y-bn-se t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv ta-[m-hn-Xzw U-®p-Im¿ A-h-km\n-∏n-®-Xv G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv  A-bn-Øm-N-c-Ww in-£m¿-l-am-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\pt—-Zw  jm-P-lm≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn `-c-Ww \-S-Øn-bn--∂ \q-‰m-≠v  U-®p-Im--sS B-Zy-sØ I-∏¬- k-aq-lw C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂ \q-‰m-≠v  Cw-•-≠n¬ G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv a-l-Øm-b hn-π-hw \-S-∂Xv  H- kv-{Xo-°v F-{X N-Xp-c-{i A-Sn Xz-°v D-≠v 3599. sa-\n-ss©-‰n-kv F-∂ tcm-Kw _m-[n-°p-∂ i-co-c-`m-Kw-˛ X-et®m¿ 3600. sa-{Sn-Iv kw-hn-[m-\w B-Zy-am-bn \-S-∏m-°n-b cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥kv 3601. Km-‘n-Pn {]m-hm-kw I-gn-™v C-¥y-bn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn-b h¿jw A-¥-cn-® t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se 3602. A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛ k-_¿-a-Xn 3603. tem-I-Øn-s‚ ]-©-km-c-°n-Æw ˛-Iyq-_ 3604. s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ {^-©p-N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn ÿm-\-ta-‰ ÿ-ew-˛ t\m-{X-Zmw I-Øo-{U¬ 3605. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn Fw-tπm-bv-sa‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v B-cw-`n-® cmPyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 3606. ÿm-Wp-c-hn-h¿-a-s‚ A-©mw `-c-W-h¿-j-Øn¬ A-ø-\-Sn-Iƒ Xn--h-Sn-Iƒ \¬-In-b sN-ºp-^-e-Iw-˛ X-cn-km-∏-≈n im-k-\w 3607. ÿn-c Im-¥-ap-≠m-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ tem-l-k-¶-cw- ˛ A¬\n-t°m 3608. P¿-a≥ sj-t∏¿-Uv F-∂ \m-b-bp-sS a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ A¬-tkjy≥ 3609. Km-‘n-Pn ]Tn-°m≥ Cw-•-≠n¬ t]m-b h¿-jw-˛ 1888 3610. P-am-_-¥n ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛ Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm≥ 3611. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn lr-Z-b-am-‰ i-kv-{X-{In-b (1967) \-S-∂ cmPyw-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 3612. P¬-Z-]m-d h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-Xw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]-›na _w-Kmƒ 3613. I-enw-K ss{]-kv- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ kw-L-S-\-˛ bp-s\kv-tIm 3614. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew Fw.F¬.F. Bbn--∂-Xv-˛ kn.l-cn-Zm-kv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥

99

3615. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ F-{X-Zn-h-kw X-S-h-d-hm-kw A\p-`-hn-®n-´p-≠v ˛ -249 3616. ÿm-t\m-tcm-l-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw in-h-Pn kzo-I-cn-® ÿm-\-t∏cv-˛ O-{X-]-Xn 3617. Km-‘n-Pn {]m-Y-an-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw t\-Sn-b ÿ-ew-˛ cm-Pv-tIm-´v 3618. Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b DtZym-K-ÿ≥-˛ P-\-d¬ U-b¿ 3619. ln-μv kz-cm-Pv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Km-‘n-Pn 3620. tI-cf - l-b¿ F-Pyp-t°-j≥ Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ B-Zy sN-b¿-am≥˛ tUm.sI.F≥.]-Wn-°¿ 3621. 1998-˛-C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n F._n.hm-Pv-t]-bn-bpw ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n \-hm-kv sj-co-^pw {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ H-∏p-sh-® \-K-cw-˛-em-tlm¿ 3622. πm-Ãn-Iv k¿-P-dn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ kp-{ip-X≥ 3623. Hm-tcm ]-≈n-s°m-∏-hpw H- ]-≈n-°q-Sw F-∂ B-i-bw-ap-t∂m´p-h-® km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛ Nm-h-d-b-®≥ 3624. Ip-am-c-Kp--tZ-h≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛ s]m-bv-I-bn¬ A-∏-®≥ 3625. 1949˛¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZ-h-kzw t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-Zy {]-knU‚m-b-Xv-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 3626. Pm-kv F-∂ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-Ww cq-]w sIm-≠ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.Fkv.F. 3627. sF.F-kv.B¿.H.bp-sS B-Zy-sØ sN-b¿-am≥-˛ hn-{Iw km-cm`m-bn 3628. tam-kv-am-bv sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 3629. D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se-bpw cm-Py-k-`-bn-se-bpw F-√m Aw-K-ß-fpw tN¿-∂v. 3630. ta-L-ß-fp-sS ]m¿-∏n-Sw F-∂ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 3631. tem-I{- ]-ik - X v- k - n-\n-am-kw-hn-[m-bI - \ - m-bn--∂ A-In-c Ip-dt- kmh G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ P-∏m≥ 3632. Km-‘n-Pn {_-“-N-cyw Po-hn-X-N-cy-bm-bn kzo-I-cn-°m≥ Xo-am-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1906 3633. D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A\p-t—-Zw-˛ 63 3634. ln-am-e-bw G-Xp X-cw in-e-I-fm¬ \n¿-an-X-am-Wv-˛ A-h-km-Z-ine-Iƒ 3635. sa-bn≥ sk≥-{S¬ tdm-Uv X-Ωn¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-Xn--h-\¥-]p-cw-˛ A-¶-am-en 3636. sa-bv H-∂n-\v \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ H- C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ a-lm-cmjv{- S 3637. C-¥y-bp-sS H-∂mw- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw˛ 1857 3638. sh-fn-®w Zpx-J-am-Wp-Æn...F-∂-Xv G-Xv Ir-Xn-bn-se h-cn-Iƒ ˛ C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ C-Xn-lm-kw 3639. shm-Ub - m¿ cm-Ph - w-iØ - n-s‚ X-eÿ m-\a - m-bn--∂X - v˛- ssa-kq¿ 3640. a-lm-ho-c-s‚ am-Xm-hv-˛ {Xn-im-e 3641. sh-Pn-‰-_nƒ tKmƒ-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Ip-¶p-aw 3642. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I¬-°-cn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ skIv-S¿-˛ Xm-]-\n-e-b-߃ 3643. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b-h-cn¬ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv Nm-bv-hp-≠m-bn--∂ GI hy-‡n-˛ A--W B-k-^v A-en 3644. sF.kn.Nn-∏p-Iƒ \n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ aq-e-Iw-˛ kn-en°¨ 3645. Km-‘n-˛ Po-hn-X-hpw Nn-¥-bpw B--sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ sP._n.Ir]-em-\n 3646. sa¿-tU-° I-∏p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-fn-˛ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ 3647. kn-‘p kw-kv-Im-c-tI-{μ-am-b _-\m-hm-en G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-cØm-bn--∂p-˛ L-§¿ 3648. ln-μp-˛-ap-…nw ssa-{Xn-bp-sS {]-Xn-]p--j≥ F-∂v Pn-∂-sb hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up 3649. tI-c-f N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-I ap-…nw cm-P-hw-iw-˛ A-d-bv-°¬ 3650. C-t∏mƒ \n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xn¬ G-‰-hpw ]-g-b \m-K-cn-I-X-˛ ssN-\ 3651. Cw-•-≠n¬ Km-‘n-Pn \n-b-a-]T-\w \-S-Øn-b hn-Zym-e-bw-˛ C∂¿ sS-ºnƒ 3652. `q-an-tbm-Sv G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp-≈ B-Im-i-tKm-fw-˛ N-{μ≥

CONFUSING FACTS  72˛mw h-b- n¬ _o-lm-dn-se ]m-h-]p-cn-bn-em-Wv a-lm-hoc≥ C-l-tem-I-hm-kw sh-Sn-™-Xv. 80 ˛mw h-b- n¬ KuX-a-_p-≤≥ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-se Ip-in-\-K-c-Øn-em-Wv A-¥cn-®X - v.  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 32˛mw A-\p-t—-Zw kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ dn-´v s]-‰o-j≥ k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bpw 226˛mw A-\pt—-Zw ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬ dn-´v s]-‰o-j≥ k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.  H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 9 tem-I X-]m¬-Zn-\-hpw H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 10 tZ-iob X-]m¬-Zn-\-hp-am-Wv. 3653. ap-Xp-a-e h-\y-ar-K k-t¶-Xw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv-˛ X-an-gv\m-Sv 3654. t]m-fn-tbm-bv-°p Im-c-W-am-b tcm-Km-Wp-˛ ssh-d-kv 3655. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ kq-∏¿-tkm-Wn-Iv sP-‰v hn-am-\w-˛ F®v.F-^v 24 am--Xv 3656. t]m-fn-Un-]v-kn-b F-¥m-Wv-˛ A-an-X-Zm-lw 3657. ta-´q¿ A-W-s°-´v G-Xp-\-Zn-bn¬-˛-Im-th-cn 3658. tem-I-{]n-b tKm-]n-\m-Yv t_m¿-tZm-fn hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛ Kp-h-l-Øn 3659. tI-c-f-ssl-t°m-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-km-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X˛ P-Ãn-kv sI.sI.D-j 3660. `q-ap-J-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b P-¥p-˛ \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-ew 3661. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Xp-S¿-∂ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ tPym-Xn-_-kp 3662. I-enw-K-Øp-∏-c-Wn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ P-b-sIm-≠¿ 3663. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _-Uv-P-‰p-Iƒ A-h-Xcn-∏n-®n-´p-≈ [-\-a-{¥n-˛ sI.Fw.am-Wn 3664. i-co-c-h-ep-∏-hp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw h-en-b akv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈ ss{]-ta-‰v-˛-a-\p-jy≥ 3665. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew tIm-f-\n `-c-W-Øn-\p hnt[-b-am-b {]-tZ-iw-˛ tKm-h 3666. B-Zy-sØ sk¬-t^m¨ ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b I-º-\n-˛ tam-t´m-tdmf 3667. Cw-•-≠n¬ A-Sn-a-Øw A-h-km-\n-∏n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1833 3668. B-Zy-sØ ssk-t°m-f-Pn e-t_m-d-´-dn ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ hq-≠v 3669. sIm-®n Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚ \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ k-l-I-cn-® cm-Pyw-˛ P-∏m≥ 3670. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ B-Iv-Sn-Mv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ Kp¬-k-cn-em¬ \-μ 3671. A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ A-l-Ω-Zv jm H-∂ma≥ 3672. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ {_n´ojv K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛ hm-d≥tl-kv-‰n-Mv-kv3673. A-l-Ω-Zo-b {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ an¿-k Kp-emw A-l-Ω-Zv 3674. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ sa-bn≥ _m-‰n¬ Sm-¶v-˛ A¿-Pp≥ 3675. a-lm-flm-Km-\v-[n Z-Wv-Un am¿-®v B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ k-_¿-a-Xn B-{iaw 3676. πm-kn bp-≤-Øn-s‚ A-\-¥-c-^-ew F-¥m-bn--∂p-˛ C-¥y-bn¬ {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d ]m-In 3677. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S ]p-kv-X-I h¿-jw-˛ 1972 3678. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ B-Iv-Sn-Mv- {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ hn- hn- Kn-cn3679. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n h-[n-°-s∏-´ _n¿-fm lu-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 3680. sF.Sn.km-£-c-Xm ]-≤-Xn-bm-b A-£-b-bv-°p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® Pn-√-˛ a-e-∏p-dw 3681. sIm-®n≥ km-K c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v {_n-tÃm 3682. a-\p-jy lr-Zb - Ø - n-s‚ `m-cw-˛] - p--j≥-˛ 340 {Kmw, kv{- Xo-˛ 255{Kmw 3683. A¿-Pp-\ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-fn A-Xv-e-‰v-˛ Sn.kn.tbm-l∂m≥

100 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3684. Z-£n-Wm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw˛ {_-ko¬ 3685. sX-t° C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® A-X-t\-jy-kv \n-In-Xn≥ G-Xv cm-Py°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ d-jy 3686. a-e-bm-fn sa-tΩm-dn-bn¬ k-a¿-∏n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1891 3687. ssN-\o-kv dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ k¨-bm-Xv-sk≥ 3688. sIm-®n Xp-d-ap-Jw cq-]w sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛ 1341 3689. ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS hn-c-an-°¬ {]m-bw-˛ 62 3690. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ssk-\y-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ (]o-∏nƒ-kv en-_-td-j≥ B¿-an) 3691. ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-j≥ cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛ 1927 3692. sIm-®n≥ im-kv-{X-˛-km-t¶-Xn-I k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-Zy ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿-˛ tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn 3693. t]m-fn-tbm Xp-≈n-a--∂n-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ B¬-_¿-´v km_n≥ 3694. a-lm-Im-hy-sa-gp-Xm-sX a-lm-I-hn ]-Z-hn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Ip-am-c-\mim≥ 3695. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛ k-°o¿ lp-ssk≥ 3696. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se tPm¿-Pv hm-jnMv-S¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv-˛ ssk-a¨ s_m-fn-h¿ 3697. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn aq-ey-h¿-[n-X \n-Ip-Xn \-S-∏m-°n-b cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 3698. sIm-®n, Xn--˛s - Im-®n, tI-cf - \ - n-ba - k - ` - I - f - n-epw tem-Ivk - ` - b - n-epw cm-Py-k-`-bn-epw Aw-K-am-Im≥ A-h-k-cw e-`n-® G-I hy-‡n-˛ sI.I--Wm-Ic - ≥ 3699. tI-c-f-sØ kw-_-‘n-® G-‰-hpw ]-g-b ]-cm-a¿-iw G-Xn-em-Wp≈-Xv-˛ sF-X-tc-bm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬ 3700. U¬-ln-bp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b \m-aw-˛ tZ-io-b X-e-ÿm-\ {]-tZ-iw 3701. a-lm-I-hn D-≈q¿ P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1877 3702. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ \m-hn-I-tk-\m-ta-[m-hn-˛ B¿.Un. J-{Xn 3703. tI-{μ-a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-߃-°v hy-‡n-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw B-tcm-Sm-Wv-˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-tbm-Sv 3704. tI-c-f {]-kv A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ sN-b¿-am≥-˛ sI.F. Zm-tam-Z-c-ta-t\m≥ 3705. I-enw-Kw F-∂ {]-tZ-iw C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ H-do-k 3706. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ X-t±-io-b bm-{Xm-hn-am-\w-˛ k-c-kv 3707. a-\p-jy-ic - o-cØ - n-s‚ h-f¿-® \n-b{- ¥n-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛t- {KmØv tlm¿-tam¨ 3708. a-lm-fl F-∂v B-Zy-am-bn Km-‘n-Pn-sb kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-XXv-˛ Sm-tKm¿ 3709. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy `q-]-Sw X-ømdm-°n-b-Xv-˛ tU B¿-hn-√n 3710. kn-en-t°m-kn-kv F-∂ tcm-Kw _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv F-hn-sS ]-Wnsb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿-°m-Wv-˛ ]m-d-a-S-I-fn¬ 3711. Ip-am-c-]m-e-N-cn-Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ P-b-knw-l≥ 3712. t^m-Iv-em‚ v Zzo-]p-Iƒ G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ Io-gn-em-Wv-˛ {_n´¨ 3713. B-kq-{X-W-I-Ωn-j-s‚ B-Zy A-[y-£≥-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\{lp 3714. t_m-´-Wn t_ F-∂ k-ap-{Z-`m-Kw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Sm-kv-am≥ IS-en¬ 3715. B-kq-{X-WI - Ω - n-js - ‚ B-Zy D-]m-[y-£≥-˛K - p¬-kc - n-em¬ \-μ 3716. t_mƒ-Km-´n Zzo-]n-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ t]m-™n-°-c A-s√-¶n¬ ap-fh - p-Im-Sv 3717. A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy- C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk≥3718. km¿-°v k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p th-Zn-bm-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛_mw-•q¿ 3719. Ip-™m-en a-c-bv-°m-sc h-[n-®-Xv-˛ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ 3720. t_-°¬ tIm-´ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ in-h-∏ \m-b-Iv 3721. A-b-sh-´p-∂ Po-hn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv-˛-Pn-dm-^v 3722. kn-hn¬ hn-hm-lw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv c-Pn-ÿ sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ k-_v n-kv-{Sm¿ Hm-^o-kn¬ 3723. sF-_o-cn-b≥ F-b¿-sse≥-kv- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv k¿-ho-kv \S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ kv-s]-bn≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

18

 tI-c-f-Øn-se tem-Iv-k-`m ko-‰p-I-fn¬ F-{X-sb-Æ-am-Wv P\-d¬ hn-`m-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv  _-lp-a-Xn-Iƒ (ssS-‰n¬) \¬-Ip-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂v tÃ-‰n-s\ hne-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bp-sS hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\am-Wv hn-`-P-\-tØm-sS ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v e-`n-®-Xv  tI-c-f-Øn¬ tem-´-dn G-P‚m-Im-\p-≈ Ip-d-™ {]m-bw F{X-bm-Wv  Im-S-ap-´ hn-cn-bp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b k-a-bw F-{X Zn-h-k-amWv  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ `m-K-Øn-em-Wv (]m¿-´v) ASn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a B-[p-\n-I Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ÿm-]n-®-Xv  `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bn-se A-[ym-b-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  a-lm-`m-c-X-bp-≤w F-{X Zn-h-kw \o-≠p-\n-∂p.  C-¥y-bn¬ kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ hn-hm-l {]m-bw  1929¬- ]m-km-°n-b im-c-Zm- B-Iv-Sv-{]-Im-cw- B¨-Ip-´n-I-fpsS hn-hm-l-{]m-bw- F-{X-bm-bn D-b¿-Øn  tKmƒ-^v tIm-gv-kn-se Ip-gn-I-fp-sS F-Æw  {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-es - a‚n-s‚ A-t[m-k`- b - m-b lu-kv Hm-^v tIma¨-kn¬ Aw-K-am-Im-\p-≈ Ip-d-™ {]m-bw  am-b≥ I-e-≠-dn-se am-k-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  B-h¿-Ø-\ ]-´n-I-bn¬ F-{X {Kq-∏p-I-fp-≠v  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv H-∂mw ]-g-»n hn-π-hw \-S-∂-Xv  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv Cw-•-≠n¬ hym-h-km-bn-I hn-π-hw B-cw-`n-®-Xv  C-¥y-bn¬ s]m-Xp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p-sN-øm-\m-h-iyam-b G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-bw  {]-[m-\ ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  cm-Po-hv Km-‘n k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Im-e-Øv 61˛mw `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-K-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS thm-´p-sN-øm-\m-h-iy-am-b Ip-d-™ {]mbw F-{X-bm-bn \n-›-bn-®p 3724. Xm-c-s‚ im-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw-˛ ]o-‰n-cm-bm-kn-kv Im-∏n-‰n-kv 3725. a-lm-ho-c-s‚ Pm-am-Xm-hpw B-Zy-in-jy-\pw-˛ P-am-en 3726. C-¥y-bp-sS hm-\-ºm-Sn F-∂p hn-fn-®-Xm-sc-˛ k-tcm-Pn-\n \mbn-Up 3727. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn ]--Øn Ir-jn sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ kn-‘p X-S \nhm-kn-Iƒ 3728. ⁄m-\-]oTw t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ I-iv-ao-cn km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥-˛ d“m≥ dm-ln 3729. a-lm-ho-c≥ A-¥y-izm-kw h-en-® ]m-h-]p-cn G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Øm-Wv-˛ _o-lm¿ 3730. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ A-t‰m-an-Iv- dn-bm-Iv-S¿-˛ A-]v-k-c 3731. 1959˛¬ Iyq-_-bn¬ \-S-∂ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ t\-Xm-hv-˛ ^n-U¬ Im-kv-t{Sm 3732. `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn-se G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Iq-Sn-b AwKw-˛ k-®n-Zm-\-μ kn≥-l 3733. 1969¬ _m-¶p-Iƒ tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ [-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂Xv-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 3734. C- ¥ y- b p- s S C- e - I v - t {Sm- W n- I v kn- ‰ n F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v ˛ _mw-•q¿ 3735. Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-s‚ G-‰-hpw ap-I-fn-e-sØ \n-e ]p-Xp-°n-\n¿-an®-Xv˛- ^n-tdm-kvj - m-Xp-•I - v 3736. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se ]p-tcm-Ka - \ - m-flI - a - m-b `-cW - Ø - n-s‚ Aw-KoIm-c-am-bn {_n-´o-jv cm-⁄n-bn¬-\n-∂v a-lm-cm-Pm-hv F-∂ _n-Zw e-`n-®-Xv-˛ B-bn-eyw Xn--\mƒ 3737. Ip-´-\m-Sn-s‚ I-Ym-Im-c≥- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ X-I-gn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 101

3738. _w-Km-fn¬ hm-Wn-Py-Øn-\v Cu-Ãv C-¥ym-°-º-\n-°v A-\p-aXn e-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1634 3739. Ip-´n-I-fp-sS t£-aw e-£y-an-´v {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S kw-L-S-\-˛ bp-\n-sk-^v 3740. `-b-Øn-s‚-bpw sh-dp-∏n-s‚-bpw ta¬ hn-P-bw t\-Sn-b a-\p-jy≥ F-∂v hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ B-sc-∏-‰n-bm-Wv ]-d-™-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿em¬ s\-{lp 3741. `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS G-Xv A-\p-t—-Zw {]-Im-ca - m-Wv cm-j{v- S-]X - n Bwt•m-˛ C-¥y≥ Aw-K-ß-sf \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ 331 3742. Ip-´n-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈ G-‰-hpw h-en-b {]-ÿm-\w-˛ kv-Iu-´v 3743. Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚ P-∑-ÿ-ew-˛ Im-bn-°-c 3744. t_m-Iv-k¿ I-em-]w- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv \-S-∂-Xv-˛ ssN-\ 3745. {]-km¿ `m-c-Xn t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-Zy-sØ sN-b¿-am≥-˛ \n-Jn¬ N-{I-h¿-Øn 3746. t_-ew Kp-l-Iƒ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv 3747. A-[n-I-ap-≈ •q-t°m-kv i-co-c-Øn¬ kw-`-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø A-h-ÿ-˛ {]-ta-lw 3748. a-c-®o-\n G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 3749. {^m≥-kn-se- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-˛ \m-j-W¬- A-kw-ªn 3750. ssh-Zyp-X-_ƒ-_n-s‚ ^n-e-sa‚ v \n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ S-Mv-è 3751. {^m≥-kn-se- A-©mw- dn-∏-ªn-°n-se- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-≠v-˛ Nmƒkv- Un- tKmƒ 3752. t`m-∏m¬ Zp-c¥ - Ø - n-\p Im-cW - a - m-b cm-kh - k - vX - p-˛ ao-ssY¬ sFtkm-k-b-t\-‰v 3753. t_m-[-K-b G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ _o-lm¿ 3754. {In-°-‰n-s‚ sa-° F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ e-≠-\n-se tem¿-Uv-kv tÃ-Un-bw 3755. bp.Pn.kn.cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-t∏mƒ tI-{μ hn-Zym-`ym-k a-{¥n-˛ auem-\m A-_pƒ I-emw 3756. t_m-h¿ bp-≤-Øn¬ {_n-´o-jp-Im-sc k-lm-bn-°m≥ Km-‘n-Pn B-cw-`n-®(1899) {]-ÿm-\w-˛ C-¥y≥ Bw-_p-e≥-kv tIm¿-]v-kv 3757. a-[y-[c - W - ym-gn-bp-sS hn-f° - p-am-Sw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ ]¿-hX - w-˛ kvt{Smw-t_m-fn 3758. bp.Pn.kn.ssh-kv sN-b¿-am-\m-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ hn.F≥.cm-Pti-Jc - ≥ ]n-≈ 3759. {In-°-‰n-s‚ ss_-_nƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ am-kn-I-˛ hn-kv-U≥ 3760. t_mw-Un-em- Np-cw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv˛- A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZiv 3761. 1905¬ kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ h-°w au-e-hn 3762. t_-eq-cn-se sN-∂-tI-i-h t£-{Xw 1117˛¬ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ tlm-bv-km-e hw-i-Øn-se hn-jv-Wp-h¿-[≥ 3763. 1911 ¬ hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS k¨ bm-Xv sk≥ cm-P-`-c-Ww A-h-km\n-∏n-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 3764. {In-°-‰p I-fn-bn¬ H-∂pw t\-Sm-\m-Im-sX ]p-d-Øm-Ip-∂-Xn-s\ ]d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ U-°v 3765. t_mw-s_ t_mw-_¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛-v k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ 3766. a-c® - o-\n-bn-eS- ß - n-bn-cn-°p-∂ B-kn-U˛v- {]q-kn-Iv B-kn-Uv (sslt{Um k-bm-\n-Iv B-kn-Uv) 3767. km-[m-cW - a - m-bn \n-ba - k - ` - -bn¬ k-`m-t\-Xm-hv ÿm-\w h-ln-°p∂-Xv B-cm-Wv ˛-ap-Jy-a{- ¥n 3768. a-cØ - n¬ X-eI - o-gm-bn Xq-ßn-°n-S∂ - v D-dß - p-∂ k-kX -v \ - w˛ h-Δm¬ 3769. {Z-hy-Øn-s‚ B-dm-a-sØ A-h-ÿ-˛ s^¿-an-tbm-Wn-Iv I-≥-tk-‰v 3770. {Zm-hn-U ap-t∂-‰ I-g-I-Øn-s‚ Nn-”w-˛-D-Z-b kq-cy≥ 3771. ªm-°v X-≠¿ Xow ]m¿-°v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ta-´p-∏m-f-bw 3772. ªo-tU-gv-kv tcm-Kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ lo-tam-^o-en-b 3773. A-Iv-_-dp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 3774. bq-tdm-∏n-s\-bpw G-jy-b-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛ bq-dm¬ 3775. tI-c-f {]-tZ-iv tIm¨-{K-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d™ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-F.sI. B‚-Wn 3776. km-[p-P\ - ] - c - n-]m-e\ - k - w-Lw t]--am-dn ]p-eb - a - l - m-k` - b - m-b h¿jw-˛ 1938 3777. C-…mw [¿-a-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-Lw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ h-°w au-e-hn

CONFUSING FACTS  _o-lm¿ hn-Zym-]oTw ÿm-]n-®-Xv tUm.cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv. `m-c-Xo-b hn-Zym `-h-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥ sI.Fw.ap≥-jn.  X-I-gn-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv Hm¿-a-bp-sS Xo-c-ß-fn¬ . ssh-°w ap-l-Ω-Zv _-jo-dn-s‚ B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv Hm¿-a-bpsS A-d-Iƒ. Hm¿-a-I-fp-sS Hm-f-߃ Pn. i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏n-s‚ B-fl-I-Y.  Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS Ip-d-hv A-\o-an-b F-∂ A-hÿ-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS FÆw {I-am-Xo-X-am-bn h¿-[n-°p-∂ A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv t]m-fnssk-Øo-an-b.  {Sm-h≥-Iq¿ tÃ-‰v am-\z-en-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv hn.\m-K-a-ø-bmWv (1906). sIm-®n≥ tÃ-‰v am-\z¬ c-Nn-®-Xv kn.A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-\m-Wv (1911).  B‚-Wn B‚ v ¢n-tbm-]m-{S c-Nn-®-Xv hn-eyw tj-Iv-kv-]nb¿ B-Wv. ko-k¿ B‚ v ¢n-tbm-]m-{S bp-sS I¿-Øm-hv tPm¿-Pv s_¿-Wm-Uv jm B-Wv. 3778. s]-cn-\m-Sv e-l-f \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1915 3779. a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`-s\ tI-c-f-Øn-se a-Z≥ tam-l≥ am-f-hy F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛- k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 3780. Ip-a-c-Iw G-Xv Im-b-en-s‚ Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ th-º-\m-Sv 3781. `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬ H-_v-P-Iv-So-hv sd-skm-eq-j≥ Ah-X-cn-∏-®-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 3782. _p-≤˛- s - sP-\a - X - ß - ƒ C-¥y-bn¬ D-Ss - e-Sp-ØX - v˛- _n.kn.B-dmw i-XI - Ø - n¬ 3783. a-lm-ho-cs - ‚ `m-cy-˛ b-tim-[ 3784. Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚ ho-W-]q-hv G-Xp ]-{X-Øn-em-Wv B-Zyw {]-kn≤o-Ic - n-®X - v- ˛- an-Xh - m-Zn 3785. t_-cm-dn-se C-am-Zv-jm-ln-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ ^-Øm-hp-≈ Al-Ω-Zv(1484) 3786. Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ G-Xp cm-P-[m-\n-bn-em-Wv I-gn-™n--∂-Xv˛ A-º-e-∏p-g 3787. _p-≈-‰v {]q-^v h-kv-{X-߃ \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ h-kvX - p-˛ sI-hve - m¿ 3788. Ip- Ω m- ´ n F- ∂ a- e - b m- f Nn- { Xw kw- h n- [ m- \ w sN- b v - X - X v ˛ Pn.A-c-hn-μ≥ 3789. B--sS P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv tZ-io-b bp-h-P-\-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂Xv-˛ kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ 3790. _r-lZ- va - R - vP - c - n c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- t£-ta-{μ≥ 3791. ip-≤n {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 3792. t_mƒ t]m-bn‚ v t]-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ sP. eu-Uv 3793. B-d-∑p-f I-Æm-Sn \n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ tem-lh-kX -v p-°ƒ 3794. Ip-am-c\ - m-im-s‚ B-Zy-sØ {]-ik - X -v a - m-b Ir-Xn-˛ ho-W] - q-hv (1907) 3795. a-lm-cm-jv{- S-bp-sS c-≠mw X-eÿ m-\w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- \m-Kv]q¿ 3796. {]-Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ L-S-I-߃-˛ ao-tY≥, Cu-tY≥, s{]m-t∏≥, _yq-t´≥ 3797. t`m-∏m-en-s‚ ÿm-]-I-\m-b ]-c-am-c hw-i cm-Pm-hv-˛ t`m-P≥ 3798. {]-k-hn-°p-∂ ]m-ºv-˛ A-W-en 3799. A--W≥ F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv 3800. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ B-W-h-{]-k-c-Ww D-≈-Xm-bn _n-F-B¿-kn I-s≠-Øn-b ÿ-ew-˛ I--\m-K-∏-≈n 3801. A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-in¬ {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Øn-\p Xp-S-°-an-´ I-cm¿˛ bm-¥m-thm I-cm¿ (1826 ^n-{_-hc - n 24) 3802. A-Iv_ - d - p-sS k-Z  - n-se G-‰h - pw {]-ik - vX - \ - m-b I-hn-˛ Xp-fk - o-Zmkv 3803. i-cm-hX - n ]-≤X - n G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv˛- I¿-Wm-SI 3804. t_mw-s_-bv-°p-ap-ºv ]-›n-a-Xo-c-Øv {_n-´o-jp-Im--sS {]-[m-\ Xm-hf - a - m-bn--∂ \-Kc - w ˛-kq-dØ - v

102 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3805. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ ]p-X-∏v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Kƒ-^v kv-{Sow 3806. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ ]-S-°-fw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ s_¬-Pn-bw 3807. A-Iv-_-dp-sS Im-e-sØ a-μn-c-߃ {]-[m-\-am-bpw F-¥p-]-tbmKn-®m-Wv \n¿-an-®X - v˛- Np-h∂ - a-W¬-°√ - v 3808. a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se tkm-{I-´o-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tKm-]m-eIr-jW v- t- Km-Js - e 3809. B-Zy tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kv \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1930 3811. t_ hm-®v Xow ]m¿-°v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cnv 3812. A-[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-sØ-s°m-≠v H- s]m-Xp I¿-Ø-hyw \-S-∏n-em°n-°n-´m≥ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ I-ev-]-\-˛ am≥-Um-a-kv 3813. t{]m-´n-bw, Uyp-´o-cn-bw, {Sn-jn-bw F-∂n-h G-Xp aq-e-I-Øn-s‚ sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-I-fm-Wv-˛ ssl-{U-P≥ 3814. B-Zy tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kv \-S-∂-t∏mƒ A-Xn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ {_n-´o-jv F-º-b¿ sK-bnw-kv 3815. a-lm-ho-c-\v ssI-h-eyw e-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ {Pnw-`n-{Km-aw 3816. A-Iv-_-dp-sS k-Z- n-ep-≠m-bn--∂ A-‘ I-hn-˛ kq¿-Zm-kv 3817. A-c-hn-μ k-am-[n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn 3818. t_-°¬ tIm-´ G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv 3819. `-cW - L - S- \ - m \n¿-am-Wk - `- `-cW - L - S- \ - C-¥y≥ Aw-Ko-Ic - n-® Xob-Xn-˛ 1949 \-hw-_¿ 26 3820. B-e-∏p-g Pn-√-bn¬ {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn--∂ _p-≤-a-X-tI{μw-˛ {io-aq-e-hm-kw 3821. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-em-bn--∂ Im-e-Øv s]m-´n-∏p-d-s∏´ bp-≤w-˛ t_m-h¿ bp-≤w 3822. i-I-cm-Pm-hm-b -{Z-knw-l-s\ h-[n-® Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 3823. ssh-Zyp-X Im-¥n-I t{]-c-Ww I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ ssa-°¬ ^m-ctU 3824. tπ-Kn-\p Im-c-W-am-b tcm-Km-Wp-˛ sb¿-kn-\n-b s]-Ãn-kv 3825. {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS tXm-´n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛ Im-° 3826. a-lm-hn-`m-jw c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- h-kp-an-{X≥ 3827. t_-°n-Mv tkm-U(A-∏-°m-cw)bp-sS cm-k-\m-aw-˛ tkm-Un-bw ss_-Im¿-_t- W-‰v 3828. A-Jn-e tI-c-f _m-e-P-\ k-Jyw cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ sI.kn. a - m--Ω≥ am-∏n-f 3829. H- sh-_v-ssk-‰n-se B-Zy t]-Pv-˛ tlmw-t]-Pv 3830. Ip-‰m-t\z-j-W-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ F-Uv-Km¿ A-e≥ t]m 3831. A-en k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿ F-∂ t]-cn¬ {]-kn-≤-cm-b-Xv-˛ au-em-\m ap-l-Ω-Zv A-en-bpw ju-°-Øv A-en-bpw 3832. t{]m-t´m-πm-ka - m-Wv Po-hs - ‚ `u-Xn-Ia - m-b A-Sn-ÿm-\w F-∂p ]d-™X - v˛- l-Iv-ke - n 3833. a-[p-ssc-sIm-≠-tNm-f≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ]-cm-¥-I tNm-f≥ H∂m-a≥ 3834. kp-aw-K-e F-∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn¬ F-gp-Xp-∂ F-gp-Øp-Im-cn-˛ eo-e \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 3835. sk≥-{S¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b cm-Pyw-˛ \n-°-cm-Kz 3836. t_m-dn-˛ km-Xv-]p-c ssS-K¿ dn-k¿-hv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛-˛ a-[y{]-tZ-iv 3837. {]-kn-≤a - m-b h-≈n-bq¿-°m-hv ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ Pn-√˛h-

sX- t ° C- ¥ y- b n- s e G- ‰ - h pw \o- f w Iq- S n- b I- S ¬- ∏ m- e w- ˛ ]mº≥ ]m- e w (A- Æ m- ˛ - C - μ n- c m- K m- ‘ n ]m- e w) (2.3 In.ao.)

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

19

 C-jv-S-ap-≈ sXm-gn¬ sN-øm≥ ]u-c-\v kzm-X-{¥yw \¬Ip-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  F-{Xmw i-XI - Ø - n-em-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdmbv km-aq-ln-I cw-KØ - v \-thm-∞m-\Ø - n-\v Xp-S° - w Ip-dn-®X - v  A-`n-{]m-b {]-I-S-\ kzm-X-{¥y-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ `-c-WL-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw G-Xm-Wv  G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b D-]-\n-j-Øm-Wv Cu-tim-hm-tkym-]-\n-jØv. C-Xn¬ F-{X ]-Zy-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  k-t¥m-t¢m-kn-s‚ Xp-S-°w F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv  k-©m-c kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-LS-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  \n-t°m-_m¿ Zzo-]-k-aq-l-Øn¬ F-{X Zzo-]p-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  B-i-b {]-Im-i-\ kzm-X-¥yw A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S\m A-\p-t—-Zw  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS a-\- m-£n F-∂v Granville Austin hn-ti-jn-∏n-® `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  ]-Wn-ap-S-°w F-∂ B-i-bw {_n-´-Wn¬ cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv GXv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv  C-¥y-bn-se-hn-sS-bpw Xm-a-kn-°m≥ ]u-c-\v kzm-X-{¥yw \¬-Ip-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv c-≠mw ]-g-»n hn-π-hw \-S-∂-Xv  au-en-I kzm-X{- ¥y-ßs - f-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v F-{Xma-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-em-Wv  1878˛¬ kn-hn¬ k¿-ho-kv ]-co-£-sb-gp-Xm-\p-≈ {]m-b]-cn-[n 21˛¬-\n-∂v F-{X h-b- m-bn-´m-Wv Ip-d-®-Xv  kw-L-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\v kzm-X-{¥yw A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-LS-\m A-\p-t—-Zw F-{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv  A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ B-`y-¥-c-bp-≤w \-S-∂ \q-‰m-≠v  G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ Po-hn-®n--∂-Xv  {_n-´o-jv km-{am-Pyw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-Im-kw {]m-]n-®Xv G-Xv \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv b-\m-Sv 3838. bp.F≥.Nm¿-´¿ H-∏p-sh-® ÿ-ew-˛ km≥-{^m≥-kn-kv-tIm 3839. 1971˛-se C-t¥m ]m-Iv bp-≤-Im-e-Øv C-¥y-bp-sS k¿-h-ssk\ym-[n-]≥-˛ hn.hn.Kn-cn 3840. A-Jn-e Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {K-Ÿ-im-em-kw-L-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ {]-kn-U‚ v˛- sI.Fw.tI-ih - ≥ 3841. ªq _p-°v G-Xp cm-Py-sØ Hu-tZym-Kn-I {]-kn-≤n-I-c-W-am-Wv-˛ {_n-´¨ 3842. a-\p-jy-cm-in-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ i-cn-bm-b ]T-\-am-Wv a-\p-jy≥ F∂p ]-d™ X - v˛- A-eI - vk - m-≠¿ t]m-∏v 3843. ªq hm-´¿ t]m-fn-kn-bp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-˛ Un A¬ta-U 3844. hn-h-cm-Im-i \n-b-aw ]m-km-°m≥ Im-c-W-am-b {]-ÿm-\w-˛ a-kvZq¿ In-km≥ i-‡n kw-L-X≥ 3845. ªq-Um-\yq-_n-s‚ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s_¬-t{K-Uv 3846. km-aq-Xn-cn k-Z- n-se km-ln-Xy-{]-Xn-`-I-fm-b ]-Xn-s\-´-c-°-hnI-fn¬ A-c-°-hn B-cv-˛ ]q-\w \-ºq-Xn-cn 3847. •m-kn-\v I-Spw-\o-e-\n-dw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-_mƒ-´v Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv 3848. {_-lv-a-k-am-Pw- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-˛ cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥-tdm-bv3849. •m-kv e-bn-°p-∂-Xv F-¥n-em-Wv ˛ ssl-{U-P≥ ^v-fq-ssd-Uv 3850. hm-Km t_m¿-U¿ G-Xv cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ C¥y-bpw ]m-In-kvX - m-\pw 3851. 1912¬ P-\-K-W-a-\- F-¥p io¿-j-I-Øn-em-Wv X-Øz-t_m-[n-\nbn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ `m-c-Xv hn-[m-X

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 103

3852. a-\p-jy-c-‡-Øn¬ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ h-ln-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂ L-SIw-˛ lo-tam-t•m-_n≥ 3853. Ip-a m-c-\ m-im≥ _- ‘- s ∏- ´p {]- h ¿- Øn- ® kw- L-S-\-˛ Fkv.F≥.Un.]n. 3854. N-{μ F-∂ D-]-{K-lw B--sS kv-a-c-W \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv A-ta-cn-° hn-t£-]n-®X - v˛- tUm.F-kv.N-{μ-ti-J¿ 3855. a-\p-jy-cn¬ G-X-h-b-h-Øn¬-sh-®m-Wv _o-P-kw-tbm-Kw \-S-°p∂-Xv-˛ ^-tem-∏n-b≥ Syq-_v 3856. i-I-h¿-j-Øn-se c-≠m-a-sØ am-kw-˛ ssh-im-Jw 3857. A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn-sb tZ-h-Kn-cn Io-g-S-°m≥ k-lm-bn-®-Xv-˛ am-en-Iv Im-^¿ 3858. {^m≥-kn-se sh-gv-k-bv¬-kv- sIm-´m-cw- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ eq-bn]-Xn-\m-em-a≥ 3859. A-en-∏q¿ Kq-Vm-tem-N-\m-t°-kn¬ A-d-Ãn-em-Ip-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv k-∂ym-kn-bm-bn-Øo--I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ A-c-hn-μ-tLm-jv 3860. C-¥y-bn¬ hy-h-ÿm-]n-X-am-b kn-hn¬ k¿-ho-kv Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv B--sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛ tIm¨-hm-en-kv 3861. an-∂-en-s‚ ssh-Zyp-X-kz-`m-hw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ s_-©-an≥ {^m¶vf - n≥ 3862. Im-em-h-ÿ hy-Xn-bm-\ h-Ip-∏v B-cw-`n-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ kwÿm-\w-˛ Kp-Pd - m-Øv 3863. an-∂m-an-\p-ßn-s‚ sh-fn-®Ø - n-\p Im-cW - a - m-b h-kvX - p-˛ eq-kn-s^dn≥ 3864. \n-ba - k - ` - hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°p-∂X - m-cv˛- K - h - ¿-W¿ 3865. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b-h-cn¬ H-Sp-hn¬ P-\n-® hy-‡n-˛ k®n≥ sS≠p¬°¿ 3866. G-‰-hpw X-Wp-∏p-Iq-Sn-b k-ap-{Zw-˛ B¿-´n-Iv 3867. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-∂p-Im-en-Iƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 3868. In-g° - t- \-jy≥ I-Sp-hI - ƒ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- Xm-bvh - m≥, knwK-∏q¿,tlm-t¶mw-Kv, Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b 3869. Iw-]yq-´-dn-t\m-Sp-≈ t]-Sn-˛ ssk-_¿ t^m-_n-b 3870. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-Jw C-Xp-h-sc F-{X {]m-h-iyw t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bvX - n-´p-≠v- ˛-H∂ - v 3871. i-I-h¿-jw B-cw-`n-®-sX-∂v-˛ F.Un.˛78 3872. B-\v{- [m-{]-tZ-in¬- ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-bt- i-jw- C-¥y≥- {]-kn-U≠ - mb hy-Iv-Xn-˛- \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h-sd-Uv-Un3873. ssh-Zyp-Xn {]-hm-l-Øn-s‚ i-‡n A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ AΩo-‰¿ 3874. H-kv-{Sm-kn-kw kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Du--hn-e-°v 3875. ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-j-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-\m-aw-˛ C-¥y≥ Ãm-‰yq-´-dn IΩn-j≥ 3876. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv \n- -l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\w Bcw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1920 3877. an-en-μ ]m≥-tlm c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ \m-Km¿-Pp-\≥ 3878. {_-lv¿j - n-tZ-iw,a-[y-tZ-iw-F∂ - o-t]--If - n¬-{]m-No-\I - m-eØ - vA - dn-bs - ∏-´n--∂k - w-ÿm-\w-˛D - Ø - ¿-{]-tZ-iv 3879. H- hy-‡n {]-Ir-Xym A-h-s‚-X-s√-¶n¬ A-h≥ H- A-Sn-a-bmWv F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ A-cn-tÃm-´n¬ 3880. a-\p-jy-ic - o-cØ - n¬ a-cW - w-hs - c h-fc - p-∂ c-≠p-`m-Kß - ƒ-˛ ap-Sn, \Jw 3881. N-{μ≥ `q-an-tbm-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp-h--∂ {]-Xn-`m-kw-˛ kq-∏¿aq¨ 3882. {^m≥-kv- A-ta-cn-°° - v- k-Ωm-\n-®- kv‰ - m-Nyp- Hm-^v- en-_¿-´n-bp-sSi-n¬-]n-˛ s{^-U-dn-Iv- Hm-K-kv-Xv- _¿-tØmƒ-Un 3883. an-I-® \-S-\p-≈ Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Fan¬ sP-∂n-Mv-kv 3884. A-en-∏q¿ Kq-Vm-tem-N\ - t- °-kn¬ A-ch - n-μt- Lm-jn-\p-th-≠n lmP-cm-b A-`n-`m-j-I≥-˛ kn.B¿.Zm-kv 3885. {_-ko¬ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ I-{_mƒ 3886. A-¥-co-£-a¿-±w A-f-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ ]m-kv-I¬ 3887. A-en-K-Vv ap-…nw bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Z≥ Bw-t•m Hm-dn-b‚¬ tIm-tf-Pv 3888. B-\v-{[m- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥-d B-Zy- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- -˛ Sn- {]-Im-iw3889. i-Ih - ¿-jw- B-cw-`n-®X - v- B--sS `-cW - I - m-eØ - v˛- I-\n-jvI - ≥-

CONFUSING FACTS  kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ _-Uv-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-® B-Zy-sØ [-\-a-{¥n B¿.sI.j¨-ap-Jw sN-´n-bm-Wv. F-∂m¬, P-\d¬ _-Uv-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-® B-Zy [-\-a-{¥n kn.Un.tZ-ivap-Jv B-Wv (1952).  tNm-f≥-am--sS cm-P-Io-b-ap-{Z I-Sp-h-bpw ]m-Wv-Uy≥-am-tS-Xv a-’y-hpw B-bn--∂p.  C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ {_n-´o-jv cm-Pm-hv tPm¿-Pv A©m-a≥ (1911). C-¥y k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ {_n-´o-jv {][m-\-a-{¥n lm-tcmƒ-Uv am-Iv-an-√≥.  tI-c-f-Øn¬ Pq-X-°p-∂v Nm-h-°m-´pw Pq-X-°p-fw am-Sm-bnbn-epw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. 3890. ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ \-K-cw ˛-_mw-•q¿ 3891. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-°m-Wv c-≠mw Cu-g-h sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ k-a¿-∏n-®Xv˛- I-gvk - ¨ 3892. am-bv° - m-\m-Im-Ø a-jn D-]t- bm-Kn® B-Zy-sØ C-e-£≥ ˛1962 3893. ap-…nw sF-Iy-kw-Lw ÿm-]n-®Xm-cv-˛ h-°w au-e-hn 3894. ap-ßn-ac - n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºv Ip-am-c\ - mim≥ k-©-cn-®n--∂ t_m-´v-˛ sdUo-a¿ 3895. tI-c-f {K-Ÿ-im-e kw-L-Øn-s‚ G- ‰ - h pw Ip- d - ® p- I m- e w D- ] ÿm-]I - ≥-˛ ]n.F≥.]-Wn-°¿ cm- j v - { S- ] - X n ÿm- \ w 3896. B-\v-{[m- kw-kv-Ym-\w- cq-]-h¬-°- h- l n- ® - X v - ˛ hn hn Kn- c n cn-°W - s - a-∂ B-hi - y-ap-∂b - n-®-v \ncm-lm-ck - a - c - w- \-SØ - n- a-cW - w- h-cn-® hy-IX v- n- - t]m-‰n- {io-cm-ae - p3897. B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p `m-c-hn-˛ knw-l-hn-jv-Wp 3898. ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n-bp-sS I-_-dn-Sw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ a-Zo-\ 3899. i-Ih - ¿-jw Xp-Sß - n-b \q-‰m-≠v˛- F.Un.H-∂mw \q-‰m-≠v 3900. sS-Ãv {In-°-‰n-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ hy-‡n-K-X kv-tIm¿ t\-Sn-bXv-˛ {_-b≥ em-d 3901. aq-ey-h¿-[n-X \n-Ip-Xn \-S-∏m-°n-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 3902. aq-gn-bm¿ Umw G-Xv Pn-√-bn¬ ˛ ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´ 3903. A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-in-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ t\-^(t\m¿-Øv Cu-Ãv t{^m‚n-b¿ G-P≥-kn) 3904. A¿-Pp-\≥ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xw G-Xv C-Xn-lm-k-Øn¬-˛ a-lm-`m-cXw 3905. aq-Imw-_n-I-t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm-√q¿ 3906. A-t‰m¿-Wn P-\d - e - n-s\-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-cW - L - S- \ - m-A\p-t—-Zw-˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 76 3907. a-X-sØ cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬-\n-∂p th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ C¥y≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 3908. A-Xv-em‚n-°n-s\-bpw a-[y-[-c-Wym-gn-tb-bpw _‘n∏n°p-∂ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ Pn-{_mƒ-´¿ 3909. A-f-I-\-μ G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv tN--∂-Xv-˛ Kw-K 3910. a-g-hn-√p-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ l-hm-bv Zzo-]p-Iƒ 3911. A-‰v-e-kv ]¿-h-X-\n-c G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn¬-˛ B-{^n-° 3912. cm-jv{- S-]X - n-sb Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°p-∂X - v˛- ]m¿-es - a‚n-se C-- k-`I - fn-se-bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\ \n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-se-bpw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Aw-Kß - ƒ 3913. A-¥-co-£-`m-c-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv ss\-{S-P≥-˛ 75.46 3914. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy I-hn-X-˛ cm-a-N-cn-Xw ]m-´v 3915. A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿-_¨ ssU Hm-Iv-ssk-Un-s‚ i-cm-i-cn A-fh - v F-{X-iX - a - m-\a - m-Wv- 0.03 3916. kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS ]-›n-a-L-´ {]m-tZin-I tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 3917. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ hy-h-lm-c hn-ap-‡ ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ h-chq¿

104 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

3918. a-e-bm-f-Øn¬-\n-∂pw D¿-h-in A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ im-cZ3919. a-cn-®p-Ig- n-™v a-Wn-°q-dp-Iƒ I-gn-bp-tºmƒ ssI-Im-ep-Iƒ-°v _ew h-bv-°p-∂ A-h-ÿ-bv-°v ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ dn-K¿ tam¿-´n-kv 3920. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ hym-I-c-W-{K-Ÿw-˛ A-jv-Sm-[ym-bn 3921. Kq¿-J-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ I-Øn-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ Ip-{In 3922. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ \n-»-_v-Z-kn-\n-a-˛ hn-K-X-Ip-am-c≥ 3923. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ i-_v-Z kn-\n-a-˛ B-ew B-d 3924. kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v a-e-_m-dn-se Im¿-jn-I Iem-]-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v A-t\z-jn-°m≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´ I-f-Iv-S¿-˛ hn-eyw tem-K≥ 3925. G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b ]-£n- ˛-l-Ωn-Mv- ]-£n3926. ssl-Um-kv-]-kv bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ _n.kn.326 3927. tI-cf - {Iq-jtv- N-hv- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - ˛v- Fw.F≥.tKm-hn-μ≥ \m-b¿ 3928. i-Iv-X≥-X-ºp-cm≥- sIm-®n-bn-¬- cm-Pm-hm-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1790 3929. H-cn-e am-{X-ap-≈ k-kyw-˛ tN-\ 3930. G-‰h - pw- ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b K¿-`I - m-ea - p-≈ k-kX -v \ - w-˛ G-jy≥- B-\ 3931. I-kv-Xq¿-_m Km-‘n A-¥-cn-® sIm-´m-cw-˛ ]q-s\-bn-se B-KmJm≥ sIm-´m-cw 3932. ssl-Z¿-Ae - n-bp-sS sX-t°-ae - _ - m¿- B-{I-aW - w- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1758 3933. Im-bn-It- I-cf - Ø - n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- tKm-Zh - ¿-ac - mP 3934. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ Un-hn-j≥ t]-jvI - m¿-°p Xp-ey-amb C-t∏m-g-sØ ]-Z-hn-˛ Pn-√m I-f-Iv-S¿ 3935. G-‰-hpw- th-K-Øn¬- N-en-°m≥- I-gn-hp-≈ ]-£n- ˛ s]-cn-{Ko≥^m¬-°¨3936. G-I-I-£n-`-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-∏n-® B-Zy-sØ ]q¿-h-bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-Pyw-˛ t]m-f-≠v 3937. ssI-Im-ep-I-fn-se B-sI A-ÿn-Iƒ-˛ 126 3938. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS B-[p-\n-I en-]n \-S-∏m-°n-b Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-hv-˛ kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 3939. sS-Ãv {In-°-‰n¬ B-Zy-am-bn 10000 d¨-kv Xn-I-®-Xv-˛ kp-\n¬ Km-hk - I -v ¿ 3940. A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-in-se h-\y-ar-K-kw-c-£-W-tI-{μw-˛ \w-Z-^ 3941. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ hn-i-∏p-c-ln-X-\-K-cw-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 3942. A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-in¬ {]-th-in-°p-tºmƒ {_-lv-a-]p-{X A-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ kn-bm-Mv 3943. a-\p-jy-s‚ I-hn-fn-s‚ A-\m-´-an \m-aw-˛ _-° 3944. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv am-· Im¿-´-bn¬ H-∏p-h-®Xv˛- Cw-•≠ - v 3945. am-dm-Sv I-em-]w D-≠m-b Pn-√-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 3946. a-c-W-k-a-b-Øv Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS H-∏-ap-≠m-bn--∂ in-jy¿-˛ a-\p, B-` 3947. A--hn-∏p-dw hn-πh - w- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - v˛- {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s≥d in-he - nw-K{- ]-Xn-jvT 3948. ap-f-¶m-Sp-Iƒ-°v {]-kn-≤-am-b a-e-∏p-dw Pn-√-bn-se ÿ-ew-˛ \n-eºq¿ 3949. G-Xp cm-Py-am-Wv tlm-f-≠v F-∂v A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ s\-X¿e≥-Uk v- v 3950. tNm-f km-{am-Py- X-e-kv-Ym-\w-˛ X-©m-hq¿3951. a-dm-Ø hw-ia - m-b sK-bv° - vhm-Zv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv `-cn-®X - v- ˛_-tdm-U 3952. h-[n-°-s∏-´ c-≠m-a-sØ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ sP-bnw-kv F.Km¿-^o¬-Uv 3953. sS-Ãv {In-°-‰v I-fn-® B-Zy-sØ C-¥ym-°m-c≥-˛ c-Rv-Pn-X kn-Mv-Pn 3954. i-Im-cn F-∂ ÿm-\t- ∏- kzo-Ic - n-®X - ˛-v N-{μ-Kp-]X -v h - n-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 3955. ssi-Xy-°-S¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{μ≥ 3956. I-iv-ao-cn-se A-Iv-_¿ F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ sk-bv-\p¬ A-_-Zn≥ (1420˛70) 3957. dn-b¿-hyq an-d¿ B-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tIm¨-sh-Iv-kv an-d¿ 3958. Hm-tkm¨ hm-X-I-Øn-s‚ \n-dw ˛ \o-e 3959. an-kv F¿-Øv a-’-c-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-® B-Zy C-¥y-°m-cn-˛ \n-t°mtfm ^-cn-b 3960. F-Uyp-km-‰v F-∂ D-]-{K-lw hn-t£-]n-®-Xv F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv-˛

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

20

 tZ-io-b-Km-\-Øn-s‚ tjm¿-´v th¿-j≥ B-e-]n-°m-\m-h-iyam-b k-a-bw F-{X sk-°‚ v  A-ÿn-I-fp-sS F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv P-ew  {In-°-‰n¬ c-≠p hn-°‰p-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-se Zq-cw 22 bm¿-UmWv. C-Xv G-I-tZ-iw F-{X ao-‰-dn-\v Xp-ey-am-Wv  1969, 1980 h¿-j-ß-fn-em-bn C-¥y-bn¬ F-{X _m-¶p-Iƒ tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v  F-{Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv F-Iv-{]-j-\n-Ãv co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ Nn{X-I-em-co-Xn B-cw-`n-®-Xv  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ `m-K-Øn-em-Wv `-c-W-L-S\m t`-Z-K-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv  k-ky-ß-fn¬ F-{X A-an-t\m B-kn-Up-Iƒ D-≠v  `-c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-ÿ {]-Im-cw tI-{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂v tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ ]-c-am-h-[n F-{X Aw-K-ß-fm-Imw  a-\p-jy-s‚ {i-h-W-ti-jn-bp-sS G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ B-hrØn F-{X tl¿-Sv-kv B-Wv  ]p--j-s‚ Xz-°n-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww F-{X N-Xp-c-{i A-Snbm-Wv  tI-c-f-Øn-se tem-Iv-k-`m-ko-‰p-Iƒ  a-\p-jy-\v F-{X ]m¬-∏-√p-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  Im¬-ky-Øn-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy F-{X-bm-Wv  F-{X tl¿-Sv-kn-\v Xm-sg B-hr-Øn-bp-≈ i-_v-Z-ß-fm-Wv C≥-{^m-tkm-Wn-Iv {io-lc - n-t°m-´ 3961. an-I-® {In-°-‰¿-°p-≈ sF.kn.kn. A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy Xmcw-˛ cm-lp¬ {Zm-hn-Uv 3962. G-‰-hpw P-e-k-º-∂-am-b \-Zn-˛ B-a-tkm¨ 3963. tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m h-Ip-∏v˛ 352 3964. a-cW - m-\¥ - c - _-lp-aX - n-bm-bn `m-cX - c - X - \ -v w {]-Jym-]n-®t- i-jw ]n≥h-en-®-Xv B--sS Im-cy-Øn-em-Wv-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv 3965. tIm-gn-t°m-Sv X-Øz-{]-Im-in-I B-{i-aw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\μ≥ 3966. B¿-°m-Wv am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ap-Sn-Nq-Spw-s]--amƒ F-∂p t]-cn-´X - v˛ A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ 3967. Pm-Xn Ip-Ωn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 3968. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ B-Zy-in-jy≥-˛ in-he - nw-KZ- m-kk - zm-an-Iƒ 3969. I-hn-Xn-e-I≥ F-∂ _-lp-a-Xn ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏-\v \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ sIm-®n-cm-Pm-hv 3970. 1973˛-se H-Iv-tSm-_¿ bp-≤-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-® cm-Pyw-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 3971. A-d-_n-°-S¬ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap{Zw 3972. G-‰-hpw sIm-gp-∏p-≈ ]m¬ G-Xv ar-K-Øn-s‚-Xm-Wv-˛ ap-b¬ 3973. U-®n-Kmw h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ {io-\-K¿ 3974. G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b ]q-hv-˛ hpƒ-^n-b 3975. H-cn-°-epw sh-≈w Ip-Sn-°m-Ø P-¥p-˛ Iw-Km- F-en 3976. h-cn-I h-cn-I k-l-P-sc... F-∂ Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv ˛ Aw-in \m-cm-bW-]n-≈ 3977. F-Un-k¨ P-\n-® A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-´-Ww-˛ an-em≥ (1847) 3978. G-‰-hpw- ssZ¿-Lyw- Ip-d-™ K¿-`-Im-ew-˛-hn¿-Pn-\n-b H-t∏m-kw3979. Um¿-hn-s‚ ]-cn-Wm-a K-th-j-W-߃-°p th-Zn-bm-b Zzo-]v-˛ Km-e∏m-tKm-kv 3980. G-‰-hpw th-K-Øn¬ \o-¥p-∂ a¬-kyw-˛ tkz-Uv ^n-jv 3981. I-iva - o-cn-se Hu-tZym-Kn-I` - m-j˛- D-dp-Zp 3982. ssk-e‚ v hm-en tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\-am-bn {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw˛ 1984 3983. F-Uzn≥ B¿-t\mƒ-Un-s‚ Zn sse-‰v Hm-^v G-jy F-∂ Ir-Xn-bnse {]-Xn-]m-Zyw B--sS Po-hn-X-am-Wv-˛ {io-_p-≤≥ 3984. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n B-Zy-am-bn tI-c-f-Øn¬ h-∂n-d-ßn-b ÿ-ew-˛

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 105

tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 3985. k-Xyw ku-μ-cy-am-Wv, ku-μ-cyw k-Xy-hpw- F-∂p ]-d-™-Xm-cv-˛ Io-‰k -v v 3986. sS≥-kn-Mpw ln-em-cn-bpw B-Zy-am-bn F-hd - à - v Io-gS- ° - n-bX - v˛- 1953 sa-bv 29 3987. kym-\μ - q-c] - p-cw- F-∂v kw-kI v- r-XØ - n¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂ \-Kc - w-˛ Xn--h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw 3988. Kym-e-]v t]mƒ- F-∂ k-t¶-X-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv G-Xp cmPy-Øm-Wv˛- bp.F-kv.F. 3989. kz-]v-\-irw-K-ß-fp-sS \-K-cw-˛ Hm-Iv-kv-t^m¿-Uv 3990. a-e-_m¿ I-em-]w A-c-tß-dn-b Xm-eq-°v-˛ G-d-\m-Sv 3991. kz-¥w `m-c-tØm-Sp Xp-e-\w sN-øp-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw h-en-b ap-´-bnSp-∂ ]-£n-˛ In-hn 3992. am-am-¶w B-tLm-jn-®n--∂ am-kw-˛ Ipw-`w 3993. X-tUm-_ h-\y-ar-K-kw-c-£-W tI-{μw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ alm-cm-j{v- S 3994. U¬-ln-bn-se Xp-•-°m-_m-Zv tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ Kn-bm-kp-±o≥ Xp•-Iv 3995. Po-h-s‚ \-Zn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ c-‡w 3996. U¬-ln-bn-te-°v-c-≠v-A-tim-I-kv-Xq-]-߃-sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xp-•-Ivkp¬-Øm≥-˛^ - n-tdm-kv jm-Xp-•I - v 3997. ⁄m-\-]oTw t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-f t\m-h¬-˛ H- tZ-iØn-s‚ I-Y 3998. tem-IØ - n-s‚ h-{P X-eÿ m-\w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- Inw-_¿-en 3999. ta-tbm {]-`p B-Zy sk≥-k-kv X-øm-dm-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1872 4000. C-¥y-bn-se c-≠m-a-sØ h-\n-Xm ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ \-μn-\n km-Xv-]Xn (1972˛76) 4001. a-dm-Ø hw-ia - m-b t`m¨-ks - e F-hn-sS-bm-Wv `-cn-®X - v˛- \m-Kv] - q¿ 4002. tcm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ ]m-tXm-f-Pn 4003. kz-]v-\m-hm-k-h-Z-Øw, Du--`w-Kw F-∂n-h c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ `m-k≥ 4004. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b Pn-√-bm-b am-ln G-Xv `-c-W-L-S-IØn-s‚ `m-Ka - m-Wv˛- ] - p-Xp-t®-cn 4005. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b ssl-t°m-S-Xn ˛ kn-°nw 4006. kz-¥w- a-°-fp-sS X-S-hn¬- I-gn-tb-≠n-h-∂ ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ jm-Pl - m≥4007. kz-¥-am-bn ]-Xm-I-bp-≈ G-I C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp I-ivao¿ 4008. ssN-\-bn-se Ku-X-a-_p-≤≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ em-thm-Xv-sk 4009. C-¥y-bn-se K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew ]Z-hn h-ln-®-Xv-˛ hm-d≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv 4010. Po-hn-X-Øn¬ k-Xy-k-‘-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww F-∂ Xo--am-\-sa-Sp°m≥ Km-‘n-Pn Xo--am-\n-®X - v G-Xv ]p-cm-W I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o-\-Øm-em-Wv-˛ l-cn-›-{μ≥ 4011. kz-¥-am-bn hm-l-\w \n¿-an-®v a-\p-jy-s\ _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øv A-b® cm-Py-߃-˛ A-ta-cn-°, d-jy,ssN-\ 4012. ssa ssSw-kv B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ sP._n.Ir-]-em-\n 4013. kz-¥a - m-bn ssh-Zyp-Xn D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®v hn-Xc - W - w sN-bvX - , kw-ÿm\-sØ B-Zy-sØ {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv-˛ am-¶p-fw 4014. aq¿-Øo-tZ-hn A-hm¿-Uv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ⁄m-\-]oTw {S-Ãv 4015. kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- thm-´-h-Im-iw- \¬-In-b- (1893)- B-Zy-sØ- cm-Pyw-˛\yq-kn-e≥-Uv4016. C--ºn-s‚ G-‰-hpw ip-≤-am-b cq-]w-˛ tdm-´v A-b¨ 4017. kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°v {]-th-i\ - a - n-√m-Ø ]¿-hX - w-˛ au-≠v B-tXm-kv ({Kokv) 4018. C-¥y-bn-se cm-jv-{So-b Im¿-´q-Wp-I-fp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-X˛-v i-¶¿ 4019. Pp-Uo-jy¬ dn-hyq- F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xp cm-Py-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv C-¥y kzo-Ic - n-®X - v˛- bp.F-kv.F. 4020. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\ e-`n-® G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ hy-‡n-˛ ˛-k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ 4021. Pq-en-b-kv ko-k¿ sIm-√-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ _n.kn.44 4022. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚ v ÿm-\-tØ-°v 1939˛¬ Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏p \-S∂ - t- ∏mƒ t\-Xm-Pn kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_mkn-s‚ F-Xn-cm-fn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ ]-´m-`n ko-Xm-cm-a-ø 4023. tem-I-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-s‚ F-{X `m-K-am-Wv C-¥y-˛ 1/42

tNmZyw; DØcw h\nXm tab¿ ˛ temIw, C¥y, tIcfw  C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm ta-b¿ kp-tem-N-\m tamUn B-tWm Xm-cm sN-dn-bm≥ B-tWm?  kp-tem-N-\m tam-Un. 1956-˛¬ apw-ss_ ta-b-dm-bn. Xm-cm sN-dn-bm≥ sN-ss∂-bn¬ ta-b-dm-b-Xv 1957em-Wv. Z-£n-tW¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm ta-b¿ F-∂v Xm-cm sN-dn-bms\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°mw. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm tab¿ ssl-a-h-Xn Xm-bm-´v B-Wv (tIm-gn-t°m-Sv).  tc-JI - ƒ {]-Im-cw, tem-IØ - n-em-Zy-am-bn ta-b¿ ÿm-\s - ØØn-b h-\n-X A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se Im≥-k-kv kw- ÿ m- \ - s Ø A¿- t Km- W n- b \- K - c - Ø n- s e Susanna Madora Salter B-Wv (1887). 4024. ]m-e-°m-Sv Np-cw tIc-f-sØ X-an-gv-\m-´nse G-Xv Pn-√-bp-ambn-´m-Wv tbm-Pn-∏n°p-∂-Xv ˛-tIm-b-ºØq¿ 4025. kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°v H-fn-ºnIv - k n¬ ]- s ¶- S p°m≥ A-\p-aX - n sImSp-Ø h¿-jw-˛ 1900 4026. B-Zy-sØ ku-Øv G-jy≥ s^-U-tdj≥ sK- b nw- k n¬ (1984) G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬ sa- U - e p- I ƒ t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ C-¥y 4027. B-sc {]-Io¿-Øn-®mWv Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ a-l m-Im-hy-sa-gp-Xm-sX a-l m-I-hn Zn-hy-tIm-In-ew c-Nn]- Z - h n t\- S n- b - X v - ˛ Ip- a m- c - \ m- i m≥ ®-Xv-˛ a-lm-I-hn SmtKm¿ 4028. ssh-tZ-in-I-k-lm-bw-Iq-Sm-sX A-®p-Iq-Sw ÿm-]n-® B-Zy a-ebm-fn-˛ Nm-h-d-b-®≥ 4029. tam-£-{]-Zo-]-J-Wv-U-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ 4030. I-eym-W-Zm-bn-\n-k-`-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 4031. sam-km¿-´v G-Xp I-e-bp-sS D-]m-k-I-\m-bn--∂p-˛ kw-Ko-Xw 4032. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw Xn-c-t°-dn-b ]m-ew-˛ lu-d ]m-ew (c-_o-{μ tk-Xp) 4033. kz-X{- ¥-C¥ - y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ ^o¬-Uv am¿-j¬-˛ F-kv.F-®v.F^v.sP.a-t\-£m 4034. `m-cX - c - X - v\ - t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ kn-\n-am-Xm-cw-˛F - w.Pn. cm-aN - {- μ≥ 4035. B-w ]u-c≥-am-cm-bn P-\n-°m-Ø kz-X{- ¥-cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 4036. C-¥y-bp-sS kp-K‘ hy-RvP - \ - t- Øm-´w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- tIc-fw 4037. \yq-U¬-ln I-gn-™m¬ D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b C≥U-kv-{Sn-b¬ l-_v-˛-Im¨-]q¿ 4038. cm-k-Nn-In¬-k-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ t]mƒ F¿-en-Iv 4039. cm-jv{- S-]X - n-°v k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄m-hm-NI - w sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂X - v˛kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-kv 4040. ap-Sn \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂ t{]m-´o≥-˛ sI-cm-‰n≥ 4041. Po-h-Pm-e-߃ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ A-¥-co-£-]m-fn-˛ t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^nb¿ 4042. ar-Wmƒ-sk-∂n-s‚ B-Zy Nn-{Xw-˛ `p-h≥ tjmw (1965) 4043. A-ta-cn-°≥ hn-π-h-Im-cn-I-sf k-lm-bn-® {^-©v N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ eq-bn ]-Xn-\m-dm-a≥ 4044. B-[p-\n-I kn-\n-a-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv ˛ tU-hn-Uv {Kn-^n-Xv 4045. C-¥y-bn¬ H- kw-ÿm-\-Øv A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ B-Zy-sØ

106 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

{]m-tZ-in-I ]m¿-´n-˛ Un.Fw.sI. 4046. B-lm-c-sØ B-am-i-b-Øn-se-Øn-°p-∂ A-∂-\m-f-Øn-s‚ {]tXy-I X-cw k-t¶m-N-hn-Im-k-Øn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ s]-cn-Ãm¬-kn-kv 4047. bo-Ãn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Po-h-Iw-˛ ssdt_m-^v-fm-hn≥ 4048. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- h--am-\-ap-≈ t£-{Xw- ˛-Xn--∏Xn-bn-se sh-¶n-tS-iz-c-t£-{Xw4049. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ thm-´¿-am--≈ tem-Iv-k-`m-a W - vU - e - w-˛ D-∂m-hp 4050. _m-em-a-Wn-b-Ω-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ Im-hy-k-am-lm-cw-˛ Iq-∏p-ssI 4051. `m-c-X k¿-°m-cn-s‚ F-√m {]-hr-Øn-I-fpw B--sS t]-cn-em-Wv \-SØ - p-∂X - ˛v- cm-j{v- S-]X - n 4052. ssl-Um-kv-]-kv bp-≤-Øn¬ t]m-d-kn-s\ tXm¬-]n-®-Xm-cv ˛-Ae-Ivk - m-≠¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn 4053. `q-\n-Ip-Xn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv H-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛ hn-t√-Pm-^o-kn¬ 4054. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Hm-∏¨ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-˛ B-{‘m-{]tZ- i v Hm- ∏ ¨ bq- W n- t h- g n- k n- ‰ n (1982)(1991 ap- X ¬ t]- c v tUm._n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n) 4055. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ A-d-°-an¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 4056. ]m-ºv Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ D-c-K-߃ C-√m-Ø h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 4057. C-¥y-bp-sS lr-Z-bw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ a-[y{]-tZ-iv 4058. G-‰-hpw h-en-∏w Iq-Sn-b in-ip-hn-s\ {]-k-hn-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ \o-eØn-anw-Kn-ew 4059. G-‰-hpw h-en-∏w Iq-Sn-b lr-Z-b-ap-≈ Po-hn-˛ \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-ew 4060. B-Zy-sØ ssP-\-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ ]m-S-eo-]p-{Xw 4061. P-\-Io-b I-hn-X-bp-sS ip-{I-\-£-{X-sa-∂v \n-cq-]-I¿ hn-e-bn-Øn-b I-hn-˛ Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 4062. P-Ãn-kv ^m-Øn-am-_o-hn K-h¿-W-dm-b kw-ÿm-\w-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 4063. c-‡m¿-_p-Z-Øn-s‚ ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ ep-°o-an-b 4064. C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ P-\n-®v A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 4065. A-{`-J-\n-bm-b sIm-S¿-a G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv 4066. C-c-hn-Ip-fw h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-X-sØ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°m-bn {]Jym-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1978 4067. A-cn-bp-sS X-hn-Sn¬ [m-cm-f-am-bn A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛ _n 4068. C-S-Xp-]-£-Øn-s‚-bpw _n.sP.]n.bp-sS-bpw ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS `cn-® {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ hn.]n.kn-Mv 4069. A-`n-⁄m-\ im-Ip-¥-fw Cw-•o-jn-te-°p ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv˛ hn-eyw tPm¨-kv 4070. a--`q-an-bn-se I-∏¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ar-Kw- ˛ H-´-Iw4071. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tX-bn-e D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kwÿm-\w-˛ A-kw 4072. B-Zy-am-bn i-kv-{X-{In-b-bn-eq-sS am-‰n-sh-® a-\p-jym-h-b-hw-˛ hr° 4073. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ ss{S-_¬ hn-`m-Kw-˛ k-¥mƒ 4074. \n-h¿-∂p \-S-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-£n-˛ s]≥-Kzn≥ 4075. \-tc-{μ≥ I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ tPm-en kw-h-c-Ww 4076. c-‡-]-cy-b-\-sØ D-tØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ A-{Un-\men≥ 4077. _n.kn.kn.sF.bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ apw-ss_ 4078. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h≥-tXm-Xn¬ D¬-]m-Z-\w \-S-Øp-∂ Ão¬ πm‚ v ÿm-]n-X-am-b \-K-cw-˛ Pw-j-Uv-]q¿ 4079. _n¬ tK-‰v-kv G-Xv ta-J-e-bn¬ I-gn-hv sX-fn-bn-® B-fm-Wv-˛ hnh-c km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy 4080. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Hm-∏¨ bp-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-°v (B-{‘m{]-tZ-iv) G-Xv t\-Xm-hn-s‚ t]-cm-Wv \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛_n.B¿.Aw-t_-ZvI - ¿ 4081. _p-≤≥ Nn-cn-°p-∂p F-∂ t]-cn-ep-≈ \yq-Ivf - n-b¿ t_mw-_v ]-co£-Ww C-¥y \-S-Øn-b-Xv G-Xv ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-ØmWv-˛ \m-emw ]-≤-Xn 4082. A-Iv-_-sd G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm-[o-\n-® A-\y-a-Xw-˛ {In-kv-Xp-aXw 4083. Ko-Xm-cl - k - yw c-Nn-®X - v˛- _m-eK - w-Km-[c - X - n-eI - ≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

21

 cm-jv{- S-t\-Xm-°s - f B-Zc - n-°p-∂X - n-\p-≈ K¨-ke - yq-´n¬ F{X sh-Sn-bm-Wp-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xv  F-{Xm-as - Ø t{Im-at- kmw tPm-Sn-bp-sS X-Ic - m-dp-aq-ea - m-Wv awtKm-fn-kw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv  ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a-’-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b Ip-d-™ {]m-bw  iz-kn-°p-tºmƒ A-I-tØ-°v F-Sp-°p-∂ hm-bp-hn¬ Hm-Ivkn-P≥ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ k-a-b-Øv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p-sN-øm-\m-h-iy-am-b Ip-d-™ {]m-bw F-{X-bm-bn--∂p  H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w A-h-km-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw c-≠mw tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤w Xp-Sß - p-∂X - n-\pw C-Sb - n-ep-≈ Im-eL - Ø - ns‚ ssZ¿-Lyw F-{X h¿-j-am-bn--∂p  tIm-gn-ap-´ hn-cn-bp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b k-a-bw F-{X Zn-h-kam-Wv  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ h-Ip-∏m-Wv au-en-Im-h-Im-iß-fp-sS A-Sn-Ø-d F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv  Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-I-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬ kn-‘n-sb Dƒ-s∏-SpØn-b-Xv F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv  1975 se B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ F-{X am-kw \o-≠p\n-∂p  2005 G-{]n¬ H-∂n-\v F-{X kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-em-Wv hm-eyp B-U-Uv Sm-Iv-kv (hm-‰v) \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv  hn-Zym-`ym-kw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-°p-∂-Xp kw-_-‘n-® hyh-ÿ G-Xv `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-em-Wv Dƒ-s∏-SpØn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv  P-\-\-hpw a-c-W-hpw F-{X Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-≈n-em-Wv X-t±-i `c-W ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ c-Pn-ÿ sN-tø-≠-Xv.  G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰v Sow Iym-]v-‰\m-b-Xv a≥-kq¿ A-en-Jm≥ ]-t´m-Un (1941˛2011) bm-Wv. F{Xmw h-b- n-em-Wv A-t±-lw Cu t\-´-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-b-Xv  C-¥y-bn¬ ]p--j-s‚ Ip-d-™ hn-hm-l-{]m-b-]-cn-[n F-{X h-b- m-Wv  tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-{X d-h-\yq Un-hn-j-\p-I-fp-≠v

4084. c-‡ Nw-{I-a-Ww I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛-hn-√yw lm¿-hn 4085. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sS-en-hn-j≥ sk‚¿-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 4086. C‚¿-s\-‰v Iw-]yq-´¿ {irw-Je - b - ° -v v Xp-S° - a - n-´ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.F-k.v F. 4087. C-¥y-bn-se t£-{X \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ `p-h-t\-iz¿ 4088. Cw-•o-jv A-£-c-am-em {I-a-Øn¬ A-h-km-\-sØ cm-Pyw-˛ knw_m-_v-sh 4089. Ip-jm-\-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm≥-˛ I-\n-jv-I≥ 4090. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv-˛ tPm¿-Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨4091. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ hn¿-Nz¬ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-˛ C-t·m 4092. {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- a-ø-gn- ssI-h-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1779 4093. cm-Py-k-`-bn¬ C-t∏mƒ F-{X Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ Aw-K-߃ D≠v˛- 233 4094. ap-lΩ - Z- _ -v n≥-Xp-•° - n-s‚-km-lk - n-II - r-Xy-߃-hn-hc - n-°p-∂C - _ - ≥ v _-Øq-Ø-bp-sS-Ir-Xn-˛ k-^¿-\m-a 4095. \m-t\m Im¿ \n¿-an-°p-∂ I-º-\n-˛-Sm-‰ 4096. Hu-dw-K-_m-Zn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b t]-cv-˛ kmw-_m-Pn-\-K¿ 4097. C-¥y≥ D-]-Zzo-]n-s‚ sX-t°-b-‰w-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 4098. Pm-´v `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw i-‡≥-˛ kq-c-Pv a¬ 4099. A-Izm≥-Im-Kz sIm-Sp-ap-Sn G-Xp cm-Py-Øv-˛ A¿-P‚o-\ 4100. c-‡Ø - n¬ Im¬-ky-Øn-s‚ A-fh - v Ip-db - p-∂X - p-aq-ea - p-≠m-Ip-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ sS-‰-\n

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 107

4111. C≥t^mknkns‚ Bÿm\w.˛_mw•q¿ 4112. C≥tUm {Ko°v hwiØnse cmPm°≥amcn¬ G‰hpw {]ikvX≥˛ sa\m≥U¿ 4113. Dbcw IqSpt¥mdpw _mtcmao‰dnse ck\nc∏v ˛ Ipdbp∂p 4114. C≥Ukv F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ \Zn ˛kn‘p 4115. D°p h\nX F∂dnbs∏´Xv˛ am¿Kc‰v Xm®¿ 4116. PSmbp]md FhnsSbmWv˛ NSbawKew 4117. B[p\nI HfnºnIvkn\p thZnbmb BZy \Kcw˛ GY≥kv 4118. C≥kp-en≥ I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv˛ s{^U-dnIv _m‚n-Mv, Nmƒkv s_Ãv 4119. C¥ybnse G‰hpw hnkvXrXamb ]oT`qan˛ U°m¨ 4120. F{X Intemao‰¿ DbcØnemWv Hmtkm¨ ]mfn ÿnXn sNøp∂Xv˛ 15 apX¬ 60 In.ao.hsc 4121. C¥y-bn-se G‰hpw- Ncn-hp- Iq-Sn-b sdbn¬]m-X˛ta´p-∏m-fbw˛ DZIaWv-Uew- (Du-´n) 4122. G‰hpw _p≤nhnImkap≈ IS¬Pohn˛ tUmƒ^n≥ 4123. C¥ybnse G‰hpw sNdnb tI{μ`cW{]tZiw˛ e£Zzo]v 4124. F√m EXp-°-fp-sSbpw kwÿm\w -˛ lnam-N¬ {]tZiv 4125. GXhbhsØbmWv s\ss{^‰nkv _m[n°p∂Xv˛hr° 4126. C¥ybnse BZysØ sshbmIcW≥˛ ]mWn\n 4127. h{Pw Ign™m¬ G‰hpw ImTn\yap≈ kzm`mhnI ]Zm¿Yw˛ sImd≠w 4128. C¥ybnse G‰hpw thKtadnb Xoh≠n˛ iXm_v Z n FIvkv{]kv 4129. C≥tUm¿ `cn®n∂ cmPhwiw˛ tlmƒ°¿ 4130. Km‘nPnbpsS HSphnesØ kXym{Klw Ahkm\n® Znhkw˛ 1948 P\hcn 18 4131. akKthm¨ tUm°vbm¿Uv FhnsSbmWv˛apwss_ 4132. kzX{¥ Hm¨sse≥ hn⁄m\ tImiw˛ hn°n]oUnb 4133. C¥ybpsS tZiob Nn”Øns‚ bYm¿Ycq]w kq£n®ncn°p∂ ayqknbw FhnsSbmWv˛ kmcm\mYv 4134. C¥ybnse BZyXsØ Bkq{XnX˛hyhkmb \Kcw˛ PwjUv]q¿ 4135. c≠mw temI almbp≤w Bcw`n°ptºmƒ Atacn°≥ {]knU‚ v˛{^m¶vfn≥ Un dqkvsh¬‰v 4136. cmPyk`bnte°v B¿´n°nƒ 80 {]Imcw \ma\n¿t±iw sNøs∏´ BZy hy‡n˛ tUm. k°o¿ lpssk≥ 4137. c≠mw temIalmbp≤°meØv kJyi‡nIfpsS ]›na`mKsØ k¿hssk\ym[n]\mbn∂Xv˛ ssUz‰v Un sFkt\mh¿ 4138. ]gbImeØv am∏nf ]m´pIƒ cNn°m≥ D]tbmKn®n∂ `mj˛ Ad_n aebmfw 4139. cmPysØ F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw GIoIrX Xncn®dnb¬ Im¿Upw \ºdpw \¬Ip∂ B[m¿ ]≤Xn BZyw \S∏m°nb kwÿm\w˛ almcmjv{S 4140. cmweoe ssaXm\w GXv \KcØnemWv˛ U¬ln 4141. C¥ybpsS A[nImcssIam‰hpw hn`P\hpw F{X ZnhkwsIm≠mWv ]q¿Ønbm°nbXv˛ 72 4142. CSp°nbn¬ sshZyptXm¬]mZ\w Bcw`n® h¿jw˛ 1976 4143. dn®m an{ibpambn _‘s∏´ ImbnIbn\w˛ \o¥¬ 4144. C¥ybnse BZysØ sSÃv Syq_v inip˛ Zp¿K 4145. C¥ybnse BZysØ ssk_¿ {Kmao¨ sk‚¿ ÿm]n°s∏´ kwÿm\w ˛B{‘{]tZiv 4146. F√v hfambn D]tbmKn°m≥ ImcWw AXn¬ [mcmfambn ........ ASßnbn´p≈XpsIm≠mWv˛ t^mkv^dkv 4147. Km‘nPnbpsS cmjv{Sob ]co£Wime F∂p hntijn∏n°s∏´Xv˛ Z£nWm{^n° 4148. akv\mhn F∂ IrXn cNn® apKƒ N{Ih¿Øn˛_m_¿ 4149. cm{Xnbn¬ am{Xw c‡]cntim[\ \SØn \n¿Wbn°p∂ tcmKw˛ a¥v 4150. C≥Un° cNn®Xv˛ saKkvX\okv 4151. C≥-Un-s]≥-U‚ v te-_¿ ]m¿-´n-bp-sS ÿm-]I - ≥-˛_ - n.B¿.Awt_-Zv-I¿ 4152. C-¥y-bp-sS kn-en-°¨ hm-en F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _mw-•q¿ 4153. A-t‰m-an-Iv dn-bm-Iv-S-dn-s‚ I-h-Nw \n¿-an-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ aq-e-Iw-˛ I-dp-Øo-bw

CONFUSING FACTS  C-¥y-bn¬ bq-tdm-]y≥-am¿ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ tIm-´ ]≈n-∏p-d-sØ am-\p-h¬ tIm-´-bm-Wv. tI-c-fo-b-am-Xr-I-bn¬ bq-tdm-]y≥-am¿ C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ sI-´n-Sw a´m-t©-cn sIm-´m-cw.  j-lo-Zv˛- C - ˛- A - k - w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - v `-KX - v kn-Mv B-Wv. Izmbn-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ap-l-Ω-Zv A-en Pn-∂-bmWv.  G-‰h - pw D-bc - w Iq-Sn-b k-kX v- \ - w Pn-dm-^m-Wv. (B-{^n-°≥) B-\-bm-Wv c-≠mw ÿm-\-Øv. G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b, I-cbn-se k-kv-X-\w B-\-bm-Wv. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ c-≠mw-ÿm\-Øv Pn-dm-^m-Wv.  tI-c-f t^m-d-Ãv sU-h-e-]v-sa‚ v tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm\w tIm-´-b-Øm-Wv. tI-c-f t^m-d-Ãv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Xr-»q¿ Pn-√-bn-se ]o-®n-bn-em-Wv.  ]-£n-]m-Xm-fw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv h-b-\m-Sv Pn-√-bn¬. tIc-f-Øn-se ]-£n-{Km-aw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \q-d-\m-Sv B-e∏p-g Pn-√-bn-em-Wv. 4154. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ e-h-Wmw-i-ap-≈ X-Sm-Iw-˛ kmw`m¿ 4155. Z-sse-em-a-bp-sS {]-hm-k K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ [¿-aim-e 4156. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b ]-I¬-˛ Pq¨ 21 4157. C≥-U-kv-{Sn-b¬ sU-h-e-]v-sa‚ v _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS Bÿm-\w-˛-apw-ss_ 4158. Z-sse-em-a-bv-°v t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1989 4159. t^m¿-tam-k-bp-sS C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv-˛ X-bv-hm≥ 4160. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛ sIm¬°-Ø 4161. G-‰-hpw _-e-ap-≈ Xm-Sn-sb-√p-Iƒ D-≈ Po-hn-˛ I-gp-X-∏p-en 4162. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv ssh-t{km-bn-˛ Un A¬ta-U 4163. t^m¿-th-Uv t]m-fn-kn sIm-≠p-h-∂ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ en-´¨ {]-`p 4164. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m-tÃm-^o-kv B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ sIm¬°-Ø-bn¬ 4165. Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X-bn¬ k-∂-≤-`-S≥-am¿-°v B-th-iw ]-I¿-∂ Km\w-˛ c-Lp-]-Xn cm-L-h cm-Pm-dmw 4166. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tdm-°v Km¿-U≥ ˛ N-Wv-Vo-K-Vv 4167. Zzm-c-I B--sS P-∑-ÿ-esa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ {io-Ir-jv-W≥ 4168. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t{S-Uv bq-Wn-b-\m-b a-{Zm-kv te-_¿ bq-Wn-b≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ in-¶m-c th-ep sN-´n-bm¿ 4169. tc-Wp-I,-N{- μ-Xm≥- F-∂o X-Æo¿-ØS- ß - ƒ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Ø - mWv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 4170. td-kn-Mv ssd-t\m F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂, C-¥y-bp-sS bp-≤-°-∏¬˛ sF.F≥.F-kv.{_-“-]p-{X 4171. B-e-Øq¿ kn-≤m-{i-a-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ {_-“m-\-μ in-h-tbmKn 4172. \m-c-m-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ c-≠mw {io-e-¶ k-μ¿-i-\w G-Xv h¿-j-ambn--∂p-˛ 1926 4173. k¿-∏-∏m-´n-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ ]p-≈p-h≥-]m-´v 4174. tI- c - f bp- ‡ n- h m- Z n kw- L - Ø n- s ‚ B- Z y {]- k n- U ‚ v - ˛ Fw.kn.tPm-k-^v 4175. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v-˛ apw-ss_ (1875) 4176. tdm-f-≠v Km-tcm Sq¿-W-sa‚ v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {^-©v Hm∏¨ 4177. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t\-{X-_m-¶v ÿm-]n-X-am-b \-K-cw-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 4178. ssN-\-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ Aw-_m-k-U¿-˛ k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿

108 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

4179. C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚ v 2005˛¬ B-cw-`n-® `m-c-Xv \n¿-am¨ ]-≤Xn-bp-sS e-£yw-˛ {Km-a-hn-I-k-\w 4180. cm-Po-hv Km-‘n A-°m-Z-an Hm-^v G-hn-tb-j≥ sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn Fhn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 4181. ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sS G-‰-hpw an-I-® N-e-Iw-˛ sh-≈n 4182. 1971˛-se C-t¥m-˛ ]m-Iv bp-≤-k-a-b-Øv {]-Xn-tcm-[ a-{¥n-bmbn--∂-Xv-˛ P-Kv-Po-h≥ dmw 4183. ssI-®q-en-s‚ B-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xp X-cw ta-Lß-fm-Wv-˛ kn-d-kv ta-L-߃ 4184. C-¥y-bp-sS N-{μ-\n-te-°p-≈ bm-{Xm-]-≤-Xn-˛ Nm-{μ-bm≥-˛1 4185. K-Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ G-I-th-Zw-˛ b-Pp¿-th-Zw 4186. C-¥y-bp-sS s\-√-d-˛ B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv 4187. C-¥y-bp-sS sa-e-Un Izo≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ e-Xm a-t¶-jvI¿ 4188. K-Zy-hpw ]-Zy-hpw C-S-I-e¿-Øn-bp-≈ km-ln-Xy-cq-]w-˛ N-ºp 4189. L-\-P-e-Øn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Uyp-´o-cn-bw Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv 4190. l-Ωn-Mv ]-£n-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ {Sn-\n-UmUv 4191. C-¥y-bp-sS sX-t°-b-‰-Øp-≈ sd-bn¬-th tÃ-j≥ ˛-I-\ym-Ipam-cn 4192. C-¥y-bp-sS tam-t´m¿ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv X-e-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv-˛-tIm-b-º-Øq¿ 4193. l¿-j≥ C-l-tem-I-hm-kw sh-Sn-™ h¿-jw-˛ F.Un. 647 4194. C-¥y-bp-sS km-º-Øn-I X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ apw-ss_ 4195. C≥-Izn-em-_v kn-μm-_m-Zv F-∂ {]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xmhv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv C-Iv-_m¬ 4196. Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS A-Ω-˛ ]p-Xv-en `m-bn 4197. Pq-X≥-am--sS B-cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛ kn-\-tKm-Kv 4198. C-e-Iv-t{Sm-F≥-sk-^m-tem-{Kmw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ lm≥-kv s_¿K¿(1929) 4199. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n-h-[w A-t\z-jn-® I-Ωn-j≥-˛ Xm-°¿ I-Ωo-j≥ 4200. Pq-X--sS a-X-{K-Ÿw-˛ tXm-d 4201. ssN-\-bp-sS tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-b am¿-®v Z thm-f‚n-tb-gv-kv c-Nn-®Xv-˛ Xn-bm≥ lm≥ 4202. tdm-t_m-´n-Iv-kn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tPm Fw-Kn¬s_¿-P¿ 4203. Km-\v-[n-Pn-sb B-g-Øn¬ kzm-[o-\n-® Cw-•o-jv km-aq-ln-I ]cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛ tPm¨ d-kv-In≥ 4204. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]-£n-bm-bn a-bn-en-s\ Xo--am-\n-® h¿jw-˛ 1963 4205. C-dm-\n-se s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ an-ln-cm-Ip-e≥ 4206. C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv td-k¿ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ tP-°-_v jn-Iv 4207. Km-\v-[n-Pn-sb B-Zy-am-bn- a-lm-Xv-am-hv- F-∂v- hn-fn-®-Xv-˛ Sm-tKm¿4208. km¬-h-tZm¿ Zm-en-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-e-˛ Nn-{X-I-e 4209. C-¥y-bp-sS sPm-hm≥ Hm-^v B¿-°v- F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xm-sc-˛ Qm≥-kn dm-Wn

hm-Km t_m¿-U¿ G-Xv cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ C-¥y-bpw ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

22

 A-d-Ãv sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ ]u-c-\v A-Xn-s‚ Im-c-Ww A-dn-bm\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\pt—-Zw G-Xm-Wv  A-d-Ãv sN-ø-s∏-´ hy-‡n-sb 24 a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ A-SpØp-≈ a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰n-\p-ap-∂n¬ lm-P-cm-°-Ww F-∂v hy-hÿ sN-øp-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw G-Xm-Wv  F-{Xm-a-sØ hn‚¿ H-fn-ºn-Iv-km-Wv 2014 te-Xv  tem-Ivk - ` - b - n¬-\n-∂pw cm-Py-k` - b - n¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈ Aw-Kß - ƒ Dƒ-s∏-sS ]-ªn-Iv A-°u-≠v-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS Aw-K-_-ew  a-\p-jy-s‚ X-e-tbm-´n-bn-se A-ÿn-I-fp-sS F-Æw  F-{X h¿-jw-sIm-≠m-Wv Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s‚ ]-Wn ]q¿-Øn-bmb-Xv  92 a-sØ t`-Z-K-Xn-tbm-sS (2004) `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-´mw sj-Uyp-fn-se `m-j-Iƒ F-{X-sb-Æ-am-bn  Xp-S-°-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v F-{X `m-K-ß-fmWp-≠n-bn--∂-Xv  A-dà - n-\pw I--X¬ X-S¶ - e - n-\p-sa-Xn-cm-b kw-c£ - W - w \¬Ip-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  lo-{_p A-£-c-am-e-bn-se A-£-c-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  F-{X Im-c-‰v kz¿-W-am-Wv 916 tKmƒ-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv  C-¥y-bn¬ F-{Xm-aX - v cq-]w-sIm-≠ kw-ÿm-\a - m-Wv kn-°nw  B-`-c-W-߃ D-≠m-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv F-{X Im-c-‰v kz¿-Wa - m-Wv  {In-°-‰n¬ ]n-®n-s‚ \o-fw F-{X hm-c(bm¿-Uv)bm-Wv 4210. C-e-Iv-t{Sm- Im¿-Un-tbm-{Kmw- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ hn-eyw- sF-t¥mh≥4211. km-º-Øn-I A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw-˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 360 4212. ssl-t∏m-Kv-ssf-ko-an-b F-∂m¬-˛ c-‡-Øn¬ ]-©-km-c Ip-dbp-∂ A-h-ÿ 4213. Im-bw-Ip-fw Xm-]-\n-e-b-Øn-se C-‘-\w-˛ \m-^v-X 4214. km-º-Øn-I im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ B-Uw kv-an-Øv 4215. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛ tIm¿-_-‰v tZ-io-tbmZym-\w 4216. km¿ cm-P-hw-iw `-cn-®n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ d-jy 4217. C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-bpw A-Xn¿-Øn \n¿-W-bn-® {_n´o-jv \n-b-a-⁄≥-˛ kn-dn¬ dm-Uv-¢n-^v 4218. km¿-kv tcm-Kw _m-[n-°p-∂ A-h-b-hw-˛ izm-k-tIm-iw 4219. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ, B-kq-{Xn-X kw-ÿm-\ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ N-WvU - n-KV - v 4220. l-cn-bm-\- kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ- {]-[m-\- \-Zn- ˛-L§¿4221. km-ap-h¬ l-\n-am≥ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ P¿-a-\n 4222. km-ap-Km¿ bp-≤w G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS knw-lm-k-\-amWv D-d-∏n-®-Xv-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 4223. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ U-]yq-´n kv-]o-°¿-˛ Fw.F.A-ø-¶m¿ 4224. l-cn-bm-\-bn-se {]-[m-\-`m-j-˛ ln-μn 4225. sam-t≠-Kp sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw-˛ 1919 4226. sam-Wm-en-k- F-∂ {]-kn-≤-am-b Nn-{Xw h-c-®-Xv-˛ en-bm-Wm¿tUm Um-hn-©n 4227. ssk-‘-h-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b lm-c-∏ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv˛ Z-bm dmw km-”n 4228. ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_n-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ X-Øzw-˛ \yq-¢n-b¿ ^yqj≥ 4229. l-cn-bm-\ l-cn-t°≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ {In-°-‰¿-˛ I-]n¬-tZ-hv 4230. tem-I-Øn-s‚ kw-`-c-W-im-e F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ sa-Ivkn-t°m 4231. Nn-Ωn-\n h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-Xw ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1984 4232. l¿-j-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ I-\u-Pv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 109

4233. 4234. 4235. 4236. 4237. 4238. 4239. 4240. 4241. 4242. 4243. 4244. 4245. 4246. 4247. 4248. 4249. 4250. 4251. 4252.

4253. 4254. 4255. 4256.

4257. 4258. 4259. 4260. 4261. 4262. 4263. 4264. 4265. 4266. 4267. 4268. 4269. 4270.

in-h-Pn B-{K-bn¬ ap-Kƒ cm-P-[m-\n k-μ¿-in-® h¿-jw-˛ 1666 km¿-°n-s‚ B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d¬-˛ A-_v-Zpƒ A-lv-k≥ C-c-´ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _p-Um-s]-Ãv in-h-Pn O-{X-]-Xn-bm-b h¿-jw-˛ 1674 in-h-Pn-bp-sS ]n≥-Km-an (]p-{X≥)˛ kmw-_m-Pn C-c-hn-Ip-fw \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xp Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ C-Sp-°n km¿-hn-I kzo-I¿-Øm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ c-‡ {Kq-∏v-˛-F _n {Kq-∏v a-dm-Ø-sc \-bn-® h-\n-X-˛ Xm-cm-`m-bn a-e-_m-dn¬ B-Zy-sØ I¿-j-I-kw-Lw cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛ 1937 `m-c-X-c-Xv-\- _-lp-a-Xn- e-`n-® c-≠m-a-sØ im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛F.]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw ]-cm-Z-am-b G-I k-kv-X-\w (hm-º-b¿ _m-‰v) ˛-h-Δm¬ B-Zy-sØ kv-t]-kv j-´n¬ G-Xm-Wv-˛ sIm-fw-_n-b A-Wp-tI-{μ-Øn-s‚ km-∂n-[yw B-Zy-am-bn sX-fn-bn-® im-kv{X-⁄≥-˛ G-W-Ãv dp-Y¿-t^m¿-Uv in-h-Kn-cn-bn¬ \n-∂p¬-`-hn-°p-∂ \-Zn-˛ s]-cn-bm¿ B-e-∏p-g-sb In-g-°n-s‚ sh-\o-kv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-® {_n-´ojv ssh-t{km-bn-˛ I-gv-k¨ {]-`p in-h-Pn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv ˛ jm-lv-Pn t`m¨-s… B-kq-{X-W I-Ωo-j-\n¬ Aw-K-am-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ Zq¿-Km-`m-bv tZ-ia v- p-Jv B-Zy-sØ A-Ω-sØm-´n¬ ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]pcw C-¥y≥ C≥-Un-s]≥-U≥-kv B-Iv-Sv \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv F-t∏mƒ˛ 1947 Pq-sse 18 ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-se hr-£-hn-f-Isf \-in-∏n-°m-sX A-h-bv-°v {]m-[m-\yw sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ Ir-jn-co-Xn-˛ s]¿-am Iƒ-®¿ C-¥y-bp-sS a-[y-`m-K-Øp-I-Snt]m-Ip-∂ tc-J˛- D-Øc - m-b\ - t- cJ em-tlm¿ I-cm-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-® C- ¥ y≥ {]- [ m- \ - a - { ¥n- ˛ F._n.hm-Pv-t]-bn tIc-f-Ønse G-‰-hpw \o-fw-IqSn-b kw-ÿm-\ ]m-X-˛-F-kvF-®v-˛1 C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K- a-e-bm-f-Øn¬-\n-∂pw D¿-hkv \n- -l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\w in A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv- ˛ im-c-Z kw-_-‘n-® {]-ta-bw ]m-km°n-b-Xv-˛ 1920 sk]vXw_-dn¬ tN¿∂ {]tXyI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ G-tgmw-˛2 G-Xn-\w hn-Øm-Wv-˛ s\-√v H.N-¥p-ta-t\m-s‚ ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-Ø t\m-h¬-˛ im-c-Z C-¥y-bn¬ Im-Wp-∂ G-‰-hpw h-en-b i-e-` C-\w-˛ k-tX¨ t_-Uv hnw-Kv ]-d-°p-∂ Ip-d-°≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-h-Δm¬ G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Xp-en-]v Km¿-U≥ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\Øm-Wv-˛ P-Ωp I-iv-ao¿ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w e-`n-®-ti-jw A-¥-cn-® B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ `-K-hm≥-Zmkv ssk-‘-h-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b tem-ج I-s≠-Ønb-Xv-˛ F-kv.B¿.dm-hp Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kn-s‚ aq-e-[-\w F-∂ Ir-Xn ]p-d-Øp-h-∂ h¿-jw˛ 1867 ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ hm-Wn-Py X-e-ÿm-\w-˛-I-dm-®n a-e-bm-‰q¿- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn¬-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fwC-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew `-c-Ww \-S-Øn-b bq-tdm]y≥ i-‡n-˛ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ B-Zy-sØ ku-Øv G-jy≥ s^-U-td-j≥ sK-bnw-kv \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1984 a-e¿-∂p In-S-∂p-d-ßp-∂ H-tc-sbm- Po-hn-˛-a-\p-jy≥ km¿-hn-I Zm-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ c-‡ {Kq-∏v-˛-H {Kq-∏v

CONFUSING FACTS  Dj kvIqƒ Hm^v AXve‰nIvkv tImgnt°mSv Pn√bnse sImbnem≠nbnemWv. ]n.Sn. Dj tIm®nwKv sk‚¿ Xnh\¥]pcØmWv  sjbvJv A_vZp≈ (1906˛82)bmWv Imivao¿ knwlw. emem ePv]Xv dmbn (1865˛1928)bmWv ]©m_v knwlw.  am[hn°p´nbpw A\pPØn kptemN\bpw tN¿s∂gpXnb t\mhemWv IhmSw. am[hn°p´nbpw sI.F¬. taml\h¿abpw tN¿s∂gpXnb t\mhemWv Aamhmkn.  IYIfnbn¬ {][m\ KmbI≥ s]m∂m\n F∂pw klKmbI≥ in¶nSn F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂p.  C‚¿\mjW¬ tIm¿´v Hm^v PÃnkv (A¥mcmjv{S \oXn\ymb tImSXn), C‚¿\mjW¬ {Inan\¬ tIm¿´v F∂nhbpsS Bÿm\w s\X¿e≥Uv k nse tlKv F∂ \KcØnemWv. 4271. Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ \o-¥m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-£n-˛ s]≥-Kzn≥ 4272. ⁄m-\-]oTw t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ t\m-h-en-Ãv-˛ Xm-cm-i-¶¿ _m\¿-Pn 4273. -Um-\yq-_v \-Zn sN-∂p-tN--∂ I-S¬-˛ I-cn-¶-S¬ 4274. Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kv A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1883 4275. Um¬-´-Wn-kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ h¿-Wm-‘-X 4276. Um¿-hn≥ tem-Iw Np-‰n {]-Ir-Xn ]-cy-S-\w \-S-Øn-b I-∏-en-s‚ t]-cv˛- F-®v.Fw.F-kv._o-Knƒ 4277. X-Ym-K-X≥ F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {io-_p-≤≥ 4278. Xz-°n-s‚ ]p-d-sØ ]m-fn-˛ F-∏n-sU¿-an-kv 4279. Z C-¥y≥ kv-{S-Knƒ B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ t\-Xm-Pn kp-`mjv t_m-kv 4280. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn, D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn, tem-Iv-k-`mw-Kw F-∂n-h--sS Imem-h-[n-˛ A-©p-h¿-jw 4281. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ hy-‡n-˛ hn-eyw tem-d≥-kv {_m-Kv 4282. ssl-{U-P-s\-°q-Sm-sX kq-cy-\n-ep-≈ H- {]-[m-\ hm-X-Iw-˛ lo-en-bw 4283. Im-e-Øn-s‚ I-t]m-e-Øn-se I-Æp-\o¿-Øp-≈n- F-∂v Xm-Pv-al-en-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ 4284. tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ B-Zy-am-bn {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ (1962) {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛-P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 4285. tI-c-fo-b am-Xr-I-bn¬ bq-tdm-]y≥-am¿ C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-an-® BZy-sØ a-μn-cw-˛ a-´m-t©-cn sIm-´m-cw 4286. tI-c-fo-b≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ I-S-{]-b-Øv Ip-™-∏ \-ºym¿ 4287. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-Zy sd-bn¬-th-sse≥-˛ sIm-√w-˛-Xn-s\¬-th-en(1904) 4288. Izn-ss\≥ e-`n-°p-∂ k-kyw-˛ kn-t¶m-W 4289. ssl-∏¿-sam-t{Sm-∏n-b-bp-sS a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ Zo¿-L-Zr-jv-Sn 4290. Izo≥ kn-‰n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ^n-em-sU¬-^n-b 4291. cm-Po-hv Km-‘n h-[w kw-_-‘n-® {]-tXy-I A-t\z-j-W-kw-LsØ \-bn-®-Xv-˛ Un.B¿.Im¿-Øn-tI-b≥ 4292. c-≠mw A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ F-∂v N-cn-{X-Im-c≥-am¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p∂-Xv-˛ Z-a-{Xn-b- v 4293. jm-\m-a G-Xp `m-j-bn¬ c-Nn-°-s∏-´p-˛ t]¿-jy≥ 4294. Z C≥-ssk-U¿ F-∂ t\m-h¬ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]n.hn.\-c-knw-l-dmhp 4295. jm¿-°n hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm≥-˛ jw-kp-±o≥ C-{_mlnw(1401˛1440) 4296. jm¿-ev-am≥ `-cn-® cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 4297. Jm-cn-^v Im-ew G-Xp k-a-b-Øm-Ip-∂p-˛ Pq¨-˛-sk-]v-Xw-_¿ 4298. jm-Mv-lm-bv \-K-cw G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 4299. jm-P-lm≥ \n¿-an-® X-e-ÿm-\ \-K-cw-˛ jm-P-lm-\m-_m-Zv 4300. k- t μ- i - h m- l - I - c m- b n ]- ≠ v D- ] - t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ ]- £ n- I ƒ -˛ {]m-hv

110 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

4301. k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up- A¥cn-® h¿jw ˛ 1949 4302. ssl-μ-h-[¿-tam-≤m-c-I≥ F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏-cv kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ in-h-Pn 4303. Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´ sN-°v F-∂v Km-‘n-Pn hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ {In-]v-kv an-j-s\ 4304. Kq-Knƒ F-∂-Xv H- ˛-˛-˛-˛ B-Wv- ˛ sk¿-®v F-©n≥ 4305. k-t^-Zv ap-kv-en-bp-sS G-Xp `m-K-am-Wv Hu-j-[-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ In-g-ßv 4306. Jm-kn-I-fpw Ip-°n-I-fpw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ P-\-X-bm-Wv˛ ta-Lm-e-b 4307. k-t¥m-jv t{Sm-^n B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1941 4308. k-tX¨ sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ sN-ss∂ 4309. k-U≥ sU-Øv F-∂ ]-Zw G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ 4310. c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv B-Zy-am-bn Io-g-S-ßn-b A®p-X-≠v i-‡n-˛ C-‰-en 4311. I-≈w ]-d-bp-∂-Xp I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p-≈ sS-Ãv-˛ t]m-fn-{Km-^v 4312. I¿-Wm-SI k¿-°m-cn-s‚ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ _-lp-a-Xn-˛ I¿-Wm-SI c-Xv-\w 4313. jm-P-lm≥ A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1666 4314. jm-P-lm≥ F-∂ hm-°n-\¿-Yw-˛ tem-I-Øn-s‚ cm-Pm-hv 4315. k-tlm-Z-c-kw-Lw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ k-tlm-Z-c≥ A-ø-∏≥ 4316. K - t- P-{μ-tam-£w- Np-h¿-Nn-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- I - r-jvW - ] - p-cw sIm´m-c-Øn¬ 4317. jm-P-lm≥- N-{I-h¿-Øn- X-e-kv-Ym-\w- U¬-ln-bn-te-°v- am-‰p∂-Xp-h-sc ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-am--sS X-e-kv-Ym-\w- G-Xm-bn-∂p-˛ B-{K 4318. jm-P-lm≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ em-tlm¿ (1592) 4319. Cu-iz-c≥ ln-μp-h-√, {In-kv-Xym-\n-b-√ F-∂ Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ h-b-em¿ cm-a-h¿-a 4320. jm-P-lm≥ X-S-hn-em-bn--∂-t∏mƒ ]-cn-N-cn-®n--∂ a-Iƒ-˛ P-l\m-c 4321. c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv H-Sp-hn¬ Io-g-S-ßn-b A-®p-X≠v i-‡n-˛ P-∏m≥ 4322. jm-P-lm≥ ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-b h¿-jw-˛ 1628 4323. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-Zy-sØ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n≈ 4324. Xm¿-a--`q-an-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ \-K-cw-˛ P-bv-km¬-ao¿ 4325. ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-sb \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn4326. Im-em-en-Øv \p-\m-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ `q-hn-`m-Kw-˛ {Ko≥-e≥Uv 4327. Xm-bv-e≥-Uv, Iw-t_m-Un-b, a-te-jy, C-s¥m-\o-jy F-∂o {]tZ-i-߃ Io-g-S-°n-b tNm-f cm-Pm-hv-˛ cm-tP-{μ tNm-f≥ 4328. Xm-jv-sI≥-dv- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-® t\-Xm-°ƒ-˛ em¬-_-l-Zq¿-imkv-{Xn-bpw- A-bq-_v-Jm-\pw4329. tPm¿-Zm≥ \-Zn-bp-sS ]-X-\w G-Xp I-S-en¬-˛ Nm-hp-I-S¬ 4330. tPm-Kv sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 4331. tSmƒ-tÃm-bn-bp-sS bp-≤-hpw k-am-[m-\-hpw F-∂ t\m-h-en-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-\p \n-Zm-\-am-b bp-≤w-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b-s‚ d-jy≥ B-{I-a-Ww 4332. tSm-f-an-bp-sS ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ iu-_ F-∂v tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b {]tZ-iw-˛ tKm-h 4333. tPym-Xn-im-kv-{Xw, K-Wn-Xw, ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw ap-X-em-b-h-bn¬ A-Km-[-]m-Wv-Uy-Xy-ap-≠m-bn--∂ ap-…nw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ ap-lΩ-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 4334. tSm-t°m-s^-tdmƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Po-h-I-ta-Xv-˛ Po-h-Iw C 4335. tem-K-cn-Xw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ t\-∏n-b¿ 4336. a-e-bm-‰q-cn-s\ h-b-em¿ A-hm¿-Un-\v A¿-l-\m-°n-b Ir-Xn-˛ b{¥w 4337. a-e -bm-f a-t \m- c - a ]- {X- Øn- s ‚ k- Y m- ]- I ≥-˛ I-≠ -Ø n¬ h-dpKo-kv am-∏n-f 4338. a-\p-jy≥ B-Zy-am-bn sa--°n h-f¿-Øn-b ar-Kw-˛ \m-b 4339. im-kv-{X-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b B-Zy `mc-Xo-b≥-˛ kn.hn.cm-a≥ 4340. ssl-t∏m-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ aq-e-I-߃-˛ tkm-Un-bw, kƒ-^¿, Hm-Iv-kn-P≥, ssl-{U-P≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

23

 ssP-\-a-X-Øn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ Xo¿-Y-¶-c-\m-Wv ]m¿-iz\m-Y≥  a-\p-jy-tIm-i-Øn¬ F-{X tPm-Sn t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fm-Wp≈-Xv  a-\p-jy-s‚ kn-‡m-Wv-U-Øn¬ F-{X tPm-Sn t{Im-a-tkmap-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw  {]-hm-N-I-Xzw e-`n-®-ti-jw ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n F-{X h¿-j-amWv Po-hn-®n--∂-Xv  {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bp-sS P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS F-{X i-X-am-\-amWv hn-`-P-\-tØm-sS ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v e-`n-®-Xv  C-¥y-bn¬ F-{Xm-a-Xv cq-]w-sIm-≠ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv anskm-dw  a-\p-jy-s‚ enw-K-tIm-i-ß-fn-se t{Im-a-tkmw kw-Jy  F-{X ap-dn-hp-I-tf-‰m-Wv Pq-en-b-kv ko-k¿ h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv  a-\p-jy-_o-P-Øn-se t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fp-sS F-Æw  `q-an-bp-sS km-¶¬-]n-I A-£w- ew-_-Øn¬-\n-∂v- F-{X Un-{Kn- N-cn-™m-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv F-{X h-b- n-em-Wv Km-‘n-Pn B-Zy-am-bn Z-£n-Wm-{^n°-bn¬ t]m-b-Xv  \n¿-_-‘n-®v ]-Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-°p-∂-Xv \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂ `-c-WL-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ A-¥-co-£-hym-]v-X-Øn-s‚ 21 i-X-am-\-am-Wv. F-∂m¬, `m-c-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C-Xv F-{X i-Xam-\a - m-Wv.  ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-Kv-f-°n-s‚ km-{am-Py-Øn¬ F-{X {]hn-iy-I-fm-Wp-≠m-bn--∂-Xv 4341. Im-em-h-[n ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b B-Zy-sØ tIm¨-{K-kn-X-c {][m-\-a-{¥n-˛ A-S¬ _n-lm-cn hm-Pv-t]-bn4342. D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ B-Zy-am-bn AwK-am-b-Xv-˛ ]p--tjm-Øw-Zm-kv S-Wv-U≥ 4343. im-kv{- X-ßf - p-sS cm-⁄n F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- K-Wn-Xi - m-kv{- Xw 4344. Xm-ft- a-f hm-Zy-Ie - m-cw-Ks - Ø Ip-e] - X - n ÿm-\o-bs - c B-Zc - n-°m≥ tI-c-f k¿-°m¿ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b A-hm¿-Uv-˛ ]-√m-hq¿ ]p-c-kvIm-cw 4345. hn-tam-N\ - k-ac - I - m-es - Ø B-`y-¥c - a - {- ¥n-˛ kn.A-Nyp-Xt- a-t\m≥ 4346. G-jy-bp-sS {]-Im-iw F-∂v {io-_p-≤-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ FUzn≥ B¿-t\mƒ-Uv 4347. Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am≥ kw-hn-[m-\w B-Zy-am-bn G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b cmPyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 4348. te-Un Hm-^v C-¥y≥ kn-\n-a F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ tZ-hn-Im-dm-Wn tdm-dn-®v 4349. Hm-Wm-tLm-j-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ X-an-gv-Ir-Xn-˛ a-[pssc-°m-©n 4350. hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn d-∫¿ Ir-jn Xp-S-ßn-b kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 4351. h-S-°p In-g-°≥ C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w B-Zy-am-bn t\Sn-b-Xv-˛ tKm-]n-\m-Yv t_m¿-Z-tem-bv 4352. G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-c-Kw-˛ ap-X-e 4353. {_n-´ojv C-¥y-bp-sS a-[y-Øm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-bvXn-∂ \-K-cw˛ \m-Kv-]q¿ 4354. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Im¿-jn-I k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛ tKm-hn-μv h-√-`v ]-¥v bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n Hm-^v A-{Kn-°ƒ-®¿ B‚ v sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn (1960) 4355. G-‰-hpw h-en-b P-¥p-hn-`m-Kw-˛ B¿-t{Xm-t]m-Uv 4356. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw-Pn-√-bn¬ No-¶-Æn h-f¿-ج tI-{μw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛-s\-øm¿-Umw 4357. G-‰-hpw h-en-b tIm-iw-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n-bp-sS A-Wv-Uw

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 111

4358. F-en-∏-Øm-bw F-∂ kn-\n-a-bp-sS kw-hn-[m-b-I≥-˛ A-Sq¿ tKm]m-eI - r-jvW - ≥ 4359. G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b P-bn¬-˛ Xn-lm¿ 4360. Xm-thm-bn-kw G-Xp cm-Py-sØ a-X-am-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 4361. G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ss{I-kv-X-h-k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ a-cm-a¨ I¨-sh≥-j≥ 4362. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tN-cn-˛ [-cm-hn 4363. Xn--∏-Xn t£-{Xw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv 4364. G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™- cm-Pyw- -˛ am-e-Zzo]v4365. I¬-°-cn-bp-sS cq-]m-¥-c-W-Øn-se B-Zy-L-´w-˛ ]o-‰v 4366. cm-Po-hv Km-‘n tJ¬-c-Xv-\ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw B-Zy-am-bn e-`n-®-Xv-˛ hn-iz-\m-Y≥ B-\-μv 4367. tI-c-fo-b-\m-b B-Zy I¿-±n-\mƒ-˛ tPm-k-^v ]m-td-°m-´n¬ 4368. cm-Po-hv Km-‘n-bp-sS-k-am-[n-˛ ho¿-`q-an 4369. I-Zw-_ hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ a-bq-c-h¿-a≥ 4370. J-a¿ `m-j D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Iw-t_mUn-b 4371. J¬-k 1699˛¬ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tKm-_n-μv kn-Mv 4372. I¬-°-cn-bp-sS G-‰-hpw ta-∑-tb-dn-b cq-]w-˛ B-{¥-ssk-‰v 4373. I¬-∏m-Øn-∏p-g G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS ssI-h-gn-bm-Wv-˛ `m-c-X-∏p-g 4374. i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xr-»q¿ 4375. i-‡a - m-b td-Un-tbm X-cw-Kß - ƒ ]p-ds - ∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ {K-lw-˛ hymgw 4376. I¿-j-I--sS kz¿-Kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ X-©m-hq¿ 4377. a-e-bm-f-`m-j B-Zy-am-bn A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv G-Xp {K-Ÿ-Øn¬-˛tlm¿-Øq-kv a-e-_m-dn-°-kv 4378. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-¥-{km-hn {K-Ÿn-˛ ssXtdm-bv-Uv 4379. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ A-\p-t—-Z-am-Wv kw-ÿm-\-ßfp-sS H- bq-Wn-b-\m-Wv C-¥y- F-∂p {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ H∂v 4380. ]-\m-a I-\m¬ ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Z-sØ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 4381. {^-©v Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1664 4382. _yq-kn-^m-e \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ N-{I-h¿Øn 4383. ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ kn-\n-am hy-h-km-b-Øn-s‚ tI-{μw ˛-em-tlm¿ 4384. \n-b-a-k-` ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sm≥ B¿-°m-W-[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 4385. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ a-Wn-∏q¿ 4386. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-Xp h¿-jw \-S-∂ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t]m-fn-Mv i-X-am-\w tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ 1960 4387. G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤-am-Wv sIm-√w-˛ I-ip-h-≠n 4388. C-¥y-°v kp-tJm-bv bp-≤-hn-am-\w \¬-Ip-∂ cm-Pyw ˛-d-jy 4389. B-dp-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]m-Sm≥ I-gn-hp-≠m-bn--∂ kw-Ko-X-⁄≥-˛ j-Sv-Im-e tKm-hn-μ-am-cm¿ 4390. B-e-∏p-g Pn-√-bn-se \m-Km-cm-[-\-bv-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b t£-{Xw˛ a-Æm-d-»m-e 4391. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hy-h-km-b bq-Wn-‰p-I-fp-≈ Pn√-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 4392. ln-Pv-d h¿-j-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ am-kw-˛ ap-l-dw 4393. an-I-® K-Zy-Im-c-\m-bpw Xp¿-°n-`m-j-bn-se an-I-® F-gp-Øp-Imcn¬ H-cm-fm-bpw ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛-_m_¿ 4394. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ \m-W-b-am-Wv t{Im-W-˛ kzo-U≥ 4395. _yq-´n-^pƒ kn-‰n Hm-^v C-¥y F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-N-Wv-Un-K-Vv 4396. \-ap-°v `-b-t°-≠-Xv `-b-sØ-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 4397. ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ A-e-l-_m-Zv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ an-Øm≥-tIm-´v G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛-kn-‘p 4398. _w-Kmƒ K-k-‰n-s‚ a-‰p c-≠p t]--Iƒ-˛ ln-°o-kv K-k-‰v, I¬°-´ P-\-d¬ A-sUz¿-ss´-k¿ 4399. a-dmTn-I-sf aq-∂mw ]m-\n-∏-´p bp-≤-Øn¬ (1761) tXm¬-]n-® Al-Ω-Zv jm A-_v-Zm-en B-sc-bm-Wv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ jm B-ew c-≠m-a-s\ 4400. I¿-j-I-s≥-d N-ßm-Xn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ P-¥p ˛-a-Æn-c

CONFUSING FACTS {io-_p-≤-s‚ `m-cy b-tim-[-c-bpw a-lm-ho-c-s‚ `m-cy btim-[-bpw B-bn--∂p.  tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Ãm-ºv s]-∂n ªm-°v (1840). C-¥y-bn-te-Xv kn-‘v [m-°v (1852). C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se kp-h¿-W-Im-ew Kp-]v-X-Im-e-L-´w. tI-cf - N-cn-{X-Øn-se kp-h¿-WI - m-ew Ip-et- i-Jc - ≥-am--sS Imew. a-e-bm-f ]-{X-cw-K-Øv Hm-^v-sk-‰v kw-hn-[m-\w \-S-∏m-°nb B-Zy-]-{Xw tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpw (1979) ^m-Iv-kn-an-en(H- bqWn-‰n¬-\n-∂v a-s‰m- bq-Wn-‰n-te-°v t]-Pp-Iƒ {Sm≥-kv-an-‰v sN-bv-Xv A-®-Sn-°p-∂ co-Xn) kw-hn-[m-\w B-cw-`n-® B-Zy ]{Xw a-e-bm-f a-t\m-c-a-bpw (1986) B-Wv. tI-c-f am¿-Iv-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv sI.Zm-tam-Z-c-\m-Wv. tIc-f {Iq-jv-tN-hv Fw.F≥.tKm-hn-μ≥-\m-b¿. 4401. i-‡n-ÿ-en¬ A-¥y-\n-{Z-sIm-≈p-∂ C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n ˛C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 4402. I-™n-sh-≈-Øn¬ A-b-Un≥ em-b-\n tN¿-°p-tºmƒ \o-e\n-dw In-´p-∂ h-kv-Xp-˛ A-∂-Pw 4403. I-√-S A-W-s°-´v G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ sIm-√w 4404. I-≈v ]p-fn-°p-tºmƒ ]-X-™p-s]m-¥p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 4405. c-≠mw tem-I bp-≤-°m-e-Øv P-∏m-\n-en-Sm-\p-≈ t_mw-_v \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]-≤-Xn-˛ am≥-l-´≥ ]-≤-Xn 4406. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ ssS-‰m-\n-bw A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ [mXp-˛ C¬-a-ss\-‰v 4407. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ {]-[m-\ `m-j-bm-Wv Zm-cn-˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥ 4408. tbm-K-t£-a-k-` cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv G-Xv k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ ]p-tcmK-Xn e-£y-an-´m-Wv-˛ {_m-“-W-k-ap-Zm-bw 4409. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ kp-∫-cm-b≥ 4410. A-`n-\-h tI-c-fw F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm\-μ≥ 4411. km-£-c-X-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´ tI-c-f-Ønse \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ Nm-h-d Ip-cym-t°m-kv G-en-bm-kv 4412. B-[p-\n-I tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Ømhv-˛ ssh-Ip-WvT-kzm-an 4413. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew D-]-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn-∂-Xv-˛ A-hp-°m-Z¿-Ip-´n \-l 4414. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se \n¿-t±-i-I X-Øz-ß-sf 1935se Kh.Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sn-se C≥-kv-{Sp-sa‚ v Hm-^v C≥-kv-{S-£≥kp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-cv-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 4415. G-Xp hn-P-b-\-K-c cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv C-_v≥ _Øq-Ø X-s‚ c-lv-e F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ lcn-l-c≥ H-∂m-a≥ 4416. c-≠p `q-JW - vU - ß - f - n¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ \-Kc - w-˛ C-kvX - mw-_pƒ 4417. tZ-io-b Im-bn-I Zn-\m-Nc - W - h - pw-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ hy-‡n-˛ [ym≥ N-μv 4418. tZ-io-b km-£-c-Xm-an-j≥- {]-h¿-Ø-\m-a-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ 1988 4419. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se A-hk - m-\s - Ø h-\n-Xm `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-˛ tkXp-e-£v-ao-`m-bn 4420. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm k¿-P≥ P-\-d¬-˛-ta-cn ]p∂≥ eq-t°m-kv 4421. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw a-{¥n-bm-bn k-Xy {]-Xn-⁄ sN-bv-X t\-Xm-hv-˛ sI.Fw.am-Wn 4422. ln-tcm-jn-a-bn¬ ho-W t_mw-_n-s‚ t]-cv-˛ en-‰n¬ t_m-bv 4423. G-Xp hn-t√-Pv F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn-√-tbm-Sv tN¿-Ø-t∏m-fm-Wv G-‰hpw h-en-b Pn-√-sb-∂ _-lp-a-Xn C-Sp-°n Pn-√-bv-°v \-jv-S-s∏´-Xv-˛ Ip-´-ºp-g 4424. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ im-JI - f - p-≈ s]m-Xp-ta-Je - m hmWn-Py _m-¶v-˛ tÃ-‰v _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y 4425. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-ayq-kn-bw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ C-S-∏-≈n

112 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

4426. kq-cy-s‚ Xm-]\ - n-e Af-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ss]-tdm-lo-en-tbm-ao‰¿ 4427. cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v \ma-\n¿-t±-iw sN-ø-s∏-´ B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 4428. kq-cy-s‚ Xm-]w `q-anbn-se-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-Inc-Ww h-gn 4429. kq-cy-t\m-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂ \-£-{Xw t{]mIv-kn-a sk-t‚m-dn 4430. cm- P - X - c w- K n- W n- b n¬ F- h n- S p- s Ø cm- P m- A- t a- c n- ° - b p- s S- cm- j v - { S- ] n- X m- h v - ˛ °≥-am--sS N-cn-{X-amtPm¿-Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv˛ I-iv-ao¿ 4431. Z eq-an-\k - v kv] - m¿-Ivk - v F-∂ ]p-kvX - I - w c-Nn-®X - v˛- F.]n.sP.A_v-Zpƒ I-emw 4432. tZ-io-b im-kv-{X-Zn-\w ^n-{_-h-cn 28˛-\v B-N-cn-°m≥ Im-c-Ww˛ cm-a≥ C-^-Iv-Sv kn.hn.cm-a≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-® Xo-b-Xn 4433. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ {]-Xn-\n-[n-If - m-bn F-{X-t]-cm-Wv tIm¨-Ãn‰p-h‚ v A-kw-ªn-bn¬ D-≠m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ 6 4434. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy-sØ ÿm-]-\w-˛ C≥-Ãn-‰yq´v Hm-^v C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ em 4435. kq-d-Øn¬ B-Zy-sØ {^-©p ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw˛ 1668 4436. F-en-^‚m Kp-l-Iƒ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ cm-jv-{S-Iq-S≥-am¿ 4437. In-Mv ta-°¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ X-an-gv t\-Xm-hv-˛-sI.Im-a-cm-Pv 4438. hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 4439. in-h-Pn-bpw ap-K-f-w ]p-c-‘¿ k-‘n H-∏n-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1665 4440. In-Mv-kv t^m¿-Uv F-∂ Pn-√m a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰n-s\ sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Ønb tI-kn¬ Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Jp-Zn-dmw t_m-kv 4441. io-X-bp-≤-Øn-\v A-h-km-\w Ip-dn-®v _¿-en≥ `n-Øn X-I¿-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1989 4442. Ip-{]-kn-≤-am-b Im-am-Øn-]p-c hy-`n-Nm-c tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛-apw-ss_ 4443. Cw-•-≠pw {^m≥-kpw X-Ωn¬ i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤w B-cw-`n-® h¿jw-˛ 1338 4444. cw-K-kzm-an- I-∏v- G-Xv- I-fn-bp-tS-Xv-˛ tlm-°n4445. G-jy-bp-sS s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-Kv-ktk A-hm¿-Uv 4446. Cw-Kv-f-≠n-t\-bpw {^m≥-kn-t\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ I-S-en-Sp-°v˛ Cw-•o-jv Nm-\¬ 4447. G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏-ap-≈ sN-hn D-≈ Po-hn-˛ B-{^n-°≥ B-\ 4448. C-W-sb Xn-∂p-∂ Po-hn- ˛-Nn-e-¥n4449. \-fμ - k¿-hI - e - m-im-es - b ]p-\c - p-≤c - n-°W - s - a-∂v B-Zy-am-bn Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv-˛-F.]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 4450. C-Xm-bv-˛-C-Xm-bv tcm-K-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ a-en\o-I-c-Ww aq-e-am-Wv-˛ Im-Uv-an-bw 4451. D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 108 4452. \-c-\m-cm-b¨ tk-Xp-hm-Wv h-S-°p-In-g-°≥ C-¥y-bn-se G-‰hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b sd-bn¬-th-∏m-ew. C-Xv G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 4453. ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-em-tlm¿ 4454. `-c-X-\m-Sy-Øn-\p-th-≠n -Iv-an-Wn tZ-hn A--t≠¬ F-hn-sSbm-Wv I-em-t£-{X ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-U-bm¿ 4455. Ir{Xna D-]{- K-lß - ƒ-°v `q-ÿn-c{- `-aW - ] - Y - w F-∂ B-ib - w BZy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ B¿-X¿ kn ¢m¿-°v 4456. D-]-{K-l-ß-fn-√m-Ø {K-l-߃-˛ _p-[≥, ip-{I≥ 4457. hn-tI-{μo-bm-kq-{X-W-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ Ieym-t»-cn (I-Æq¿ Pn-√)

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

24

B-ap-J-apƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ `-c-W-L-S-\m-`m-K-߃ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øm≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-In-b `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn F-{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv  Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ lo-tcm-•n-^n-Iv-kv en-]n-bn-se A-Sn-ÿm-\ Nn-”-ß-fp-sS F-Æw ip-≤-am-b kz¿-Ww F-{X Im-c-‰m-Wv tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-s‚ eq-W Zu-Xy-Øn¬ F-{X hm-l-\ß-fm-Wv hn-t£-]n-®-Xv I-Y-I-fn-bn-se A-Sn-ÿm-\ ap-{Z-I-fp-sS F-Æw H- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ Xo-c-Øp-\n-∂v F-{X t\m-´n-°¬ ssa¬h-sc-bp-≈ Zq-sc-bp-≈ k-ap-{Z-`m-Ka - m-Wv I-≠n-Py-kv tkm¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv C-¥y-bn¬ F-{X ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fp-≠v F-{X Im-c-‰v kz¿-W-am-Wv X-¶w `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ k-a-b-Øv au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpam-bn _-‘-s∏-´ F-{X B¿-´n-°n-fp-I-fm-Wv D-≠m-bn--∂-Xv A-d-Ãv sN-ø-s∏-´ hy-‡n-sb F-{X a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ ASp-Øp-≈ a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰n-\p-ap-∂n¬ lm-P-cm-°-Ww tZ-io-b Nn-”-Øn-se A-tim-I N-{I-Øn¬ F-{X B-c-°mep-If - p-≠v kn-\n-a-bn¬ H- sk-°‚n¬ F-{X s{^-bn-ap-I-fm-Wv I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂X - v au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃ A-S-°-ap-≈ `-c-W-L-S-\m-`m-K-߃ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øm≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-In-b `-cW-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn F-{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv {Ko-°v A-£-c-am-e-bn-se A-£-c-ß-fp-sS F-Æw `q-ÿn-c D-]-{K-lw H- {]m-h-iyw `q-an-sb {]-Z-£n-Ww sNøp-∂-Xv F-{X a-Wn-°q¿ sIm-≠m-Wv ssP-\-a-X-Øn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ Xo¿-Y-¶-c-\m-Wv a-lm-ho-c≥ ssP-\-a-X-Øn¬ F-{X Xo¿-Y-¶-c≥-am-cm-Wp-≈-Xv a-\p-jy-\v F-{X hm-cn-sb-√p-I-fp-≠v C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ _m-e-th-e \n-tcm-[n-°p-∂ A\p-t—-Zw A-¥m-cm-jv-{S Zn-\-tc-J-bp-sS C--h-i-߃ X-Ωn-ep-≈ k-ab-hy-Xym-kw F-{X a-Wn-°q-dm-Wv 4458. G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-se cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tIm-f-\nIƒ ÿm-]n-®-Xv ˛ bq-tdm-∏v 4459. hn-tZ-im-{I-a-Ww, km-bp-[I -- -em-]w F-∂n-h-bp-≠m-bm¬ A-Sn-b¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-°m≥ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v A-[n-Im-cw \-ev-Ip∂-Xv-˛ B¿-´n-°n-ƒ 352 4460. hn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚ {]-Xo-I-am-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛ aqß 4461. Hm-tkm¨ ]m-fn-°v A-]-I-Sw h--Øp-∂ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ t¢mtdm ^v-fq-tdm Im¿-_¨ 4462. G-Xv h≥-I-c-sb-bm-Wv Pn-{_mƒ-´¿ I-S-en-Sp-°v B-{^n-°-bn¬\n-∂v th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 4463. hn-Uv-Vn-Zn-\w B-tLm-jn-®p Xp-S-ßn-b cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 4464. D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛-ss\-\n-Ømƒ 4465. hnw-_nƒ-U¨ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ e-≠≥ 4466. a- \ p- j y- i - c o- c - Ø n- s e G- ‰ - h pw \o- f w - I q- S n- b t]- i n˛ km¿-t´m-dn-b-kv 4467. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ s\-bvtdm-_n 4468. hn-Zym-`ym-km-h-iy-߃-°p am-{X-am-bn H- D-]-{K-lw hn-t£]n-® B-Zy-sØ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 4469. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv a-U-Km-kv-I¿-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 4470. Hm-tkm¨ ]m-fn X-S-™p-\n¿-Øp-∂ In-c-Ww-˛ Aƒ-{Sm h-b-e-‰v 4471. G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-se D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b `m-K-am-Wv hn≥-k¨ am-kn-^v˛-A‚m¿-´n-°

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 113

4472. h-b-em¿ Ãm-en≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- kn.sI.Ip-am-c-∏-Wn-°¿ 4473. G-Xv C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-\m-Wv kz-¥w `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈Xv-˛ P-Ωp I-iv-ao¿ 4474. hnw-_nƒ-U-Wn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ k¿-Zm¿ \nl¬ kn-Mv 4475. Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-°n-\p-ti-jw Ip-d-®p-Im-e-tØ-°v- ]n≥-Kman-bm-b-Xv-˛ B-cmw jm 4476. G-Xv- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d Im-e-Øm-Wv- _p-≤≥- a-cn-®-Xv-˛ A-Pm-X-i-{Xp4477. H-dn-b `m-j G-Xv `m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ C-t¥m B-cy≥ 4478. Un-k‚ v Hm-^v am≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 4479. Du-´n-G-Xp-a-e-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv-˛-\o-e-Kn-cn 4480. G-Xv- cm-Py-tØm-Sm-Wv- {^m≥-kv- i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤-Øn¬- G-‰p-ap´n-b-Xv-˛ Cw-•-≠v4481. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-Øm-Wv km≥-{^m≥-kn-kv-tIm-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap{Zw 4482. G-Xv Du-jv-am-hn-em-Wv sX¿-tam-ao-‰-dn¬ sk‚o-t{K-Uv kv-sI-bnepw ^m-c≥-lo-‰v kv-sI-bn-epw Xp-ey-am-Ip-∂-Xv- ˛-ssa-\-kv 40 4483. G-Xv hm-X-Iw k-ky-F-Æ-bn-eq-sS I-S-Øn-hn-´m-Wv h-\-kv-]-Xn \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ssl-{U-P≥ 4484. h-b-\m-Sv Pn-√-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ I¬-∏-‰ 4485. dn-®¿ kv-sI-bn¬ A-f-°p-∂-Xv-˛ `q-I-º-Xo-{h-X 4486. G-Xv Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-sØ cm-jv-{So-b-˛-km-aq-ln-I kml-N-cy-am-Wv ^m-ln-bm-s‚ Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-N-{μ-Kp]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 4487. h-b-em¿ A-hm¿-Uv B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1977 4488. G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-se s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-am-Wv B¬-{^-Uv s\mt_¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv A-√m-Ø-Xv-˛ C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv 4489. G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv tKm-_n a--`q-an-˛-G-jy 4490. H- Xo¿-Ym-S-\w F-∂v Km-‘n-Pn hn-ti-jn-∏n-® A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-h-km-\-sØ tI-c-f-bm-{X G-Xp-h¿-j-am-bn--∂p-˛1937 4491. H-do-k-bp-sS ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ I-enw-Kw 4492. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv Zo-]w kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv F-¥n-s\-bm-Wv-˛ am-\-h-PmXn-bp-sS \-√ Kp-W-ß-sf 4493. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv ssS-‰m-\n-Iv I-∏¬ ap-ßn-bX - v˛- A-Xve - m‚nIv k-ap-{Zw 4494. Im-en-°-‰v k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\-am-b tX-™n-∏-ew G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ a-e-∏p-dw 4495. Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\n-b-aw B--sS Im-e-Øm-Wv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ cmPo-hv Km-‘n 4496. e-£-_-£ A-Y-hm e-£w Zm-\w sN-øp-∂-h≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv 4497. H-do-k-bn-se {]-kn-≤-am-b \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ H-Uo-kn 4498. eo-Kv Hm-^v t\-j≥-kn-s‚ cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\p ap≥-ssI-sbSp-Ø A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ hp-Uv-tdm hn¬-k¨ 4499. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv sk-an-ss^-\-en-se-Øn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X ssj-\n hn¬-k¨ 4500. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv Aw-tKm-f {]-hm-lw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap{Zw 4501. G-Xv-hw-i-Øn-\v-ti-j-am-Wv -tk-\≥-am¿ _w-Km-fn¬ A-[n-Im-cØn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ ]m-e hw-iw 4502. F.B¿.d-“m≥ G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤≥-˛ kw-Ko-X kwhn-[m-b-I≥ 4503. G-Xv- Xp-•-Iv- kp¬-Øm-s‚ -Im-e-Øm-W v-hn-P-b-\-K-c- km-{am-Pyhpw -_m-lv-an-\n- hw-i-hpw- ÿm-]n°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp•-Iv 4504. kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n-am-{X-am-bp-≈ \r-Øw-˛ tam-ln-\n-bm-´w 4505. H.hn.hn-P-b-s‚ J-km-°n-s‚ C-Xn-lm-k-Øn-se \m-b-I≥-˛ c-hn 4506. h-k-¥ Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ P-ssa-° 4507. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s\-Xn-sc D-≠m-b \-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv Jn-em-^-Øv {]ÿm-\-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b-Xv-˛ Xp¿-°n 4508. H-Iv-tSm-_¿ c-≠n-\p P-\n-® t\-Xm-°ƒ-˛ Km-‘n-Pn-bpw em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-{Xn-bpw 4509. C-Z-b-°-\n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ P-b-e-fn-X 4510. c-≠p {]m-h-iyw C-¥y-bp-sS B-Iv-Sn-Mv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv-˛ Kp¬-k-cn-em¬ \-μ

CONFUSING FACTS  tI-c-f-Øn¬ sS-en-hn-j≥ kw-t{]-£-Ww B-cw-`n-®-Xv 1982˛¬. a-e-bm-f ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sS kw-t{]-£-Ww B-cw-`n®-Xv 1985˛¬.  kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn, ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-am-sc \n-b-an-°p∂-Xv {]-kn-U‚m-Wv. K-h¿-W-dm-Wv Pn-√m P-Uv-Pn-am-sc \nb-an-°p-∂-Xv .  C-¥y-bn¬ ]-Z-hn-bn-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-{lp-hpw ]-Z-hn-bn-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v tUm.k-°o¿ lp-ssk-\p-am-Wv.  \-f-N-cn-Xw B-´-°-Y D-Æm-bn-hm-cy--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv. Ip©≥ \-ºym-cm-Wv \-f-N-cn-Xw Xp-≈¬ c-Nn-®-Xv.  k-_¿-a-Xn-bn-se k-∂ym-kn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv Km-‘n-Pn-bmWv. ]u-\m-dn-se k-∂ym-kn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv hn-t\m-_m `m-sh-bm-Wv. 4511. 4512. 4513. 4514. 4515. 4516. 4517. 4518. 4519. 4520. 4521. 4522. 4523. 4524. 4525. 4526. 4527. 4528. 4529. 4530. 4531. 4532. 4533. 4534. 4535. 4536. 4537. 4538. 4539. 4540. 4541.

114 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-sØ \m-tSm-Sn \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv du-^v-˛ I-iv-ao¿ C-Zn A-ao≥ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ D-Km-≠ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ im-kv-{X-\-K-cw-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw-˛ X-Øz-Nn-¥ hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p ]Tn-°m≥ tIm-Øm-cn I-Ωn-j≥ \ne-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1964 C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ k-ºq¿-W km-£-c Pn-√-˛ F-d-Wm-Ipfw hn-Zyp-Xv {]-Xn-tcm-[w G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ tem-lw-˛ sh-≈n C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kn-\n-am-lmƒ-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø (F¬^n≥-è ]n-Iv-N¿ ]m-e-kv) G-Xv X-Sm-I-Øn-em-Wv Pn-{_mƒ-´¿ ]m-d-˛ lp-ssk≥ km-K¿ ho¬-kv tcm-Kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ F-en-∏-\n ho-™n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ Cu-t\m-f-Pn C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kv-ssI _-kv kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ tKm-h ho-Sv Xm-a-kn-°m-\p-≈ H- b-{¥-am-Wv- F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ se tIm¿-_yp-kn-sb C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kz-Im-cy hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛ s\-Sp-ºm-t»-cn ho-W-hm-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ X-ev-]-c-\m-bn--∂ Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛ k-ap{Z-Kp-]vX - ≥ C-¥y-bp-sS a-[y-`m-K-Øv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ]¿-h-Xw-˛ hn-‘y D-kvX - m-Zv _n-kva - n-√m-Jm≥ {]-kn-≤n t\-Sn-b kw-Ko-tXm-]I - c - W - w˛ sj-”m-bn hp-fm¿ X-Sm-I-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ a-lm-]-fl-k-c- v C-¥y-bp-sS P-e-dm-Wn-˛ _p-e Nu-[-cn hr-Øm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w F-∂ Ir-Xn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ kz-tZ-im-`nam-\n hr-μm-h≥ ]q-t¥m-´w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ssa-kq¿ ]o-∏nƒ-kv dn-∏-ªn-Iv Hm-^v ssN-\ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1949 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 1 C-¥y-bn-se tem¿-Uv-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tÃ-Un-bw-˛ Cu-U≥ Km¿-U≥-kv H-∂mw tem-I a-e-bm-f k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ Xn--h-\-¥]p-cw H- Pm-Xn, H- a-Xw, H- ssZ-hw , H- `m-j F-∂ k-tμ-iw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ ssh-Ip-WvT-kzm-an-Iƒ hm-X-I-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ F-Yn-en≥ hn-iz-kp-μ-cn a-’-c-Øn-s‚ B-]v-X-hm-Iyw-˛ _yq-´n hn-Øv {_bn≥ in-e-I-fn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\-in-e F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-t·-b-ine Ip-©≥ \-ºym--sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ e-°n-Sn I-S-em-a-Iƒ ap-´-bn-Sp-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-˛ I-c-bn¬ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv ayq-kn-bw-˛ ]m-Sym-e

4542. I-tc-c h-\y-ar-K-kw-c-£-W tI{μw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a[y-{]-tZ-iv 4543. Iv-fm-kn-°¬ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-b Ip®n-∏p-Sn B-{‘-{]-tZ-in-se G-Xv Pn-√-bn-se hn-t√-Pn-s‚ t]-cm-Wv˛ Ir-jv-W 4544. Kp-l-I-fn¬ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ tI-cf-Øn-se G-I B-Zn-hm-kn-h¿-Kw˛ tNm-e-\m-bv-°≥-am¿ 4545. lm-{Sn-Iv tKm-tfm-sS tI-c-f-Øn\v k-t¥m-jv t{Sm-^n t\-Sn-s°mSp-Ø-Xv-˛ a-Wn 4546. hr-μm-h≥ Km¿-U≥ G-Xv A-W- C- ¥ y- b p- s S sa- e - U n Izo≥ s°-´n-\p k-ao-]-am-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-WF- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v - ˛ cm-P-km-K¿ e- X m a- t ¶- j v - I ¿ 4547. hr-j`- m-{Zn-]p-cw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n-∂-Xv˛- Xr-»q¿ 4548. kw-ÿm-\ kn-hn¬ k¿-ho-kn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ D-tZym-Kÿ≥-˛ No-^v sk-{I-´-dn 4549. h-S-°≥ bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ £o-c-kw-`-c-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw˛ sU-∑m¿-°v 4550. G-Xv- hw-i-Øn-s≥-d `-c-W-Im-e-am-Wv- {]m-No-\ C-¥ym- N-cn-{XØn-se kp-h¿-W Im-e-L-´w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Kp-]v-X-hwiw.4551. kz-cm-Pv du-≠v G-Xv \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv-˛ Xr-»q¿ 4552. e-£-Zzo-]v {Kq-∏n-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Ip-d-™ Zzo-]v-˛ _n-{X 4553. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bp-sS H-∂mw \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W I-Ωn-j≥ cq-]-hXv-I-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1955 4554. G-Xv Im-b¬ A-d-_n-°-S-ep-am-bn tbm-Pn-°p-∂n-S-Øm-Wv \o-≠-I-c A-gn-˛ A-jv-S-ap-Sn 4555. kw-L-Im-e-P-\-X-bp-sS ap-Jy `-£-Ww-˛ A-cn 4556. G-Xv- hw-i-am-W v-Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- cm-Pm-hn-\m¬ -ÿm-]n-X-amb-Xv ˛ ]m-e hw-iw 4557. em-h sIm-≠p-≠m-b C-¥y≥ ]oT {]-tZ-iw-˛ U-°m¨ 4558. kn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c Im-e-L-´-Øn-se ho-Sp-Iƒ \n¿-an-°s∏-´-Xv F-¥p-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv-˛ C-jv-Sn-I 4559. km-º-Øn-I-im-kv-{X-Øn¬ s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hm-b B-Zy-h-\nX-˛ F-en-t\m¿ Hm-kv-{Sw 4560. G-Xv im-k-{X-⁄-s‚ kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-Wv B-h¿-Ø-\-]-´n-I-bnse \q-dm-as - Ø aq-eI - Ø - n-\v t]-cn-´n-cn-°p-∂X - ˛-v F≥-dn-t°m s^¿an 4561. k-b-ss\-Uv {]-{In-b-bn-eq-sS ip-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ kz¿Ww 4562. G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- ss\¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥I-S¬4563. en-\-Iv-kv F-∂ Hm-∏-td-‰n-Mv kn-Ãw hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xm-cv-˛ en-\-kv tXm¿-hmƒ-Uvk - v 4564. G-Xv kn-Jp Kp--hn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv Kp- ]-Zw ss]-Xr-I co-Xn-bnem-bn am-dn-b-Xv-˛ cmw-Zm-kv 4565. ep-[n-bm-\ G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ k-Xv-e-Pv 4566. G-Xv kn-Jv Kp--hm-Wv ]-lp¬ k-{º-Zm-bw \-S∏ - m-°n-bX - v˛- tKm_n-μv kn-Mv 4567. G-Xv ssZ-hs - Ø-bm-Wv B-gvh - m¿-am¿ B-cm-[n-°p-∂X - v˛- hn-jvW - p 4568. G-Xv- I-ºyq-´¿- I-º-\n-bm-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- au-kv- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛ B-∏nƒ- tIm¿-]-td-j≥4569. G-Xv sX-∂n-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\Ø -- m-Wv t]m-bn‚ v Im-en-sa¿ F∂ h-\y-Po-hn-˛-]-£n k-t¶-Xw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 4570. G-Xv X-Sm-I-Øn-\-cn-In-em-Wv l-{k-Øv-_m¬ ]-≈n-˛ Zm¬ X-Sm-Iw 4571. h-S-°p In-g-°≥ a¨-kq-Wn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ Xp-em-h¿-jw 4572. hm-kv-tIm-U-Km-a c-≠mw X-h-W C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1502 4573. G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d- ]-g-b- t]-cm-Wv- P-Sv-em≥-Uv-˛-sU-∑m¿-°v4574. a-\p-jy¿ H- an-\n-‰n¬ i-cm-i-cn F-{X {]m-h-iyw iz-kn-°p-∂p˛ 13˛17

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

25

 tem-Ik v- `- m Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ a-’c - n-°m-\m-hi - y-am-b Ip-d™ {]m-bw C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - {]-Im-cw a-Xk - zm-X{- ¥yw A-\p-hZ- n-®n-cn°p-∂ h-Ip-∏v kw-ÿm-\ ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-Im-\m-hi - y-am-b Ip-d™ {]m-bw B--sS-sb-¶n-epw h-kX v- p k¿-°m¿ G-s‰-Sp-°p-tºmƒ \¬Ip-∂ \-jSv- ] - c - n-lm-cs - Ø kw-_‘ - n-®v tIm-SX - n-If - n¬ ]-cmXn-s∏-Sm≥ D-≠m-bn--∂ A-hI - m-iw C-√m-Xm-°n-b `-cW - L - S-\m t`-ZK - X - n F-{Xm-at- Ø-Xm-Wv C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-Im-\m-hi - y-am-b Ip-d™ {]m-bw C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b\ - n-se F-{Xm-as - Ø kw-ÿm-\a - m-Wv tKm-h a-\p-jy-\v hy-‡a - m-b Im-gN v- b - ° v- p-≈ G-‰h - pw Ip-d™ Zq-cw (\n-IS- _n-μp) F-{X sk‚n-ao-‰d - m-Wv A-ta-cn-°b - n¬ {]-Xn-\n-[n-k`- mw-Ka - m-Im-\m-hi - y-am-b Ip-d™ {]m-bw B-\b - p-sS lr-Zb - a - n-Sn-∏v an-\n-´n¬ F-{X-bm-Wv  \n-ba - k - `- m Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ a-’c - n-°m-\m-hi - y-am-b Ip-d™ {]m-bw kn¬-h¿ Pq-_n-en B-tLm-jn-°p-∂X - v F-{Xm-as - Ø B-\nth-gk v- d - n-bn-em-Wv A-Izm-do-Pn-bb - n¬ ss\-{Sn-Iv B-kn-Uv F-{X i-Xa - m-\a - m-Wv  hn-eyw tem-d≥-kv {_m-Km-Wv G-‰h - pw Ip-d™ {]m-bØ - n¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\Ø - n-\v A¿-l\ - m-bX - (v 1915) . F-{Xm-as - Ø h-b  - n-em-Wv A-t±-lw Cu t\-´w ssI-hc - n-®X - v  cm-Py-k`- b - p-sS Izm-dw F-{X t]-cm-Wv 4575. th-Zm-¥ tIm-tf-Pv 1825˛¬ ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 4576. k-a-Xz-k-am-Pw 1836˛¬ ÿm-]n-® km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv˛ ssh-Ip-WvT-kzm-an 4577. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S ^p-Sv-t_mƒ a¬-k-c-Øn-s‚ ssZ¿-Lyw-˛ 90 an\n-´v 4578. hr-≤-Kw-K- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn-˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn4579. F-h-d-Ãv sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-°v B t]- \¬-In-b-Xv ˛ tI-W¬ B≥{Up-hm-Kv 4580. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cm-Wv sl¬-th-jy-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥Uv 4581. G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hm-cn-sb-√p-I-fp-≈ Po-hn- ˛ ]m-ºv4582. H.sl≥-dn B--sS Xq-en-Im-\m-aw-˛ hn-eyw kn-Uv-\n t]m¿-´¿ 4583. ]m-‰-bp-sS c-‡-Øn-s‚ \n-dw-˛ \n-d-an-√ 4584. P-K-Zv-Kp- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ _o-Pm-∏q¿ kp¬-Øm≥-˛ C-{_m-lnw B-Zn¬ jm c-≠m-a≥ 4585. 1920˛¬ tN¿-∂ F.sF.Sn.bp.kn.bp-sS H-∂mw k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ em-em-e-Pv-]-Xv dm-bn 4586. ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ Aw-K-a-√m-Ø H-cmƒ-°v ]-c-am-h-[n F-{X Im-ew {]-[m-\-a-{¥n ]-Z-Øn¬ Xp-S-cmw-˛ B-dv am-kw4587. `q-an-bp-sS Kp--Xzm-I¿-j-Ww A-Xn-Po-hn-°m≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i-t]S-I-Øn-\p-th-≠ Ip-d-™ th-Kw-˛ 11.2In.ao. {]-Xn sk-°‚ v 4588. {io-\-K-dn-se jm-en-am¿ ]q-t¥m-´w \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 4589. {Zm-hn-U I-g-Iw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ C.hn.cm-a-kzm-an \m-bv-°¿ 4590. Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ a-s‰m- Po-hn-bp-sS ]m¬ Ip-Sn-°p-∂ GI Po-hn-˛ a-\p-jy≥ 4591. 1921¬ H-‰-∏m-e-Øv \-S-∂ {]-Y-a A-Jn-e tI-c-f tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ Sn. {]-Im-iw 4592. a--`q-an G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-≈ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 4593. a-[p-c ao-\m-£n t£-{Xw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ Xn--a-e \m-b-Iv 4594. {Zp-]Z- v F-∂m-se-¥˛-v H- X-cw ln-μp-ÿm-\n ¢m-kn-°¬ kw-Ko-Xw 4595. ªm-°v ]-tKm-U F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t£-{Xw-˛ sIm-Wm¿-°n-se kq-cy-t£-{Xw 4596. A-`n-\-h-t`m-P≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 115

4597. {io-\m-cm-bW - [¿-a ]-cn-]m-e\ - t- bmKw ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛1903 4598. P-lmw-Ko¿ \-Kd - n-s‚ C-t∏m-gs - Ø t]-cv-˛ [m-° 4599. h-[n-°s - ∏-´- B-Zy- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]kn- U - ≠ v- ˛ F- { _- l mwen-¶¨4600. G-Xv I-Ωo-j-s‚ in-]m¿-i {]-Imc-am-Wv dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ ln¬-´¨ b-Mv 4601. h-[n-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ kn-Jv Kp-˛ A¿-Pp≥ tZ-hv 4602. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tIm-f\ - n-bm-Wv Pn-{_mƒ-´¿-˛ Cw-•-≠v Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se 4603. D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-in-se ap-Kƒ-k-cm-bn- B-Zy-sØ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ bn¬ 1904 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ c-≠n-\p P]- ´ w Xm- W p- ] n- ≈ \n-® C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn 4604. H- ]-Zm¿-Yw I-Øp-tºmƒ \-S-°p-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\w-˛ Hm-Iv-ko-Ic-Ww 4605. dn-Iv-S¿ kv-sI-bn-en¬ A-f-°p-∂-Xv-˛ `q-I-ºw 4606. a-e-ºp-g A-W-s°-´v G-Xv h-Ip-∏n-s‚ ta¬-t\m-´-Øn-em-Wv-˛ Pe-tk-N-\w 4607. tPm≥ Hm-^v B¿-°p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ bp-≤w-˛ i-X-h¬-k-c-bp≤w 4608. dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1949 4609. h-[n-°-s∏-´ G-I {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bn-se ssh-t{km-bn-˛ ta-tbm {]-`p 4610. H-cn-°¬ am-{Xw ^-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ k-kyw-˛ hm-g 4611. G-‰-hpw Xm-W Du-jv-am-hn¬ Po-hn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-£n-˛ Fº-d¿ s]≥-Kzn≥ 4612. G-e-Øn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ Z-£n-tW-¥y 4613. G-gp Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ apw-ss_ 4614. G-gp-a-e-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tdmw 4615. tKm-J-se bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b-Kp--˛-Fw.Pn.dm-\-tU 4616. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S h-\n-Xm h¿-jw-˛ 1975 4617. A¿-[-\-·-\m-b ^-°o¿ F-∂v Km-‘n-Pn-sb hn-fn-® {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n ˛ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 4618. am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a U-®p-Im-sc tXm¬-]n-® bp-≤w-˛ Ip-f-®¬ (1741) 4619. A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\-\n-b-aw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m-km-°n-b h¿-jw-˛1955 4620. a-e-_m-dn-se B-Zy- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn-˛ Ip-‰ym-Sn4621. G-Xp cm-Py-Øp-sh-®m-Wv d-jy≥ hn-π-h-t\-Xm-hv t{Sm-Sv-kv-In h[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m 4622. h-[n-°-s∏-´ B-Zy tI-{μ-a-{¥n-˛ F¬.F≥.an-{i 4623. G-Xp cm-Py-Øv {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈ Nn-In-’m-k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv AIyp-]-Mv-N¿-˛ ssN-\ 4624. G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛ l-Ωn-Mv ]-£n 4625. F-en-^‚ v sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 4626. tlm¿-Øq-kv a-e-_m-dn-°-kn-s‚ aq-e-Ir-Xn-˛ tI-c-fm-cm-aw 4627. G-Xp cm-Py-am-Wv A-em-kv-I {]-tZ-iw bp.F-kv.F.bv-°p \¬In-b-Xv-˛ d-jy 4628. G-Im-¥ Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {Sn-è Un Ip≥-l 4629. Xm≥-k-s‚ Kp--˛ kzm-an l-cn-Zm-kv 4630. G-IX - m-kY v- e - n¬- A-¥y-\n-{Z-sIm-≈p-∂ {]-kn-U‚ ˛v- Kym-\n- skbn¬-kn-Mv4631. G-I-Zn-\ {In-°-‰n¬ 15000 d¨-kv t\-Sn-b B-Zy I-fn-°m-c≥-˛ k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ 4632. G-‰-hpw ]-g-°w sN-∂ tZ-io-b-]-Xm-I G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv˛ sU-∑m¿-°v 4633. X-e-t»-cn-bn¬-\n-∂v 1907˛¬ aq¿-t°m-Øv Ip-am-c-s‚ t\-Xr-XzØn¬ \-S-Ø-s∏-´n--∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww-˛ an-X-hm-Zn 4634. G-jy-bn-em-Zy-am-bn H- bq-tdm-]y≥-i-‡n ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ bp-≤w˛ Ip-f-®¬ bp-≤w(1741) 4635. F-cn-t{Xm-ssk-‰v-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Np-h-∂-c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ

CONFUSING FACTS  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS Nm¿-´¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv 1945 Pq¨ 26˛-\v B-Wv. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ Xo-b-Xn 1945 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 24 B-Wv.  _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I-s‚ ]-{X-am-b tI-k-cn a-dmTn `m-j-bnepw -'Mahratha' Cw-•o-jn-ep-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n--∂-Xv.  1912˛¬ au-em-\m A-_pƒ I-emw B-km-Zv Xp-S-ßn-b D-dpZp hm-cn-I-bm-Wv A¬ ln-em¬. 1914˛¬ ]-{X-am-c-W-\n-ba-{]-Im-cw {_n-´o-j-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ A¬ ln-em¬ ]n-Sn-s®-SpØ-t∏mƒ B-km-Zv Xp-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv A¬ _-em-Lv.  tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tIm-ì s]m-eo-kv tÃ-j≥ \o≠-I-c. Sq-dn-kw s]m-eo-kv tÃ-j≥ a-´m-t©-cn.  C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ k-ºq¿-W km-£-c ]-´-Ww tIm´-b-am-Wv (1989 Pq¨ 25). F-d-Wm-Ip-f-am-Wv C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ k-ºq¿-W km-£-c Pn-√ (1990 ^n-{_-h-cn 4). 4636. 4637. 4638. 4639. 4640. 4641. 4642. 4643. 4644. 4645. 4646. 4647. 4648. 4649. 4650. 4651. 4652. 4653. 4654. 4655. 4656. 4657. 4658. 4659. 4660. 4661.

116 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

F-dn-{Xn-b≥ I-S¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv G-Xm-Wv-˛ sN-¶-S¬ F-en-∏-\n D-≠m-°p-∂ tcm-Km-Wp-˛ se-]v-t‰m-kv-ss]-d G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b a¬-kyw- -˛ Xn-anw-Kn-e {km-hvh-S-°p In-g-°≥ C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛ Kp-h-lØn h-S-°p In-g-°≥ C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-I-am-b temIv-X-Iv X-Sm-Iw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-Wn-∏q¿ Xp-cn-in-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ tIm-∏¿ k¬-t^-‰v h-S-t° B-{^n-°-bn-te-bpw A-td-_y-bn-te-bpw Nq-Sp-≈ a-°m-‰p-Iƒ-°p ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ kn-aq¨-kv Zzn-cm-jv-{S kn-≤m-¥w B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂ C-¥y-bn-te-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ tXm-dn-bw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm\w-˛ tI-c-fw h-S-t°-A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-˛-an- -u-dn- an n- n-∏nC-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bv-°v- cq-]w- \-In-b-Xv-˛ ]nw-K-en- sh¶-ø h-tμ-am-X-c-Øn-s‚ Cw-Kv-fo-jv ]-cn-`m-j \n¿-h-ln-®-Xv-˛ A-c-hn-μtLm-jv C-hn-S-am-W-[ym-fl-hn-Zym-e-bw F-∂p ]m-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w-Iq-Sn-b a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈ P-e-Po-hn-˛ kv-t]w shbv¬ A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\w e-£y-an-´v 1932¬ Km-‘n-Pn cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-® kw-L-S-\-˛ A-Jn-te-¥ym l-cn-P≥ k-am-Pw C-¥y-bn-te-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]p-I-bn-e D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-kvYm-\w- - B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-iva-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw I-´n-Iq-Sn-b `m-Kw-˛ ]-√n-s‚ C-\ma¬ H-tc hn-j-b-Øn¬ c-≠p s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-´n-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ tPm¨ _m¿-Uo≥(^n-kv-Iv-kv-˛1956,1972) C-eI - vt- {Sm-Im¿-Un-tbm-{Km-^v G-Xh - b - h - Ø - n-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø\ - w \nco-£n-°m-\m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ lr-Z-bw G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w-Iq-Sn-b Hm-¥v-˛ tIm-a-tUm {Um-K¨ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ N-e-®n-{X {]-Z¿-i-\w \-S-∂ \-K-cw-˛ apwss_ H-tc hn-j-b-Øn¬ c-≠p s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-´n-b c-≠m-asØ hy-‡n-˛ s{^-U-dn-Iv kmw-K¿ (sI-an-kv-{Sn-˛1958,1980) C-¥y-bp-sS \-s´-√v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ta-J-e-˛ Im¿-jn-I-ta-Je H-tc ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ hy-Xy-kv-X \m-a-ß-fm-Wv cm-a-\pw d-ln-apw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ I-_o¿ G-‰-hpw ]p-cm-X-\-am-b kw-kv-Ir-X Ir-Xn-˛ E-tKz-Zw G-I-Zn-\ {In-°-‰n¬ 500 hn-°-‰v Xn-I-® B-Zy I-fn-°m-c≥-˛ hknw A-{Iw

4662. G-j-y,- bq-tdm-∏v,- B-{^n-°- F-∂o- h≥-I-c-I-fp-sS- kw-K-a-kv-Ym\-Øn-\-Sp-Øv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- Zzo-]-p-cm-jv-{Sw- -˛-ssk-{]-kv4663. G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kn-\v B-Xn-tY-b-Xzw h-ln-® B-Zy-sØ Kƒ^v cm-Pyw-˛ J-Ø¿ 4664. C-¥y-bp-sS ]-c-tam-∂-X _-lp-a-Xn-bm-b `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bpw ]m-Inkv-Xm-s‚ ]-c-tam-∂-X _-lp-a-Xn-bm-b \n-jm≥-˛ C-˛ ]m-In-kvXm-\pw e-`n-® G-I- `mc-Xob≥ -˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 4665. G-‰-hpw Xm-gv-∂ {Z-h-Wm-¶-hpw Xn-f-\n-e-bp-ap-≈ tem-lw-˛ sa¿°p-dn 4666. im-kv-{Xo-b tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kv 4667. G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b Kƒ-^v cm-Pyw-˛ ku-Zn A-td-_y 4668. C- ¥ y- b p- s S ]- © - k m- c - ° n- Æ w- F - ∂ - d n- b - s ∏-- S p- ∂ - X v˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 4669. im-kv-{Xo-b tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ sI-]v-f¿ 4670. C-¥y-bp-sS ]n-Xm-a-l≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛ Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 4671. G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv Aw-K-cm-Pyw-˛ Im-\-U 4672. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-Zn-˛ tKm-Zm-h-cn 4673. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿{]-tZ-iv 4674. \-h-Pm-X in-ip-hn-s‚ lr-Z-b kv-]-μ-\ \n-c-°v-˛ an-\n-´n¬ 130 Xh-W 4675. \m-fn-tI-c hn-I-k-\ t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm-®n 4676. ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-® ]m¿-´n-˛ U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv tkmjy-en-Ãv ]m¿-´n 4677. ]p-Xn-b A-Jn-te-¥ym k¿-ho-kv cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°m-\p-≈ {]-tabw B-Zyw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv-˛ cm-Py-k-`-bn¬ 4678. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-{X-ß-fp-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 4679. G-‰-hpw ho-Xn Iq-Sn-b I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ tU-hn-kv 4680. G-‰-hpw hr-Øm-Im-c-am-b {]-Z-£n-W-]-Y-ap-≈ {K-lw-˛ ip-{I≥ 4681. a-lm-t_m-[n t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ t_m-[v-K-b 4682. _mƒ-°≥ Km-‘n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ C-{_mw-lnw dp-tKm-h 4683. A-b¨ k¬-t^-‰n-s‚ \n-dw-˛ ]-® 4684. tKm-h-bp-sS Po-h-tc-J F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛ a-Wv-tUm-hn 4685. G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-I-ti--In-˛ P-b‚ v kv-Izn-Uv 4686. G-‰-hpw h-en-b `m-jm tKm-{Xw-˛ C-t¥m-˛-bq-tdm-]y≥ 4687. sS-‰-\-kv, £-bw,hn-√≥-Np-a F-∂n-h-bv-°p-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv-˛ _mIv-So-cn-b 4688. {]m-No-\ C-¥y-bp-sS kp-h¿-W-Im-ew F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xv hw-i-Øn-s‚ Im-ew-˛ Kp-]v-X-Im-ew 4689. {]-kn-U‚ v ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-®m¬ ti-jn-® Im-e-tØ°v ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v B ]-Z-hn h-ln-°m≥ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 4690. H-cmƒ-°v F-{X h¿-jw C-¥y-bn¬ Xm-a-kn-®m-em-Wv ]u-c-XzØn-\v A-t]-£n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv-˛ 5 4691. G-‰-hpw h-en-b cm-P-Ip-Spw-_w D-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ ku-Zn A-td-_y 4692. {]-kn-U‚p-`-c-Ww \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ ]-©m-_v 4693. G-‰-hpw h-en-b B¿-´-dn-˛ A-tbm¿-´ 4694. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tZ-io-b Nn-”-am-Wv H-en-hv in-J-cw-˛ {Ko-kv 4695. G-‰-hpw th-K-Øn¬ h-f--∂ ]p¬-h¿-K-k-kyw-˛ ap-f 4696. G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- {]-kn-U‚m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ tUm.- k-°o¿- lpssk≥4697. X-an-gv kn-\n-am-hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p tIm-fn-hp-Uv F-∂p t]--e-`n°m≥ Im-c-W-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ tIm-S-ºm-°w 4698. G-‰-hpw- th-K-ta-dn-b k-kv-X-\n- ˛-No-‰ 4699. G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b X-h-f ˛ tKm-en-bm-Øv X-h-f 4700. F.sI.˛47 tXm-°v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ an-Jm-tb¬ Sn-tam-^n-hn-®v I-em-jv-\n-t°m-hv 4701. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew `-cn-® ap-Kƒ cm-Pm-hv-˛-_m-_¿ 4702. D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-in-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ bp-ssW-‰-Uv s{]m-hn≥-kv 4703. in-h-Pn-bp-sS am-Xm-hv-˛ Po-Pm-`m-bn 4704. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv am-Xr-Im `-c-W-L-S-\-sb∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {_n-´¨ 4705. in-h-Pn-bp-sS A-h-km-\-sØ ssk-\n-I ]-cy-S-\w-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

26

 `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv \m´p-cm-Pm-°m≥-am¿-°v \¬-In-bn--∂ B-\p-Iq-ey-am-b {]nhn ]-gv-k-kv \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b-Xv  C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv O-Øn-kv-K-Vv  C--ºn-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy  am-c-tØm¨ F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿ Zq-c-am-Wv  a-\p-jy-\v ]m-Z-Øn¬ F-{X A-ÿn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  X-h-f-bp-sS t{Im-a-tkmw kw-Jy  hmƒ-´v Un-kv-\n-°v B-sI F-{X Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv In-´nbn-´p-≠v  sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-se \m-gn-I-°√m-b sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ F-{X cm-Py-ß-fmWv H-∏n-´-Xv  Cw-•o-jv A-£-c-am-e-bn¬ F-{X A-£-c-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv  a-\p-jy-\v \-s´-√n¬ F-{X A-ÿn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv

4706. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-am-\-k¿-ho-km-Wv k-_o-\-˛ s_¬-Pnbw 4707. F.sI.tKm-]m-e-s‚ ]-´n-Wn-Pm-Y ]p-d-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛ I-Æq¿ 4708. X-]m¬ Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛ knÿ A¬-t^m≥-km-Ω 4709. G-‰-hpw th-Kw Iq-Sn-b ]m-ºv-˛ B-{^n-°≥ am-º 4710. G-‰-hpw h-en-b C-Xn-lm-kw-˛ a-lm-`m-c-Xw 4711. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-Xm-I-bm-Wv Hmƒ-Uv t•m-dn F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 4712. d-{^n-P-td-‰¿ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ lm-cn-k-Wpw Im-‰v-en-\pw 4713. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-I k-l-I-c-W-tØm-sS-bm-Wv H-dok-bn-se dq¿-t°-e kv-‰o¬ πm‚ v \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ P¿-a-\n 4714. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew Po-hn-®n--∂ ap-Kƒ cm-Pm-hv-˛-_m-_¿ 4715. G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ Nm-c-kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv sam- m-Zv-˛ C-{k-tb¬ 4716. Sm¿-P‰ - v G-Xv kvt- ]m¿-Svk - v C-\h - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ jq´n-Mv 4717. kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ ˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 356 4718. Sm-‰m A-b¨ B‚ v Ão¬ I-º-\n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Pw-j-Uv]q¿ 4719. kn-Fw-Fk - p-Im¿- tIm-´b - Ø - v- s]¨-]≈ - n-°q-Sw- Xp-Sß - n-bX - v- GXv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1821 4720. tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ \yq-kv-{]n‚ v D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cmPyw-˛ Im-\-U 4721. A¬-tam-d kp-J-hm-k-tI-{μw G-Xp kw-k-Ym-\-Øv-˛ D-Ø-cm-JWvU - v 4722. G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-£mw-i-tc-J-˛ `q-a-[y tc-J 4723. G-‰-hpw h-en-b a-™-°--hp-≈ ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 4724. A¿-Y-im-kv-{Xw F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-˛ cm-jv-{S-X{¥w 4725. Zq-c-Z¿-i≥ U-b-d-Iv-S¿ P-\-d-en-s‚ Hm-^o-kv-˛ a-Wv-Un lu-kv 4726. G-‰-hpw km-[m-c-W-am-b I-cƒ tcm-Kw-˛ a-™-∏n-Øw 4727. G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b a-\p-jy-tIm-iw-˛ _o-Pw 4728. H-cm-fn-s‚ s]m-°-Øn-s‚ G-I-tZ-iw F-{X-i-X-am-\w \o-f-am-Wv Xp-S-sb-√v-˛ 27.5 4729. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew `-cn-® kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v hw-iw-˛ Jn¬-Pn-hwiw(1290˛1320) 4730. F-Uzn≥- ep-Sy≥-kv- cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-bv-X C-¥y≥- \-K-cw-˛ \yqU¬-ln4731. H-- \n-dw- (]-®)- am-{X-ap-≈- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥d-Xm-bn--∂p- -˛-en-_n-b4732. tPm¿-Pv Hm¿-sh-√n-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ F-dn-Iv B¿-X¿ sª-b¿ 4733. H- ]q¿-W-hr-Øw F-{X Un-{Kn-bm-Wv-˛ 360 4734. G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Ip-d-™ kv-Im≥-Un-t\-hn-b≥ cm-Pyw-˛ sU-∑m¿-°v

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 117

4735. 4736. 4737. 4738. 4739. 4740. 4741. 4742. 4743. 4744.

4745. 4746. 4747.

4748. 4749. 4750. 4751. 4752. 4753. 4754. 4755. 4756. 4757. 4758. 4759. 4760. 4761. 4762. 4763. 4764. 4765. 4766. 4767. 4768. 4769. 4770.

D-÷z-e i-_v-Zm-Vy≥ F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´ I-hn-˛ D-≈q¿ e-Xm a-t¶-jv-I¿ B-Zy-am-bn ]m-Sn-b a-e-bm-f Nn-{Xw-˛ s\-√v F-´p-ho-´n¬ ]n-≈-am-sc h-[n-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a tI-c-f-Øn-se I-∂p-Im-en h¿-K-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ar-Kw-˛ Im-´p-t]m-Øv F-√m B-lm-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A¬^m¬-^ a-ßn-b sh-fn-®-Øn¬ Im-gv-i-‡n Ip-d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂ tcm-Kw ˛ am-e-°-Æv H- ]u-≠v F-{X In-tem-{Kmw-˛ 0.454 A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-s° h-[n-°-s∏-´ G-I C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n˛ C-μn-cm Km-‘n G-‰-hpw h-en-b Dƒ-°-S¬˛ l-Uv-k¨ Dƒ-°-S¬ `q-an-bn¬ C-Xp-h-sc D-≠mbn-´p-≈-h-bn¬ G-‰-hpw hen-∏w Iq-Sn-b Po-hn-˛ \o-eØn-anw-Kn-ew G-‰-hpw- h-en-b ]-£n-˛-H-´I-∏-£nA-k-an-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛ {_-“-]p-{X a-Kk -v t- k A-hm¿-Uv C-¥ybn¬-\n-∂pw B- Z y- am- b n t\-Sn-b h-\n-X-˛ a-Z¿ sXtc-k (1962) G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-Z-k-ºØp-≈ `m-j-˛ Cw-•o-jv a-\p-jy-s‚ h-e-tØ izmk-tIm-i-Øn-s‚ i-cm-i-cn `m-cw-˛ 570 {Kmw In- M v ta- ° ¿ F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- ´ {]m-th {]m-th t]m-Ic - p-tX X- a n- g v t\- X m- h v - ˛ - s I.Im- a - c m- P v F-∂ I-hn-X c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ D≈q¿ `q-J-Wv-U Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b tI-c-f-Øn-se H-∂mw \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se t{]m-t´w kv-]o-°¿-˛ tdmk-Ωm ]p-∂q-kv A¬-t^m≥-tkm- A¬-_p-°¿-°v- t]m¿-´p-Ko-kv- ssh-t{km-bnG-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1509 G-‰-hpw h-en-b ^-ew-˛ N-° 1946 Pq-Wn¬- ]o-∏nƒ- F-Uyq-t°-j-W¬- skm-ssk-‰n-°vcq-]w- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ h-b-\m-´n-se B-Zy P-e-tk-N-\-]-≤-Xn-˛ Im-cm-∏p-g tIm-´b - w- Pn-√b - n-se {]-ik - vX - a - m-b ]-£n-kt- ¶-Xw-˛ Ipa-cI - wB-Zy-sØ _-jo¿ ]p-ckvI - m-cØ - n-\¿-l\ - m-bX - ˛-v tImhn-e≥ in-h-Pn-bp-sS ap-Jy k-Nn-h≥-˛ t]-jzm G-‰-hpw- th-K-Øn¬- ]-d-°p-∂ ]-£n- ˛-kzn-^v-‰vh-b-em-dpw tZ-h-cm-P-\pw H--an-® B-Zy Nn-{Xw-˛ N-Xp-cw-Kw D-ep-h-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥ {]-tZ-iw A-Kp¬-l-kv {]-hm-lw G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv ˛-C-¥y≥-a-lmk-ap-{Zw I-en-°-‰v k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS {]-Y-a ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿˛ s{]m-^. Fw.Fw.K-\n tZ-iv-\m-b-Iv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´ hy-‡n-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μt_m-kv U-°v h¿-Øv eq-bn-kv \n-b-a-߃ G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ {In-°-‰v G-‰-hpw th-K-Øn-tem-Sm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n tX-°-Sn h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-Xw 1934¬ ÿm-]n-® Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-hv-˛ Nn-Øn-c-Xn--\mƒ aq-e-bp-´¬-Im-e-Øv G-‰-hpw `m-cw Ip-d-bp-∂ k-kv-X-\w-˛ \o-eØn-anw-Kn-ew A-kp-ssd-‰v G-Xv tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛-sN-ºv

CONFUSING FACTS  C-¥y≥ \yq-´¨ F-∂v B-cy-`-S-s\-bpw C-¥y≥ sF≥Ão≥ F-∂v \m-Km¿-Pp-\-s\-bpw hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.  C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm hn-tZ-i Im-cy sk-{I-´-dn sNm-In-e A-ø¿, h-\n-Xm hn-tZ-i-Im-cy h-‡m-hv \n--]am dm-hp.  No-\-h-e-bv-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b tI-c-f-Øn-se ÿ-e-am-Wv sIm-®n. {]-kn-≤-am-b No-\-s°m-´m-cw sIm-√-Øm-Wv.  H-∂mw ]-g-»n hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ Im-e-L-´w 1793 ap-X¬ 1797 h-sc-bpw c-≠mw ]-g-»n hn-π-h-Øn-s‚-Xv 1800 ap-X¬ 1805 h-sc-bpw B-bn--∂p.  kq-b-kv I-\m¬ K-Xm-K-X-Øn-\p Xp-d-∂p sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv 1869˛¬. tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv 1956˛¬. ]-\m-a I-\m¬ K-XmK-X-Øn-\p Xp-d-∂p sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv 1914˛¬. 4771. G-‰-hpw- th-Kw- Iq-Sn-b lr-Z-b-an-Sn-∏p-≈ k-kv-X-\w-˛ jyq 4772. tI-c-f-Øn-se- In-g-t°m-s´m-g-p-Ip-∂- 3 \-Zn-Iƒ-˛-I-_-\n,- `-hm-\n,]m-ºm¿4773. {]-kn-≤-am-b sK-‰n-kv-_¿-Kv {]-kw-Kw \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ 4774. Z-i-Ip-am-c-N-cn-Xw, Im-hym-Z¿-iw F-∂o Ir-Xn-Iƒ c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ ZWv-Un 4775. G-‰-hpw h-S-°m-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Py X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ sd-bvIv-Pm-hn-Iv 4776. ]m-]v-kv-an-b¿ sS-Ãv G-Xp tcm-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ K¿-`m-i-b Iym≥-k¿ 4777. ]n-Ø-c-kw kw-`-cn-®p h-bv-°p-∂ A-h-b-hw-˛ Kmƒ ªm-U¿ 4778. G-‰-hpw- hn-jw- Iq-Sn-b ]m-ºv-˛ cm-P-sh-ºm-e 4779. h-tμ-am-X-cw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® h¿-jw ˛ 1882 4780. H-tc A-f-hn¬ kq-cy-{]-Im-iw e-`n-°p-∂ ÿ-e-ß-sf _-‘n∏n-®v `q-]-S-Øn¬ Im-Wp-∂ tc-I-J-fm-Wv-˛ sF-tkm-sl¬ 4781. X-t´-°m-Sv ]-£n k-t¶-X-Øn-s‚ {]-tXy-I-X B-Zy-am-bn Nq-≠n°m-Wn-®-Xv-˛ tUm.k-enw A-en 4782. H-tc A-t‰m-an-Iv \-º-w hy-Xy-kv-X am-kv \-º--ap-≈ aq-e-I߃ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-Iƒ 4783. G-‰-hpw- h-S-°v- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-jv-{Sw- -˛t\m¿-sh4784. Z-£n-W-]q¿-th-jy-bn-se G-I I-c-_-≤ cm-Pyw-˛ em-thm-kv 4785. G- ‰ - h pw H- S p- h n- e - s Ø tem- [ n kp¬- Ø m≥- ˛ C- { _m- l nw tem-Zn 4786. F-Iv-ssk-Uv G-Xv D¬-]-∂-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ t]-cm-Wv-˛ _m-‰-dn 4787. th-º-\m-Sv Im-b-en¬ \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂ _-≠v-˛-X-Æo¿-ap-°w 4788. thƒ-Uv ssh¬-Uv sse-^v ^-≠n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿e≥-Un-se •m≥-Uv 4789. kv-Im≥-Un-t\-hn-b≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \m-W-bw bq-tdm A-√m-Ø G-I cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 4790. 1453˛¬ F-hn-S-Øp-Im-cm-Wv tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]n-Sn-®-S-°nb-Xv-˛ Xp¿-°n 4791. `q-Kp--Xzm-I¿-jW - t- Øm-Sv sN-Sn-Iƒ {]-Xn-Ic - n-°p-∂ {]-Xn-`m-kw˛ Pn-tbm-t{Sm-∏n-kw 4792. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ F-hn-sS h-®m-Wv ho-W-]q-hv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ssP-\nta-Sv 4793. G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv l-Kn-b tkm-^n-b-˛ Xp¿-°n 4794. tI-cf - Ø - n-se Im-iva - o¿, Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se Im-iva - o¿ F-∂o t]-I-fn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ aq-∂m¿ 4795. c-≠p h≥-I-c-I-fn-em-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ sa-s{Sm-s]m-fn-‰≥ \-Kc-am-b C-kv-Xm≥-_pƒ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Xp¿-°n 4796. A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ I¿-Wm-h-Xn 4797. I-ip-h-≠n C-¥y-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ 4798. a-e-bm-f hym-I-c-W-sa-gp-Xn-b B-Zy-sØ {In-kv-Xy≥ an-j-\-dn-˛ B-Rv-P-tem {^m≥-kn-kv sa-{Xm≥

118 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

4799. 4800. 4801. 4802. 4803. 4804. 4805. 4806. 4807. 4808. 4809. 4810. 4811. 4812. 4813. 4814. 4815. 4816. 4817. 4818. 4819. 4820. 4821. 4822. 4823. 4824. 4825. 4826. 4827. 4828. 4829. 4830. 4831. 4832. 4833. 4834. 4835. 4836. 4837. 4838. 4839.

Im-Zw-_-cn c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ _m-W-`-´≥ in-]m-bn e-l-f \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1857 tI-c-f-Km-\v-[n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sI.tI-f-∏≥ Ãn-_v-ss\-‰v G-Xn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛ B‚n-a-Wn hym-h-km-bn-I hn-π-h-sØ I-fn-bm-°p-∂ Nm¿-fn Nm-πn-s‚ kn\n-a-˛ tam-tU¨ ssSw-kv In‚¿-Km¿-´≥ G-Xp `m-j-bn-se ]-Z-am-Wv-˛ P¿-a≥ P-eØ - n¬ ssl-{U-Ps - ‚-bpw Hm-Ivk - n-Ps - ‚-bpw A-\p-]m-Xw hym]v-X-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬-˛ 2-:1 tI-fp-N-c¨ a-lm-]m-{X-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-em-cq-]w-˛ H-Uo n ip-≤c - ‡ - ° - p-ge - p-If - n¬ a--∂p Ip-Øn-h® - t- i-jw F-Sp-°p-∂ FIv-kv-td-˛ B≥-Pn-tbm-{Kmw Iq-´p-Ir-jn F-∂ \m-S-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ C-S-t»-cn Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ \n-b-aw A-\p-k-cn-®v A-tbm-Ky-X I¬-]n°s∏-´ B-Zy tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`mw-Kw-˛ B¿._m-e-Ir-j-W v- -]n-≈ P-e-Øn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ ssU-ssl-{U-P≥ Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv lm-c-∏≥ P-\-X-bp-sS {]-[m-\ B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-bm-bn--∂ B¨-ssZ-hw-˛ ]-ip-]-Xn kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ \n¿-hm-l-Im-[n-Im-cw \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv-˛ K-h¿-W-dn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ B-Zy Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛ a-{Zm-kv {^m≥-kn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-μ¿-i-I--≈- kv-am-c-Iw-˛ Cu^¬- tKm-]p-cwlm-c-∏-bpw sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm-bpw C-t∏mƒ G-Xp cm-Py-ØmWv-˛ ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se {]-Y-a \n-b-a D-tZym-K-ÿ≥-˛ A-Uz-t°-‰v P\-d¬ kz-¥w Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬ sN-dn-b-h≥ P-\-Zr-jv-Sn-bn¬ h-en-b-h≥ Bbn-cn-°pw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n tKmƒ-U≥ {Km≥-Uv-…mw- t\-Sn-b G-I-h-\n-X-˛ sÃ-^n-{Km-^v kz¿-Ko-b [m-\yw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ G-ew tem-IØ - n¬ G-‰h - pw D-bc - Ø - n-ep-≈ hm-\\ - n-co-£W - t- I-{μw GXp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-¥y C-¥y-bv-°pw ssN-\-bv-°p-an-S-bv-°p-≈ A-Xn¿-Øn-tc-J \n-›bn-®-Xv-˛ k¿ sl≥-dn a-tlm≥ tI-c-f-Øn¬ tem-´-dn B-cw-`n-® [-\-a-{¥n-˛ ]n.sI.Ip-™v tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw h-S-t°-b-‰-Øp-≈ \-K-cw-˛ lm-a¿-^m-Ãv (t\m¿-th) C-¥y-bv-°v B-Zy-am-bn H-fn-ºn-Iv tlm-°n-bn¬ kz¿-Ww e-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1928 tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv-˛ C-kv-Xm≥-_pƒ C-¥y-bn¬ Im-´p-I-gp-X-Iƒ kw-c-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ tI-{μw-˛ [≥{K tKm-bn-‰-dn-s‚ a-s‰m--t]-cv-˛ t{K-hv-kv tcm-Kw tkm-f-¶n hw-i-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ap¬-cm-Pv tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy A-ln-μp-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdmPn tNm-f-Øn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m ko-tdm-kn-kv- G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ I-cƒ tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ^o-®¿ ^n-enw-˛ Zv t{K-‰v s{S-bn≥ tdm_-dn tN-c-cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS Nn-”w-˛ hn-√v C-¥y-bp-sS ]q-t¥m-´ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _mw-•q¿ tN-cn-tN-cm {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-]m-In-b t\-Xm-°ƒ-˛ s\{lp, am¿-j¬ Sn-t‰m, K-am¬ \m-k¿ C-¥y-bp-sS Fw-t{_m-bn-U-dn X-e-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-kq-d-Øv C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS ]n-Xm-a-l≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv B-sc-bm-Wv-˛ cm-Pv \m-cm-b¨ t_m-kv tkm-Wn-bm-Km-‘n-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ A-t‚m-Wn-tbm ssat\m cm-tI-jv i¿-a-bp-sS _-ln-cm-Im-i-bm-{X \-S-Øn-b h¿-jw ˛1984

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

27

 a-\p-jy-s‚ ssI-∏-Øn-bn-se A-ÿn-I-fp-sS F-Æw  sIm-_mƒ-´n-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy  C-¥y≥ tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X {]-Im-cw tkm-Un-bm-Iv {]-Xo-Iß-fp-sS F-Æw  C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv  N-{μ-\v H- {]m-h-iyw `q-an-sb h-ew-h-bv-°m≥ B-h-iy-amb k-a-bw  s\¬-k¨ a-t≠-e F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®-Xv  ss{I-kv-X-h--sS ]p-Xn-b \n-b-a-Øn¬ F-{X ]p-kv-X-I-ßfm-Wp-≈X - v  tI-c-f-Øn-se 34 Im-b-ep-I-fn¬ F-{X-sb-Æw A-gn-tbm s]m-gn-tbm-aq-ew I-S-ep-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p  ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n X-s‚ Po-hn-X-Im-e-Øv F-{X bp-≤-ß-fm-Wv \-bn-®-Xv  sS-∂o-kv tIm¿-´n-s‚ ho-Xn (knw-Knƒ-kv) F-{X A-Sn-bmWv  F-{X Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv kq-cy≥ H- I-d-°w ]q¿-Øn-bm°p-∂-Xv (27.27) 4840. tKm-X-ºn-s‚-bpw I-∂p-Im-en-I-fp-sS-bpw \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ A¿-P‚o-\ 4841. tIm-I] v- n-‰v thm-bk v- v sd-t°m¿-Ud - n-s‚ a-s‰m--t]-c˛v- ªm-°v t_mIvk - v 4842. Ko-X-bn-te-°p a-S-ßp-I F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ kzm-an hn-th-Im-\μ≥ 4843. Kn- ∂ - k v - _ p- ° n¬ C- S w t\- S n- b a- e - b m- f - k n- \ n- a m- \ - S ≥- ˛ t{]w-\-ko¿ 4844. k- k y- ß - f p- s S tIm- i - ` n- Ø n \n¿- a n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ ]- Z m¿- Y w- ˛ sk-√p-tem-kv 4845. c-≠mw- ]-g-»n- I-em-]w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1800˛1805 4846. tI-Sp-h-∂m¬ ho-≠pw h-f-cm-Ø i-co-c-tIm-i-߃-˛ \m-Uo-tImi-߃ 4847. C-¥y-bn¬- {`w-i-Xm-gv-h-c-bn¬-Iq-Sn- H-gp-Ip-∂- {]-[m-\- \-Zn-Iƒ- ˛\¿-a-Z,- X-]v-Xn4848. k-am-[m-\-Øn-s≥-d a-\p-jy≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ em¬ _-lmZq¿ im-kv-{Xn 4849. cm-ta-iz-cw Zzo-]n-s\ C-¥y≥ D-]-Zzo-]p-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]m-º≥ Nm-\¬ 4850. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ]m¿-°v ÿm]n-X-am-b \-K-cw-˛ U¬-ln 4851. cm-tam-Pn ^n-enw kn-‰n G-Xv \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 4852. C-e-£≥ I-Ωn-j-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw˛ B¿-´n-°nƒ 324 4853. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw tI-c-fw k-μ¿-in-® a-[y-Im-e A-d_n k-©m-cn-˛ C-_v≥ _-Øq-Ø 4854. C-e-Iƒ-°p ]-®-\n-dw sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Iv-tfm-tdm-^n¬ 4855. c-≠mw _¿-tZm-fn-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛ ]-ø-∂q¿ 4856. C-e-I-fn¬ B-lm-cw ti-J-cn-°p-∂ k-kyw-˛ Im-t_-Pv 4857. c-≠mw ]m-\n-∏-´p-bp-≤-Øn¬(1556) ap-Kƒ ssk-\y-hp-am-bn G‰p-ap-´n-b, ap-l-Ω-Zv B-Zn¬-jm-bp-sS ]-S-Ø-e-h≥-˛ sl-ap 4858. C-¥y-bp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- sNdp-Xv- ˛- ` - q-´m≥-. 4859. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n I-\m-en-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ I-\m¬ 4860. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C-t°m Su¨-˛ ]m-\n-∏-´v 4861. C-¥y-bp-sS ]-Sn-™m-d≥ Xo-c-Øn-s‚ D-Ø-c-`m-Kw A-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sIm-¶¨ Xo-cw 4862. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn sa-t{Sm ÿm-]n-X-am-b \-K-cw-˛ sIm¬-°Ø 4863. C-¥y-bp-am-bn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S A-Xn¿-Øn ]¶n-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ _w-•m-tZ-iv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 119

4864. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn sF.F-kv.H. k¿-´n-^n-t°-j≥ e-`n-® _m¶m-Wv Im-\-d _m-¶v. C-Xn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-_mw•q¿ 4865. hm-f≥ ]p-fn-bn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ B-kn-Uv-˛ Sm¿-Sm-dn-Iv B-knUv 4866. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn sF.F-kv.Un.kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ h∂-Xv-˛ apw-ss_ 4867. h-b-\m-´n-se F-S-bv-°¬ Kp-l-I-sf-°p-dn-®v B-Zy-am-bn B-[nIm-cn-I ]T-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ^m-sk-‰v (1901) 4868. tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ 125a-sØ hm¿-jn-I-Øn¬ A-[y-£ ]-Z-hn hln-®-Xv-˛-tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n 4869. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn sk-°p-e¿ tÃ-‰v ÿm-]n-® `-c-Wm-[nIm-cn-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 4870. G-‰-hpw X-Wp-∏p-Iq-Sn-b h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 4871. B-kq-{X-W I-Ωn-j≥ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1950 4872. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS A-h-km-\-`m-K-am-Wv Io¿-Øn-\m-in-\n-sb-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛- Kw-K˛- {- _-“] - p-{X \-Zn-Iƒ kw-tbm-Pn-®p-≠m-Ip-∂ ta-Lv-\-bp-sS 4873. hm-g-∏-≈n im-k-\w ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-® `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ cm-P-ti-J-ch¿-a 4874. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ km-{am-Pyw ÿm-]n-® hw-iw-˛ au-cy≥am¿ 4875. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I \-Zn-bm-Wv Xq-Ø-∏p-g-˛ `m-c-X-∏p-g 4876. hm-\-h-c-º≥ F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-´n--∂ tN-c-cm-Pm-hv-˛ D-Xn-b≥tN-c≥ 4877. Hm-®n-d ]-c-{_-“-t£-{X-Øn-se {]-[m-\ D-’-hw-˛ Hm-®n-d-°-fnbpw ]-{¥-≠p-hn-f-°pw 4878. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ssk-_¿ s]m-eo-kv tÃ-j≥ F-hnsS ÿm-]n-X-am-bn-˛ _mw-•q¿ 4879. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv ap-Xn-c-∏p-g-˛ s]-cn-bm¿ 4880. k¨-^v-f-h¿ F-∂ Nn-{Xw h-c-®-Xv-˛ hm≥-tKm-Kv 4881. C-¥y-bn¬ Iym-_n-\-‰v a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy kn-°p-Im-c≥-˛ k¿Zm¿ _¬-tZ-hv kn-Mv 4882. G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv- Xpw-K-`-{Z-˛- Ir-jv-W 4883. C-¥y-bn¬ Iym-_n-\-‰v ao-‰n-Mn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 4884. G-Xv {K-lØ - n-em-Wv t{K-‰v sd-Uv kvt- ]m-´v Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- hymgw 4885. B-d-∑p-f h-≈w I-fn G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv \-S-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]-ºm-\-Zn 4886. K¨-sa-‰¬ F-∂ tem-l-k-¶-c-Øn-se L-S-I-߃-˛ sN-ºv, shfp-Øo-bw, \m-Iw 4887. G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ-bm-Wv P-\-߃ h-\m-©¬- F-∂pw hn-fn°p-∂-Xv-˛ Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv 4888. Ir-{Xn-aP - o≥ \n¿-an-® C-¥y≥-hw-iP - \ - m-b im-kv{- X-⁄≥-˛ l¿tKm-hn-μv Jp-cm-\ 4889. Ir-jv-W-\m-´-Øn-\p cq-]w \¬-In-b km-aq-Xn-cn cm-Pm-hv-˛ am-\th-Z≥

D- k v - X m- Z v _n- k v - a n- √ m- J m≥ {]- k n- ≤ n t\- S n- b kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-Ww-˛ sj-”m-bn

CONFUSING FACTS  G‰hpw thKw Ipd™ kkvX\w kvtemØv BWv. G‰hpw aSnb\mb kkvX\w sImhme BWv.  G‰hpw IqSpX¬ D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂ CwKvfojv hm°v ‘The’ BWv. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ definitions D≈ Cw•ojv hm°v ‘Set’ BWv. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ CwKvfojv A£camWv ‘e’.  IÆqcnse sk‚ v BRv P tem tIm´ \n¿an®Xv t]m¿®pKokpImcmWv (1505). Xet»cnt°m´ \n¿an®Xv {_n´ojpImcmW v(1708).  O{X]Xn inhPnbpsS(1627˛1680) a{¥nk`-bmbn∂p AjvS{][m≥. AjvSZn§znP߃ Ae¶cn®n∂Xv IrjvWtZhcmbsS kZ n-s\bmWv. 4890. hn-π-h-Nn-¥-Iƒ ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xn-\v 1831˛¬ ln-μp tIm-tf-Pn¬ \n-∂p ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-´ Bw-t•m C-¥y≥ I-hn-˛ sl≥-dn sUtdm-kn-tbm 4891. h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS ImTn-\yw A-f-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ tam-lv-kv kv-sI-bn¬ 4892. G-Xp kw-ÿm-\w hn-`-Pn-®m-Wv N-Øo-kv-K-Vv cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 4893. h-kv-Xp-I-cw A-S-bv-t°-≠-Xv F-hn-sS-˛ hn-t√-Pm-^o-kn¬ 4894. Hm-∏-td-j≥ _v-fq-Ãm¿ \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1984 4895. G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv tIm-em-´w-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 4896. G-Xp Nn-{X-Øn-se A-`n-\-b-Øn-\m-Wv s_≥ In-Mv-…n-°v Hmkv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv e-`n-®-Xv-˛ Km-‘n 4897. G-Xp {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ N-cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv cm-P-X-cw-Kn-Wn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v˛- I-iva - o¿ 4898. G-Xv ]-©m-b-Øn-em-Wv B-\-ap-Sn-˛ aq-∂m¿ 4899. G-Xp {K-\v-Y-Øn¬-\n-∂p-≈ h-cn-I-fm-Wv Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-s‚ `nØn-bn¬ Im-Wp-∂-Xv-˛ Jp-dm≥ 4900. B-cym-h¿-Ø-sa-∂v A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ {]-tZ-iw-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 4901. G-‰-hpw Xn-c-t°-dn-b k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 4902. G-Xp kw-ÿm-\w hn-`-Pn-®m-Wv Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛ _o-lm¿ 4903. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw kn-\n-a-bm-°n-b C-¥y≥ t\m-h¬˛ tZ-h-Zm-kv 4904. G-Xv _m-“v-\n-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wv d-jy≥ hym-]mcn-bm-b A-X-t\-jy-kv \n-‡n≥ hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv aq∂m-a≥ 4905. c-‡-c-ln-X hn-π-hw \-S-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 4906. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv ]m-‰v-\-˛ Kw-K 4907. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS bq-tdm-]y≥ B-ÿm-\-am-b ]me-kv Hm-^v t\-j≥-kv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv -˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v 4908. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn ss]-e-‰v sse-k≥-kv t\-Sn-b hy-‡n-˛ sP.B¿.Un.Sm-‰ 4909. -tem-I-Øn-s‚- ^m-j≥-kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-˛ ]m-co-kv 4910. cm-a-\m-´w F-∂ {]m-No-\ I-em-cq-]-Øn-s‚ Cu-‰n-√w-˛ sIm-´m-c°-c 4911. cm-P¿-jn-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w tP-Xm-hv-˛ ]p--tjmØw Zm-kv T-≠≥ 4912. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy _-P-‰v A-h-X-c-Ww \-S-Øn-b hy-‡n-˛ k¿ sP-bnw-kv hn¬-k¨ (1860) 4913. a-[y-{]-tZ-in¬ Ipw-`-ta-f \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ D-÷-bn-\n 4914. D-Z-bw-t]-cq¿- kp-∂-l-tZm-kv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1599 4915. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn sS-en-t^m¨ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ \-K-cw-˛ sIm¬°-Ø 4916. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn tIm-´¨ an¬-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø (1818) 4917. e-≠-\n¬ C-¥ym lu-kv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ iymw-Pn Ir-jv-W-h¿-a 4918. C-‰-en-bv-°p-≈n¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 4919. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y {]-Jym-]n-® {]kn-U‚ v-˛ tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥4920. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ B-Zy-sØ kw-bp-‡ k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ 1961

120 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

4921. e-≠-\n¬-h-®p-I-≠ G-Xv C-¥y-°m-c-s‚ in-jy-Xz-am-Wv am¿-Kc-‰v t\m-_¬ kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ 4922. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏´-Xv-˛ 1962 4923. A-Xy-[n-Iw Xm-gv-∂ Du-jv-am-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ {I-tbmP-\n-Iv-kv 4924. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn Un.]n.C.]n. B-cw-`n-® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 4925. D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b-ti-jw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ tUm. F-kv. cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥ 4926. ayq-d¬ ]-tKm-U F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ sIm-´m-cw-˛ ]-Zv-a\m-`-]p-cw 4927. G-‰-hpw km-{μ-X Ip-d-™ tem-lw-˛ en-Yn-bw 4928. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n ˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 4929. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy I-ºyq-´¿ km-£-c-Xm {Km-aw-˛ Xr-»q¿ th-eqcn-se X-øq¿ {Km-aw 4930. d-jy≥ hn-πh - I - m-es - Ø km¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ \n-t°m-fm-kv c-≠ma≥ 4931. C-¥y-bn-se Np-h-∂ \-Zn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 4932. F-√m \n-d-ß-sf-bpw B-Kn-c-Ww sN-øp-∂ {]-X-ew G-Xp \n-dØn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ I-dp-∏v 4933. [m-Xp-k-º-Øn¬ C-¥y-bn¬ H-∂mw-kv-Ym-\-Øp-≈ kw-ÿm\w-˛ Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv 4934. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn sF-F-kv Un kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ \-K-cw-˛-apw-ss_ 4935. Cu-ÿ Zzo-]v G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv-˛ Nn-en 4936. dm-Wm-{]-Xm-]n-s‚ Ip-Xn-c-˛ tN-X-Iv 4937. F-√m cm-K-ß-fpw hm-bn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-Ko-tXm-]I-c-Ww-˛ km-cw-Kn 4938. C-¥y-bp-sS Nm-b-tØm-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-kw 4939. G-‰-hpw km-{μ-X Iq-Sn-b tem-lw-˛ Hm-kv-an-bw 4940. apw-ss_-bn¬ B-Zy tIm-´¨-an¬-ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1854 4941. F¬._n.U-ªyp G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ {In°-‰v 4942. F.]n.sP.A-_Z-v pƒ I-em-an-s\-Xn-sc {]-kn-U‚p Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ a¬-k-cn-®-Xv-˛ Iym-]v-‰≥ e-£v-an 4943. A-Iv-_¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ A-a¿-tIm-´v 4944. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ kp-tN-X Ir-]-em-\n 4945. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ cm-jv-{So-b \m-S-Iw-˛ ]m-´-_m-°n 4946. "-{]-Im-i-Øn-s≥-d- \-K-cw-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv4947. "-{^-©v- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- i-n-ip'-,- "hn-[n-bp-sS- a-\p-jy≥-'- F-∂o- A]-c-\m-a-ß-fn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥4948. [-\p¿-th-Zw F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-˛ B-tbm-[-\ hnZy 4949. [¿-a-cm-Pm-hv- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1798 4950. a-c-Wm-\-¥-c _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn `m-c-X-c-Xv-\ e-`n-® B-Zy-hy-‡n-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn 4951. a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ P-b-kw-ln-X 4952. a-lm-`m-jyw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]-X-⁄-en 4953. D-b¿-∂ Xm-]-\n-e-sb {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ ti-jn-bp-≈ •m-kv-˛ ss]-tdm-•m-kv 4954. c-P-\o-Im-¥n-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv ˛ in-hm-Pn-dm-hp sK-bv-Iv-hm-Zv 4955. `q-Zm-\-{]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ t]m-®-º-≈n 4956. [-hf - {- ]-Im-is - Ø L-SI - h - ¿-Wß - f - m-°n th¿-Xn-cn-°m≥ D-]t- bmKn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {]n-kw 4957. [m-Xp-°-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kz¿-Ww 4958. `-Sv-\-K¿ A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bn¬ \¬-Ip-∂p-˛ im-kv-{Xw 4959. `u-am-¥-co-£-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw A-]q¿-h-am-bp-≈ hm-X-Iw-˛ dm-tUm¨ 4960. `u-tam-]c - n-Xe - Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈ aq-eI - w-˛ HmIv-kn-P≥ 4961. c-P-X hn-π-hw F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ap-´ D¬-]m-Z\w 4962. c-≠p-X-h-W s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b h-\n-X-˛ ta-cn- Iyq-dn4963. A-ta-cn-° \m-K-km-°n-bn-en-´ t_mw-_v-˛ ^m-‰v am≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

28

 tI-cf - Ø - n¬ C.Fw.F-kv. \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ a-{¥n-k-` F-{X am-k-am-Wv `-cn-®-Xv  \n-°-en-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy  C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv  _m-kv-I-‰v-t_mƒ tIm¿-´n-s‚ \o-fw F-{X ao-‰-dm-Wv  H- Hu¨-kv F-{X {Kmw (28.35)  {In-°-‰v Ã-ºn-s‚ \o-fw F-{X C-©m-Wv  A-d-_n-`m-j-bn-se A-£-c-߃ F-{X  kq-cy-\n¬ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv lo-en-bw  `u-tam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ c-≠m-a-sØ aqe-I-am-b kn-en-°¨ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv (27.7)  bq-tdm-]y≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-se F-{Xm-a-sØ Aw-K-am-Wv s{Imtb-jy  U-_nƒ-kpw knw-Knƒ-kpw Dƒ-s∏-sS G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {Km≥Uv …mw In-co-S-߃ I-c-ÿ-am-°n-b ]p--j-Xm-cw F-∂ sdt°m¿-Un-\p-Sa - b - m-b tdm-bv F-ta-gvk - ¨ F-{X {Km≥-Uv …mw In-co-S-߃ t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v  H- A-am-hm-kn I-gn-™v A-Sp-Ø A-am-hm-kn B-Ip-hm≥ F-{X Zn-h-kw th-Ww  H- an-\n-´n¬ F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-Øn-em-Wv {`-a-Ww sNøp-∂X - v  `q-tKm-f-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ 4964. am- I v- _ - Ø v- F- ∂ I- Y m- ] m- { X- s Ø kr- j v- S n- ® - X m- c v- ˛ tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ 4965. {Uq-Iv-˛-bp¬ F-∂v X-t±-io-b¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ `q-´m≥ 4966. {_-“-]p-{X-bp-sS Zm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A-kw 4967. {Xn-]n-S-I-߃ G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ _p-≤-aXw 4968. {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv Im-a-cq-]w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A-kw 4969. {Im-ß-∂q¿, ap-kn-cn-kv, a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw F-∂o t]--I-fn-e-dn-bs∏-´ kv-Y-ew-˛ sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ 4970. {io-aq-ew {]-Pm-k-`-bn-te-°v t\m-an-t\-‰p sN-ø-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ A-[x-ÿn-X hn-`m-K-°m-c≥-˛ A-ø≥-Im-fn 4971. {K-l-]-´n-I-bn¬-\n-∂pw im-kv-{X-tem-Iw ]p-d-¥-≈n-b {K-lw-˛ πq-t´m 4972. {Km-ºq-hn-\v Kp-Ww \¬-Ip-∂ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ bq-Pn-t\mƒ 4973. C-¥y-bv-°v kzm-X-{¥yw In-´p-tºmƒ lu-kv Hm-^v tIm-a¨-knse {]-Xn-]-£ t\-Xm-hv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 4974. cm-Pn-h-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 4975. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Xp-em-h¿-jw A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-t∏mƒ- H-Iv-tSm_¿-˛-\-hw-_¿ 4976. tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-ß-fn-eq-sS H-gp-Ip-∂ \-Zn ˛-Um-\yq-_v 4977. tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-cn-I-sf B-I¿jn-°p-∂ tKm-]p-cw-˛ Cu-^¬ 4978. {Ko≥-e≥-Uv G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ \n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-em-Wv˛- sU-∑m¿°v 4979. F-hn-sS a-\- v `-b-c-ln-X-am-Ip-∂p-thm A-hn-sS in-c- v D-∂-Xam-Ipw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-Kq¿ 4980. F-hn-sS h-®m-Wv tUm.-Aw-t_-ZI v- ¿ A-\p-bm-bn-It- fm-sSm-∏w _p≤-a-Xw kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ \m-Kv-]q¿ 4981. {Ko≥-hn-®v k-ab - s - Ø-°mƒ F-{X a-Wn-°q¿ ap-∂n-em-Wv C-¥y≥ kv-‰m≥-tU¿-Uv k-a-bw-˛ A-©-c 4982. a-\p-jy-\n¬ _o-P-kw-tbm-Kw \-S-°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-h-®v-˛ ^-tem∏n-b≥ Syq-_v 4983. G-‰-hpw h-en-b ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 121

4984. a-\p-jytIm-iØn¬ F-{X enw-K t{Im-at- km-ap-If - p-≠˛v- H- tPmSn 4985. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se A-ÿn-Iƒ-˛ 206 4986. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S G-I-Zn-\ {In-°-‰v N-cn-{X-Øn¬ H-tcm-h-dn-se Bdp-]-¥pw kn-Iv-k-dn-\p ]-d-Øn-b B-Zy Xm-cw-˛ sl¿-j¬ Kn-_vkv 4987. A-an-Xm-`v _-®≥ B-Zy-am-bn A-`n-\-bn-® km-Zv ln-μp-ÿm-\n F-∂ Nn-{X-Øn-s‚ {]-ta-bw-˛ tKm-h≥ hn-π-hw 4988. A-cn-ºm-d D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p Im-c-Ww-˛ ssh-d-kv 4989. bp-≤w A--Xv F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-ap-≈ C-¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛ A-tbm-[y 4990. tIm-gn-t°m-Sv Pn-√-bn-se hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c tI-{μw-˛ Xp-jm-c-Kncn 4991. C-¥y-bn¬ t]m-ì kw-hn-[m-\w \-S-∏m-°n-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\d¬-˛ U¬-lu-kn 4992. tIm¨-{K-kn-se an-X-hm-Zn hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ t\-Xm-hv-˛ ˛-tKm-]m-eIr-jv-W tKm-J-se 4993. bp-dm-\-kv {K-l-sØ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Xn-tbm-U¿ sl¿-j¬ 4994. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-t[m-k-` F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ temIvk - ` 4995. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ D-]-cn-k-` F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ cm-Pyk-` 4996. a-e-_m¿ I-em-]-Øn-\p-ti-jw e-l-f-°m¿ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn hm-gn-®-Xv-˛ B-en ap-k-en-bm¿ 4997. a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a ]-{Xw- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-jØn¬-˛ F.Un.1890 4998. A-e-Iv-km-≠-dp-sS Ip-Xn-c-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ _yq-kn-^m-e-kv 4999. I-iv-ao¿ I-cm-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ l-cn-kn-Mv 5000. I-c-bn-se ar-K-ß-fn¬ h-ep-∏-Øn¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\w-˛ ln-t∏ms]m-´m-a-kv 5001. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛-Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cw 5002. G-Xv {K-l-Øn-s‚ D-]-{K-l-߃-°m-Wv tj-Iv-kv-]n-b-dp-sS IYm-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS t]-cv \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv ˛ ˛ bp-dm-\-kv 5003. hn-Iv-S¿ bq-tKm-bp-sS ]m-h-߃ a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v X¿-P-a sNbv-X-Xv-˛ \m-e-∏m-´p \m-cm-b-W ta-t\m≥ 5004. tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ \-Zn-I-sfm-gp-Ip-∂Xv-˛ Im-k¿-tIm-Sv 5005. G-Xv {K-l-Øn-em-Wv t{K-‰v Um¿-°v kv-t]m-´v Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s\-]v-‰yq¨ 5006. ssZ-h-`q-an-bp-sS kw-c-£-I≥ F-∂p h¿-Wn-°-s∏-´ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ C¬-Øp-an-jv 5007. am¿-∏m-∏-am¿ G-Xp ]-´-W-Øn-se _n-j-∏p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv-˛ tdmw 5008. G-Xv A-\p-t—-Zw {]-Im-c-am-Wv cm-jv-{S-]-Xn cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v 12 t]-sc \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ 80 5009. ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ ]q-t¥m-´w F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈ \-K-cw-˛ _m-KvZm-Zv 5010. i-t¶-gv-kv ho-°v-en-bp-sS ap-{Z F-¥m-bn--∂p-˛ I-gp-X-∏p-d-Øv sN≠-°m-c≥ 5011. G-Xv {K-l-Øn-s‚ D-]-{K-l-am-Wv ssS-‰m-\n-b-˛-bp-dm-\-kv 5012. tI-c-f-k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-\n-sS Km-‘n-Pn ]p-e-b-cm-P F-∂p hn-tijn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ A-ø≥-Im-fn 5013. I-\y-Im-dm-Wn sb-∂ t]-cn¬ tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤-bmb-Xv-˛ H-∂mw F-en-k-_-Øv dm-Wn 5014. {]m-No-\ C-¥y≥ kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b I-en-_w-K≥ GXp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ L-£¿ 5015. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv kmw-_m-Pn-sb h-[n-®-Xv-˛ Hu-dwK-ko-_v 5016. A¬-_p-°¿-°n-\v `-Sv-°¬ F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv tIm-´ \n¿-an-°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b hn-P-b-\-K-c `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-hcm-b¿ 5017. Aƒ-{Sm ku-≠v kvI - m-\n-Mv I-≠p-]n-Sn-®X - v˛- sF. sUm-Wmƒ-Uv 5018. ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ {]-Xn-]p--j≥ F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏- kzo-I-cn-®, ASn-a-hw-i-Øn-se kp¬-Øm≥-˛ _m¬-_≥ 5019. G-Xv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv Cw-Kv-fo-jv Cu-Ãn¥ym- ° - º - \ n e- ≠ - \ n¬ (F.Un.1600) ÿm- ] n- X - a m- b - X v - ˛ A-Iv-_¿

CONFUSING FACTS  tem-I-Øn-se ss_-kn-°nƒ \-K-cw ssN-\-bn-se s_bv-Pn-Mpw C-¥y-bn-te-Xv ]-©m-_n-se ep-[n-bm-\-bp-am-Wv.  a-™p Xn-∂p-∂-h≥ F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-ap-≈ {]m-tZ-in-I hmX-am-Wv Nn-\q-Iv. tUm-Iv-S¿ F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-ap-≈ {]m-tZin-I hm-Xw l¿-a-‰¨.  Kp--Pn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv am-[-h k-Zm-in-h tKm¬-h¬-°dpw Kp--tZ-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv c-ho-{μ-\m-Y Sm-tKm-dpw Bbn--∂p.  _n.kn. \m-en¬ A-K-kv-X-kv ko-k¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-∂ Im-e-Øm-Wv {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ P-\-\-sa-∂v I--X-s∏-Sp∂p. F.Un. 29˛¬ ssS-_o-cn-b-kv N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-eØm-Wv {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\ Ip-cn-in-te-‰n-b-Xv.  X-an-gv-\m-Sm-Wv C-¥y-bp-sS sX-s°-b-‰-sØ kw-ÿm-\-sa¶n-epw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ kw-ÿm-\ X-e-ÿm-\w Xn--h-\¥-]p-ca - m-Wv.  tZ-io-b a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωo-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\wa m - \ - h v A-[n-Im¿ `-h-\n-em-Wv. tI-{μ C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ I-Ωo-js‚ B-ÿm-\w B-K-kv-Xv {Im-¥n `-h-\n-ep-am-Wv. 5020. C-¥y-bn¬ A-®-Sn-® B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-f {K-Ÿw-˛ \m-ep kp-hnti-jß - ƒ 5021. in-h-Pn-bp-sS B-flo-b Kp--˛ cmw-Zm-kv 5022. G-Xv a-K-[-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv {io-_p-≤≥ A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛ A-Pm-Xi - {- Xp 5023. C-¥y-bn¬ kn-\n-am ]-ck - yw {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-® B-Zy ]-{Xw-˛ ssSwkv Hm-^v C-¥y 5024. G-Xv ap-Kƒ cm-P-Ip-am-c-\m-Wv `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X t]¿-jy-\n-te-°v X¿P-a sN-bv-X-Xv ˛ Zm-cm-jp-t°m 5025. Im-°-\m-S-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ tPm¿-Pv h¿-Ko-kv 5026. G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv- ap-Kƒ- in¬-]-I-e A-Xn-s≥-d ]m-c-ay-X-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv-˛-jm-P-lm≥5027. Im-®n-°p-dp-°n-sb-Sp-Ø I-hn-X- F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv B--sS cN-\-sb-bm-Wv-˛ ssh-tem-∏n-≈n 5028. Im-Ø-en-Iv F-∂ ]-Zw G-Xp `m-j-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv \n-jv-]-∂-amb-Xv-˛ {Ko-°v 5029. in-h-Pn-bp-sS a-{¥n-k-`-˛ A-jv-S-{]-[m≥ 5030. {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv-Z-£n-W-tIm-k-ew F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ kwÿm-\w-˛ N-Øo-kv-K-Vv 5031. G-‰-hpw- h-en-∏-ap-≈ ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n- ˛-H-´-I-∏-£n5032. im-¥ k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw _-‘n-∏n°p-∂ I-\m¬-˛ ]-\m-a I-\m¬ 5033. sI¬-hn≥ kv-sI-bn-en¬ a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s‚ km-[m-c-W Dujv-am-hv F-{X-bm-Wv-˛ 310 5034. G-Xv B-Iv-Sv {]-Im-c-am-Wv dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ 1934 se dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 5035. F≥.kn.F≥.F. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ \yq-kv G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 5036. G-Xp a-e-ap-I-fn-em-Wv sIm-ssU-°-\m¬-˛ ]-g-\n-a-e 5037. F≥.Un.F. k¿-°m-cn-s‚-bpw tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚-bpw ]n-¥p-Wtbm-sS {]-kn-U‚m-b hy-‡n-˛-F.]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 5038. G-‰h - pw h-en-b \m-jW - ¬ ]m¿-°v˛- hp-Uv _p-^t- em \m-jW - ¬ ]m¿-°v 5039. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰h - pw D-∂X - a - m-b A-∏o¬-t°m-SX - n-˛ kp-{]ow tImS-Xn 5040. G-‰-hpw e-h-Wmw-iw Iq-Sn-b I-S¬-˛ Nm-hp-I-S¬ 5041. s v Nn-In¬-k G-X-h-b-h-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ lrZ-bw 5042. G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®-p-Im-ew- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-≠m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ hneyw- sl≥-dn- lm-cn-k¨-

122 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5043. A-e-Iv-km-≠-dpw t]md-kpw G-‰p-ap-´n-b bp≤w-˛ ssl-Um-kv-]-kv bp-≤w 5044. G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-cØm-Wv {io-\m-cm-b-WKp- A--hn-∏p-dw in-h{]-Xn-jvT \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ s\-øm¿ 5045. G-Xp am-k-Øn-em-Wv sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S s]m-XpX]m¬ Ãmºn¬ {]Xy£s∏´ k-` km-[m-c-W-am-bn BZy aebmfn h\nX˛ knÿ k-tΩ-fn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ skA¬t^m≥kmΩ ]vX - w-_¿ 5046. A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U≠n-s≥-d- Im-e-m-h-[n-˛ \m-ep-h¿-jw5047. B-[p-\n-I _m-_n-tem¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ e-≠≥ 5048. G-Xp ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv in-h-Pn-sb X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-°n-bXv-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 5049. G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv t]m-tfm I-fn D¬-`-hn-®-Xv-˛ C-¥y 5050. G-Xp k-a-c-Øn-s‚ ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn--∂p Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-Im¿-°v-˛ a-e-bm-fn sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ 5051. G-Xp t£-{X-Øn-en--∂m-Wv ta¬-∏-Øq¿ \m-cm-b-Wo-bw c-Nn-®X - v˛- Kp--hm-bq¿ 5052. G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv ]p-en-‰v-k¿ k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xv ˛ am-[ya-{]-h¿-Ø-\w 5053. G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- ^-tØ-]q¿- kn-{In-sb-∂ X-e-kvYm-\-\-K-cw- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛-A-Iv-_¿5054. G-Xv C-¥y≥ \-Zn-bm-Wv Sn-_-‰n¬ km-Mv-t]m F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 5055. H-∂mw kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-sØ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ Im-\n-Mv {]-`p 5056. H- {]m-tZ-in-I C-¥y≥-`m-j-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn Im-d¬-am¿-Iv-kns‚ Po-h-N-cn-{Xw X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛ kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n sI.-cm-a-Irjv-W-]n-≈ 5057. H- In-tem kz¿-Ww F-{X ]-h-\m-Wv-˛ 125 5058. H-fn-ºn-Iv h-f-b-ß-fn¬ G-jy-sb {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ h-f-b-Øn-s‚ \n-dw-˛ a-™ 5059. hm¿-[-Iy-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ sP-dn-bm-{Sn-Iv-kv 5060. Hm-a-\-Øn-¶ƒ-°n-Sm-thm F-∂ Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ C-c-bn-Ω≥ X-ºn 5061. Hm-In-kn-P-\n-√m-sX F-h-d-Ãv Io-g-S-°n-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ ^yq-tZm¿-Pn 5062. k-ap-{Z-Øn¬- ]-Xn-°m-Ø- {]-ap-J- C-¥y≥- \-Zn-˛-eq-Wn5063. k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ i-cm-i-cn B-gw-˛ 3554ao-‰¿ 5064. k-ap-{Z-ß-fp-sS B-gw A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ F-t°m-ku-≠¿ 5065. In‚¿-Km¿-´≥ k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ t{^m-_¬ 5066. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy t]-∏¿ an¬ ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛ sklv-dmw-]q¿ 5067. kn-‰n Hm-^v tPm-bv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 5068. In-cm-Xm¿-Pp-\o-bw c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ `m-c-hn 5069. in-e-I-fp-sS am-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-t·-b-in-e 5070. C-¥y-bn-s¬- H-tc-sbm-- em≥-Uv- tem-°v-Uv- ta-P¿ Xp-d-ap-Jw- ˛ hn-im-J-]-´-Ww5071. kz-¥w Nm-c-Øn¬-\n-∂v D-bn¿-sØ-gp-t∂-‰v h--sa-∂ sF-Xoly-Øm¬ {]-i-kv-X-am-b ]-£n-˛ ^o-\n-Iv-kv 5072. Pnw- tIm¿-_-‰v- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°-n-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-˛-cmw -KwK5073. lr-Z-b-hm¬-hp-Iƒ-°v X-I-cm-dp-≠m-°p-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ hm-X-∏-\n 5074. C-¥y-bn-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-sb-∂p hn-ti-jn∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-kn 5075. s\-{lp t{Sm-^n h-≈w-I-fn-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ ss{]w an-\n-tÃgv-kv t{Sm-^n 5076. N- { μ- s ‚ D- ] - c n- X - e - Ø n¬ G- ‰ - h pw Iq- S p- X - e p- ≈ aq- e - I w- ˛ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ 5077. N-´-ºn-kzm-an-bp-sS k-am-[n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]-∑-\

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

29

 sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ Aw-K-am-Wv C-¥y  sN-ºn-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy  F-{Xmw h-b- n-em-Wv kn-≤m¿-Y≥ (_p-≤≥) sIm-´m-cw-hn´n-d-ßn-b-Xv  i-\n-°v kq-cy-s\ {]-Z-£n-Ww sN-øm≥ F-{X `u-a-h¿-j߃ B-h-iy-am-Wv  Nm-{μ-am-k-Øn-se Zn-h-k-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  tÃ-‰n-s‚ B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn-ep-≈ hn-Zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\-ßn¬ a-Xw,hw-iw,Pm-Xn, `m-j F-∂n-h-bp-sS t]-cn¬ {]-th-i-\w \n-tj-[n-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√m F-∂v A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S\m A-\p-t—-Zw  tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  i-\n-{K-l-Øn-\v H- {]m-h-iyw kq-cy-s\ {]-Z-£n-Ww sNøm≥ F-{X `u-a-h¿-j-߃ B-h-iy-am-Wv  `u-tam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv I-c-`m-Kw  `m-j, en-]n, kw-kv-Im-cw F-∂n-h-bp-sS ]-cn-c-£-W-sØ-°pdn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  F-{Xm-as - Ø H-fn-ºn-Ik v- m-Wv 2012˛¬ s_-bP v- nw-Kn¬ \-S∂ - X - v  C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv sXe¶m\ 5078. 5079. 5080. 5081. 5082. 5083. 5084. 5085. 5086. 5087. 5088. 5089. 5090. 5091. 5092. 5093. 5094. 5095. 5096. 5097. 5098. 5099. 5100. 5101. 5102.

C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy k-ºq¿-W km-£-c \-K-cw-˛ tIm-´-bw s]-cn-b ]p-cm-Ww F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ tk-°o-gm¿ s]-cn-bm¿ h-\y-ar-K-k-t¶-Xw G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ C-Sp-°n lw-k-hpw Z-a-b-¥n-bpw F-∂ Nn-{Xw B--tS-Xm-Wv-˛ cm-Pm chn-h¿-a Nm-en-k F-∂, \m¬-]-Xw-K a-X-ta-[m-hn-I-fp-sS kw-L-sØ Aa¿-® sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ _m¬-_≥ Nm-eq-Iy hw-i-Øn-se cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X≥-˛ ]p-en-tI-in c-≠m-a≥ kz¿-W-Øn-s‚ D-]-t`m-K-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw ap-∂n¬ \n¬-°p-∂ cmPyw-˛ C-¥y C-¥y-bn-se {_n-´o-jv A-[n-Im-cw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n C-¥ym Un-^≥-kv eo-Kv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ cm-{Xn-bn¬ ap-´-bv-°v B¨-]-£n A-S-bn-cn-°p-∂ hn-`m-Kw-˛-H-´I-∏-£n Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ A-S-ßn-bn-´n-√m-Ø B-kn-Uv-˛ ssl-t{Um-t¢m-dnIv B-kn-Uv C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy B-[p-\n-I k¿-h-I-em-im-e ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´Xv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø hm-Km A-Xn¿-Øn G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]-©m-_v C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy kn-a‚ v ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿm-]n-X-am-b ÿ-ew-˛-a{Zm-kv kw-L-Im-e tNm-f≥-am--sS Nn-”w-˛ I-Sp-h Pm-en-b≥ hm-em _m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e A-t\z-jn-® I-Ωn-j≥-˛ l≠¿ I-Ωn-j≥ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy ss]-e-‰v-˛ sP.B¿.Un.Sm-‰ kw-L-Im-e-Øv Po-hn-®n--∂ {]-i-kv-X-bm-b I-h-bn-{Xn-˛ Hu-Δbm¿ cm-{Xn-bpw ]-I-epw Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv `q-ta-J-e-bn-emWv-˛ `q-a-[y-tc-Jm-{]-tZ-i-Øv In-an-Km-tbm G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-Wv-˛ P-∏m≥ in-e-I-sf kw-_-‘n-® ]T-\w-˛ en-tØm-f-Pn In-tbm-em-Zn-tbm ]-£n k-t¶-Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ `-c-Xv-]q¿ tI-c-f-h¿-a ]p-e-t∏-Sn- F-∂ {]m-No-\m-Nm-cw- \n-tcm-[n-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1696 tI-c-f-hym-k≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ Ip-™n-°p-´≥ X-ºp-cm≥ Inw-_¿-en h-{P-J-\n G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° Kp-h-l-Øn-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ {]m-Kv-tPym-Xn-jv-]q¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 123

5103. 5104. 5105. 5106. 5107. 5108. 5109. 5110. 5111. 5112. 5113. 5114. 5115. 5116. 5117. 5118. 5119. 5120. 5121. 5122. 5123. 5124. 5125. 5126. 5127. 5128.

In-Xm-_v D¬ ln-μv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ A¬ s_-dq-Wn Ip-¶p-a-∏q-hn-s≥-d \m-Sv-˛ Im-iv-ao¿Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy Nn-{Xw-˛ hn-Mv-kv kq-cy-s‚ {X-kn-°p-∂ D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-\p ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ t^mt´m-kv-^n-b¿ Hm-kv-I¿ in-ev-]-Øn-\v B t]- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ am¿-K-c-‰v sl-dn-Iv hn-π-hw H- A-Øm-g-hn--∂-√ F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ am-thm tkXp-Mv hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ km-ln-Xy s\m-t_-en-\v A¿-l-\m-b h¿jw-˛ 1953 kp-tam Kp-kv-Xn G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Z-amWv-˛ P-∏m≥ Kp-Uv-Km-hv hy-h-km-b ta-J-e G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ l-cn-bm-\ Iym-_n-\-‰v k-tΩ-fn-°p-tºmƒ A-[y-£X -- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {][m-\-a-{¥n Iyq-_-bn¬ 1959˛¬ ^n-U¬ Im-kv-t{Sm B¿-s°-Xn-sc-bm-Wv hn-π-hw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ _m-‰n-à Im-‰n-s‚ th-Kw A-f-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ A-\ntam-ao-‰¿ Im¿-s_m-dm-≠-Øn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ kn-en-°¨ Im¿-ss_-Uv Im¿-se-bn-ep-≈ {]-i-kv-X-am-b ssN-Xy \n¿-an-®-Xv G-Xp hw-i°m--sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛ i-X-hm-l-\ Im¿-t_m-ssl-t{U-‰n-s\ G-Xp cq-]-Øn-em-Wv I-c-fn¬ ti-J-cn°p-∂-Xv-˛ ss•-t°m-P≥ Im¿-t´m-{Km-^¿ F-¥m-Wv \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛ `q-]-Sw k-∂ym-kn-am--sS cm-Pyw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sIm-dn-b k-º-∂-Xo-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ tIm-Ãm-dn-° k-ºq¿-W km-£-c-X ssI-h-cn-® C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Pn-√˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw k-ºq¿-W km-£-c-X t\-Sn-b C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-´-Ww˛ tIm-´-bwIm-bn-I ]-cn-io-e-I¿-°p-≈ tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Uv-˛ t{Zm-Wm-Nm-cy A-hm¿-Uv K¿- _ G- X p kw- ÿ m- \ - s Ø X- \ - X m- b \r--Ø cq- ] - a m- W v - ˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv c-≠p-Im-en-tem-Sp-∂ Po-hn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw th-Kw Iq-Sn-b-Xv ˛ H-´I-∏-£n Cw-•o-jv km-ln-Xy-Øn-se {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS I-hn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv-˛ th-Uv-kv-h¿-Øv F-Un-k¨ \n¿-an-® N-e-®n-{X b-{¥w-˛ ssI-\-t‰m-{Km-^v G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n

tI- f p- N - c ¨ a- l m- ] m- { X- b p- a m- b n _-‘-s∏-´ I-em-cq-]w-˛ H-Uo- n

tNmZyw; DØcw tUm.Awt_ZvIdpsS kam[n  tUm.Awt_Zv I dpsS kam[n ÿew ssN{X`qan, ssNX\y`qan, ssNXy`qan F∂nßs\ hyXykvXambn ]e ]pkvXIßfn¬ ImWp∂p. GXmWv icn? tUm.Awt_ZvIdpsS kam[nbpsS t]cv ssNXy`qan F∂mWv. CXv apwss_-bn¬ ZmZ-dn\p kao]amWv.

5129. k¿-°m¿ A-©¬ F-∂ t]cn¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ H- t]mì k¿-ho-kv B-cw-`n-®Xm-cv-˛ Sn.am-[-h-dm-hp 5130. tI-c-f-Øn-se tlm-f-≠v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-Ip-´-\m-Sv 5131. tI-cf - Ø - n-se tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\ß - f - n¬ knw-lh - m-e≥ Ip-cß - n-s\ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ssk-e‚ v hm-en 5132. Iq-\q¿ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-sØ kp-J-hm-k-tI-{μw-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 5133. iq-\ym-Im-i-tØ-°v B-Zy-am-bn bm-{X sN-bv-X -\mbbp-sS t]cv-˛ se-bv-I 5134. hn-am-\-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ C-‘-\w-˛ G-hn-tb-j≥ kv-]ncn-‰v 5135. I-\n-jv-I-s‚ sIm-´m-cw ssh-Zy≥-˛ N-c-I≥ 5136. hn-am-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-߃ \n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ ssS-‰m-\n-bw 5137. Iw-]yq-´-dp-Iƒ-s°m-∏w G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ t]mbn‚n-Mv D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ au-kv 5138. Iw-Km--hn-s‚ \m-Sv-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 5139. I-Wn-bw-Ip-fw- bp-≤w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1634 5140. I-f-hp ]-d-bp-tºmƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ t]m-fn-{Km^v 5141. h-b\ - m-Sv Pn-√b - n-se, k-ap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬-\n-∂pw D-bc - Ø - n-em-bn ÿnXn sN-øp-∂ X-Sm-Iw-˛ ]q-t°m-Sv 5142. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t]¿ kw-km-cn-°p-∂ {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-˛ sX-ep-¶v 5143. h-cm-l-an-ln-c≥ B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{Iam-Zn-Xy≥ 5144. C-¥y-bn¬ t{]m-P-Iv-Sv F-en-^‚ v B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1991˛92 5145. H-cn-°-epw, H-cn-°-epw....H-cn-°-epw ]m-Xn-h-gn-bn¬ D-t]-£n-°-Xv ˛-F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 5146. tIm¨-{K-kn-Xc - k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Im-eØ - v `m-cX - c - X - v\ - t\-Sn-b BZy t\-Xm-hv-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 5147. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn F.Sn.Fw. kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ \-K-cw-˛ apw-ss_ 5148. I-fn-a¨ ]m-{X-߃ B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 5149. hn-am-\-Øn-se ªm-°v t_m-Iv-kn-s‚ \n-dw-˛ Hm-d-©v 5150. a-lm-\m-b A-e-Iv-km-≠-dp-sS am-Xm-hv-˛ H-fnw-]n-b-kv 5151. A-lp-Z a-kv-Z-bpw A-{ln-am-\pw \-∑-sb-bpw Xn-∑-sb-bpw {]-Xn\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ a-Xw-˛ ]m-gv-kn a-Xw 5152. Im-a-kq-{Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ h¬-kym-b-\≥ 5153. Im-bv-I-fp-s≠-¶n-epw hn-Øn-√m-Ø k-kyw-˛-hm-g 5154. C-¥y≥ kn-\n-a-bn-se {]-Y-a-h-\n-X F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ \¿Ko-kv Z-Øv 5155. Im-bw G-Xn-\-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv-˛ sd-kn≥ 5156. hn-‰m-an≥ kn bp-sS cm-k-\m-aw-˛ A-kv-tIm¿-_n-Iv B-kn-Uv 5157. Hu-j-[n-I-fp-sS am-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xp-f-kn 5158. hw-K-_-‘p F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ sj-bv-Jv ap-Po-_v d-lv-am≥ 5159. I-_o-dn-s‚ Kp--˛ cm-am-\-μ≥ 5160. tI-c-fw-˛-a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS am-Xr-`q-an c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ C.Fw.F-kv. 5161. tI-c-f-Xo-c-Øv [m-Xp-a-W¬ th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ tI-{μ K-h¨-sa‚ v D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈ ^m-Iv-S-dn-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-b¿ F¿-Øv en-an-‰-Uv 5162. Rm≥ a-cn-°p-∂-Xv th-≠-{X ssh-Zy≥-am--sS k-lm-b-Øm-emWv F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn 5163. t¢m-Wn-ßn-eq-sS kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy ]q-®-˛ Im¿-_¨ tIm∏n

124 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5164. km-[m-c-W-am-bn `-£y-hn-j-_m-[-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-b _m-Iv-So-cnb G-Xv-˛ t¢m-kv-{So-Un-bw t_m-´p-en-\w 5165. Km-‘n kn-\n-a-bp-sS kw-Ko-X kw-hn-[m-b-I≥-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v c-hni-¶¿ 5166. Im≥ ^n-enw s^-Ãn-h¬ B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1946 5167. Im¿-_¨ tU-‰n-ßn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ sF-tkm-tSm-∏v-˛ Im¿_¨-˛14 5168. G-jym-‰n-Iv sK-bnw-kn-\v G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv F-∂ t]- \¬In-b-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 5169. G-Xp a-X-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ B-Nm-c-am-Wv tbmw In-∏q¿-˛ b-lq-Z 5170. G-Xp h¿-jw-ap-X-em-Wv sam-Øw km-ln-Xy kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ ]-cnK-Wn-®v ⁄m-\-]oTw \¬-In-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛ 1982 5171. H-∂p-In¬ C-¥y-°v kzm-X-{¥yw A-s√-¶n¬ H- kz-X-{¥-cmPy-Øv B-d-Sn-a-Æv F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ au-em-\m ap-l-Ω-Zv A-en 5172. I-∂-U-bn-se ]p-Xp-h¿-jw-˛ D-Km-Zn 5173. km-[m-c-W-Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-I-kn-°p-∂ ]Zm¿-Yw-˛ ko-kn-bw 5174. I-em-ssa≥ G-Xn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛ kn-¶v (\m-Iw) 5175. tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ a-e-bm-f km-ln-Xy-Imc≥-˛ F-kv.sI. s]m-‰-°m-´v 5176. tI-{μ _-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-® G-I a-e-bm-fn-˛ tPm¨ a-Øm-bn 5177. tImw-tKm dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚ ÿm-]-I t\-Xm-hv-˛ ]m-{Sn-kv ep-apw-_ 5178. t¢m-Wn-ßn-eq-sS kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy Ip-Xn-c-˛ s{]m-an-Xy 5179. tKm-hm-en-b Sm-¶v C-t∏mƒ F-¥p-t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ HmK-kv-‰v {Im-¥n ssa-Xm-\w 5180. C-¥y≥ km-aq-ln-I hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 5181. C-¥y≥ kn-\n-a-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Zm-Zm kmtl-_v ^m¬-t° 5182. A-e-l-_m-Zv \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 5183. A-h-km-\-sØ kpw-K-cm-Pm-hv-˛ tZ-h-`q-Xn 5184. ap-Ø-»n B--sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ _m-em-a-Wn-b-Ω 5185. ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-°n-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ Pq-\m cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ 5186. apw-Xm-kv-a-l-en-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ A¿-Pp-am-μv-_m-\p _o-Kw 5187. B-{‘m-tI-k-cn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Sn.{]-Im-iw 5188. B--sS k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-bm-Wv apw-ss_-bn¬ tK-‰v th Hm-^v C-¥y \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ tPm¿-Pv cm-Pm-hn-s‚ 5189. B-kq-{Xn-X-am-bn D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ a-\p-jy≥ B-Zy-ambn D-]-tbm-Kn-® tem-lw-˛ sN-ºv 5190. C.sI.\m-b-\m--sS ]q¿-W-\m-aw-˛ G-d-ºm-e Ir-jv-W≥ \m-b\m¿ 5191. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ aq-∂p L-S-I-߃-˛ tem-Iv-k-`, cm-Pyk-`, cm-jv-{S-]-Xn 5192. G-Xp hn-f-sb _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-K-am-Wv {Zp-X-hm-´w-˛ Ip--ap-f-Iv 5193. G-Xp hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv G-‰-hpw H-Sp-hn¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv 5194. C-¥y≥ ¢m-kn-°¬ kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ km-cw-K-tZ-h≥ 5195. C-¥y≥ A-°m-Z-an Hm-^v k-b≥-k-kv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ kn.hn.cma≥ 5196. C-¥y≥ A-cm-P-I-Xz-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´-Xv-˛ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ 5197. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÃ-‰v tIm¨-{K-kv cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1938 5198. em-‰-d≥ D-S-º-Sn {]-Im-cw 1929˛¬ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ h-Øn°m≥ 5199. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v Iu¨-kn¬ t^m¿ ssN¬-Uv sh¬-s^-b-dn-s‚ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 5200. tI-c-f-Øn¬ BZy-ambn A©v h¿-jw Im-emh-[n ]q¿-Ønbm°nb kv-]o-°¿ -˛ Fw. hn-P-b-Ip-am¿ 5201. tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ Po-h-\p-≈ h-kvXp-˛ h-≠v 5202. cm-Pm-tI-ih - Z- m-kv- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Zn-hm-\m-bX - v- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1789 5203. D-Ø-cm-kz-bw-h-cw- B-´-°-Y F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ C-c-bn-Ω≥ X-ºn 5204. tI-c-f t]m-ì k¿-°nƒ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1961

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

30

cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-Im-\p-≈ Ip-d-™ {]m-bw A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ sk-\-‰w-K-am-Im-\p-≈ Ip-d-™ {]m-bw `q-an-bp-sS I-c-`m-K-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-Xam-\-am-Wv G-jy C-¥y-bp-sS ]-Sn-™m-dv, In-g-°v tc-Jmw-i-߃ X-Ωn¬ GtI-Z-iw F-{X Un-{Kn-bp-sS hy-Xym-kw D-≠v H- {]-tZ-i-Øv Ip-d-™-Xv F-{X h¿-j-am-bn A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Zn-\m-¥-co-£ ÿn-Xn-bm-Wv A-hn-S-sØ Im-em-h-ÿ F-{X Zn-h-kw \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂ B-tLm-j-am-bn--∂p amam-¶w (]p-jy-]q-bw ap-X¬ am-L-a-Iw h-sc) c-≠v k-a-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ F-{X an-\n-´v k-a-b-hy-Xymkw D-≠v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-Ωn-‰n-bm-b F-Ãn-ta-‰v-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bn-se Aw-K-߃  \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS D-]-cn-k-`-bm-b e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv Iu¨-knen¬ Aw-K-am-Im-\p-≈ Ip-d-™ {]m-bw H- t¢m-°n-se a-Wn-°q¿ kq-Nn H- a-Wn-°q¿-sIm-≠v F{X Un-{Kn Xn-cn-bpw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ Hm-^o-k¿-°v A-t]-£ sIm-Sp-Øm¬ F-{X Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ hn-h-cw e-`y-am-°-Ww 2012-˛¬ e-≠-\n¬ \-S-∂-Xv F-{Xm-a-Xv k-Ω¿ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kmWv t_mw-s_ tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©n-se Hm-l-cn hn-]-Wn kqNn-I-bm-b _n-F-kv-C sk≥-sk-Iv-kn¬ en-Ãv sN-bv-Xn-´p≈ I-º-\n-I-fp-sS F-Æ-sa-{X Km-‘n-Pn B-sI F-{X D-]-hm-k-߃ A-\p-jvTn-®n-´p-≠v

5205. tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ssI-h-gn-Iƒ D-≈ \-Zn-˛ B-atkm¨ 5206. Xq-h-en-s≥-d km-{μ-X G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b ]-£n- ˛ s]≥-Kzn-≥5207. tZ-io-b t\-Xm-°-fp-sS kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-bn hr-£-tØm-´-ap-≈ tIc-f-Øn-se ÿ-ew-˛ s]--h-Æm-aq-gn 5208. Xr-∏-Sn-Zm-\w \-S-Øn-b Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-hv ˛-am¿-Øm-Wv-Uh¿-a 5209. k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_¬ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\¿-l-bm-b B-Zy-h-\n-Xbm-b s_¿-Ø thm¨ k-Sv-\¿ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-cn-bm-bn--∂p-˛ kzo-U≥ 5210. tZ-io-b] - X - m-Ib - p-sS C-∂s - Ø cq-]w Aw-Ko-Ic - n-® Xo-bX - n-˛ 1947 Pq-sse 22 5211. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Cu-g-h-k-`-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ tUm.]¬-]p 5212. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww \-S-Øn-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 5213. X-]m¬ Ãm-ºn-eq-sS B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ tZ-io-b t\-Xmhv-˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 5214. C-c-´-k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bpw {]-kn-U‚p-am-b tem-IØn-se B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ t]m-f-≠v 5215. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Po-hn-X-ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈ k-ky-߃ G-Xv hn`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ Pnw-t\m-kv-t]w-kv 5216. Xp-º tdm-°-‰v tem-©n-Mv tÃ-j-\n¬-\n-∂v hn-t£-]n-® B-ZysØ tdm-°-‰v-˛ ss\-°v A-∏m-s® 5217. h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°v G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `m-cw A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-lw˛ hym-gw 5218. I-Æo-w In-\m-hpw B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏mSv 5219. X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ D-Z-bv-]q¿ 5220. X-sse-am-∂m¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ {io-e-¶ 5221. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ km-º-Øn-I X-e-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kq-dn®v G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 125

5222. U¬-ln kp¬-Øm-t\-‰n-s‚ A-¥yw Ip-dn-® bp-≤w-˛ H-∂mw ]m\n-∏-´p-bp-≤w(1526 G-{]n¬ 21) 5223. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿,- Xn--˛-sIm-®n,- tI-c-fw- F-∂o- aq-∂v- kw-kv-Ym-\ß-fn-epw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n,- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- tk-h-\a-\p-jv-Tn-®n-S-Sp-≈ hy-Iv-Xn-˛ ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈ 5224. cm-am-\p-P≥ (1017˛1137)F-¥n-s‚ hym-Jym-Xm-hm-bn--∂p-˛ hn-injv-Sm-ssZz-Xw 5225. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b tZ-io-b-]m-X _‘n-∏n-°p∂ \K-c-߃ -˛ (I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-˛ hm-cm-W-kn 5226. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰h - pw ]-g° - a - p-≈ F-Æi - p-≤o-IW - i - m-e˛- Zn-Kt-v _mbn 5227. tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS Im-em-h-[n I-gn-™m-epw ]p-Xn-b k-` k-tΩfn-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc Xp-S--∂-Xv-˛ kv-]o-°¿ 5228. B--sS `m-cy-bm-Wv ta-cn tSm-Uv-˛ F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ 5229. {_-“-th-Zw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-Y¿-hw 5230. tZ-io-b P-e-]m-X-˛3 G-sXm-s° ÿ-e-ß-sf _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-˛ tIm-´-∏p-dw-˛ sIm-√w 5231. k-kv-X-\n-I-f-√m-Ø P-¥p-°-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏w Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛ ap-Xe 5232. tZ-io-b _-lp-a-Xn t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-f Nn-{Xw-˛ \o-e°p-bn¬ 5233. C-¥y-bn¬ k-a-{K P-e-\-b-Øn-\p cq-]w \¬-In-b B-Zy kwÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 5234. G-Xv t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv tIm¨-{K-kv ]q-\m k-‘n-bn¬ G¿s∏-´-Xv ˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 5235. tZ-io-b kp-c-£m-k-an-Xn-bp-sS A-[y-£≥-˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 5236. kzm-Xn-Xn--\mƒ- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1846 5237. U-®p-Im¿ B-Zyw D-S-º-Sn-bp-≠m-°n-b C-¥y-bn-se cm-Pm-hv-˛ km-aq-Xn-cn 5238. Zn-{_p-K-Vv G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 5239. Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v Zn-h-kw km-[m-c-W co-Xn-bn¬ t]m-fn-Mv Bw-`nt°-≠ k-a-bw-˛ cm-hn-se 7 a-Wn 5240. Xp-©-Øv- F-gp-Ø-Nv-O-s≥-d Im-e-L-´w F-t∏mƒ-˛- F.Un. 1495˛1575 5241. Zpw-t_m¿ X-Sm-Iw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv ˛ {Xn-]p-c 5242. G-‰-hpw D-®-Øn¬ i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Po-hn-˛ \o-eØn-anw-Kn-ew 5243. {In-°-‰v ]n-®n-s‚ ho-Xn-˛ 3.05 ao. 5244. Xr-jv-W h-\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-Xw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ {Xn-]p-c 5245. X-t®m-fn H-tX-\≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ h-S-I-c 5246. X-t±-i-`m-j-bn¬- a-m-Pym¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Py-ta-Xv- -˛-lw-Kdn5247. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ hm-®v I-º-\n-I-fm-Wv dm-tUm, tdm-f-Iv-kv F∂n-h-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v 5248. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ B-\-apSn 5249. Xm-jv-sI‚ v I-cm¿ H-∏p-h-® ]m-Iv {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ A-bp-_v-Jm≥ 5250. C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ H-fn-ºn-Iv I-Ωn-‰n, H-fn-ºn-Iv ayq-kn-bw F-∂n-hbp-sS B-ÿm-\-am-b tem-sk-bv≥ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ kzn-‰vk¿-e‚ v 5251. Zn _n-Kv B-∏nƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 5252. G-‰-hpw h-en-∏w Iq-Sn-b a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈ Po-hn-˛ \o-e-Øn-anw-Knew 5253. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-` B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1888 5254. Xn-c-°-Y-bv-°v tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ Fkv.F¬.]p-cw k-Zm-\-μ≥ 5255. Zq-Øv km-K¿ sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ tKm-h 5256. Zzm-c-I-\m-Yv t£-{X-Øn-se B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ Ir-jv-W≥ 5257. X-an-gv-\m-´n¬ Hm-^v-sk-‰v A-®-Sn-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ in-hIm-in 5258. X-an-gv-\m-´n¬ kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \-S∂ D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø a-e-bm-fn-˛-Pn.cm-a-N-{μ≥ 5259. N-e-®n-{X-am-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-f t\m-h¬-˛ am¿-Øm-WvU-h¿-a 5260. Pn≥-sk-Mv F-∂ k-ky-Øn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ ssN-\

CONFUSING FACTS  ss\-P¿ kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b-Xv {^m≥-kn¬-\n-∂pw ss\Po-cn-b kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b-Xv {_n-´-Wn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv.  Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ]-≠v Xm-eq-°p-Iƒ a-Wv-U-]-Øpw-hm-Xp°¬ F-∂pw sIm-®n-bn¬ tIm-hn-e-I-Øpw hm-Xp-°¬ F∂p-am-Wv A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv.  \q-dp _-b-W-‰p-I-sf-°mƒ i-‡n-bp-≈-h-bm-Wv \m-ep ]{X-߃ F-∂p-]-d-™-Xv s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ t_m-W-∏m¿-´m-Wv. sh-Sn-bp-≠-sb-°mƒ i-‡n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv _m-e-‰v (Ballet is stronger than Bullet) F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ B-Wv.  {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw kzo-I-cn-® B-Zy-sØ tdm-a≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bmWv tIm¨-Ã-ss‚≥. tdm-am km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ Hu-tZym-KnI a-Xw {In-kv-Xp-a-X-am-°n-b-Xv Xn-tbm-tUm-kn-b-kv H-∂m-as‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv.  h-tμ-am-X-cw B-Zy-am-bn B-e-]n-® tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f\w 1896te-Xm-Wv. P-\-K-W-a-\ B-e-]n-®-Xv 1911te-Xpw. 5261. tem-I-Øn-s‚ F-√m `m-K-Øpw Ir-jn sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ G-I `-£yh-kv-Xp-˛ Im-c-‰v 5262. a-e-bm-f-Øn-s‚ B-Zn-I-hn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ No-cma≥ 5263. X-an-gv-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ H-Uo-kn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-Wn-ta-J-sse 5264. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ {Xn Un Nn-{Xw-˛ _m-\m sU-hnƒ 5265. tUm-.- ]¬-∏p-hn-s≥-d t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- Cu-g-h sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- GXv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛-F.Un.1896 5266. tI-{μ s]m-Xp-_-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂ Zn-h-kw-˛ ^n-{_-h-cn-bnse A-h-km-\-sØ {]-hr-Øn Zn-h-k-Øn¬ 5267. Uyp-dm‚ v sse≥ G-sXm-s° cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn-em-Wv-˛ ]m-Inkv-Xm-\pw A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-\pw (]-g-b {_n-´o-jv km-{am-Py-hpw A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-\pw) 5268. tlm-°n {Ku-≠n-s‚ \o-fw-˛ 91.4 ao. 5269. Un.F≥.F.bp-sS ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛-Un Hm-Iv-kn ssd-t_m \yq-Iv-fnIv B-kn-Uv 5270. X-\n-°p-ti-jw B-sc Kp--hm-bn I-W-°m-°m-\m-Wv tKm-_n-μvkn-Mv \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-˛ B-Zn-{K-Ÿ-sØ 5271. U¬-ln-bn¬-\n-∂pw tZ-h-Kn-cn-bn-te-°v X-e-ÿm-\w am-‰n-b Xp•-Iv kp¬-Øm≥-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 5272. tZ-io-tbm-Z{v- K-Y\ - w t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-°p-∂ kn-\n-aI - ƒ-°p-≈ \mj-W¬ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ \¿-Ko-kv Z-Øv A-hm¿-Uv 5273. U-®p-Im¿ C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿm-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛ a-kqen-]-´-Ww 5274. tZ-h-`q-an-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø-cm-J-WvUv 5275. tZ-h-cm-b≥ H-∂m-a-s‚ Im-e-Øv hn-P-b-\-K-cw k-μ¿-in-® C-‰-en°m-c≥-˛ \n-t°m-tfm tIm-≠n 5276. tlm¿-Øq-kv a-e-_m-dn-°-kv c-Nn-°-s∏-´ `m-j-˛ em-‰n≥ 5277. tU-hn-Uv tIm-∏¿-^o¬-Uv- B--sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv-˛ Nmƒ-kv Un°≥-kv 5278. tPm-_v- t^m¿- an-ey¨-kv,- thm-bv-kv- Hm-^v- tIm¨-jy-≥-kv- F∂o- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hn- hn- Kn-cn5279. tlm-_n-If - p-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂d - n-b-s∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- Ãm-ºp-ti-Jc - W - w (^n-em-s‰-en) 5280. tPm-°n F-∂ ]-Zw G-Xp a¬-k-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p˛ Ip-Xn-c-∏-¥-bw 5281. tUm.- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- 1956¬- kzo-I-cn-® a-Xw-˛ _p-≤-a-Xw5282. tKmƒ-U≥ s{X-tjmƒ-Uv B--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv-˛ k-tcm-Pn-\n \mbn-Up 5283. tI-cf - tam-∏k - m-Mv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ F-gp-Øp-Im-c≥-˛ X-Ig - n inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈

126 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5284. C-¥y-bn¬ tSm-°¨ I-d≥-kn k-{º-Zm-bw B-Zy-am-bn \-S-∏m°n-b-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 5285. hm-en-s‚ A-‰-Øv In-ep-ßp-∂ H- `m-K-ap-≈ ]m-ºv-˛ dm-‰n¬ kvt\-°v 5286. {Sm-^n-Iv kn-·-en¬ Np-h-∏v {]-Im-iw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Im-c-Ww˛ X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Lyw Iq-Sp-X-em-b-Xn-\m¬ 5287. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y G¿-s∏-Sp-Ønb {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ ^-{Ip-Zo≥- A-en- A-l-Ω-Zv5288. Hm-K-kv-Xv 15 P-∑-Zn-\-am-b kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛ A-c-hn-μtLm-jv 5289. hm-kv-tIm- U Km-a-bp-sS a-c-Ww- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛-F.Un.1524 5290. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v hn-P-bn-˛ tdm-k-Ω ]p-∂q-kv 5291. _w-Kmƒ hn-`-P-\-Im-e-Øv km-bp-[ k-a-c-Øn-\v B-lzm-\w sNbv-X bp-Km-¥-dn-s‚ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-˛ `q-t]-{μ-\m-Yv Z-Ø 5292. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS C-jv-S {]m¿-Y-\m-Ko-X-am-b ssh-jv-W-h P-\-tXm .... c-Nn-® Kp-P-dm-Øn I-hn-˛ \-c-knw-l ta-Ø 5293. P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp A-[y-£-X h-ln-® B-Zy tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ 1929˛-se em-tlm¿ k-tΩ-f-\w 5294. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn tem-´-dn B-cw-`n-® kw-kv-Ym-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 5295. N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛-I-Æ-Ωq-e 5296. kz-X-{¥ tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ dn®m¿-Uv kv-‰mƒ-am≥ 5297. hn-P-b-\-K-c-km-{am-Pyw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ l-cn-l-c-\pw _p-°-\pw 5298. I¿-Wm-SI - kw-Ko-XØ - n-se {Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - ˛-v iyma-im-kv-{Xn, Xym-K-cm-P kzm-an-Iƒ, ap-Øp-kzm-an Zo-£n-X¿ 5299. {Xn-I-Sp F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Np-°v,ap-f-Iv,Xn-∏-en 5300. C-¥y-bn-se [m-Xp \n-t£-]-Øn-s‚ I-e-h-d F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ tOm-´m-\m-Kv-]q¿ ]oT-`qan 5301. {Xn-th-Wn kw-K-aw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv 5302. Im-an-\n dn-bm-Iv-S¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ I¬-∏m-°w (X-an-gv-\m-Sv) 5303. in-h-Pn P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ in-h-t\¿ 5304. ssSw am-K-kn-s‚ G-jy≥ F-Un-j-s‚ I-h-dn¬ ÿm-\w ]n-Sn® B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-Xm Im-bn-I-Xm-cw-˛ km-\n-b an¿-k 5305. A-[x-Ir-X¿-°v {]-tXy-I \n-tbm-P-I-a-Wv-U-ew th-W-sa-∂p hmZn-® t\-Xm-hv ˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 5306. tZ-io-b ]-bd - p-h¿-K K-th-jW - tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-W˛-v Im¨-]q¿ 5307. G-Xv tem-lw A-Sn-™p-Iq-Sp-∂X - n-s‚ ^-ea - m-bn-´m-Wv hn¬-k¨kv tcm-Kw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛-sN-ºv 5308. B--sS B-Zy Ir-Xn-bm-Wv K-tP-{μ-tam-£w h-©n-∏m-´v-˛-{io-\mcm-bW - K - p- 5309. h-\-{]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ G-Xp kwÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 5310. B-eo-kv C≥ h-≠¿-em≥-Uv- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ eq-bn I-tcmƒ 5311. h-\m-©¬ F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv 5312. C-¥y-bn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ sF.F.Fkp-Im-c≥-˛ A-Pn-Xv tPm-Kn 5313. tZ-io-b a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωo-j≥ cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1993 5314. h-\n-X, {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw cm-Pyw-˛ ]m-In-kvXm≥ 5315. C-¥y-bn¬ B-cy≥-am¿ B-Zyw Xm-a-k-ap-d-∏n-® {]-tZ-iw-˛ ]-©m_v 5316. ssX-cn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ B-kn-Uv-˛ em-Iv-Sn-Iv B-kn-Uv 5317. H-‰-∏m-ew k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y--£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ Sn.{]-Im-iw 5318. B-Zy-sØ G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv 1951˛¬ D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ tUm.cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv 5319. {Sm-°n-Im¿-Un-b F-∂m-se-¥v-˛ Iq-Sn-b \n-c-°n-ep-≈ lr-Z-b-anSn-∏v 5320. ssSw sa-jo≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ F-®v.Pn.sh¬-kv 5321. 1857se C-¥y≥ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ c-‡-km£n-˛ aw-Kƒ ]m-Wv-sU 5322. l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I {]-`m-hw Im-c-Ww G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Nq-S-\p`-h-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-lw ˛ ip-{I≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

31

 {Kn-tKm-dn-b≥ I-e-≠-dn¬ H--am-k-Øn-se ]-c-am-h-[n Znh-k-ß-fp-sS F-Æw  Km-en-b-Øn-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy  F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv tem-Ivk-`-bp-sS Aw-K-kw-Jy 525˛¬-\n-∂v 545 B-bn D-b¿-Ønb-Xv  kz-Ø-h-Im-i-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—Zw F-{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv  2011 sk≥-k-kv {]-Im-cw C-¥y-bn-se \-K-c P-\-kw-Jy F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv (31.16) 5323. s{]m-Uyq-k¿ Kym-kv G-Xn-s‚-sbm-s° an{in- X - a m- W v - ˛ Im¿_¨ tam- t Wm- I v ssk-Uv, ss\-{S-P≥ 5324. s{K- b n≥ B¬- ° tlmƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Cu-ssY¬ B¬-°-tlmƒ 5325. sa-\m≥-U-dpw \m-K¿Pp-\-\pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ kw-`m-j-Ww A-S-ßnb Ir- X n- ˛ an- e n- μ ]m≥-tlm 5326. sF- I y- c m- j v - { S- k - ` - am-Iv-_-Øv- F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ krbn¬ I-t®-cn \-S-Ønjv-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ b C-¥y≥ kw-Ko-X⁄-˛ Fw.F-kv.kp-∫-e-£v-an 5327. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn¬-\n-∂pw Aw-K-Xzw ]n≥-h-en-® G-I cmPyw-˛ C-s¥m-\o-jy (]n-∂o-Sv ho-≠pw Aw-K-am-bn) 5328. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm _n--Z-[m-cn-Iƒ-˛ N-{μ-a-Xn _kp, Im-Zw-_n-\n Kmw-Kp-en 5329. sa-em-\n-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ A-h-ÿm-˛ A¬-_n-\n-kw 5330. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn sXm-gn-em-fn kw-L-S-\-I-sf Aw-Ko-I-cn-® cmPyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 5331. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy \yq-¢n-b¿ dn-bm-Iv-S¿-˛ A-]v-k-c 5332. ta¬-∏-Øq¿ kv-am-c-Iw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--\m-hm-b-bv-°-Sp-Øv N-μ-\-°m-hn¬ 5333. ta-a-eq-Iv kp¬-Øm≥-am¿ F-∂p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xp hw-iØn-se-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv-˛ A-Sn-a-hw-iw 5334. lr-Z-bw- am-‰n-sh-°¬- i-kv-{X-{In-b B-Zy-am-bn- \n¿-h-ln-®-Xv-˛ tUm.- {In-kv-Xy≥- s_¿-Wm-Uv5335. sa-gp-In-s‚ em-b-Iw-˛ S¿-s]-ss‚≥ 5336. _w-Km-fn K-Zy-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ Cu-iz-c-N-{μ hn-Zym-km-K¿ 5337. tI-c-f ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv B-Iv-Sv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1994 5338. ln-tcm-jn-a-bn¬ 1945 Hm-K-kv-Xv B-dn-\v B-‰w-t_mw-_v h¿-jn® hn-am-\-Øn-s‚ ss]-e-‰v-˛ t]mƒ Sn-s_-‰v-kv 5339. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ _-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ]m¿-°v-˛ A-K-kv-Xym¿Iq-Sw 5340. 1867¬ G-Xp cm-Py-am-Wv bp.F-kn-\v A-em-kv-I hn-‰-Xv-˛ d-jy 5341. Po≥-hm¬-Po≥ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ hn-Iv-S¿ bp-tKm 5342. kq-cy≥ `q-an-bn¬-\n-∂pw G-‰-hpw A-I-se-bp-≈ Zn-h-kw-˛ Pqsse 4 5343. Ip-™m-en a-c-bv-°m¿ B--sS \m-hn-I-tk-\m-Ø-e-h-\m-bn-∂p-˛ km-aq-Xn-cn 5344. 1982˛¬ sh-Sn-tb-‰p-a-cn-® H-tem-^v ]m-sa G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂p-˛ kzo-U≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 127

5345. kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw C-t∏mƒ A-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv˛- l¿-aμ - n¿ km-ln_v 5346. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kw-km-cn°p-∂ N-e-®n-{Xw-˛ B-ew B-c 5347. tI-c-f t^m-d-Ãv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn‰yq-´v ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1975 5348. cm-Pn-h-bv-°m≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-]£w ap-Jy-a-{¥n B¿-°m-Wv cm-Pn°-Øv \¬-tI-≠-Xv ˛-K-h¿-W¿ 5349. Cw-•-≠n¬-\n-∂v Km-‘n-Pn t\-Snb _n--Zw-˛ _m-cn-ÿ A-‰v em Im-°-\m-S-s‚ 5350. D-Ø-c-Zn-°n-se sh-\o-kv F-∂-dnb-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ tÃm-°v-tlmw tPm¿- P v h¿- K o- k v 5351. tem-IØ - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬-Imew Xp-S¿-®b - m-bn A-[n-Im-cØ - n-en-∂ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ en Izm≥ bp (cm-Pyw-˛ knw-K-∏q¿) 5352. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv au-\ In-bm ]¿-h-Xw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap{Zw 5353. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kw-ÿm-\ a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-{¥-W t_m¿-Uv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ tI-c-fw 5354. `-cW - L - S- \ - m-]c - a - m-b ]-cn-lm-cß - ƒ-°v C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - n¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈ dn-´p-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ A-© v 5355. `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° B-Zy-am-bn `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w _-lpa-Xn-°v A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛-tUm.cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥ 5356. Iym-_n-\-‰v an-j≥ \-bn-®-Xv-˛ s]-Øn-Iv tem-d≥-kv 5357. k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy A-d_v h-\n-X-˛ jn-dn≥ C-_m-Zn (C-dm≥) 5358. kn-°p-Im--sS B-Zy-Kp--˛ Kp- \m-\m-°v 5359. tI-c-f e-fn-X-I-em A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xr-»q¿ 5360. πm-Ãn-Iv hy-hk - m-bØ - n¬ ]n.hn.kn.F-∂m¬-˛ t]m-fn hn-ss\¬ t¢m-ssd-Uv 5361. t_m-h¿ bp-≤-Øn¬ Km-‘n-Pn {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°p \¬-In-b tkh-\-ß-sf am-\n-®v \¬-I-s∏-´ _-lp-a-Xn-˛ ssI-k¿-˛-C-˛-ln-μv 5362. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sk≥-{S¬ A-{Kn-Iƒ-®¿ bq-Wn-th-gvkn-‰n-˛ Cw-^m¬ 5363. th-j-{]-—-∂m-b cm-Py-t{Zm-ln F-∂v {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n®-Xm-sc-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se 5364. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sS-e-{Km-^v sse≥-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø-˛ Ub-a-≠v lm¿-_¿ 5365. t_m-è So ]m¿-´n- \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1773 5366. 1949 Pq-sse H-∂n-\v Xn--˛-sIm-®n kw-tbm-P-\w \-S-°p-tºmƒ sIm-®n-bn¬ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ C-°-≠-hm-cy¿ 5367. Km¿-U≥-do-®vI - ∏ - ¬-\n¿-am-Wi - m-e F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- sIm¬-°Ø 5368. tI-c-f-Øn¬ tem-´-dn B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1967 5369. tI-c-f t]m-eo-kv A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ cm-a-h¿-a-]p-cw(Xr»q¿) 5370. tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ I-d≥-kn-˛ tUm-f¿ 5371. tem-I-Øn¬ I-c-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-f-ap-≈ ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛ B≥Uo-kv 5372. tI-c-f-Øn¬ •m-kv \n¿-am-W-Øn-\p ]-‰n-b sh-fp-Ø a-W¬ e`n-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ B-e-∏p-g 5373. C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- sh-≈-®m-´-am-b- tPm-Kv- sh≈-®m-´w- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- \-Zn-˛-i-cm-h-Xn5374. s\-t∏m-fn-b-s≥-d- A-h-km-\- ]-c-P-b-Øn-\v-Im-c-W-am-b- bp-≤w\-S-∂- hm-´¿-eq- (1815)- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ s_¬-Pn-bw 5375. sXm-Ω≥-Ip-Øv, tX≥-am-cn-°p-Øv sh-≈-®m-´-߃ G-Xp Pn-√bn¬-˛ C-Sp-°n 5376. tI-c-f k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 5377. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Xm-t°m¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-ap-Jw 5378. `-cW - L - S- \ - m \n¿-Ωm-W k-`b - n¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \n-∂p-≠mbn--∂ G-I h-\n-Xm Aw-Kw-˛ B-\n a-kv-{Io≥ 5379. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn¬-\n-∂v H-do-km-Xo-c-Øv tZ-im-S-\-Øn-s\Øp-∂ B-a-Iƒ-˛ H-en-hv dn-Uv-en 5380. lq-•n \-Zo-Xo-c-Øp-≈ {]-[m-\ ]-´-Ww-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø

CONFUSING FACTS  ssa-kq¿ I-Sp-h-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm-\mWv. _w-Kmƒ I-Sp-h-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv hn-]n≥ N-{μ]m¬.  C-¥y≥ am-Iy-sh-√n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv Nm-W-Iy-\m-Wv. Iu-S-ey≥ F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-´ C-t±-l-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv hn-jv-Wp Kp-]v-X≥ F-∂m-bn--∂p. C-‰m-en-b≥ Nm-WIy≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv C-‰m-en-b≥ cm-jv-{S-X-{¥-⁄\m-b am-Iy-sh-√n (1469˛1527)bm-Wv.  tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy A-™q-dp-tIm-Sn Xn-I-™-Xv 1987 Pq-embv 11˛-\m-Wv. A-Xn-\m-em-Wv tem-I-P-\-kw-Jym-Zn-\-am-bn (World Population Day)Pq-em-bv 11 B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1999 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 12˛-\m-Wv tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy A-dp-\q-dp-tIm-Sn Xn-I™ X - v.  A-©mw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ H-Sp-hn-ep-≠m-b lq-W≥-am--sS B{I-aW - a - m-Wv X-£i - n-e k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - p-sS X-I¿-®b - v° - v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. \m-f-μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS X-I¿-®-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv ]-{¥-≠mw \q-‰m-≠n-ep-≠m-b ap-…nw B-{Ia-Wa - m-Wv. 5381. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w e-`n-® B-Zy tUm-Iv-S¿ Iq-Sn-bm-b kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-ctk-\m-\n-˛ tUm._n.kn.tdm-bn 5382. P-lmw-Ko¿ kn-Jv Kp- A¿-Pp≥ tZ-hn-s\ h-[n-°m≥ Im-c-Ww-˛ Jp-{kp-hn-\v A-`-bw \¬-In-b-Xn-\v 5383. t]m-tfm I-fn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS Ip-Xn-c-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p ho-Wp a-cn-® U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv 5384. t^m¿-_v-kv am-kn-I G-Xv cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂p-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn°p-∂-Xv-˛ A-ta-cn-° 5385. `-K-Xv kn-Mn-s\m-∏w Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-h¿-˛ cm-Pv-Kp-, kp-Jv-tZ-hv 5386. `m-c-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-¥-co-£-hm-bp-hn-s‚ F-{X iX-am-\-am-Wv ss\-{S-P≥-˛ 75.5 5387. ssX-tdm-Iv-kn-\n¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ aq-e-Iw-˛ A-b-Un≥ 5388. G-Xv ssh-kv-{]-kn-U‚ v cm-Pn-h-®-t∏m-fm-Wv No-^v P-Ãn-kv lnZm-b-Øp-≈ B-Iv-Snw-Kv {]-kn-U‚m-b-Xv-˛ hn.hn.Kn-cn 5389. A-´-∏m-Sn-bn¬-°q-Sn H-gp-Ip-∂ \-Zn-˛ in--hm-Wn 5390. sX-°p In-g-°≥ G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛ sat°m-Mv 5391. H-a¿-J-øm-an-s‚ dp-_m-øm-Øv hn-em-k-e-l-cn F-∂ t]-cn¬ a-ebm-f-Øn-te-°v ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-cv-˛-Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v 5392. sX¿-tam-ao-‰-d¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ {Zm-h-Iw-˛ c-kw 5393. C-¥y-bn¬ km-ºØ - n-I h¿-jw B-cw-`n-°p-∂ Xo-bX - n-˛ G-{]n¬ 1 5394. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn A-‘-hn-Zym-e-bw ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛ A-ar-Xvk - ¿ 5395. H- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ G-I k-ap-{Zw-˛ C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 5396. sX-fn-™ Np-Æm-ºv sh-≈-sØ ]m¬-\n-d-am-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 5397. C-¥y-bn¬ km-ap-Zm-bn-I kw-h-c-Ww sIm-≠p-h-∂ \n-b-aw-˛ 1909se an-t‚m tam¿-en `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw 5398. H- cm-Pyw am-{X-ap-≈ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 5399. B-Zy-sØ hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b D-]-{K-l-am-b F-t°m hn-t£-]n® cm-Pyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 5400. A-ssZz-Xm Nn-¥m ]-≤-Xn F-∂ Ir-Xn-bp-sS I¿-Øm-hv-˛ N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ 5401. H- em-b-\n B-kn-Um-tWm t_-km-tWm F-∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-bm\p-≈ A-f-hp-tIm¬-˛ ]n.F-®v.kv-sI-bn¬ 5402. ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py ÿm-]-I≥-˛-_m-_¿ 5403. tI-c-f sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v a-μn-c-Øn-s‚ B¿-°n-sS-Iv-Sv-˛-hn-eyw _m¿´¨ 5404. t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]-{X-am-[y-a-߃

128 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5405. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw In-g-t°-b-‰-sØ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A--WmN¬ {]-tZ-iv 5406. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-g-°-ap-≈ Pq-X-∏-≈n-˛ a-´m-t©cn 5407. {]-[m-\-a-{¥n, a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-߃, kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-˛-ssl-t°mS-Xn P-Uv-Pn-am¿, K-h¿-W¿,Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿ B‚ v Hm-Un-‰¿ P-\d¬,A-t‰m¿-Wn P-\-d¬,C-e-£≥ I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿ F-∂n-h-sc \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 5408. knw-en-]m¬ h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-Xw - G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Hdo-k 5409. sj¿-jm-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ ^-co-Zv 5410. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS hn-c-an-°¬ {]m-bw-˛ 65 h-b- v 5411. C-¥y-bn-se t£-{X-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h--am-\-ap-≈-Xv˛ Xn--∏-Xn t£-{Xw 5412. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ sh-´w- bp-≤w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1691 5413. h¿-Ko-b I-em-]w t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈ tk-\-˛ {Zp-X-I¿-a-tk-\ 5414. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn F-bv-Uv-kv Im-W-s∏-´ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ Xan-gv-\m-Sv 5415. h¿-Wm-‘-X-bp-≈ B-fn-\v Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø \n-d-߃˛ Np-h-∏v, ]-® 5416. tIm-´-bw- ]-´-W-Øn-s≥-d kv-Ym-]-I-\m-b h-S-°≥- Un-hn-j-s≥d t]-jv-Im¿-˛ Sn- cm-a-dm-hp- (1878)5417. H- _m-c¬ F-{X en-‰-dn-\p k-a-am-Wv-˛ 159 5418. C-¥y-bn¬ td-Un-tbm {]-t£-]-Ww B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1927 5419. kw-ÿm-\ h-\n-Xm I-Ωn-j-s‚ B-Zy A-[y-£-˛ kp-K-X-Ip-amcn 5420. N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS ]q¿-hm-{i-a-Øn-se t]-cv-˛ A-ø-∏≥ (Hm-a-\t∏-cv Ip-™≥) 5421. sIm-®n-bn¬ ssh-Zyp-Xn k-a-cw \-S-∂-Xv G-Xv Zn-hm-s‚ Im-eØm-Wv-˛ B¿.sI.j¨-ap-Jw sN-´n 5422. t]-jzm-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw Zp¿-_-e≥-˛ _m-Pn-dm-hp c-≠m-a≥ 5423. t]m-®-ºm-Sv- ]-≤-Xn- G-Xp- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv- -˛tKm-Zm-h-cn5424. tI- c - f - \ n- b - a - k - ` - b n¬ B- Z y _- P - ‰ v A- h - X - c n- ∏ n- ® - X v - ˛ kn.A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 5425. t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿm-]n-® ÿew-˛ sIm-®n 5426. A-ao¿ Jp-{kp-hn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ A-_pƒ l-k≥ 5427. a-·o-jyw kn-en-t°-‰v hym-]-I-am-bn A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ Sm¬-°v 5428. a-‰p Po-hn-Iƒ D-≠m-°p-∂ am-f-Øn¬ Po-hn-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ ]mºv 5429. A-ap¬ F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ B-\-μv an¬-°v bq-Wn-b≥ en-an-‰-Uv 5430. Z-Ø-h-Im-i \n-tcm-[-\ \n-b-aw B-hn-jv-I-cn-® K-h¿-W¿ P-\d¬-˛ U¬-lu-kn 5431. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n A-hm¿-Uv t^m¿ C‚¿-\m-jW - ¬ P-Ãn-kv B‚ v lm¿-a-Wn-°v A¿-l-\m-b Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ t\-Xm-h-˛-s\¬k¨-a-t≠-e 5432. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n h-[n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1984 5433. B-Zy-sØ _p-≤-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\w cm-P-Kr-l-Øn¬ \-S-∂ h¿-jw˛ 483 _n.kn. 5434. {]-kv {S-Ãv Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ U¬-ln 5435. {]m-Ir-X-`m-j-bp-sS ]m-Wn-\n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ tl-a-N-{μ≥ 5436. {]m-Kv-tPym-Xn-jv-]q-cn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥ F-∂p hn-iz-kn-°p-∂ cmPm-hv-˛ \-c-Im-kp-c cm-Pm-hv 5437. sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se km¬-‰v te-°v tÃ-Un-bw G-Xp Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Z-Øn-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ 5438. C-¥y-bp-sS Km¿-U≥ kn-‰n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _mw-•q¿ 5439. a-bq-c-knw-lm-k-\w D-]-tbm-Kn-® A-h-km-\-sØ ap-Kƒ N-{Ih¿-Øn-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv jm 5440. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn B-Iv-Snw-Kv {]-kn-U‚ v ]-Z-hn h-ln-®Xm-cv ˛ hn.hn.Kn-cn 5441. A-\-e-Iv-Sv-kv F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xp a-X-Øn-s‚ hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-am-Wv-˛ I¨-^yq-j-\n-kw 5442. a-™-°-S¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ k-ap-{Z-`m-Kw-˛ In-g-°≥ ssN-\°-S¬

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

32

 `-cW - L - S- \ - m-]c - a - m-b ]-cn-lm-ca - m¿-Kß - s - f-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]mZn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw F-{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv  ^m-c≥-lo-‰v kv-sI-bn¬ {]-Im-cw P-ew sF-km-Ip-∂ Dujva - m-hv  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS lr-Z-b-hpw B-flm-hpw-F-∂v tUm.Awt_-Zv-I¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-® A-\p-t—-Zw F-{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv  C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw Aw-K-_-ew Ip-d-™ kw-ÿm-\ \nb-a-k-` kn-°n-an-em-Wv. F-{X t]¿?  F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ \-bn-® ]-´n-Wn-Pm-Y-bn¬ A-t±-l-Øns‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ F-{X t]-cm-Wv I-Æq-cn¬-\n-∂v- Im¬\-S-bm-bn- sN-ss∂-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv  tI-cf - Ø - n¬ sI.tI-f∏ - ≥-\b - n-® D-∏p-kX - ym-{K-lP - m-Yb - n¬ A-t±-l-apƒ-s∏-sS F-{X Aw-K-߃ D-≠m-bn--∂p  i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ F-{Xmw h-b- n-em-Wv C-l-tem-I-hm-kw shSn-™-Xv  a-\p-jy-\v F-{X ÿn-c-Z-¥-ß-fp-≠v  G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS {]kn-U‚p ÿm-\w h-ln-®-Xv hn-eyw sl≥-dn lm-cn-k¨ B-Wv(1841). F-{X Zn-h-kw  sN-kv t_m¿-Un-se B-sI I--°-fp-sS F-Æw 5443. C-¥y-bpw d-jy-bpw kw-bp-‡-am-bn \n¿-an-® kq-∏¿ tkm-Wn-Iv {Iq-bn-kv an-ssk¬-˛ {_-t“m-kv 5444. A-a¿-\m-Yv bm-{X B-cw-`n-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ ]-l¬-Kmw 5445. a-\- m-Wv ssZ-hw F-∂v {]-Jym-]n-® tI-c-fo-b≥-˛ {_-“m-\-μ in-h-tbm-Kn 5446. P-\k - w-Jym-kn-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚ D-]⁄ m-Xm-hv ˛-tXm-ak - v am¬-Øqkv 5447. B-Iv-Snw-Kv {]-kn-U‚m-b-ti-jw {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ hn.hn.Kn-cn 5448. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-b h¿-jw-˛ 1959 5449. a-c-W-\n-c-°v G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 5450. `q-an-bp-sS ]m-fn-Iƒ-°p-≠m-Ip-∂ N-e-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p ]Tn-°p∂ im-kv-{X-im-J-˛ tπ-‰v sS-Iv-t‰m-Wn-Iv-kv 5451. Sm-tKm-dn-\v s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-´n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1913 5452. sN-¶¬-t]-´v G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛ ]m-em¿ 5453. hm-´¿-eq bp-≤-Øn¬ s\-t∏m-fn-b-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ B¿-X¿ sh-√-…n 5454. d-_¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Pn-√-˛ tIm-´-bw5455. D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-in-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛ Im¨-]q¿ 5456. Hm-bn¬ B‚ v \m-®p-d¬ Kym-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛sU-dm-Uq¨ 5457. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ kz-X-{¥-ÿm-\m¿-Yn˛ tUm. F-kv. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥ 5458. hm-bp-hn-\p `m-c-ap-s≠-∂v sX-fn-bn-®-Xv-˛ tSm-dn-sk-√n 5459. hm-cn-sb-√p-Iƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Po-hn-˛ ]m-ºv 5460. `q-an-bpw kq-cy-\p-am-bp-≈ A-I-ew G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ Zn-h-kw-˛ P-\p-h-cn 3 5461. Sn-∏p- ^-tdm-°v- ]-´-Ww- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1788 5462. a-\p-jy-s‚ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Ip-d-™ t]-in-˛-tÃ-∏n-Un-b-kv 5463. K-Zm-[¿ N-tXm-]m-[ym-b G-Xp t]-cn-em-Wv C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤≥-˛ {io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W ]-c-a-lw-k≥ 5464. {]-Y-a tem-I-I-∏v {In-°-‰v a-’-c-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-® Sow ˛ sh-Ãv C≥-Uo-kv 5465. {^-©p hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ B-i-b-߃-˛ kzm-X-{¥yw, k-a-Xzw, kmtlm-Z-cyw 5466. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ \yq-kv-{]n‚ v ^m-Iv-S-dn-˛ t\-∏m-\-K¿ 5467. C≥-Izn-em-_v kn-μm-_m-Zv F-∂-Xv B-Zy-am-bn ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛ `-K-Xv kn-Mv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 129

5468. a-\p-jy¿ B-Zy-am-bn h-f¿-Øn-b [m-\y-߃-˛ tKm-X-ºpw _m¿-enbpw 5469. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ h¿-Ø-am-\ ]-{Xw-˛ t_mw-s_ kam-Nm¿ 5470. A-h-km-\-sØ Ip-e-ti-J-c N-{Ih¿-Øn-˛ cm-a-h¿-a Ip-e-ti-J-c≥ 5471. ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv ssl-t°m-S-Xnbp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛-jnw-e 5472. a-\p-jy-a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-s‚ G-Xp `m-Ks - Ø-bm-Wv a-Zyw _m-[n-°p-∂- iq-\ym-Im-i-tØ-°v B-Zyam-bn bm-{X sN-bv-X Xv-˛ sk-dn-_-√w \mbbp-sS t]-cv5473. kz-X-{¥ hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bp-≈ ˛ se-bv-I B-Zy C-¥y≥ Xp-d-ap-Jw- Im-≠ve 5474. a-e-_m¿ {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Øn≥ Io-gn-em-b h¿-jw-˛ 1792 5475. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw B-gw-Iq-Sn-b `m-K-am-Wv ]yq¿-t´m dn-t°m {S-©v-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 5476. a-e-_m¿ am-\z¬ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hn-eyw tem-K≥ 5477. C-‰-en-°m-c-\-√m-Ø B-Zy t]m-∏v-˛ tPm¨ t]mƒ c-≠m-a≥ 5478. c-‡-k-Ω¿-Zw \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ A-{Un-\m-en≥ 5479. C-bm≥ ^vs - f-an-Mn-s‚ A-hk - m-\ t\m-h¬-˛ Z am≥ hn-Øv tKmƒU≥ K¨ 5480. cm-P-cm-P-tNm-f≥ tI-c-f-am-{I-an-® h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.1000 5481. a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se {]-[m-\ \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ X-am-i 5482. am-e-°-Æv ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ Po-h-I-Øn-s‚ A-`m-hw-aq-ew D-≠m-Ip-∂p-˛ Poh-Iw F 5483. a-e-_m¿- I-f-Iv-S¿- sIm-t\m-fn- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬˛ F.Un.1855 5484. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d¬ G-Xv cm-Py°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛-t\m¿-th 5485. aq-∂p {]-hm-iyw `-c-Xv A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b a-e-bm-fn \-S≥-˛ a-Ωq´n 5486. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv Kn-\n-b {]-hm-lw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 5487. A-Iv-_¿ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ A-a¿-tIm-´v(1542) 5488. C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ P-\n-®-h-cn¬ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b BZy hy-‡n-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-{Xn 5489. C-t∏m-g-sØ tI-c-f sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v a-μn-cw D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-øs∏-´ h¿-jw-˛1869 5490. Hm-d-©p-I-fp-sS \-K-cw-˛ \m-Kv-]q¿ 5491. Hm-d-©v _p-°v G-Xp cm-Py-sØ Hu-tZym-Kn-I {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Wam-Wv-˛ s\-X¿-e≥-Uv-kv 5492. C-¥y-bn-se hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b d¨th D-≈-Xv-˛ \yq-U¬-ln C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw 5493. a-l-Øm-b hn-π-hw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛1688 5494. C-…m-an-I ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ h-‡m-°-fm-b D-te-a-Iƒ F∂ ]-Wv-Un-X-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ D-]-tZ-i-߃ A-h-K-Wn-® B-ZysØ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 5495. C-et- bm th-tcm C-√m-Ø H- k-kyw-˛ I-kI -v yq-´ (aq-Sn-√m-Øm-fn) 5496. A-l-Ω-Zv \-K-dn-se \n-kmw-jm-ln-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ am-en-Iv A-l-Ω-Zv (1490) 5497. a-e-_m¿ kn-a≥-dv ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ hm-f-bm¿ 5498. am¿-j¬ Sn-t‰m P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ s{Im-tb-jy 5499. N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s‚ Im-e-sØ {Ko-°v Aw-_m-k-U¿-˛ sa-K-kvX-\o-kv 5500. ssh-jv-tWm-tZ-hn t£-{Xw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ I-{X 5501. tI-c-f-Øn¬ \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-a-√m-sX ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy‡n-˛ kn.A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 5502. ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-® \-K-cw-˛ P-l≥-]-\ 5503. am¿-Iv-kn-Ãv k¿-°m¿ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ B-Zy-sØ sX-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛ Nn-en 5504. A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ B-Zy-am-bn B-{I-an-®p Io-g-S-°n-b C-¥y≥ {]tZ-iw-˛ X-£-in-e 5505. ayq-t´-j≥ kn-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚ D-]⁄ m-Xm-hv˛- lyq-tKm Uo-{hn-kv

s]mXphn⁄m\Ønse H‰bm≥am¿  ico-c-Øn¬ tcma-ap≈ GI Pohn-h¿K-amWv kkvX-

\--߃.

 Xet®mdns\°mƒ henb IÆp≈ ]£nbmWv

H´I∏£n.

 {LmWi‡n  

   

D]tbmKn®v CctXSp∂ GI ]£nbmWv Inhn. IgpØv Xncn°msX ]ndInse Imcy߃ ImWm≥ Ignbp∂ PohnIfmWv apbepw XØbpw. kucbqYØnse {Klßfn¬ sImSp¶m‰v hoimØ GI {KlamWv _p[≥. A¥co£an√mØXmWv ImcWw. F∂m¬ _p[\n¬ magnetic storms D≈Xmbn kao]Ime ]T\߃ shfns∏SpØnbn´p≠v. {Ko°p tZhs‚ t]≈ GI {KlamWv bpdm\kv. h\nXm \maap≈ GI {Klw ho\kmWv (ip{I≥). a\pjys\IqSmX IpjvTw _m[n°p∂ GI P¥phmWv A¿amUntem. kap{Zbm{X \SØnbn´p≈ GI XnhnXmwIq¿ cmPmhmWv NnØnc Xn\mƒ. DØc AXv e m‚ n°pambpw Z£nW AXv e m‚ n°pambpw AXn¿Øn ]¶nSp∂ GI sXt° Atacn°≥ cmPyamWv {_ko¬.

5506. a-Z≥ tam-l≥ am-f-hy-bp-sS-bpw ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂-bp-sS-bpw P∑-Zn-\w-˛ Un-kw-_¿ 25 5507. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{K-Ÿ-am-b h¿-Øam-\ ]p-kv-X-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]m-d-Ωm-°¬ tXm-am-°-Ø-\m¿ 5508. A-Iv-_-dp-sS C-em-ln I-e-≠¿ B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1583 5509. C-¥y-bv-°pw {io-e-¶-bv-°p-an-S-bn-ep-≈ I-S-en-Sp-°n-eq-sS \n¿-an°p-∂ I-∏¬-Nm¬-˛-tk-Xp-k-ap-{Zw 5510. C-¥y-bv-°pw Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bv-°pw tZ-io-b {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ Zn\w-˛ P-\p-h-cn 26 5511. c-≠v- `q-JW - vU - ß - f - n¬- kvY - n-Xn-sN-øp-∂ \-Kc - w-˛ C-kvX - m≥-_pƒ5512. Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- X-et- »-cn-bn¬- tIm-´ \n¿-an-®X - v- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1708 5513. an-kv thƒ-Uv B-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-cn-˛ do-Ø ^-cn-b 5514. ap-´-bp-sS tXm-Sn¬ {]-[m-\-am-bpw Im-Wp-∂ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ Im¬kyw Im¿-_-tW-‰v 5515. A-t∏m-tfm ]-Xn-s\m-∂v hm-l-\-Øn-s\m-∏w a-\p-jy-s\ N-{μ\n-te-°v sXm-Sp-Øp-hn-´ tdm-°-‰v ˛-km-t‰¨ A-©v 5516. A-ta-cn-° hn-t£-]n-® B-Zy D-]-{K-lw-˛ F-Iv-kv-tπm-d¿ (1958 P-\p-h-cn 31) 5517. ap-߬ hn-Z-Kv-[¿ A-Izm e-Mv-kn¬ iz-k-\-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn°p-∂ hm-X-I-߃-˛ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥, lo-en-bw 5518. A-ÿn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ Hm-Ãn-tbm-f-Pn 5519. a-’y-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {km-hv 5520. ap-\n-b-d-Iƒ-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ a-d-bq¿ 5521. A-Jn-e Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ {K-Ÿ-im-em-kw-L-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ sk-{I-´-dn-˛ ]n.F≥.]-Wn-°¿ 5522. a-eb - m-fØ - n-se B-Zy-sØ dn-be - n-Ãn-Iv Nn-{Xw-˛ \yq-kv t]-∏¿ t_m-bv 5523. ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚n-s\ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se C- k-`-I-fn-se-bpw Aw-K-߃ 5524. P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp P-\n-®-Xv-˛ A-e-lm-_m-Zv 5525. s]-t{Um- A¬-hm-cn-kv- I-{_mƒ- tIm-gn-t°m-s´-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1500 5526. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-I Zzo-]v-˛ am-\n-t´m-fn≥ (lyqd¨ X-Sm-Iw) 5527. a-Zy-]m-\w-sIm-≠v G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw tZm-jw kw-`-hn-°p-∂ i-co-c`m-Kw-˛ I-cƒ 5528. B-[p-\n-I `m-c-X-Øn-s‚ in-ev-]n-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 5529. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Ip--ap-f-Ip K-th-j-W-tI-{μw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ ]-∂n-bq¿

130 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5530. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- \m-W-bw-˛ tUm-f¿5531. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ \n-b-a-Øn-eq-sS Aw-K-Xzw \jv-S-s∏-´ B-Zy Fw.F¬.F.˛ B¿._m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 5532. th-ep-غ - n-bv° - p-ti-jw Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Zn-hm-\m-bX - v˛- D-Ωn-WnØ-ºn 5533. apw-ss_-bn-se Zm-Z-dn-\p-k-ao-]w B--sS k-am-[n-ÿ-e-am-Wp≈-Xv ˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 5534. H- en-¶v F-{X C-©m-Wv-˛ 7.92 5535. H- en-‰¿ P-e-Øn-\v F-{X `m-c-ap-≠m-Ipw-˛ H- In-tem 5536. aq- I - \ m- b - I v F- ∂ {]- k n- ≤ o- I - c - W - Ø n- s ‚ ÿm- ] - I ≥- ˛ _n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 5537. H- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ B-dp kz¿-Ww t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ {InÃn≥ Hm-t´m 5538. a-s‰-ßpw ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-´n-√m-Ø hn-j-b-߃ a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°p-th≠n B-cm-Wv ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 5539. A-Sn-a-Ø-an-√m-Ø G-I h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 5540. H- hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \n-∂p-am-{X-am-bn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ sk-{Un-Iv Kn-∫¨-kv 5541. B-a-tkm¨ \-Zn ]-Xn-°p-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 5542. tI-c-f-Øn¬ P-tem¬-k-h-߃-°p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-°p-∂ h-≈wI-fn-˛ N-º-°p-fw aq-ew h-≈w-I-fn 5543. B-\n _-k‚ v hm-cm-W-kn-bn¬ sk≥-{S¬ ln-μp kv-Iqƒ ÿm]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1898 5544. B-\v-{[ tI-k-cn- F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ t\-Xmhv˛ Sn- {]-Im-iw5545. {^m≥-kn-se- G-Xv ayq-kn-b-Øn-em-Wv- Um-hn-©n-bp-sS- hn-JymX-am-b- sam-Wm-en-k- F-∂- s]-bn≥-dn-Mv- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ep-hvd - v5546. thm-bv-kv Hm-^v C-¥y c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 5547. s^-U-d¬- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≈ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b k-hn-ti-j-X-˛ A-[n-Im-c-hn-`-P-\w 5548. tI-c-f-Øn¬ C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv thm-´n-Mv b-{¥w B-Zy-am-bn D-]tbm-Kn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1982 5549. B-{K \-K-cw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ kn-°-μ¿ tem-Zn 5550. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hm-l-\-߃ c-Pn-ÿ sN-ø-s∏´n-´p-≈ Pn-√-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 5551. B-h-em-Xn-®-ß-e (\o-Xn-®-ß-e) ÿm-]n-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 5552. B-h-em-Xn-®-ß-e \n-dp-Ø-em-°n-b ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ jm-Plm≥ 5553. sh-≈w ip-≤o-Ic - n-°m≥ D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂ cm-kh - k - X v- p-˛ t¢m-dn≥ 5554. B--sS N-c-a-Zn-\-am-Wv hm-b-\m-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv]n.F≥.]-Wn-°¿ 5555. Cw-•o-jv- Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym-I-º-\n- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-Ip-tºmƒ- B-cm-bn-∂p- ap-Kƒ-N{- I-h¿-Øn- ˛-A-Iv-_¿5556. C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n h-[n-°-s∏-´-sX-∂v-˛ 1984 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 31 5557. c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ \n-jv-]-£-X ]m-en-s®-¶n-epw 1940¬ P¿-a-\n B-{I-an-® cm-Pyw-˛-t\m¿-th 5558. c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬ i-X-am-\w a-c-Ww kw-`-hn-® cm-Pyw-˛ t]m-f-≠v 5559. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- {]-[m-\- a-Xw-˛ {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw5560. B--sS P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv tI-c-f k¿-°m¿ X-Øz-⁄m-\ Zn-\-ambn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ 5561. B-kv-]n-cn-\n-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw -˛ A-k-ss‰¬ km-en-ssk-en-I B-kn-Uv 5562. C-¥y≥ kw-Ko-X-Øn-\v kn-Xm-dn-s\ ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv˛ A-ao¿ Jp-{kp 5563. C-¥y≥- kw-kvY - m-\Ø - v- ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-kvY - m-\s - Ø-Øn-b B-Zy- kn\n-am- \-S≥-˛-Fw- Pn- cm-a-N-{μ≥5564. ss{U-sk-√n¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ C-e-Iv-t{Sm-sse-‰v-˛ A-tam-Wnbw t¢m-ssd-Uv 5565. ssa ssSw-kv- B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ sP._n.Ir-]-em-\n 5566. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-£n˛ Im-° 5567. {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v k-tΩ-fn-°p-∂ sIm-´m-cw-˛ sh-Ãv-an≥-ÿ sIm-´m-cw

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

33

 F{Xmw hb nemWv alm\mb AeIvkm≠¿ A¥cn®Xv  Ipfb´bpsS icocØnse sks‹‚pIfpsS FÆw  tbip {InkvXp F{X hb phsc Pohn®n∂p  BtcmKyIcamb ]cnÿnXn°v cmPyØns‚ F{X iXam\w h\w thWw  a\p-jys‚ \s´√nse BsI Iti°ƒ F{XbmWv  `cWLS\bpsS 73,74 t`ZKXnbneqsS kv{XoIƒ°v {]mtZinI kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfn¬ F{X iXam\w kwhcWamWv G¿s∏SpØnbXv (Ct∏mƒ 50 iXam\am°nbn´p≠v)  Bgvsk\n°ns‚ At‰manI kwJy  F{Xmw hb nemWv kzmXn Xn\mƒ cmPmhv A¥cn®Xv 5568. C≥-^v-fp-h≥-k-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-b tcm-Km-Wp-˛ _m-kn-√-kv lotam-^n-e-kv 5569. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n--bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n˛ \-c-knw-l-dm-hp 5570. c-≠mw tN-c-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ Ip-e-ti-J-c-h¿-a 5571. G-‰-hpw hn-c-f-am-b c-‡-{Kq-∏v-˛ F _n {Kq-∏v 5572. sS-‰-\-kn-\p Im-c-W-am-b tcm-Km-Wp-˛ t¢m-kv-{So-Un-bw 5573. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ {]-tXy-I km-º-Øn-I ta-J-e-˛ Im°-\m-Sv 5574. B-Zy-sØ Xn--˛-sIm-®n a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv˛ ]-d-hq¿ Sn.sI.\m-cm-b-W-]n-≈ 5575. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ P-\-d¬ ]¿-∏-kv Iw-]yq-´¿-˛ bq-Wnhm-Iv 5576. Hm-d¬ do-ssl-t{U-j≥ sX-dm-∏n G-Xp tcm-K-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv-˛ A-Xn-km-cw 5577. hm-en¬ hn-jw kq-£n-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ tXƒ 5578. Hm-ÿ-en-‰v-kv bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1805 5579. Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ {]o-Ãv-en 5580. Hm-Ivk - n-Ps - ‚ A-`m-hw-aq-ew i-co-cI - e - I - ƒ-°p-≠m-Ip-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ A-t\m-Iv-kn-b 5581. D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-s‚ \o-Xn-\ym-b X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv 5582. ssa-{Xm-I-hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ h-√-`n 5583. {_n-´-Wn-se In-co-Sm-h-Im-in-bp-sS ÿm-\-t∏-cv-˛ {]n≥-kv Hm-^v sh-bn¬-kv 5584. bq-Wn-t^mw kn-hn¬ tIm-Un-s\-∏-‰n {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-WL-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw-˛ 44 5585. C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-an-® B-Zy Cw-Kv-fo-jv Nn-{Xw-˛ tIm¿-´v Um≥k¿ 5586. Pn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v 5587. {_-“-]p-cw Uo-k¬ \n-e-bw G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 5588. C-¥y-bn¬ ¢m-kn-Iv `m-jm ]-Z-hn e-`n-® c-≠m-a-sØ `m-j-˛ kw-kv-Ir-Xw 5589. C-¥y≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy hn-tZ-i h-\n-X˛ B-\n _-k‚ v 5590. B-Zy-am-bn sa-bv-Zn-\w B-tLm-jn-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛ jn-°m-tKm 5591. sh-bn-‰n-Mv t^m¿ Zn a-lm-fl c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ B¿.sI.\m-cm-b¨ 5592. k-Xy-Pn-Xv td-bp-sS B-Zy Nn-{Xw-˛ ]-tY¿ ]m-Rv-P-en 5593. {_u¨ tImƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ en-ss·-‰v 5594. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-ip-h-≠n D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kwÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 5595. {`w-iX - m-gvh - c - b - n-eq-sS H-gp-Ip-∂ C-¥y≥ \-Zn-Iƒ-˛ \¿-aZ- , X-]vX - n 5596. {Im-°-tØm-h A-·n ]¿-h-Xw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-t¥m-\ojy 5597. bp-td-\n-bw B-Zy-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-®-Xv-˛ bp-Pn≥ s]-en-tKm-´v 5598. C-¥y-bn¬ C-‡m k-{º-Zm-bw B-Zy-am-bn sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv tKm-dn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 131

5599. {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f G-Xp a-X-°m--sS B-cm-[-\m-tI-{μ-am-Wv-˛ ssP-\-a-Xw 5600. tlm-°n {Ku-≠n-s‚ ho-Xn-˛ 54.8 ao. 5601. tPm-k-^v kv-an-Øv F-∂ hy-‡n ÿm-]n-® hn-izm-kw-˛ tam¿a¨ hn-izm-kw 5602. G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-·n-]¿-h-Xw-D-≈ kuc-bq-Y {K-lw-˛ sNm-Δ 5603. C-¥y≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-sØ h-μy-h-tbm-[n-I≥ F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xp-jm¿ Im-¥n tLm-jv 5604. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw h-S-°p-≈ kw-ÿm-\ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ {io-\K¿ 5605. _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ I-gv-k¨{]-`p5606. Xr-»q¿ \-K-c-Øn-s‚ in-ev-]n-˛ i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ 5607. k-Xym-{K-lw _-e-hm≥-am--sS D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv F-∂p ]-d-™Xv-˛ Km-‘n-Pn 5608. F-hn-S-sØ ]m¿-e-sa‚m-Wv tÃm¿-´nw-Kv-˛-t\m¿-th 5609. Xp-fp Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ `m-jm-tKm-{Xw-˛ {Zm-hn-U `m-jm-tKm-{Xw 5610. cm-Py-ß-fn-√m-Ø G-I `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ A‚m¿-´n-° 5611. Fw.Pn.k¿-hI - e - m-im-e ssh-kv Nm≥-ke - d - m-bn--∂ ⁄m-\] - oTtP-Xm-hv- bp.B¿.A-\-¥-aq¿-Øn 5612. k-Xy-Pn-Xv-td-bp-sS ]-tY¿- ]m-Rv-P-en,- A-]-cm-Pn-X- F-∂o- kn\n-a-I-fp-sS aq-e-I-Y B--tS-Xm-Wv- -˛ hn-`q-Xn-`q-j¨- _-tμm-]m[ym-b 5613. F-Xn-cn-√m-sX Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛ \oew k-Rv-Po-h-sd-Uv-Un 5614. B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ `m-jm-]-{Xw-˛ Zn-Kv-Z¿-i≥ 5615. cm-Py-k-` \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ Xo-b-Xv-˛ 1952 G-{]n¬ 3 5616. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]¿-h-Xw-˛ ln-am-e-bw 5617. C-¥y≥ H-∏n-\n-b-\n-s‚ B-Zy ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-˛ a≥-kp-Jv-em¬ \mk¿ 5618. G-‰-hpw {]-£p-_v-[ A-¥-co-£ {]-Xn-`m-kw-˛ sSm¿-Wm-tUm 5619. G-‰-hpw {]-kn-≤-\m-b tem-Zn kp¬-Øm≥-˛ kn-°-μ¿ tem-Zn 5620. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy D-]-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ B¿.i-¶¿ 5621. H- In-tem ss_-‰v F-{X ss_-‰m-Wv-˛ 1024 5622. H- tdm-Up-t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø bq-tdm-]y≥ \-K-cw-˛ sh-\o-kv 5623. H- Ip-Xn-c-i-‡n F-{X hm-Sv-kv B-Wv-˛ 746 5624. tem-It- a X-dh - m-Sp X-\n-°o-s®-Sn-If - pw ]p¬-If - pw ]p-gp-°f - pw IqSn-Ø≥ Ip-Spw-_-°m¿ F-∂p ]m-Sn-b-Xv-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ 5625. C-¥y≥- bq-Wn-b-\n¬- G-‰p-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- e-bn-® aq-∂v- \m-´p-cmPy-߃- - ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv,- Pp-\-K-Vv,- Im-iv-ao¿5626. C-¥y≥- bq-Wn-b-s≥-d X-e-h≥-˛ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn5627. H- Im-en¬ c-≠p hn-c-ep-Iƒ am-{X-ap-≈ ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n 5628. C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ `m-K-am-b e-£-Zzo-]v G-Xp I-S-en-em-Wv-˛ A-d-_n-°-S¬ 5629. kz-cm-Pv ]m¿-´n ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tam-´n-em¬ s\-{lp-hpw kn.B¿ Zm-kpw 5630. C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv X-e-h≥-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 5631. h-e-Øp-\n-∂pw C-S-tØm-´v F-gp-Xn-bn--∂ {]m-No-\-`m-c-X-Ønse en-]n-˛ J-tcm-jv-Sn 5632. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ G-jy≥ `m-K-am-Wv G-jym-ssa-\¿ A-Y-hm A-\-t‰m-fn-b-˛ Xp¿-°n 5633. H-fn-ºn-Iv th-Zn \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ H-fn-ºn-Iv IΩn-‰n 5634. tem-Iv-k-`-bn-epw cm-Py-k-`-bn-epw Aw-K-am-b a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛A-Ωp kzm-an-\m-Y≥ 5635. kz¿-W-Øn-s‚ ip-≤-X kq-Nn-∏n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Imc-‰v 5636. C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ G-Xp `m-K-am-Wv t_ sF-e‚ v-kv F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-¥-am≥ \n-t°m-_¿ 5637. cm-Py-kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ F-∂v B-sc-bm-Wv Km-‘nPn hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv ˛ kp-`m-jv-N-{μ-t_m-kv 5638. tem-Iv-k-` cq-]-h¬-°-cn-® Xo-b-Xn-˛1952 G-{]n¬ 17 5639. G-‰-hpw a-[p-c-ap-≈ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ km-°-dn≥ 5640. C-¥y≥ B-W-thm¿-P-I-Ωo-j-s‚ B-Zy A-[y-£≥- -˛ tlm-an P-lmw-Ko¿ `m-`

CONFUSING FACTS  Hm¿a ]q¿Wambpw \in°p∂ AhÿbmWv Am-

nesia. kwkmcn°mt\m hmbn°mt\m FgpXmt\m IgnbmØ AhÿbmWv Aphasia.  thh¬ ]≤Xnsb∏‰n N¿® sNøm≥ 1945˛¬ ssht{kmbn hnfn®ptN¿ØXmWv knwe ktΩf\w. knwe DSºSn 1972 Pqembv c≠n\v C¥ybpw ]mInkvXm\pw H∏psh®p.  ss{Ikv X h \nbaßfmWv Imt\m≥ \nba߃. C…mant‚Xv icnAØv.  k¿hcmPykJyØnse ÿm]ImwK߃ 42˛Dw sFIycmjv{Sk`bnteXv 51˛Dw Bbn∂p. 5641. G-‰h - p-a[ - n-Iw A-¥m-cm-j{v- S-_l - pa-Xn-Iƒ t\-Sn-b C-¥y≥ kn-\n-a˛ ]n-d-hn 5642. tem-Ivk - `- b - p-sS Cw-]o-®vs - a‚ v t\cn- t S- ≠ n- h - ∂ B- Z y P- U v - P n- ˛ hn.cm-a-kzm-an 5643. C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v AUzm≥-kv-Uv Ã-Uo-kv F-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ jnw-e 5644. Xp--°p-d¬ c-Nn-®X - v˛- Xn--h≈ - ph¿ 5645. {io-cm-aI - r-jvW - a - n-js - ‚ A-[y-£\m-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ kzm-an cwK-\m-Ym-\-μ 5646. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ H-fn-ºn-Iv- Xn- c - ° - Y - b v - ° v tZ- i o- b Akn¬(1952) sa-U¬ t\-Sn-b B- hm¿- U v t\- S n- b B- Z y a- e Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ sI.Un.bm-Z-hv bm- f n- ˛ F- k v . F¬.]p- c w 5647. G-‰-hpw D-b-c-Øn¬-h-®p \-S-∂ Hk-Zm-\-μ≥ fn-ºn-Iv-kv-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m kn-‰n 5648. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n h-[-t°-kn¬ in-£n-°-s∏-´-h¿-˛ k-Xv-h-¥v knMv, tI-l¿ kn-Mv, _¬-_o¿ kn-Mv 5649. Hu-dw-K-ko-_v Zm-c-sb tXm¬-]n-® k-ap-K-Vv bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿jw-˛ 1658 5650. G-‰-hpw A-]q¿-h-am-b tem-lw-˛ tdm-Un-bw 5651. C-¥y-bv-°p kzm-X-{¥yw In-´p-tºmƒ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÃ-‰v tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ {]-kn-U‚m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ 5652. tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿ cm-Pn-°-Øv sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xv B¿-°m-Wv-˛ U-]yq-´n kv-]o-°¿-°v 5653. G-‰-hpw D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b ar-Kw-˛ Pn-dm-^v 5654. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ A-a-cm-h-Xn k-tΩ-f-\Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-® a-e-bm-fn-˛ kn.i-¶-c≥ \m-b¿ 5655. G-‰-hpw lr-Z-b-an-Sn-∏p-\n-c-°v Ip-d-™ k-kv-X-\w-˛ \o-e-Øn-anwKn-ew 5656. tem-Iv-k-`m {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n 5657. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw Ip-d® - p Im-ew a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂X - ˛-v Fw.]n.hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿ 5658. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ G-Xp k-`-bn-em-Wv Aw-K-a-√m-Ø H-cmƒ A-[y-£-X h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ cm-Py-k-` 5659. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b ip-≤-P-e-X-Sm-Iw-˛ kp-∏o-cn-b¿ X-SmIw 5660. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ sS-Ãv Syq-_v in-ip-˛ eq-bn {_u¨ 5661. kz-X{- ¥-`m-cX - w cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-® a-{¥n-k` - b - n¬-\n-∂v cm-Pn-h® - BZy-a-{¥n-˛ B¿.sI.j¨-ap-Jw sN-´n 5662. cm-tI-jv i¿-a _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-b h¿-jw-˛1984 5663. C-¥y-bn¬ P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1977 5664. s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v C-¥y≥ tNw-t_-gv-kv Hm-^v sIm-ta-gv-kv B‚ v C≥-U-kv-{Sn (1927)ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ _n¿-f-bpw Xm-°p¿-Zmkpw 5665. tem-Iv-X-Iv X-Sm-Iw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-Wn-∏q¿

132 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5666. 5667. 5668. 5669. 5670. 5671. 5672. 5673. 5674. 5675. 5676. 5677. 5678. 5679. 5680. 5681. 5682. 5683. 5684. 5685. 5686. 5687. 5688. 5689. 5690. 5691. 5692. 5693. 5694. 5695. 5696. 5697. 5698. 5699. 5700. 5701. 5702. 5703. 5704. 5705. 5706. 5707.

l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ t\m¿-a≥ t_m¿-tem-Kv C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰n-s‚ sa-° F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø cm-jv-{S-]-Xn \n-hm-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-jnw-e Z-em¬- kv-{So-‰v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ apw-ss_ l-cn-Zzm¿, tI-Zm¿-\m-Yv F-∂o Xo¿-Ym-S-\ tI-{μ-߃ G-Xv kwÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv B-Zy-sØ ⁄m-\-]oT tP-Xm-hv- ˛-- -Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v thm-Uv-I F-∂ a-Zyw G-Xp [m-\y-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv-˛ tKm-X-ºv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `m-j-I-fn-te-°v sam-gn-am-‰w sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≈ a-e-bm-f t\m-h¬-˛ sN-Ωo≥ {Km-a-hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v \o-tem-t°-cn ]-≤-Xn-°v t\Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xm-cv-˛ F-kv.sI.tU C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰n-s‚ \-gv-k-dn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ apw-ss_ tI-{μ a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X -˛ e-£v-an F≥. ta-t\m≥ l-km-cn-_m-Kv- h-\y-Po-hn k -- w-c-£-W -tI-{μw G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\Øm-Wv-˛ Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv A-k≥-j≥ Zzo-]v-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw tem-I-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn ar-Km-ip-]-{Xn ÿm-]n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y tI-c-f-Øn¬ {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bp-sS A-Sn-Ø-d D-e-® hn-π-hw˛ ]-g-»n hn-π-hw tI-c-f-Øn¬ {In-kv-Xy≥ a-X-hn-`m-K-°m¿ F-Æ-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Pn-√-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw tI-c-f-Øn¬ {io i-¶-c kw-kv-Ir-X k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS Bÿm-\w-˛ Im-e-Sn Cw-•-≠n-se ]m¿-e-sa‚ v tl-_n-b-kv tIm¿-∏-kv \n-b-aw ]mkm-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1679 an-t‚m tam¿-en `-c-W ]-cn-jv-Im-cw kw-_-‘n-® N¿-®-\-S-Øm≥ 1912˛¬ Cw-•-≠n¬ t]m-b-t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈ Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tKm-h tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ B-Iv-Sn-Mv kv-]o-°-dm-b h-\n-X-˛-\-^ok-Øv _o-hn ap-e-∏m¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ t{]m-em-Iv-Sn≥ G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™ `q-cn-]-£-Øn-\p- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ {]-knU‚ v-˛ hn-.hn-. Kn-cnX-an-gn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-b Ir-Xn-˛ tXm¬-°m-∏n-bw C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰v So-an¬ C-Sw In-´n-b k-ºq¿-W a-e-bm-fn-˛ {ioim-¥v C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ {I-a-h-Xv-Ir-X sk≥-k-kv \-S-∂ h¿jw-˛ 1881 lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ U¬-ln bp-F≥- s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS A-[y-£-bm-bn- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-h-\n-X-˛ hn-P-b-e-£v-an- ]-Wv-Un-‰vC-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ A-¥m-cm-jv{- S N-e® - n-t{Xm-’h - w 1952˛¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \-S-∂-Xv-˛-apw-ss_ cn-lv-em F-∂ Ir-Xn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ C-_v≥ _-Øq-Ø G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-߃-°v kzm-X-{¥yw \¬-In-b cm-Pyw-˛ {_n-´¨ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ayq-kn-bw-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tIm¨-{K-kv kv-]o-°¿-˛ Ae-Iv-km-≠¿ ]-d-ºn-Ø-d U¬-ln-bn¬ ]p-cm-Wv In-e \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ sj¿-jm C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ bq-tdm-]y≥ tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-sX-hn-sS-˛ sIm-®n-bn¬ C-¥y-bn¬ km-º-Øn-I h¿-jw B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ G-{]n¬ 1 tI-c-f am¿-Iv-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ sI.Zm-tam-Z-c≥ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ^n-enw s^-Ãn-h¬ \-S-∂ \-K-cw-˛ apw-ss_ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-ß-fp-≈ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ B-{^n-° Hm-t´m-a≥ kp¬-Øm≥-am¿ `-c-Ww \-S-Øn-bn--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Xp¿°n tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ tUm.F.B¿.ta-t\m≥ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C≥-jp-d≥-kv I-º-\n-˛ t_mw-s_ ayqNz¬ A-jz-d≥-kv skm-ssk-‰n en-an-‰-Uv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

34

 kp\n¬ KmhkvI¿ sSÃv {In°‰n¬ F{X sk©zdnIƒ t\Snbn´p≠v  Ft√md KplIƒ F{XsbÆamWv  tIcfØnse ImbepIfpsS FÆw  C¥ybnse BZysØ s{Sbn≥ k¿hokv 1853 G{]n¬ 16\v \SØnbXv apwss_ apX¬ Xms\ hscbmbn∂p. Cu sdbn¬∏mXbpsS \ofw F{X Intemao‰dmbn∂p? 5708. t{]m-t´m-πm-k-am-Wv Po-h-s‚ `u-Xn-I-am-b A-Sn-ÿm-\w F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ l-Iv-k-en 5709. N-{μ-\n¬-\n-∂v t\m-°p-∂-bmƒ-°v B-Im-iw F-¥m-bn tXm-∂p∂p-˛ I-dp-∏v 5710. t{]w `m-´n-b A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ ]{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w 5711. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C‚¿-s\-‰v ]-{Xw-˛ ^n-\m≥-jy¬ F-Ivkv-{]-kv 5712. N-{μ-Kp-]v-X≥- c-≠m-a≥- G-Xv-t]-cn-em-Wv- {]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xv- ˛-hn-{Iam-Zn-Xy≥5713. t{_m-°¨ hn-Mv-kv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up 5714. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv Im¿-˛ td-h 5715. N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ sl-tdm-tUm-´-kv 5716. t{_m-Uv-tK-Pv ]m-X-bn¬ sd-bn¬-∏m-f-߃ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-I-ew˛ 1.676 ao. 5717. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ A-®-Sn-b-{¥w ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛ tKm-h-bn¬ 5718. t{i-jvT `m-jm ]-Z-hn e-`n-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ `m-j-˛-X-an-gv 5719. t¢m-tdm-^n-√n¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ a-·o-jyw 5720. Nm-Nv-\m-a F-∂-Xv G-Xv {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ N-cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ kn-‘v 5721. I-cn-ºn¬-\n-∂p In-´p-∂ ]-©-km-c-˛ kp-t{Im-kv 5722. C-¥y `-cn-® B-Zy-sØ A-^v-Km≥ hw-iw-˛ tem-Zn hw-iw 5723. Nm¿-an-\m¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 5724. c-≠p X-e-ÿm-\-ß-fp-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp Im-iv-ao¿ 5725. H- •m-kn-se P-e-Øn¬ H- sF-kv I-j-Ww s]m-ßn-°n-S°p-∂p. A-Xn-se sF-kv I-j-Ww D--In-Øo¿-∂ D-S≥ P-e-\nc-∏v ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ hy-Xym-kw h--∂n-√ 5726. 1948˛¬ tUm. im-c-Zm I-_o-dn-s\ ]p-\¿-hn-hm-lw-sN-bv-X t\Xm-hv-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 5727. tIm¨-{K-kp-am-bn ]q-s\ D-S-º-Sn-bn¬ G¿-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv ˛_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 5728. H- C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bmfn h-\n-X ˛ Pm-\-In cm-a-N-{μ≥ (Fw.Pn.B-dn-s‚ ]-Xv-\n-bm-bn-∂ A-h¿ ssh-°w kz-tZ-in-\n-bm-bn--∂p.) 5729. C.Fw.F-kv. a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS Im-e-Øv \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ `q-]-cn-jvI-c-W-_n¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂ d-h-\yq a-{¥n ˛ sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω 5730. tIm-h≥-]q-Xq¿ F-∂v ]-≠v A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ \-K-cw-˛ tIm-b-ºØq¿ 5731. cq-]w- sIm-≠- \mƒ ap-X¬ aZy-\n--tcm-[-\w \n-e-hn-ep-≈ kwÿm-\w-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 5732. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew `-cn-® I-ayp-Wn-Ãv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ ^nU¬ Im-kv-t{Sm 5733. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Zq-cw tZ-im-S-\w \-S-Øp-∂ ]-£n-˛ B¿-Sn-Iv tS¨ 5734. tI-c-f I-em-a-Wv-U-e-sØ tI-c-f k-¿-°m¿ G-s‰-Sp-Ø h¿-jw-˛ 1957 5735. C-¥y≥ \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ cm-Pmdmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 5736. G-Xp t\-Xm-hn-s‚ a-c-W-ti-j-am-Wv Km-‘n-Pn tZ-io-b {]-ÿm\-Øn-s‚ A-\n-tj-[y t\-Xm-hm-bn D-b¿-∂-Xv-˛ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-eI - ≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 133

5737. Nn-Zw-_-c-sØ \-S-cm-P-hn-{K-lw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ tNm-f≥-am¿ 5738. G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ ]-WvU - n-Xk - Z-   - m-bn--∂p A-jvS- Z- zn-§zn-Pß - ƒ˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ 5739. C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b Pn-√-˛ am-ln 5740. Np-h-∂ {Xn-tIm-Ww F-¥n-s‚ Nn-”-am-Wv-˛ Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-Ww 5741. {Ko-\n-®v tc-J-bpw `q-a-[y-tc-J-bpw kw-K-an-°p-∂ t]m-bn‚ v GXv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-W-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zwv 5742. D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-s‚ km-º-Øn-I-˛ hym-h-km-bn-I X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ Im¨-]q¿ 5743. Hm-Ik v- tv- ^m-Uv bq-Wn-th-gk v- n-‰n-bp-sS tUm-ISv- t- d-‰v e-`n-® C-¥y≥ N-e-®n-{X kw-hn-[m-b-I≥-˛ k-Xy-Pn-Xv-td 5744. hm-jn-Mv-S¨ \-K-cw G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ t]m-t´m-am-Iv 5745. hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ Un.kn. 5746. Hm-d-©v hn-π-hw F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ^m¿-a-kyq´n-°¬-kv 5747. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b _o-®v- (I-S-∏p-dw)˛-sN-ss∂bn-se a-do-\m- _o-®v5748. N-ta-en tZ-hn P-bn≥ A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv \¬-Ip∂-Xv-˛ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w 5749. C-¥y≥- {]-kn-U‚n-s≥-d kv-Ym-\-sØ G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d `-cW-Ø-e-h-\p-am-bn-´m-Wv- km-[m-c-W-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-∂-Xv ˛-{_n-´¨5750. Sm-tKm-dn-s‚ Ko-Xm-Rv-P-en A-tX-t]-cn¬ a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v X¿P-a sN-bv-X-Xm-cv-˛-Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v 5751. C-t∏m-g-sØ tI-c-f sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v a-μn-cw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-® cmPm-hv-˛-B-bn-eyw Xn--\mƒ 5752. O-tμ-e≥-am¿ `-cn-®n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ _p-tμ¬-J-Wv-Uv 5753. G-Xn-s‚ I-hm-S-am-Wv A-sse Z¿-hm-k-˛ Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m¿ 5754. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ \n¿-h-Nn-® en-¶-s‚ {]-i-kv-X-am-b {]-kw-Kw˛ sK-‰n-kv-_¿-Kv 5755. G-Xn-s‚ km-∂n-[yw-aq-e-am-Wv i-co-c-Øn-se c-‡w I-´-]n-Sn-°mØ-Xv-˛ sl-∏m-cn≥ 5756. C-t∂-hs - c e-`n-®n-´p-≈X - n¬ G-‰h - pw h-en-b h-{Pw-˛ I≈n-\≥ 5757. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛ t\m¿-Øv CuÃv {Ko≥-em≥-Uv \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v 5758. P-\n-XI - i - m-k{v- X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-sh-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- {Kn-K¿ sa≥U¬ 5759. P-∏m-\n¬ t_mw-_n-Sm≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b A-ta-cn-°≥ {]kn-U‚ v-˛ lm-cn F-kv. {Sq-am≥ 5760. Cu-\m-Sv G-Xp `m-j-bn-se ]-{X-am-Wv-˛ sX-ep-¶v 5761. tI-c-f t^m-d-Ãv U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ tIm-´-bw 5762. P-e-Øn-s‚ hn-in-jv-S Xm-]-[m-cn-X F-{X-˛ 4200 Pqƒ-kv {]-Xn In-tem-{Kmw sI¬-hn≥ 5763. C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰v So-an-s‚ B-Zy-sØ Iym-]v-‰≥-˛ kn.sI.\m-bnUp 5764. c-≠v ssN-\-bn¬ F-∂ Ir-Xn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw. ]-Wn-°¿ 5765. Cw-]o-®v-sa‚n-\v hn-t[-b-\m-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ hm-d≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv 5766. tam-≠n Im¿-tem Im¿ dm-en \-S-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ sam-Wm-t°m 5767. C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v-˛ a-U-K-kv-I¿ 5768. D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se A-h-km-\-sØ ln-μp-N-{I-h¿-Øn- ˛-l¿-jh¿-≤\ - ≥5769. G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn-ep≈ cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 5770. P-kyq-´v {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv ˛-C-t·-jy-kv Hm-^v e-tbm-f 5771. D-Æm-bn hm-cy¿ kv-am-c-I-I-em-\n-e-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ C-cn-ßme-°p-S 5772. C-¥y≥ a-X-˛-km-aq-ln-I \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 5773. Km-‘n-Pn A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-\-Sp-Øv sIm-®v-dm-_v F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv k-Xym-{K-lm-{i-aw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ 1915 5774. H- in-ip h-f¿-∂p-h--tºmƒ F-√p-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ Ip-d-bp-∂p

CONFUSING FACTS  k-ky-ß-sf h-f¿-∂p h-ep-Xm-Im≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°m-sX ap-cSn-∏n-®v sN-dn-b B-Ir-Xn-bn¬ h-f¿-Øp-∂ P-∏m-\o-kv coXn-bm-Wv t_m¨-km-bv. k-ky-ß-fp-sS C-e-I-fpw in-J-cß-fpw {]-tXy-I B-Ir-Xn-bn¬ sh-´n-sbm--°p-∂-Xm-Wv tSm-∏n-b-dn.  ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS ]n-Xm-a-l≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv d-lv-a-Øv A-en-bm-Wv. C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS ]n-Xm-a-l≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv cm-Pv \m-cm-b¨ t_m-kv B-Wv.  C-Xm-bv-˛-C-Xm-bv tcm-Kw Im-Uv-an-bw aq-e-hpw an-\-am-X tcmKw sa¿-°p-dn-aq-e-hpw D-≠m-Ip-∂p.  bq-tdm-∏n-se tcm-Kn F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-´ cm-Py-am-Wv Xp¿°n. G-jy-bn-se tcm-Kn aym≥-am¿. 5775. tZ-ho-N-{μ-Kp-]v-Xw F-∂ kw-kv-Ir-X \m-S-I-Øn-se tI-{μ I-Ym]m-{Xw-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 5776. G-Xv Po-hn-bp-sS a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-em-Wv {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-∏w Iq-Sn-b \yq-tdm¨ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ H-Iv-tSm-∏-kv 5777. tZ-io-b ]-©-km-c K-th-j-W tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-Im¨]q¿ 5778. a-{¥n-am¿-°v h-Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS Np-a-X-e hn-`-Pn-®p-\¬-Im≥ K-h¿W-sd D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv B-cm-Wv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 5779. G-Xv Po-hn-bp-sS im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv tlm-tam km-]n-b≥-kv-˛-a\p-jy≥ 5780. H- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-Øn-\v Cw-•o-jn-tem ln-μn-bn-tem {]-kw-Kn°m≥ A-dn-bn-√m F-¶n¬ am-Xr-`m-j-bn¬ k-`-bn¬ {]-kw-Kn°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-Im≥ B¿-°m-Wv A-[n-Im-cw-˛-kv-]o-°¿ 5781. P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ ap-Jy-cm-⁄n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ \q¿-P-lm≥ 5782. C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v k-b≥-kv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Pw-j-Uv-Pn Sm-‰ 5783. d-jy hn-t£-]n-® B-Zy _-ln-cm-Im-i hm-l-\w-˛ kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv 5784. C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãv-‰yq-´v Hm-^v s]-t{Sm-fn-bw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ sU-dm-Uq¨ 5785. C-¥y≥ C≥-Un-s]≥-U≥-kv B-Iv-Sv \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1947 Hm-K-Ãv 15 5786. d-jy-bp-sS tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛ kmw-t_m 5787. Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-cn-tÃm´n¬ 5788. tI-cf - \ - n-ba - k - ` - b - p-sS N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-hi - yw Im-Ãn-Mv thm-´v {]-tbm-Kn-® kv-]o-°¿-˛ F.kn.tPm-kv 5789. thm-bv-kv Hm-^v Z lm¿-´v B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ ar-Wm-fn-\n km-cm-`m-bn 5790. ˛-˛-˛-˛ s‚ {]-hm-l-am-Wv ssh-Zyp-Xn-˛ C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wp-Iƒ 5791. th-Wm-´n¬ ]p-e-t∏-Sn \n-tcm-[n-® `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ tIm-´-bw tIc-fh - ¿-a 5792. d-kn-bm kp¬-Øm-\ h-[n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1240 5793. Po-hn-°p-∂ k-\ym-kn (kn-μm ]o¿) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ ap-Kƒ N-{Ih¿-Øn-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 5794. dm-h¬-]n-≠n F-Ik -v {-v ]-kv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ Im-bn-IX - m-cw-˛ sjmbv-_v A-‡¿ 5795. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ ]q¿-Wa - m-bn ssh-Zyp-Xo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´ B-Zy-sØ {Kma-]-©m-b-Øv-˛ I-Æm-Sn(]m-e-°m-Sv Pn-√) 5796. dm-jv _n-lm-cn t_m-kv C-¥y≥ C≥-Un-s]≥-U≥-kv eo-Kv ÿm]n-®-sX-hn-sS-˛ P-∏m≥ 5797. Pv-Rm-\-]oTw t\-Sn-b B-Zy X-an-gv km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥-˛-]n.hn.AJn-em-Wv-U≥(A-Jn-e≥) 5798. C-¥y≥- D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬- H-- hn-tZ-i-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- ta¬t°m-bv-a-bv-°p- hn-t[-b-am-Im-Ø- H-tc-sbm-- cm-Pyw- -˛-t\-∏mƒ-

134 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5799. tI-c -f -Øn¬ B- Z y- am- b n ssh-Zyp-Xn D-]t- bm-Kn-®p {]h¿-Øn-® hy-h-km-b kwcw-`w-˛ I-Æ≥ tZ-h≥ I-º\n 5800. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw- h-enb kw-kv-Ym-\w-˛ cm-P-kvYm≥5801. F-{X Un-{Kn tc-Jmw-is - Øbm-Wv A-¥m-cm-jv-{S Zn-\m¶-tc-J-bm-bn I-W-°m-°p∂-Xv-˛ 180 5802. C-μn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS N-ca - Z- n\w B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tZ-iokw-ÿm-\ h-\n-Xm b ]p-\-c¿-∏-W-Zn-\w 5803. c-≠mw tem-I a-lm-bp-≤- I- Ω n-n--- j - s ‚ B- Z y A- [ y- £ - ˛ kp- K - X - I p- a m- c n °m- e - Ø v s\- h n¬ tNw_¿-se-bn≥ {_n-´o-jv {][m-\-a-{¥n ]-Z-sam-gn-™-t∏mƒ ]-I-c-°m-c-\m-b-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥è N¿-®n¬ 5804. C-¥y-bp-sS B-sI hn-kvX - o¿-WØ - n-s‚ F-{X i-Xa - m-\a - m-Wv tIc-fw-˛ 1.18 5805. C-¥y≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 5806. s\-{lp ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ _-¶n-∏q¿ (1912) 5807. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-Zy A-[y-£≥-˛ k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 5808. s\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\-Zm-\w \-S-°p-∂ Xo-b-Xn-˛ Un-kw-_¿ 10 5809. tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cw 5810. d-∫¿ t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w ˛-tIm-´-bw 5811. D-÷-bn-\n G-Xp \-Zo-Xo-c-Øv-˛ £n-{] 5812. s\-t∏m-fn-b-s\-Xn-sc {S-^¬-K-dn¬ Cw-•o-jv tk-\-sb \-bn-®Xv-˛ A-Uv-an-d¬ slm-td-tjym s\¬-k¨ 5813. C-¥y≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b cm-Pyw-˛ `q-´m≥ 5814. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew A-[n-Imc-Øn¬ Xp-S¿-∂ a{¥n-k-`-bv-°p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ sI.I--Wm-I-c≥ 5815. C-¥y≥ H-fn-ºn-Iv So-an-s\ \-bn-® B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ ssj-\n hn¬k¨(1992) 5816. D-t´m-∏n-b c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tXm-a-kv aq¿ 5817. s]≥-kn¬ A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ hnZym-`ym-kw 5818. D-t√-J Km-b-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ a-e-bm-f I-hn-˛ D-≈q¿ 5819. d-tbm¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v kzm≥(1883) 5820. c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-Kq¿ {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s\ k-μ¿-in-® h¿-jw˛ 1922 5821. H- km-[-\w D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v k¿-°m¿ \¬-Ip-∂ Ip-Øh-Im-iw-˛ t]-‰‚ v 5822. Du¿-P-Øn-s‚ F-kv.sF.bq-Wn-‰v-˛ Pqƒ 5823. du-e-‰v \n-b-aw G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv ˛ 1919 5824. Dw-tdm-bn hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-eb 5825. s]‚-K¨- F-∂-Xv G-Xp cm-Py-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 5826. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew {]-Xn-]-£ t\-Xm-hm-bn-∂X - v˛- C.Fw.F-kv. 5827. C-¥y≥ hn-]-Wn-bn-se G-‰-hpw hn-e-Iq-Sn-b kp-K-‘ hy-Rv-P\w-˛ Ip-¶p-aw 5828. Im-bn-It- I-cf - Ø - n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛- tI-W¬ tKmZ-h¿-a-cm-P 5829. tI-c-f-Øn¬ D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ G-I a-{¥n-˛ sI.ap-cf - o-[c - ≥ 5830. s]m-´m-kyw F-∂ aq-e-I-Øn-\v sI F-∂ {]-Xo-Iw e-`n-®-Xv GXp em-‰n≥ hm-°n¬ \n-∂m-Wv ˛ Im-en-bw 5831. tI-c-f-Øn¬ D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS ko-‰p \n-e-\n¿-Øn-b BZy Aw-Kw-˛-tdm-k-Ωm ]p-∂q-kv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

35

 cm-jv-{S-]-Xn Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a-’-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b Ip-d™ {]m-bw  tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un F-{Xm-a-sØ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚m-Wv  tlm-°n a-’-c-Øn-s‚ H- ]-Ip-Xn-bp-sS ssZ¿-Lyw F{X an-\n-´m-Wv  {^-©p N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ In-co-S-[m-c-Ww \-S-Øn-b-Xv F-{Xmw h-b- n-em-Wv  `q-tKm-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ aq-e-Iw C--ºm-Wv. G-I-tZ-iw F-{X i-X-am-\w  D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a-’-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b Ip-d-™ {]m-bw  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xmw-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv kn-°n-an\v A-tkm-kn-tb-‰v tÃ-‰v ]-Z-hn \¬-In-b-Xv  K-h¿-W-dm-Im-\m-h-iy-am-b Ip-d-™ {]m-bw  A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a-’-cn-°m-\mh-iy-am-b Ip-d-™ {]m-bw  H- _m-c¬ Hm-bn¬ F-{X Cw-]o-cn-b¬ Kym-e≥ B-Wv  2005˛-se hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-{]-Im-cw A-kn-Â v tÃ-‰v ]-ªn-Iv C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ Hm-^o-k¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂ At]-£-Iƒ {]-Im-cw a-dp-]-Sn \¬-Im-\p-≈ k-a-b ]-cn-[n F-{X Zn-h-k-am-Wv  F-{Xmw h-b- n-em-Wv kn-≤m¿-Y-\v Zn-hy-⁄m-\w e-`n-®-Xv 5832. C-¥y≥ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ am-·m-Im¿-´ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hp-Uv-kv sU-kv-]m-®v 5833. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v A-Xn¿-Øn-bp-≈ cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 5834. i-Iv-X≥-X-ºp-cm≥- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1805 5835. C-¥y≥ hw-i-P¿ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Zzo-]p-cm-jv-{S-߃-˛ audo-jy-kv, ^n-Pn 5836. I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ b-£-Km-\w 5837. tI-c-f-Øn¬ \n-e-\n-∂n--∂ a--a-°-Øm-b Zm-b-{I-a-sØ-°pdn-®v ]-cm-a¿-in-® {]-Y-a hn-tZ-i k-©m-cn-˛ {^-b¿ tPm¿-Um-\kv 5838. E-jn-tI-in¬-h-®v Kw-K-bp-am-bn kw-K-an-°p-∂ \-Zn-˛ N-{μ-`m-K 5839. e-Lp-`m-kv-I-co-b-Øn-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv-˛ i-¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥ 5840. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew D-]-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ A-hp°m-Z¿ Ip-´n \-l 5841. em a-dm-_v-se F-∂ {^-©p-t\m-h¬ a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v hn-h¿Ø-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ \m-e-∏m-´v \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ 5842. s]m-Xp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-∂ B-Zy G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 5843. s]-se-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ F-Uv-K¿ A-cm‚-kv tUm-\m-kn-sat‚m 5844. s]-t{Sm-fn-b-Øn-s‚ A-kw-kv-Ir-X-cq-]w A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ {Iq-Uv Hm-bn¬ 5845. I¿-Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ hm-\-ºm-Sn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´-Xv-˛ Fw.F-kv.kp-∫-e-£v-an 5846. C-¥y≥ Ãm-‰n-‰n-°¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ]n.kn.a-le-t\m-_n-kv 5847. em-e e-Pv-]-Xv dm-bn-bp-sS a-c-Øn-\p Im-c-W-°m-c-\m-b km≥tU-gv-kv F-∂ t]m-eo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ-s\ h-[n-®-Xv-˛ `-K-Xv kn-Mv 5848. em-tlm¿ {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ H-∏p-h-®-Xv-˛ A-S¬ _n-lm-cn hm-Pvt]-bn 5849. C-¥y≥ in-£m-\n-b-aw \-S-∏n-em-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1861 5850. I-fn-bm-´w F-∂ kn-\n-a G-Xv tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ \m-S-I-sØ A-Snÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv-˛ H-Y-t√m 5851. G-gp I-S-ep-I-fm¬ Np-‰-s∏-´ cm-Pyw-˛-ku-Zn A-td-_y 5852. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew U-]yq-´n kv-]o-°-dm-b-Xv-˛ B¿.F-kv. D-Æn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 135

5853. C-¥y≥ Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ B¿.Un.Im¿-sh 5854. sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-s‚ Xm-t°m¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Pn-{_mƒ´¿ 5855. I-\m¬ irw-K-e hn-]p-e-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ \n¿-an-® Xp-•-Iv kp¬Øm≥-˛ ^n-tdm-kv jm Xp-•-Iv 5856. C-¥y≥ kn-\n-ab - p-sS X-eÿ - m-\w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- apw-ss_ 5857. I-dp-Ø a-c-Ww F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ tπ-Kv 5858. C-¥y≥ kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬ aq-ey h¿-[n-X \n-Ip-Xn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 2005 G-{]n¬ 1 5859. sd-Uv se-Uv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- ss{S πw-_n-Iv s{S-t{Sm-Ivs - skUv 5860. tI-c-f-Øn¬ H- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬-\n-∂p-X-s∂ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw hn-P-bn-®-Xv-˛ sI.Fw.am-Wn 5861. Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s‚ `m-cy dm-_n-b Zp-cm-\n-bp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw-˛ _o_n Im a-Jv-_-c 5862. C-¥y≥ kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬ kz-¥w `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈ G-I kwÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp-˛I - i - va - o¿ 5863. I¬-]-\ Nu-f _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-b-Xv G-Xp t]-S-I-Øn-emWv-˛ sIm-fw-_n-b 5864. tIm-ssh F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xv \-K-c-am-Wv-˛ tIm-b-º-Øq¿ 5865. H- km-{am-Pyw kz-¥-am-°n-b B-Zy-sØ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 5866. c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-Kq¿ P-\n-® ho-Sv-˛ sP-dm-km-t¶m `-h-\w 5867. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw ap-Jy-a{¥n-bm-b h-\n-X-˛ am-bm-h-Xn 5868. c-≠mw tNm-f km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y ÿm-]-I≥-˛ hn-P-bme-b≥ 5869. tI-c-f-Øn¬ I-fn-a¨ \n-t£-]w Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ {]-tZ-iw-˛ Ip-≠d 5870. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ \m-t\m sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn ]T-\ tI-{μw-˛_mw-•q¿ 5871. se-‰v F-∂ ]-Zw G-Xv Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Z-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛ tem¨ sS-∂o-kv 5872. C-¥y-bn-se ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-Uv-Pnam--≈-Xv-˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv 5873. sF.F-kv.B¿.H. ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1969 5874. C-¥y-bn-se ssh-t{km-bn-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew ]-Zhn h-ln-®-Xv-˛ en≥-en-Xv-tKm {]-`p 5875. hn-P-b-\-K-c-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚-A-h-in-jv-S-߃ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp∂ lw-]n G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 5876. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ B-Zy-sØ {]mtZ-in-I cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-´n-˛ Un.Fw.sI. 5877. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- ap≥-I-sø-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬- {]-ap-J\m-b- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]-kn-U-≠v-˛ {^m-¶v-fn≥- Un- dq-kv-sh¬-‰v5878. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛-hn-P-b-e-£van ]-Wv-Un-‰v 5879. tI-c-f-Øn¬, hy-`n-Nm-c-°p-‰w B-tcm-]n-®n--∂ kv-{Xo-Iƒ-s°Xn-sc kzo-I-cn-®n--∂ \-S-]-Sn-˛ kv-am¿-Ø hn-Nm-cw 5880. C-¥y-bn-se ssS-U¬ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ Im-≠v-e 5881. hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ kmw-_-kn 5882. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ tSm°n-tbm 5883. hm-K¨ {Sm-P-Un G-Xp I-em-]-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ae-_m¿ I-em-]w 5884. Hm-K-Ãv hn-π-hw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Izn-‰n-¥ym k-a-cw 5885. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛ kn-Uv-\n 5886. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b I-\m¬-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ I-\m¬ (C-μn-cm-Km-‘n I-\m¬) 5887. hm-kv-tIm U Km-a C-¥y-bn-te-°p ]p-d-s∏-´ t]m¿-®p-K¬ Xp-dap-Jw-˛ t_-ew 5888. hm-kv-tIm U Km-a h-∂n-d-ßn-b ]-¥-em-bn-\n I-S-∏p-dw G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 5889. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy k-∂ym-kn-\n-˛ D-am-`m-c-Xn 5890. kn._n.sF.bp-sS tI-c-f-bq-Wn-‰n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm-®n

tNmZyw; DØcw l≠¿ IΩnj≥  l≠¿ IΩnjs\ \nban®Xv dn∏¨ {]`phmtWm sNwkvt^m¿Uv {]`phmtWm?  dn∏¨ {]`p \nban® (1882) l≠¿ IΩnj≥ hnZym`ymkcwKsØ°pdn®mWv ]T\w \SØnbXv. hneyw hn¬k¨ l≠¿ (1840˛1900) C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿hokv DtZymKÿ\mbn∂p. ]n∂oSt±lw tdmb¬ Gjym‰nIv skmssk‰nbpsS sshkv {]knU‚mbn.  Pmenb≥hmem_mKv Iq´s°mesb°pdn®v At\zjn°m\mWv sNwkvt^mUv {]`p l≠¿ IΩnjs\ \ntbmKn®Xv. A`n`mjI≥, \ymbm[n]≥, cmjv{Sob t\Xmhv F∂o \neIfn¬ {]ikvX\mb hneyw l≠dpsS (1865˛1957) t]cnemWv HºXwK IΩnj≥ Adnbs∏´Xv. 5891. en-tbm-t]mƒ-Uv _v-fqw- B- kr-jv-Sn-® I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv-˛ sPbnw-kv tPm-bv-kv 5892. sh-√-kv-en- {]-`p-hn-s≥-d ssk-\n-I-k-lm-b hy-h-kv-Y-bn¬- H∏p-sh-® B-Zy-sØ \m-´p-cm-Pyw- -˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv5893. tI-c-f-Øn¬ N-μ-\-°m-Sp-≈ {]-tZ-iw-˛ a-d-bq¿ 5894. enw-Km-b-Øp-I-fp-sS B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ in-h≥ 5895. eo Izm≥ bp G-Xp cm-Py-sØ B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv-˛ knwK-∏q¿ 5896. sIm¬-°-Ø ]-´-W-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ tPm-_v Nm¿-t\m-°v 5897. tI-c-f-Øn¬ s]m-eo-kv ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p-˛ sIm-√w 5898. eo-em-hX - n F-∂ Ir-Xn t]¿-jy-\n-te-°v X¿-Pa - sN-bvX - X - v˛- s^bv-kn 5899. Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛ {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww 5900. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy Z-fn-Xv h-\n-X-˛ am-bm-h-Xn 5901. kq-cy-Im-¥n c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛-Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v 5902. tdm-f-Iv-kv hm-®p-I-º-\n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-P-\oh 5903. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ k¿-°m¿- B-ip-]-{Xn- Xn--h-\-¥-]pc-Øv- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1864 5904. tdm-th-gv-kv I-∏v G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ^p-Svt_mƒ 5905. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ s{]m-^-j-W¬ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ ¢-∫v-˛ F-^v.kn.sIm-®n≥ 5906. sP¿-tkm-∏ sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ i-cm-h-Xn 5907. hn-c-ep-I-fn-s√-¶n-epw \-J-߃ D-≈ Po-hn-˛ B-\ 5908. Ãm-ºn¬ Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-X-˛ ao-cm-`mbn 5909. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\w G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬ Im-ew h-ln-®-Xv-˛ tPym-Xn _-kp 5910. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ Xp-S¿-∂p-hc - p-∂ km-ap-Zm-bn-I kw-hc - W - w G-Xp {]t£m-`-Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-Wv-˛ \n-h¿-Ø-\ {]-t£m-`-Ww 5911. eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-dm-a-s\- h-[-in-£-bv-°v- hn-t[-b-\m-°n-b-sX-∂v-˛ 1793 P-\p-h-cn- 21 5912. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew ap-Jy-a-{¥n ˛ kn.A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 5913. eq-kn-‰m-\n-b C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ t]m¿-®p-K¬ 5914. tI-cf - Ø - n-em-Zy-am-bn C-eI - vt- {Sm-Wn-Iv thm-´n-Mv sa-jo≥ D-]t- bmKn-® a-Wv-U-ew-˛ ]-d-hq¿ 5915. eq-Wm¿ Im-Ãn-Iv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kn¬-h¿ ss\-t{S-‰v 5916. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ X-t±-io-b `m-jI-fp-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 5917. ssh-tem-∏n-≈n kw-kv-Ir-Xn `-h≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥]p-cw 5918. eq-t°m-ssk-‰v-kv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- sh-fp-Øc - ‡ - m-Wp-°ƒ.

136 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

5919. H- kv-{Xo t]m-epw A-`n-\n-bn-°m-Ø a-e-bm-f N-e-®n-{Xw-˛ aXn-ep-Iƒ 5920. tIm-SX - n-bn¬ lm-Pc - m-Ip-∂X - n¬-\n-∂v Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-°≥am¿ H-gn-hm-°n-bn--∂ G-I hy-‡n ˛-{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 5921. H- Km-e≥ F-{X en-‰¿-˛ 4.546 en-‰¿ 5922. Nmƒ-Uv- Um¿-hn≥- X-s≥-d- \n-co-£W - ß - ƒ- \-SØ - m≥- sX-cs - ™Sp-Ø- Km-e-∏m-tKm-kv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- C-t∏mƒ- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-Wv-˛-C-Iz-tUm¿5923. Nm-eq-Iy≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ hm-Xm-]n 5924. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ ]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ I-S¬-˛ A-d_n-°-S¬ 5925. Nm-eq-Iy-cm-Pm-hv ]p-en-tI-in c-≠m-a-s\ tXm¬-]n-® ]-√-h cmPm-hv-˛-\-c-knw-l-h¿-a≥ 5926. ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS hn-c-an-°¬ {]m-bw-˛ 62 h-b- v 5927. Nm-eq-Iy-hn-{I-a kw-h¬-k-cw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ ]-›n-a Nm-eq-Iy-hwi-Øn-se hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy B-dm-a≥ 5928. ssl-∏¿-sam-t{Sm-∏n-b G-X-h-b-h-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂ \yq-\-X-bmWv-˛ I-Æv 5929. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ \-Zn-˛-s\-øm¿ 5930. Nm-eq-Iy-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ P-b-knw-l≥ 5931. ssh-Zyp-Xn D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ ti-jn-bp-≈ a¬-kyw-˛ Cu¬ 5932. Nm-f-°-S¬ F-∂p {]-kn-≤-am-bn-cn-°p-∂ k-ap-{Z-`m-Kw-˛ D-Ø-c A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 5933. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I ]-£n-˛ th-gm-º¬ 5934. Nn-Øc - R - vP - ≥ tem-t°m-tam-´o-hv ^m-IvS- d - n G-Xp-kw-kvY - m-\Ø - mWv-˛ ]-›n-a-_w-Kmƒ 5935. Km-‘n-Pn B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-X hn-Zym-`ym-k ]-≤-Xn-˛ \-bo Xmenw 5936. B--sS A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn--∂p X-hn-´p Ip-∏m-b-°m¿-˛-ln-‰v-e¿ 5937. a-{¥n-k-` ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sm≥ B¿-°m-W-[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 5938. ssU-\m-tam-bn¬ ssh-Zyp-tXm¿-Pw e-`n-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv Du¿-PØn¬-\n-∂m-Wv-˛ bm-{¥n-tIm¿-Pw 5939. tdm-a≥ I-tØm-en-°--sS B-flo-b X-e-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 5940. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv G-Xp \-Zo-Xo-c-Øv-˛ ap-kn 5941. tI-c-f-Øn-se a-ø-gn G-Xv hn-tZ-i-°-º-\n-bp-sS A-[-\n-th-i{]-tZ-i-am-bn--∂p-˛ {^-©v 5942. Nn-dm-]q-©n-G-Xp-kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 5943. hn-b-∂ G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ Um-\yq-_v 5944. ssS-K¿ tÃ-‰v Hm-^v C-¥y F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ a[y-{]-tZ-iv 5945. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy \r-Xy-˛-\m-Sy ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v A¿-l-bmb-Xv-˛ I-em-a-Wv-U-ew k-Xy-`m-a 5946. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ss{I-kv-X-h-]p-tcm-ln-X-˛ a-c-X-I-h-√n tU-hn-Uv 5947. ssX-tdm-Iv-kn-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ tKm-bn-‰¿ 5948. ssZ-h-Z-i-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 5949. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\ß - f - n¬ G-‰h - pw P-\k - w-Jy-Iq-Sn-bX - v˛- D-Ø¿{]-tZ-iv 5950. hm-kv-tIm- U Km-a ssh-t{km-bn- B-bn- tI-c-f-Øn¬- F-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ F.Un.1524 5951. I-Øn-b-hm-Vn-se kp-Z¿-i-\-X-Sm-I-Øn-s‚ tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿Ø cm-Pm-hv-˛ -{Z-Zm-a≥ 5952. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ i-X-am-\m-Sn-k-Ym-\-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-\-`q-an-bp-≈-Xv-˛ an-skm-dw 5953. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\-km-{μ-X-bp-≈ h≥-I-c-˛-G-jy 5954. tKm¿-_-t®-hv P-\m-[n-]-Xy ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃ \-S-∏m-°n-b cm-Pyw˛-d-jy 5955. H- t\m-´n-°¬ ssa¬ F-{X A-Sn-bm-Wv-˛6080 5956. \yq-tbm¿-°v G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv kap-{Zw 5957. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-ªn-Iv sl¬-Øv e-t_m-d-´-dn-bp-sS ÿm-]I - ≥-˛ tUm.kn.H.I--Wm-Ic - ≥ 5958. sX-°≥ G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 5959. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ Iym-]v-‰≥ Ip-°v 5960. C-¥y≥ sd-b¿ F¿-Øv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ N-h-d

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

36

 e£Zzo]v kaqlØn¬ F{X Zzo]pIƒ D≠v  kn°nans\ C¥y≥ bqWnb\nse H kwÿm\ am°nbXv F{XmasØ `cWLS\mt`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv  H hmc (bm¿Uv) F{X C©mWv  {In]vt‰mWns‚ AWpkwJy  sS∂okv tIm¿´ns‚ hoXn (U_nƒkv) F{X ASnbmWv  aebmfØnse hyRvP\en]nIfpsS FÆw  A¥mcmjv{S GIZn\ {In°‰n¬ G‰hpw thKtadnb sk©zdn F∂ t\´w tImdn B≥tUgvk¨ ssIhcn®Xv F{X ]¥pIfn¬\n∂mWv 5961. eu-Uv kv-]o-°¿ I-≠p-]nSn- ® - X m- c v- ˛ slm- t d- k v tjm¿-´v (1900) 5962. tI-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-sØ a\p-jym-hI - m-iI - Ω - n-j≥ A[y-£≥-˛ P-Ãn-kv ]-co-Xp]n-≈ 5963. F ssN-\ ]m-tk-Pv c-Nn®-Xv-˛ sP.sI.Km¬-s{_-bvØv 5964. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kn-\n-am-Ãp-Un-tbm-˛ D-Z-b (B-e-∏p-g) 5965. Km-‘n-Pn hm¿-[-bn¬ tkC- ¥ y≥- kw- k v - Y m- \ - Ø v - ap- J yhm-{Kmw B-{i-aw ÿm-]n-® a-{¥n-kv-Ym-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zyh¿-jw ˛ 1936 kn- \ n- a m- \- S ≥- ˛ 5966. Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚ ]p-c-kv-I¿FwPn- cm- a - N - { μ≥Øm-h˛v- N - {- μ-Kp-]X v- hn-{I-amZn-Xy≥ 5967. sX-bn≥ Umw C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ c-Rv-Pn-Xv km-K¿ Umw 5968. F t\-j≥ C≥ ta-°n-Mv c-Nn-®-Xv ˛ kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv-_m-\¿-Pn 5969. F.]n.sP.A-_v-Zpƒ I-em-an-s‚ ]q¿-W-\m-aw-˛ A-hpƒ ]-°o¿ ssP-\p-em-_v-Zo≥ A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 5970. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 5971. C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I Nn-”w-˛ t`m-ep 5972. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm No-^v sk-{I-´-dn-˛ ]-flm cm-aN-{μ≥ 5973. C-¥y≥ sd-Uv-t{Im-kv skm-ssk-‰n ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1920 5974. t\m¿-Øv Cu-tè ln¬ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ jn-t√m-Mv 5975. t\m-h-en-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s_m-°m-tjym 5976. Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ I-gn-™m¬ `u-tam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-Xep-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛ kn-en-°¨ 5977. tKm¬-s°m-≠-sb ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py-tØm-Sp tN¿-Ø-Xv-˛ Hu-dwK-ko-_v (1687) 5978. t]m-eo-kv tk-\-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v ]o¬ 5979. tKm-a-tX-iz-c {]-Xn-a ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f 5980. t]m-tam-f-Pn F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ ]-g-߃ 5981. t^m¿-ap-e h¨ Im-tdm-´ a¬-k-c-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy-sØ C-¥ym-°m-c≥-˛ \m-cm-b¨ Im¿-Øn-tI-b≥ 5982. tkm-f-¶n hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ A≥-ln¬-hm-c 5983. t]m-fn-{Km-^n-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ sse Un-‰-Iv-S¿ 5984. tKm-h Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv A-[o-\-{]-tZ-i-߃ kzX-{¥-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1961 5985. Km-‘n-Pn hn-hm-lw I-gn-® h¿-jw ˛ 1881 5986. Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚ am-ÿ-]o-kv-˛ A-`n-⁄m-\-im-Ip-¥-fw

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 137

5987. Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚ B-Zy-Ir-Xn-˛ E-Xp-kw-lm-cw 5988. t^m-t´m tIm-∏n-b-dn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ sk-eo-\nbw 5989. tKm-h-[w \n-tcm-[n-°-Ww F-∂-Xv `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv `m-KØm-Wv tN¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ \n¿-t±-i-I X-Øz-߃ 5990. _mƒ-sj-hn-Iv hn-π-hw-\-S-∂-Xv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ d-jy 5991. C-¥y≥ So-an-s‚ B-Zy A‚m¿-´n-°m ]-cy-S-\w \-S-Øn-b h¿jw-˛ 1982 5992. F.Un.- 644¬- tI-c-fw- {]-Z¿-in-® A-d-_n- k-©m-cn-˛ am-en-Iv- Zn≥_n-\m¿5993. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Iw-]yq-´¿-h-Xv-Ir-X ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ sh≈-\m-Sv 5994. tKm-h¿-[-s‚ bm-{X-Iƒ- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ B-\-μv 5995. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ k-ºq¿-W ip-Nn-Xz ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ s]mXp-I¬ (a-e-∏p-dw) 5996. F.Un.B-dmw i-X-I-Øn¬ ssP-\-a-X-{K-Ÿ-߃ F-hn-sS-h-®mWv t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ h-f-`n 5997. C-¥y≥ sS-e-{Km-^v sN-Sn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ cm-a-\m-Y-∏-® 5998. t{i-jvT `m-jm ]-Z-hn e-`n-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ `m-j-˛-X-an-gv 5999. t¢m-tdm-^n-√n¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ a-·o-jyw 6000. hm¬-ao-In ssS-K¿ dn-k¿-hv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ _o-lm¿ 6001.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw {]-Nm-c-ap-≈ ]-{Xw-˛ ssSw-kv Hm-^v C-¥y 6002.- hm-kv-tIm U Km-a I-∏-en-d-ßn-b ÿ-ew-˛ Im-∏m-Sv 6003.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-∏p-c-kw Iq-Sn-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ kmw-`m¿ 6004.- hm-kv-tIm U Km-a tIm-gn-t°m-s´-Øn-b I-∏¬-˛ km-thm K{_n-tb¬ 6005.- Hm-K-kv-Xv ]-\n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ C≥-^v-fp-h≥-k 6006.- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ A-b¿ 6007.- I¿-Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]p-c-μc-Zm-k≥ 6008.- C-¥y≥ sS-e-t^m¨ C≥-U-kv-{So-kv ]m-e-°m-Sv Pn-√-bn¬ Fhn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ I-©n-t°m-Sv 6009.- F-\n-°v \-√ A-Ω-am-sc X-cq, Rm≥ \n-߃-°v \-√ cm-Pyw Xcmw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ 6010.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ P-\-Io-bm-kq-{X-Ww D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-ø-s∏-´ Xo-bXn-˛ 1996 Hm-K-kv-Xv 17 6011.- G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ bq-tdm-]y≥ `m-K-am-Wv t{X-kv-˛ Xp¿-°n 6012.- tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw ho-Xn-Iq-Sn-b sh-≈-®m-´w-˛ tJm¨ (em-thmkn¬) 6013.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kv-]o-Uv t]m-Ãv sk‚¿-˛ F-d-Wm-Ipfw 6014.- ta-Lß - ƒ Iq-Sp-Xe - m-bpw Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂ A-¥c - o-£ ]m-fn-˛ t{Smt∏m-kv-^n-b¿ 6015.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ {Xn-X-e ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬h-∂-Xv (1995 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 2) G-Xv ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bp-sS Im-e-Øv-˛ F.-sI.-B‚-Wn 6016.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ sIm-¶-Wn `m-jm-`-h≥ F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p˛ sIm-®n 6017.- kw-kv-Ym-\ ap-Jy-a-{¥n,- tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿,- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- F∂o- ]-Z-hn-Iƒ- h-ln-® G-I hy-Iv-Xn-˛ \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h sd-UvUn6018.- lq-W hw-i-Øn-se cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X≥-˛ anln-c-Ip-e≥ 6019.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Kp-lm-hyq-lw-˛ am-a-Øv Kp-l 6020.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ sd-bn¬-th sse≥-˛ Xn-cq¿-˛-t_-∏q¿ 6021.- tlm¿-Øq-kv a-e-_m-dn-°-kv F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv B-Zy-am-bn A®-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Bw-ÿ-Umw 6022.- tN-c-∑m¿- aq-j-I-cm-Pyw- Io-g-S-°n-b h¿-jw- ˛ F.-Un.-880 6023.- tem-I {]-i-kv-Xn t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ tI-c-fo-b Nn-{X-Im-c≥-˛ cmPm c-hn-h¿-a 6024.- tN-c-cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS Im-h¬-hr-£w ˛ ]-\ 6025.- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn sS-en-hn-j≥ kw-t{]-£-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛ e-≠-\n¬ 6026.- tN-cn-tN-cm {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-d-hn-bv-°p Im-c-W-am-b _m-μqMv k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1955 6027.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛ ln-am-e-bw

CONFUSING FACTS  cmPohv Km\v[nbpsS P∑Zn\w (BKkvXv 20) kZv`m-

h\mZn\ambpw NcaZn\w (sabv 21) `oIchmZhn≤Zn\ambpw (Anti terrorism Day)BNcn°p∂p.  R߃°v \√ AΩamsc Xcq, Rm≥ \n߃°v \s√m- cmjv{Sw Xcmw F∂p ]d™Xv s\t∏mfnb≥ t_mW∏m¿´mWv . F\n°q c‡w Xcq; Rm≥ \n߃- ° v kzmX{¥yw Xcmw F∂p ]d™Xv kp`mjv N{μt_mkv .  Warrior from the South F∂dnbs∏´Xv kn.cmPtKm]mem-NmcnbmWv. Firebrand of the South F∂dnbs∏´ t\Xmhv Fkv.kXyaq¿ØnbmWv.  ]{XkzmX{¥yZn\w sabv 3 BWv. C¥y≥ \yqkvt]∏¿-Zn\w P\hcn 29˛\v BNcn°p∂p. sPbnkv AKkvXkv ln°n C¥ybnse BZysØ ]{Xamb _wKmƒ Kk‰v Bcw`n® XobXnbmWnXv (1780). 6028.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Sq-dnkw hn-t√-Pv-˛ Ip-º-f-ßn 6029.- tem-IØ - n-se G-‰h - pw ]-g° - a - p≈ \n-ba - \ - n¿-am-Wk - `- G-Xp cmPy-Øn-t‚-Xv-˛ sF-kv-e≥-Uv 6030.- lr-Z-b-Øn-\v 4 A-d-I-fp-≈ Htc-sbm- D-c-Kw-˛ ap-X-e 6031.- Nm-h-d Ip-cym-t°m-kv- G-en-bmkv- A-®s - ≥-d `u-Xn-Im-hi - n-jS-v wkq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- am-∂m-\w6032.- Km-‘n-Pn A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv sS-Ivssì bq-Wn-b≥ ÿm-]n-®Xv-˛ 1917 6033.- ssU-Cu-ssY¬ ssU Im¿_m-a-kn≥ kn-t{S-‰v(Un.-C.-kn.-) B-Zy-sØ ⁄m-\-]oT G-Xp tcm-K-Øn-s‚ {]-Xn-tcm-[tPX m- h v - - ˛- - P n.i- ¶ - c - ° p- d p- ∏ v a--∂m-Wv-˛ a-¥v 6034.- sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 6035.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b `q-K¿-`-ssh-Zyp-Xn-\n-e-bw-˛ aq-e-a‰w 6036.- H- tamƒ hm-X-I-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS FÆw-˛ A-h-Km-t{Um \-º¿ 6037.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ d-∫¿ ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cw 6038.- P¿-a≥ s^-U-d¬ dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚ H-∂m-a-sØ Nm≥-k-e¿ Bbn--∂-Xv-˛ tIm¨-dm-Uv A-U-t\m¿ 6039.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Pq-X∏ - ≈ - n G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv \n¿an-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ tI-c-fw 6040.- Nn-{Xm-hn-tiz-iz-c≥ G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-em-Im-cn-bm-Wv-˛ `c-X-\m-Syw 6041.- C-¥y-bn-se tX-bn-e-tØm-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-kw 6042.- Nn-{Xm-Rv-P-en Ãp-Un-tbm tImw-π-Iv-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Xn--h√w 6043.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sIm-ta-gv-ky¬ ss]-e-‰v-˛ sP.-B¿.-Un.Sm-‰ 6044.- P-em-¥¿-`m-KØ - m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ D-]c - n-Xe - w ho-£n-°m≥ ap-ßn°-∏e - p-If - n¬ D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂ D-]I - c - W - a - m-Wv˛- s]-cn-kvt- Im-∏v 6045.- N-c-°n-\p-]-I-cw N-c-°v F-∂ ]-g-b-Im-e I-tºm-f hy-h-ÿn-Xn°p ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ _m¿-´¿ 6046.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sa-Un-°¬ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛ hn-P-bhm-U 6047.- lr-Z-b-an-Sn-∏p-\n-c-°v- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™ k-kv-X-\n-˛ \o-e-Øn-anwKn-ew6048.- tKm¿-Un-b≥ Ip-Sp-°v sh-´n-ap-dn-®-Xm-cv-˛-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ N-{I-h¿Øn

138 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6049.- h-ep-∏-Øn¬ aq-∂mw ÿm-\-Øp-≈ k-ap-{Zw-˛-C-¥y≥- a-lm-kap-{Zw 6050.- G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\k - m-{μ-Xb - p-≈ tI-{μ `-cW - {]-tZ-iw-˛ U¬ln 6051.- P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-{lp-hn-s‚ B-fl-I-Y B¿-°m-Wv k-a¿-∏n-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ I-a-em s\-{lp 6052.- ap-kv-fn-ß-fp-sS G-‰-hpw ]m-h-\ ÿ-e-am-b I-_ G-Xv cm-PyØm-Wv-˛-ku-Zn A-td-_y 6053.- ˛-˛-˛-˛ s‚ {]-hm-l-am-Wv ssh-Zyp-Xn-˛ C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wp-Iƒ 6054.- C-¥y-bn-se X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W-Øn-s≥-d ]n-Xm-hv-˛ dn-∏¨- {]`p6055.- l-Wn-aq¨ Zzo-]pw t{_-°v-^m-Ãv Zzo-]pw G-Xp X-Sm-I-Øn-emWv-˛ Nn¬-° 6056.- tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn¬ D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p \-S-∂ B-Zy a-Wv-U-ew-˛ tZ-hn-Ip-fw 6057.- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b B-Zy- ap-…nw- B-{I-aW - I - m-cn ˛-ap-lΩ - Z- v- _n≥Im-knw6058.- tUm-{Kn `m-j D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp-˛-Im-iv-ao¿ 6059.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ cm-Pn-h-® D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿Pn tZ-im-bn 6060.- tI-c-f k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS {]-Y-a ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿-˛-tUm.tPm¨ a-Øm-bn 6061.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b U¬-‰-˛ kp-μ¿-_≥-kv 6062.- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b B-Zy ssN-\o-kv k-©m-cn-˛ ^m-ln-bm≥ 6063.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]-k-aq-lw-˛ C-s¥m-\o-jy 6064.- tUm-´v-kv G-Xp tcm-K-Øn-s‚ \n-b-{¥-W-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛ £-bw 6065.- tUm¨ F-hn-sS-\n-∂v {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-˛ I-dm-®n 6066.- l-Xn-Ipw-`-in-em-im-k-\-Øn¬-\n-∂v G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ ]-cm-{I-aW-ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-Wv A-dn-hv e-`n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Jm-c-th-e≥ 6067.- G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ B-Zy {]-kn-U‚m-Wv ap-kvX - ^ - I-am¬-˛ Xp¿°n 6068.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 6069.- lyp-bm≥ km-Mv C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂-Xv B--sS Im-e-Øv-˛ l¿j≥ 6070.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tIm-tf-Pv-˛ kn.-Fw.-F-kv. tIm-tf-Pv, tIm-´-bw 6071.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tPm-bn≥-dv- kv-t‰m-°v- I-º-\n-˛ a-e-bmf a-t\m-c-a 6072.- lyq-a≥ Po-t\mw t{]m-P-Iv-Sv F-∂ B-i-b-Øn-\v 1985˛¬ cq-]w \¬-In-b im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ hmƒ-´¿ kn≥-jo-a¿ 6073.- P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ Hm¿-a-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ-˛ Xp-kp-°v-˛-C-˛-P-lmw-Ko-dn 6074.- kv-]o-°-dp-sS-bpw- sU-]y-q-´n- kv-]o-°-dp-sS-bpw- A-`m-h-Øn¬- k`-bn¬- A-[y-£-X h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kv-]o-°¿- A-∏-t∏mƒ- \m-a\n¿-tZ-iw-sN-øp-∂ ]m-\-en¬-\n-∂v- H-cw-Kw6075.- tI-c-f ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm-P-Uv-Pn-˛ A-∂m Nm-≠n 6076.- G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]m¿-e-sa‚m-Wv dn-Iv-kv-Um-Kv-˛ kzo-U≥ 6077.- I¿-j-I-s‚ an-{Xw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-c-˛-a-Æn-c 6078.- ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Nq-Sp Iq-Sn-b {K-lw-˛ ip-{I≥ 6079.- tZ-io-b-]-Xm-I-bp-sS \o-f-hpw ho-Xn-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-\p-]m-Xw˛ 3:-2 6080.- U-®p-Im--sS I-∏¬ k-aq-lw B-Zy-am-bn tI-c-f-Øn¬-h-∂ h¿jw-˛ 1604 6081.- kw-L-Im-e I-h-bn-{Xn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X-˛ Hu-Δ-bm¿ 6082.- kv-{Xo-sb h-‘o-I-cn-°p-∂ i-kv-{X-{In-b-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ Syq-s_-IvS-an 6083.- Po≥ F-∂ t]-cv \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ hn¬-lw sPm-lm≥-k¨ 6084.- kv-amƒ t]m-Iv-kn-\p Im-c-Ww-˛ ssh-d-kv 6085.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ `-c-X-\p k-a¿-∏n-®n-´p≈ t£-{Xw-˛ Iq-S¬-am-Wn-Iyt£-{Xw, C-cn-ßm-e-°p-S 6086.- kv-]n-cn-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ Cu-ssY¬ B¬°-tlmƒ 6087.- s\-bv-Øp-Im--sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]m-\n-∏-´v 6088.- s\-lvd - p- B≥-Uv- ln-kv- hn-j≥- Nn-®X - v˛- sI B¿- \m-cm-bW - ≥6089.- s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ P-\n-® kv-Y-ew-˛ tIm-gv-kn-°

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

37

 H-fn-ºn-Iv tlm-°n-bn¬ [ym≥-N-μv F-{X tKm-fp-I-fm-Wv t\Sn-bn-´p-≈-Xv  a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s‚ i-cm-i-cn Du-jv-am-hv G-I-tZ-iw F-{X Un-{Kn sk‚o-t{K-Um-Wv  F-{X hm-ey-ß-fm-bn-´m-Wv ]p-cm-X-\ Zm¿-i-\n-I-\m-b πn-\n \m-®p-d¬ ln-Ã-dn c-Nn-®-Xv  tIm-gn-ap-´ hn-cn-bm-\p-≈ A-\p-Iq-e Du-jv-am-hv F-{X Un-{Kn sk‚o-t{K-Um-Wv  au-en-I I¿-Ø-hy-߃ tIm-S-Xn-h-gn \-S-∏m-°m≥ I-gn-bn-√ F-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂ C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zta-Xv  G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b F.sI.B‚-Wn F-{X h-b  - n-em-Wv B ]-Zh - n-bn-se-Øn-bX - v  C-¥y-bp-sS h-S-t° A-Xn¿-Øn-bn-se A-£mw-iw G-I-tZiw F-{X Un-{Kn-bm-Wv  kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-km-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv P-Ãn-kv sI.Pn._m-e-Ir-jv-W≥. A-t±-lw kp-{]ow tIm-SXn-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ No-^v P-Ãn-km-bn--∂p  A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-in-\v kz-¥-am-bn \n-b-a-k-`-bpw a-{¥n-k`-bp-ap-≠m-°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn 6090.- kw-Ko-Xw \n-tcm-[n-® Xp-•-Iv kp¬-Øm≥-˛ Kn-bm-kp-±o≥ Xp-•Iv 6091.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ b-lq-Z--sS B-Zy k-t¶-Xw-˛ sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ 6092.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ in-h-t£-{X-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b I¬-∏m-Øn G-Xp Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 6093.- Un-≠n-K-en-se Km-\v-[n-{Kmw- dq-d¬- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´n-s≥-d kv-Ym-]I-\m-b Km-\v-[n-b≥-˛-Pn- cm-a-N-{μ≥6094.- Un-ssh≥ tIm-a-Un c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Um-t‚ 6095.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b A-W-s°-´v-˛ ln-cm-°p-Uv 6096.- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n tI-c-f-Øn¬ cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-bXmbn {]-Jym]n-°-s∏´ h¿-jw- ˛ 1939 6097.- Cu-^¬- tKm-]p-cw- \n¿-an-®- h¿-jw -˛ 1789 6098.- C--]-Øn-sbm-∂mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ cq-]w sIm-≠ B-Zy cm-Pyw˛ Cu-Ãv Xn-aq¿ 6099.- C-¥y-bn-se G-Xv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-Wv B-Zy-am-bn kz-¥w tdUn-tbm tÃ-j≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øn-se k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n 6100.- C-¥y-bn-se D--°p \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Pw-j-Uv-]q¿ 6101. Uok¬ F©n\n¬ C·nj≥ kw`hn°p∂Xv F¥ns‚ ^eambmWv˛ Iw{]j≥ 6102. UotKm Km¿jy Zzo]v GXp kap{ZØn¬˛ C¥y≥ almkap{Zw 6103. tIcfØnse G‰hpw {]mbw Ipd™ kv]o°¿˛ kn.F®v.aplΩZv tImb 6104. Kw-K-˛ {_-lv-a-]p-{X- \-Zn-Iƒ- kw-K-an-®p-≠m-Ip-∂- P-e-{]-hm-lØns≥-d- ]-X-\-kv-Ym-\-Øv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- tem-I-sØ- G-‰hpw- h-en-b- U¬-‰- ˛kp-μ¿-_≥-kv6105. Poh≥ aimbn- F∂ IYm]m{Xw BsS krjvSnbmWv˛ Xmcmi¶¿ _m\¿Pn 6106.- C-¥y≥ ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚n-s\ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]m¿-esa‚n-se F-√m Aw-K-ß-fpw 6107.- hm-´¿-tK-‰v hn-hm-Z-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v cm-Pn-sh-® A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚ v-˛ dn-®m¿-Uv \n-Iv-k¨ 6108.- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]-c-a-ho-c-N-{Iw e-`n-® G-I ssk-\n-I≥-˛ kp-t_-Zm¿ ta-P¿ _m-\m kn-Mv 6109.- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ kw-L-S-\-bm-b ^n-^-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w(kq-dn-®v) G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v 6110.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ B-\-ap-Sn 6111.- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b c-≠m-a-sØ `m-j-˛ sX-ep-¶v

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 139

6112.- ssa-°-em-©-tem B-cm-bn--∂p-˛ C-‰m-en-b≥ in-ev-]n 6113.- ssa-°m J-\-\-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤-am-b sIm-U¿-a J-\n-Iƒ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ Pm¿-J¨-Uv 6114.- C-¥y≥ ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ [-\z-¥-cn 6115.- Km-‘n-Pn k-_¿-a-Xn B-{i-aw ÿm-]n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1917 6116.- Im-gv-N \-jv-S-am-b-ti-jw a-lm-Im-hyw F-gp-Xn-b Cw-Kv-fo-jv I-hn˛ tPm¨ an¬-´¨ 6117.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ sd-bn¬-th sse≥ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1861 6118.- tem-°v Pm F-∂-Xv G-Xp tcm-K-Øn-s‚ e-£-W-am-Wv-˛ sS-‰-\kv 6119.- tdm-t_-gv-kv Kp-l F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-sU-dm-Uq¨ 6120.- F-\n-s°m- kz-]v\ - a - p-≠v- F-∂m-cw-`n-°p-∂ {]-kn-≤a - m-b {]-kwKw B--tS-Xm-Wv-˛ am¿-´n≥ eq-X¿ In-Mv 6121.- sI.-F-kv.-C.-_n. \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1957 (H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 31) 6122.- sIm-cm-]p-Sv A-ep-an-\n-bw t{]m-P-Iv-Sv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ H-do-k 6123.- sI.-Un.-bm-Z-hv G-Xn-\-Øn--em-Wv H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬(1952) sa-U¬ t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ d-…n-Mv 6124.- sI-\n-b-bn-se kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ tPm-tam sI-\n-bm-Ø 6125.- X-e-t»-cn-t°m-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ (1708) 6126.- F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ h-[n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1865 6127.- C-¥y≥ t]m-eo-kv k¿-ho-kv D-tZym-K-ÿ-sc ]-cn-io-en-∏n-°p∂ \-K-cw-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 6128.- ssk-e‚ v hm-en-bn-eq-sS H-gp-Ip-∂ ]p-g-˛ Ip-¥n-∏p-g 6129.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv sk‚ v G-©-tem tIm-´-˛ I-Æq¿ 6130.- ssk-‘-h kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b t[m-f-hn-c ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂ Zzo-]v-˛ Jm-Zn¿ 6131.- sIm-´m-c-ß-fp-sS \-K-cw-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 6132.- sIm-√ h¿-j-Øn-se A-h-km-\-sØ am-kw-˛ I¿-°-S-Iw 6133.- Xn-aq-dn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ k-a¿-J¨-Uv 6134.- H-gn-™ ]m-{X-am-Wv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv F∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ hn-eyw tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ 6135.- ku-c-bq-Y-Øn‚ B-sI ]n-Wv-U-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv kq-cy-s‚ ]n-Wv-Uw-˛ 99.-8 6136.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se d-h-\yq, F-Iv-ssk-kv a{¥n-˛ sI.-B¿.-Ku-cn 6137.- F-√p-I-fp-sS-bpw ]-√p-I-fp-sS-bpw i-‡n \n-e-\n-dp-Øm≥ B-hiy-am-b L-S-Iw-˛ Im¬-kyw 6138.- Z-£n-Wm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p-th-Zn-bm-b \-K-cw-˛ sa¬-_¨ (1956) 6139.- sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-s‚ Zzo-]-kv-Xw-`w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kv-t{Smwt_m-fn sIm-Sp-ap-Sn 6140.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ _m-¶v-˛ s\-Sp-ßm-Sn _m-¶v (1899) 6141.- sb¿-Im-Sv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c tI-{μ-am-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 6142.- tI-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm a-Pn-kvt- {S-‰v˛- Hm-a\ - ° - p-™Ω 6143.- sh-≈-°-Sp-h-Iƒ-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b H-do-k-bn-se h-\y-Po-hn-kt¶-Xw-˛ \-μ≥-Im-\≥ 6144.- tI-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-sØ hn-Zym-`ym-ka - {- ¥n-˛ tPm-k^ - v ap-≠t- »-cn 6145.- sh-≈-®m-´-Øn-\v F-Xn-sc \o-¥m≥ I-gn-hp-≈ a¬-kyw-˛ km¬a¨ 6146.- F-{X-a-sØ _p-≤-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\-am-Wv A-tim-I-s‚ Im-e-Øv \S-∂-Xv-˛ aq-∂v 6147.- kv-]m-\n-jv- `m-j- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- H-tc-sbm-- B-{^n-°≥- cm-Pyw-˛C-Iz-t‰m-dn-b¬- Kn-\n6148.- C-¥y≥ thym-a-tk-\ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1933 6149.- F≥-tUm-kƒ-^m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv Ir-jn-bn-em-Wv-˛ I-ip-h≠ - n 6150.- Km-‘n-Pn B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-X hn-Zym-`ym-k ]-≤-Xn Aw-Ko-Icn-® tIm¨-{K- v k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ l-cn-]p-c(1938) 6151.- ssZ-hw kv-t\-ln-°p-∂-h¿ sN-dp-∏-Øn-te a-cn-°p-∂p- F-∂p ]d-™-Xv-˛ ss_-d¨ {]-`p 6152.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b `q-ta-J-e-˛ C-S-\m-Sv

CONFUSING FACTS  X]m¬ Ãmºn¬ A®Sn°s∏´ BZysØ tIm¨{Kkv {]knU‚ v almflmKm‘n. \mWbØn¬ BZyambn ap{ZWw sNøs∏´ tIm¨{Kkv {]knU‚ v Phml¿em¬ s\{lp.  \oec‡ap≈ Pohn hn`mKw samfIvk, ]®c‡ap≈Xv A\enU.  ssZhØns‚ kz¥w \mSv F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ C¥y≥ kwÿm\w tIcfw. ssZhØns‚ kz¥w \mSv F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ cmPyw \yqkne≥Uv.  {_n´s‚ hμyhtbm[nI≥ F∂p hnfn°s∏´ {][m\a{¥nbmbn∂p hneyw Fhm¿´v •mUvè (1809˛1898). C¥ybpsS hμyhtbm[nI≥ F∂dnbs∏´Xv ZmZm`mbv \htdmPn (1825˛1917) BWv. 6153.- sX-bn≥ A-W-s°-´n-s‚ ]p-Xn-b t]cv-˛ c-Rv-Pn-Xv km-K¿ (l-cn-bm-\) 6154.- sX-ep-¶p-tZ-iw- ]m¿-Sn- kv-Ym-]n-®Xv- F≥- Sn- cm-a-dm-hp- (Nn-lv-\w˛ ssk-°nƒ)6155.- tI-cf - Ø - n-se G-‰h - pw h-en-b ag-°m-Sv-˛ ssk-e‚ v hm-en 6156.- sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ ‰n-‰n-°m-° 6157.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-W-s°-´v-˛ a-e-ºp-g 6158.- t]m-jW - s - Ø-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w˛ t{Sm-t^m-f-Pn 6159.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-enb cm-k-h-f-\n¿-am-W-im-e-˛ ^m-IvS- v 6160.- sh-tè tªm-´v sS-Ãv GXp tcm-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏dm- h ¬- ] n- ≠ n F- I v - k v - { ]- k v F´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ F-bv-Uv-kv ∂d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ Im- b n- I - X m- c w- ˛ 6161.- sIm-®n-bn-se G-‰-hpw {]-isjm- b v - _ v A- ‡ ¿ kv-X-\m-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ 6162.- s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w a-c-Wm-\-¥-c _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn e-`n-® BZy hy-‡n-bm-b F-dn-Iv A-Iv-k¬ Imƒ-s^¬-‰v G-Xp cm-Py°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ kzo-U≥ 6163.- sIm-®n-bn-se I-eq¿ C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ tÃ-Un-bw B--sS t]cn-em-Wv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 6164.- B-[p-\n-I P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ B-Wn-°-√v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ am-·-Im¿-´ 6165.- ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sS {]-k-c-W-hpw hn-X-c-W-hpw kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-cn® B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ H-do-k 6166.- Xn--h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw Zq-cZ- ¿-i≥ tI-{μw {]-h¿-Ø\ - a - m-cw-`n-® h¿-jw˛1982 6167.- ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sS C‚≥-kn-‰n-bp-sS bq-Wn-‰v-˛ B-ºn-b¿ 6168.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` C-S-s]-´ B-Zy-sØ bp-≤w-˛ sIm-dn-b≥ bp≤w 6169.- B-[p-\n-I C-‰-en-sb G-Io-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ Km-cn-_mƒ-Un 6170.- A-cn-tÃm-´n-en-s‚ in-jy-\m-b am-kn-tUm-Wn-b≥ cm-P-Ip-am-c≥˛-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ 6171.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ sk‚ v B-©-tem tIm-´ F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp∂p-˛ I-Æq¿ 6172.- Cw-•-≠n-se-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ {_m-“-W≥-˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 6173.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ ssk-\n-I kv-Iqƒ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ I-g°p-´w 6174.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a th-X-\w \-S-∏m-°n-b ap-Jy-a-{¥n˛-F.-sI. B‚-Wn

140 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6175.- bp.-F-kv.-F.-bn-se kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Iq-Snb-Xv-˛ Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b 6176.- a-Z¿ sX-tc-k A-¥y-\n-{Z sIm-≈p-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm¬°-Ø 6177.- sS-Ãv {In-°-‰n¬ sk-©z-dn t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ em-em A-a¿-\m-Yv 6178.- t\-Xm-Pn kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw(Uw-Uw) Fhn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 6179.- tem-Iv \m-b-Iv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨ 6180.- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv-N-{μ-t_m-kn-s≥-d cm-jv-{So-b-Kp--˛ Nn-Ø-c-RvP≥-Zm-kv6181.- t_m-≠v kv-{So-‰v G-Xp \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv-˛ e-≠≥ 6182.- t_mw-s_ ssl F-¥n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ s]-t{Sm-fn-bw J-\\w 6183.- t]-∏-´n-hn-j-Øn-\p {]-Xn-hn-[n I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ eq-bn ]m-ÿ 6184.- t]¿-jy-≥- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS {]-Xn-]p--j-s\-∂ \n-e-bn¬- A_vZ- pƒ d-km-°n-s≥-d tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- k-μ¿-i\ - w- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.-Un.-1443 6185.- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- Im-tdm-´-a¬-k-cw- \-S-∂- cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv6186.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se-G-Xp-cm-Pm-hn-s‚-Im-e-Øm-Wv-X-e-ÿm-\w-]fl-\m-`-]p-c-Øp-\n-∂pw Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°p am-‰n-b-Xv-˛-[¿-acm-Pm-hv 6187.- tdmw \-K-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 6188.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv kv-Iqƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 6189.- tem¿-Uv-kv {In-°-‰v tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ e-≠≥ 6190.- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn P-\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{¥-Ww B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C- ¥ y 6191.- t{Sm-∏n-°¬ s_m-´m-Wn-°¬ Km¿-U≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]m-temSv 6192.- 1957 se B-Zy tI-c-f a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se hy-h-km-b a-{¥n-˛ sI.]n.-tKm-]m-e≥ 6193.- B-Zy-sØ Iw-]yq-´-Iv sK-bnw-˛ kv-t]-kv hm¿ 6194.- t¢m-dn≥ \n-d-® _ƒ-_n-se {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ \n-dw-˛ ]-® 6195.- sI B¿- \m-cm-b-W-≥- P-\n--® kv-Y-ew-˛ D-g-hq¿ 6196.- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS I-e-∏ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-a-Æn-c 6197.- F¬.-]n.-Pn.-bn-se L-S-I-߃-˛ ao-tY-bv≥, _yq-t´≥, s{]m-s∏bv≥ 6198.- C-¥y≥ tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 6199.- ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b {K-lw-˛ _p-[≥ 6200.- H-fn-h¿ Szn-Ãv B- kr-jv-Sn-® I-Ym-]m-{Xw-˛ Nmƒ-kv Un-°≥-kv 6201.- tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ sa-t{Sm sd-bn¬-th-˛ e-≠≥ 6202.- ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂pw tem-IØ -- n-s‚ ]n-Xm-sh-∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tKm-{X-h-¿-K-t\-Xm-hv-˛ _n¿-km ap-≠ 6203.- t£-{X-ta-f-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]-©m-cn tafw 6204.- ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ kz-¥w-\m-´n¬ F-∂-Xv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-sØ Sqdn-kw-h-Ip-∏n-s‚ B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-Wv-˛ tI-c-fw 6205.- Xp-ey-am-b A-f-hn¬ kq-cy-{]-Im-iw In-´p-∂ ÿ-e-ß-sf _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ sF-tkm-sl¬-kv 6206.- tem-I _u-≤n-Im-h-Im-i kw-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ P-\o-h 6207.- C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bp-sS ho-Xn-bpw \o-f-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ Aw-i-_-‘w-˛ 2-:3 (\o-f-hpw ho-Xn-bpw-˛ 3-:2) 6208.- kp-h¿-W-I-hm-S \-K-c-sa-∂v A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ km≥-{^m≥-knkv-tIm 6209.- F-√m-h¿-j-hpw Xym-K-cm-P-kw-Ko-tXm¬-k-hw \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-ew˛ X-an-gv-\m-´n-se Xn--h-øm¿ 6210.- kq-∏¿ tkm-Wn-Iv hn-am-\-ß-fp-sS th-Kw {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂ GI-Iw-˛ am-Iv \-º¿ 6211.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw [m-Xp-k-º-∂-am-b kw-ÿm-\w-˛ Pm¿-JWvU - v 6212.- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o--fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn- ˛-Kw-K6213.- cm-am-\p-P≥ kw-Jy F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ 1729 6214.- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ {]-hn-iy-bm-b t\m¿-tب sS-dn-´-dn-bp-sS Xe-ÿm-\w G-Xv im-k{v- X-⁄s - ‚ kva - c - W - m¿-Yw \m-aI - c - W - w sNbv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p- ˛-Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

38

 DØc sImdnbsbbpw Z£nWsImdnbsbbpw th¿Xncn°p∂Xv F{XmasØ kam¥c tcJbmWv  ]∂nbpsS t{Imatkmw kwJy  ISphbpsS t{Imatkmw kwJy  cmPysØ hnhn[ P\hn`mK߃ XΩnep≈ AkaXzw Ipdbv°m≥ tÉv ]cn{ian°Ww F∂v \njvI¿jn°p∂ C¥y≥ `cWLS\m A\pt—ZtaXv  kvt{Sm¨jyØns‚ AWpkwJy  2011 sk≥kkv {]Imcw C¥ybnse \Kc P\kwJy F{X tImSnbmWv (37.7)  {In°‰v _m‰n\v F{X C©phsc \ofap≠mIpw

6215.- kq¿-hw-iw- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-˛-tj¿-jm6216.- thƒ-Uv ssh¬-Uv sse-^v ^-≠n-s‚ B-ÿm-\-am-b •m-≠v G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v 6217.- F-√m-h-w Xp-ey-cm-Wv, Nn-e¿ Iq-Sp-X¬ Xp-ey-w-˛ B--sS IrXn-bn-ep-≈-Xv-˛ tPm¿-Pv Hm¿-h¬ 6218.- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv tÃ-‰n-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ \n-kmw D¬ ap¬-°v Ak-^v Pm 6219.- t^m-Iv-em≥-Uv Zzo-]p-Iƒ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛ Z-£n-W AXve - m‚n-Iv 6220.- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ sI.-am-[-h≥ \m-b¿ 6221.- ssl-Z-cm-en-sb tI-c-fw B-{I-an-°m≥ £-Wn-®-Xv-˛ ]m-e° -- m-Sv tIm-an A-®≥ 6222.- F-an-\≥-dv- C≥-Uy≥-kv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ i-¶¿- Z-bm¬- i¿-a 6223.- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \m-a-tZ-h≥ `-‡n-{]-ÿm-\w {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ a-lmcm-jv{- S 6224.- X-tam-K¿-Øw F-∂ B-i-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-® bp.-F-kv.-im-kv-{X⁄≥-˛ tPm¨ B¿-®n-_mƒ-Uv ho-e¿ 6225.- ssh-‰v Sm¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ \m-^v-X-en≥ 6226.- ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿ ]-Zw h-ln-® B-Zy C-¥ym-°m-c≥-˛ Kp--Zmkv _m-\¿-Pn (1890˛-I¬-°-´) 6227.- sIm-®n-bn¬ {]-Pm-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚ cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\p \n¿Wm-b-I ]-¶p-h-ln-® t\-Xm-hv-˛ hn.-B¿. Ir-jv-Ws-- \-gp-Ø-—≥ 6228.- sIm-®n-bn¬ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc k-a-cw \-bn-® {]-[m-\-a{¥n-˛ ]m-en-b-Ø-®≥ 6229.- C-¥y≥-hw-i-P-bm-b c-≠m-a-sØ h-\n-Xm _-ln-cm-Im-i bm-{XnI-˛ kp-\n-Xm hn-eyw-kv 6230.- sIm¬-°-Ø ]-´-W-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ tPm-_v Nm¿-t\m-°v 6231.- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS hn-c-an-°¬ {]m-bw-˛ 65 6232.- sX-°p h-S-°v B-¥-am≥ Zzo-]p-Iƒ-°n-S-bv-°p-≈ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ U-¶¨ ]m-tk-Pv 6233.- F‚-tam-f-Pn F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ {]m-Wn-Iƒ 6234.- C-¥y≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-X˛ ao-cm-`m-bn 6235.- sIm-bm-en F-¥n-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ F-Æ-ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e 6236.- bp-≤-°-∏-en¬ bm-{X sN-bv-X C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ k¿-h ssk-\ym-[n-]≥ ({]-kn-U‚ v)˛-F.-]n.-sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 6237.- C-¥y≥ \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw th-K-Øn-sem-gp-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ So-à 6238.- {^m≥-kn-s\-bpw- Cw-•-≠n-s\-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ Cw-•o-jv- Nm-\¬ 6239.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b F¿-Øv Umw-˛ _m-Wm-kp-c-kmK¿ (h-b-\m-Sv Pn-√) 6240.- sX-s° C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-e-ÿm-t\-X-c \-K-cw-˛tIm-b-º-Øq¿ 6241.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Im-b¬-˛ th-º-\m-Sv 6242.- bp-K-]p--j≥ F-∂ kn-\n-a B--sS Po-hn-Xw B-kv-]-Z-am-°nbm-Wv˛- {- io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- 6243.- C-¥y≥-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-\-ap-≈-Xv-˛ a-[y{]-tZ-iv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 141

6244.- sS-∂o-kv Xm-cw tdm-P¿ s^-U-d¿ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv ˛ kzn‰v-k¿-e‚ v 6245.- ssP-\-sc ssa-kq-cn¬-\n-∂pw Xp-c-Øn-b-Xv-˛ enw-Km-b-Øp-Iƒ 6247.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-gw-˛ N-° 6248.- kp- h ¿- W a- b q- c w- G- X p- a m- b n _- ‘ - s ∏- ´ A- h m¿- U m- W v -˛ kn-\n-a 6249.- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°, \-ao-_n-b F-∂o cm-Py-ß-fp-sS A-Xn¿-Øn-bmb \-Zn-˛ Hm-d-©v 6250.- Kp--ap-Jn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ en-]n G-Xp `m-j-bp-tS-Xm-Wv-˛ ]©m-_n 6251.- tIm-gn-t°m-Spw- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-am-bp-≈ s]m-∂m-\n- k-\v-[n- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1540 6252.- B-Zy-sØ k-ºq¿-W C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv Iw-]yq-´¿-˛ G-\n-bm-Iv 6253.- tem-IØ - n-se G-‰h - pw Xn-ct- °-dn-b Dƒ-\m-S≥ P-e] - m-X˛- sk‚ v tem-d≥-kv 6254.- Kp- tKm-]n-\m-Yv 1963˛¬ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv B-cw-`n-® I-emtI-{μw-˛ hn-iz-I-em-tI-{μw 6255.- C-¥y≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ c-≠m-a-sØ C-¥y≥ h-\n-X-˛ Qm≥-kn dm-Wn 6256.- Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ a-∂Øp ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ 6257.- Z-imw-i k-{º-Zm-bw B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 6258.- kpw-K-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ ]p-jy-an-{X-kpw-K≥ 6259.- sS-en-hn-j≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ t_¿-Uv 6260.- tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ N-Ww D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ _w-•m-tZ-iv 6261.- s]≥-Kzn≥ ]-£n-I-fp-sS hm-k-ÿ-e-Øn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ dq-°-dn 6262.- s]¿-´q-kn-kv- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ A-kp-J-am-Wv-˛ hn-√≥-Np-a 6264.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` ÿm-]n-® k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚ k¿-h-I-em-ime G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ tIm-Ãm dn-° 6265.- tI-c-f-Øn-se I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v ]m¿-´n-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ ]n.Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 6266.- tI-c-f-Øn-se, {]-Xn-jvT-bn-√m-Ø H- ssl-μ-hm-cm-[-\m-tI-{μw˛ Hm-®n-d 6267.- tIym-t´m t{]m-t´m-t°mƒ H-∏p-sh-® h¿-jw-˛ 1997 6268.- tk-\m-]-Xn ]p-jy-an-{X-kpw-K-\m¬ sIm-√-s∏-´, A-h-km-\-sØ au-cy-cm-Pm-hv-˛ _r-l-{Z-Y≥ 6269.- tKm-X-ºv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Z-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 6270.- tlm-°n am-{¥n-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ [ym≥ N-μv 6271.- C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw, A-d-_n-°-S¬, _w-Kmƒ Dƒ-°-S¬ F-∂n-h kw-K-an-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 6272.- tZ-io-b ]-Xm-Ib - n¬ ^p-St-v _m-fn-s‚ Nn-{X-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 6273.- U¬-ln Km-‘n F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kn. Ir-jvW≥ \m-b¿ 6274.- Un.-F≥.-F.-bp-sS L-S-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ hm-Sv-k-Wpw {In-°pw 6275.- X-an-gv-\m-´n¬ Sm-¶p \n¿-am-W-im-e F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ B-h-Un 6276.- Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ ap¬ i-¶¿ 6277.- X-Iv-e a-°m≥ a--`q-an G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 6278.- Xm-]-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw an-I-® Nm-e-Iw-˛ sh-≈n 6279.- {]- i - k v - X - a m- b Xn- c p- h - ≈ p- h ¿ {]- X n- a F- h n- s S- b m- W v ˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 6280.- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv \-£-{X-_w-•m-hv B-cw-`n-® cm-Pm-hv-˛-kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 6281.- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv ]-ªn-Iv {Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v kw-hn-[m-\w \-S-∏nem-°n-b Zn-hm≥-˛-kn.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿ 6282.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1937 6283.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-Zy Nm≥-k-e¿-˛ {ioNn-Øn-c-Xn--\mƒ _m-e-cm-a-h¿-a 6284.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b P-e-tk-N-\ ]-≤-Xn-˛ I-√-S 6285.- -sX-t° C-¥y-bn-se a-e-I-fp-sS dm-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kp-Jhm-k tI-{μw-˛-D-Z-I-a-Wv-U-ew- (Du-´n)6286.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw- h-en-b tIm-´-˛ t_-°¬6287.- sX-t°- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn- ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn6288.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-Zy ssh-k-vNm≥-k-e¿˛ kn.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿

CONFUSING FACTS  {_n´ojv C¥ybnse Kh¿W¿ P\d¬amcn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬Imew B ]Zhn hln®Xv hmd≥ tlÃnMvkv BWv(1773-˛-85). G‰hpw IqSpX¬Imew A[nImcØn¬ XpS¿∂ ssht{kmbn en≥enXvtKm {]`phmWv (1936˛-43).  Nncn°p∂ arKw IgpX∏pen, Nncn°p∂ ]£n Ip°m_pc.  tπt‰m ÿm]n® hnZymebamWv A°mZan. AcntÃm´nemWv sseknbw ÿm]n®Xv.  kap{ZØn\Snbn¬ a{¥nk`mtbmKw tN¿∂ BZy cmPyw amenZzo]v. FhdÃn¬ a{¥nk`mtbmKw tN¿∂Xv t\∏mƒ. 6289.- Z-£n-tW-¥y≥- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ipdhv h-\-{]-tZ-iap-≈ kw-kv-Ym-\w-˛- tKmh 6290.- Z-£n-W Zzm-c-I F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Kp--hm-bq¿ 6291.- Im-°m-cn-»n \m-S-I-Øn-s‚ P-\n-bn-Xm-hm-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv-˛ sIm-√-I tI-i-h-]n-≈ B-im≥ 6292.- ssN-\-bn¬ cm-P-`-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-∏n-® t\-Xm-hv-˛ k¨-bm-Xv sk≥ 6293.- Im-c-‰v B-Zy-am-bn Ir-jn sN-bv-X cm-Pyw-˛ A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥ 6294.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ _-lp-a-Xn-˛ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w 6295.- cm- a m- b - W - Ø n- s ‚ A- [ ym- b - ß ƒ A- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ t]- c v ˛ Im-Wv-Uw 6296.- cm-Pn-sh-°m≥- D-t±-in-°p-∂-]-£w- {]-kn-U‚ v- B¿-°m-Wv- cmPn-°-Øv- \¬-tI-≠-Xv-˛ ssh-kv- {]-kn-U‚n-\v6297.- C-Sp-°n Pn-√-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ ss]-\m-hv 6298.- Ip-‰m-t\z-j-W-Øn-\v t]m-eo-kv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ \m-b-˛ kv-\n^¿ \m-b 6299.- Z-£n-tW-¥y B-{I-an-® B-Zy ap-…nw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ A-em-hp±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 6300.- Iw-Km- F-en km-[m-c-W-am-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ h-St° A-ta-cn-° 6301.- Z-£n-W Ipw-`-ta-f F-∂-dn-b-s∏-S-∂-Xv-˛ i-_-cn-a-e-bn-se a-I-chn-f-°v 6302.- tIm-iw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v lp-°v 6303.- tIm-kn ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ _o-lm-dp-am-bn k-l-I-cn® cm-Pyw-˛ t\-∏mƒ 6304.- jn-Iv sS-Ãv G-Xp tcm-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ Un-^v-Xocn-b 6305.- k-Xy-Pn-Xv td-bp-sS A-h-km-\ Nn-{Xw-˛ A-Km-¥p-Iv 6306.- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm K-h¿-W¿ ˛ im-c-Zm apJ¿-Pn (1977˛78) 6307.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b amw-k-t`m-Pn-˛ kv-t]w Xn-anw-Kn-ew 6308.- tlm¿-Øp-kv- a-e-_m-dn-°-kv- F-∂ {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-am-bpw{]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ a-e-_m-dn-se k-ky-ß-sf-∏-‰n6309.- Z-£n-W sd-bn¬-sh-bp-sS B-kv-Ym-\w- ˛-sN-ss∂ 6310.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-S¬ Po-hn-˛ \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-ew 6311.- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- \-K-cw- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.-1295 6312.- h-ep-∏-Øn¬ F-{Xmw ÿm-\-am-Wv C-Sp-°n Pn-√-bv-°v- ˛-c-≠mwÿm-\w 6313.- tkm-Un-bw t^m-kv-t^-‰v \n¿-am-W-Øn-se D-t]m¬-]-∂w-˛-Im¿_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 6314.- tNm-f≥-am--sS {]-[m-\ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ Im-th-cn-]-´-Ww 6315.- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛ ]n.-Sn.-D-j 6316.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Pq-X≥-am--≈ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.-F-kv.-F.6317.- Xm≥-k≥ k-Ωm-\w-\¬-Ip-∂-Xv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ K-h¨sa‚m-Wv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 6318.- {]-Xy-£ P-\m-[n-]-Xy kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn-ep-≈ bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-jv-{Sw-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v 6319.- Xr-»q¿ ]q-cw Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛ i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ 6320.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ I-b¿-{Km-aw-˛-h-b-em¿

142 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6321.- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn B-dp-h¿jw C- ¥ y≥ \m- j W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ {]-kn-U‚m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ A-_pƒ I-emw B-kmZv 6322.- a-eb - m-fØ - n-se an-Ãn-Iv I-hn F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - v ˛Pn.-i¶ - c - ° - p-dp-∏v 6323.- tlm-°n a-’-c-Øn-s‚ ssZ¿-Lyw-˛ 70 an-\n-´v tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I 6324.- tN-c-cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ ]-£n-˛ th-gm-º¬ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\n-˛ sN¶p-´p-h≥ 6325.- tdm-a-°m--sS t{]-a-tZ-h-X-˛ Iyp-]n-Uv 6326.- tem-[n hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ _-lv-ep¬ tem-Zn 6327.- a-Z¿ sX-tc-k-bp-sS A-¥y hn-{i-a ÿ-ew-˛ a-Z¿ lu-kv 6328.- B-[p-\n-I c-k-X-{¥-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-t‚m¨ em-thm-kn-b¿ 6329.- C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn hn-f C≥-jp-d≥-kv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b kwÿm-\w-˛ l-cn-bm-\ 6330.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ÿm-]n-® B-Zy-sØ sk-an\m-cn-˛ hm-cm-∏p-g 6331.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ tX-°v ayq-kn-bw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ \n-e-ºq¿ 6332.- D-Øc - m¿-[t- Km-fØ - n-se G-‰h - pw ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b ]-I¬-˛ Pq¨ 21 6333.- Cw-•-≠n-s\-bpw- {^m≥-kn-s\-bpw- I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-eq-sS- _-‘-n-∏n°p-∂- sd-bn¬-am¿-Kw.--˛ Nm-\¬- S-W¬ 6334.- C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛ apw-ss_ 6335.- B-cy-`-´≥ P-\n-® B¿-a-Iw F-∂ ÿ-e-Øn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv-˛ sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ 6336.- tUm.-hm-Sk -v ¨ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jS-v n-®X - ˛-v B¿-X¿ tIma≥ tUm-b¬ 6337.- U-®v Cu-Ãv C≥-Uo-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C≥-sUm\n-jy 6338.- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn¬ ho-ip-∂ Nq-Sp-≈ {]m-tZ-in-I hm-Xw-˛ eq 6339.- Um-en-b-bp-sS kz-tZ-iw-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m 6340.- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bp-sS am-©-ÿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂, bp.-]n.-bn-se \K-cw-˛I - m¨-]q¿ 6341.- Um-hn-©n tIm-Uv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Um≥ {_u¨ 6342.- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn hn-f C≥-jp-d≥-kv G¿-s∏-Sp-Ønb kw-ÿm-\w-˛ l-cn-bm-\ 6345.- Z-£n-W-Kw-K F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Im-th-cn 6346.- D-∏p I-gn-™m¬ I-S¬-sh-≈-Øn¬-\n-∂v hm-Wn-Py-]-c-am-bn G‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ A-b-Un≥ 6347.- `-c-W-L-S-\ {]-Im-cw K-h¿-W-dp-sS A-`m-h-Øn¬ Np-a-X-e-Iƒ \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ssl-t°m-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-kv 6348.- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Un.-Sn.-F-kv.-N-e-®n-{Xw-˛ an-t√-\n-bw Ãm¿-kv 6349.- G-Xp Po-hn-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv Aw-_¿-{Ko-kv F-∂ kp-K-‘-h-kvXp e-`n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-\o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-ew 6350.- tI-cf - Ø - n-se G-‰h - pw h-St- °-b‰ - s - Ø {Km-a] - © - m-bØ - v˛- a-t©iz-cw 6351.- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-sc U-®p-Im¿ sIm-®n-bn¬-\n-∂p ]p-d-Øm-°nb h¿-jw-˛ 1663 6352.- tPm-k-^v ªm-°v 1754-˛¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-® hm-X-Iw-˛-Im¿-_¨ Utbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 6353.- tS-_nƒ Hm-^v {]-kn-U≥-kv {]-Im-cw kw-ÿm-\-Øv G-‰-hpw Db¿-∂ ]-Z-hn-bp-≈-Xm¿-°m-Wv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 6354.- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv Cu-Ãv B-{^n-°-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b t]-cv-˛ sam-kmw_n-Iv 6355.- t]m-fn-{Km-^v sS-Ãv I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ en-tbm-\m¿-Uv Io-e¿ 6356.- In-Mv Hm-^v jm-tUm-kv F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ Nn-{X-Im-c≥-˛ dw-{_m≥-Uv 6357.- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ {_n-´o-jv k-©m-cn-˛ dm¬-^v ^n-®v

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

39

 ss{IkvXhsS ]gb\nbaØn¬ s{]m´Ã‚ v aXhnizmk {]Imcw F{X ]pkvXIßfp≠v  kv{XoIƒ°pw ]pj≥am¿°pw XpeythX\w \¬IWw F∂v \njvI¿jn°p∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw GXmWv  F{Xmw hb nemWv am¿´n≥ eqX¿ InwKv (Pq\nb¿) h[n°s∏´Xv  {][m\a{¥n ]ZØns‚ PpUojy¬ kv{Iq´nWnbv°v \nb{¥Ww hyhÿ sNbvX `cWLS\m t`ZKXn F{XmatØXmWv  kzman hnthIm\μ≥ A¥cn®Xv F{Xmw hb nemWv 6358.- c-≠mw- tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤I - m-eØ - v- t\m¿-a≥-Un-bp-sS- tam-N\ - Ø - n\m-bn- sF-k-t\m-h-dp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- k-Jy-tk-\- \-S-Ønb- B-{I-a-W-Øn-s‚- t]-cv-˛ Hm-∏-td-j≥- Hm-h¿-tem¿-Uv6359.- c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤m-\-¥-cw P-bn¬ tam-Nn-X-\m-b, tI-c-fØn-se A-h-km-\-sØ cm-jv-{So-b X-S-hp-Im-c≥-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv A_v-Zp d-“m≥ km-ln-_v 6360.- D-∏n-s‚ D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ H-∂mw-ÿm-\-ap-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ KpP-dm-Øv 6361.- tkm-∏p-Ip-an-f kq-cy-{]-Im-iØ - n¬ \n-da - p-≈X - m-bn Im-Wm≥ Imc-W-am-b {]-Xn-`m-kw-˛ C‚¿-s^-d≥-kv 6362.- ap-Kƒ `-c-W-Im-e-sØ Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j ˛ t]¿-jy≥ 6363.- A-Izm t^m¿-´n-kv G-Xv B-kn-Up-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ss\-{Sn-Iv B-kn-Uv 6364.- aq¿-Øn-tZ-hn A-hm¿-Uv- G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ kmln-Xyw 6365.- aq¿-J≥ ]m-ºn-s‚ I-Sn-tb-‰m¬ hn-jw _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tI-{μ\m-Uo hy-h-ÿ-sb 6366.- A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b G-I A-hn-hm-ln-X≥-˛ sP-bnw-kv _p-°m-\≥ 6367.- A-©p-lr-Z-b-ß-fp-≈ P-¥p-˛-a-Æn-c 6368.- au-em-\m A-_pƒ I-emw B-km-Zn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ sa-° 6369.- au-em-\m B-km-Zn-s‚ C-¥y hn≥-kv {^o-Uw Cw-•o-jn-te-°v X¿-P-a sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ lp-a-bq¨ I-_o¿ 6370.- B-[p-\n-I πm-Ãn-Iv k¿-P-dn bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ˛ kp-{ip-X≥ 6371.- bq-_¿-I-∏p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛ _m-Uv-an‚¨ 6372.- bq-°m-en a-c-Øn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 6373.- B-[p-\n-I B-{‘-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ho-tc-ienw-Kw 6374.- B-\-μ-aTw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ _-¶nw-N-{μ Nm-‰¿-Pn6375.- bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ e-tUm-K 6376.- bq-°m-en-]v‰ - k - v a-cØ - n-s‚ C-eI - ƒ-am-{Xw Xn-∂p Po-hn-°p-∂ Pohn-˛ sIm-hm-e 6377.- bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v-˛ t{K-‰v {_n-´¨ 6378.- B-\-ap-Sn-bp-sS D-b-cw-˛ 2695 ao. (8841 A-Sn) 6379.- B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°m-e-sØ tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ kn.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 6380.- B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°m-e-sØ tI-c-f B-`y-¥-c-a-{¥n˛ sI.-Ic - p-Wm-Ic - ≥ 6381.- B-‰-Øn-s‚ πw ]p-Õn-Mv am-Xr-I X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛ dp-Y¿-t^m¿Uv 6382.- B-[p-\n-I C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ a-\p-jy≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 6383.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b C-S-\m-gn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -˛cm-ta-iz-cw- t£-{X-Øn¬6384.- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b I-gn-™m¬ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 6385.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b A-W-s°-´v G-Xp \-Zn-bnem-Wv-˛ a-lm-\-Zn 6386.- bp-≤-Øn-\v tdm-°-‰p-]-tbm-Kn-® B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ `-c-Wm-[nIm-cn-˛ Sn-∏p

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 143

6387.- B-‰-Øn-se N-en-°p-∂ `m-Kw-˛ C-e-Iv-t{Sm¨ 6388.- B-Zy-am-bn `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w _-lp-a-Xn-°v A¿-l-\m-b Nn-¥-I≥-˛ tUm.-cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥ 6389.- bp-≤-hn-am-\-Øn¬ bm-{X-sN-bv-X B-Zy -C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ F.-]n.-sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 6390.- B-Zy-am-bn ]-c-a-ho-c-N-{I-Øn-\v A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛ ta-P¿ tkm-a\m-Yi - ¿-a 6391.- C-¥y F-∂ hm-°v B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛ {Ko-°p-Im¿ 6392.- C≥-d¿-t]m-fn-s≥-d- B-kv-Ym-\w-˛ en-tbm¨-kv6393.- Cw-Kv-fo-jn-se 5 kz-cm-£-c-ß-fpw t]-cn-ep-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ sam-kmw_n-Iv 6394.- tem-´-dn-I-fp-sS am-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tI-c-fm tem-´-dn 6395.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ sa-Un-°¬ tIm-tf-Pv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥]p-cw 6396.- td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS P-\-ß-sf A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-X B-Zy C-¥y≥ t\-Xm-hv-˛ t\-Xm-Pn kp-`m-jv N-{μ t_m-kv 6397.- te I¿-_p-kn-sb tbm-P\ - m \n¿-am-Ww \-SØ - n-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv 6398.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ sd-bn¬-∏m-X (Xn-cq¿-˛-t_-∏q¿)- Bcw-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1861 6399.- C‚¿-t]mƒ ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1923 6400.- hn-kv-sU≥- F-¥n-s\ kw-_-‘n-® B-[n-Im-cn-I {]-kn-≤o-I-cW-am-Wv-˛ {In-°-‰v 6401.- C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS c-£m-[n-Im-cn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn 6402.- B--sS \n¿-t±-i{- ]-Im-ca - m-Wv K-h¿-W¿ kw-ÿm-\ a-{¥n-k` - mwK-ß-sf \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv ˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 6403.- d-jy-bp-sS tZ-io-b ar-Kw-˛ I-c-Sn 6404.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv k-Xn \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ 1829 6405.- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ C-¥y-bn¬ ÿm-]n-® B-Zy-sØ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn‰n-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 6406.- B-[p-\n-I s]m-eo-kv kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® cm-Pyw˛ {_n-´¨ 6407.- C-¥y≥ \n¿-an-X-am-b B-Zy-hn-am-\w(1951)˛ ln-μp-ÿm≥ s{Sbn-\¿ 6408.- h-nk - vX - o¿-WØ - n¬- H-∂m-wk - vY - m-\a - p-≈- A-ta-cn-°≥ kvt- ‰-‰v˛- Aem-kv-I6409.- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- A-ta-cn-°≥ kw-kv-Ym-\w-˛ tdmUv- sF-e≥-dv6410.- hn-lm-c-ß-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂ A¿-∞-Øn¬ t]- e-`n-® C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ _o-lm¿ 6411.- Pn-√m P-Uv-Pn-am-sc \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 6412.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-h-km-\-sØ P-bn¬-hm-kw-˛ ]q-s\-bn-se BKm-Jm≥ sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ 6413.- P-ssa-° G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛ h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 6414.- Q-ew, Nn-\m-_v, c-hn, _n-bm-kv, k-Xv-e-Pv F-∂n-h G-Xn-s‚ t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv-˛-kn-‘p 6415.- Rm-s\m- Ip-‰-hm-fn-b-√ cm-Py kv-t\-ln-bm-Wv F-∂v {]-Jym]n-®-Xv- -`-K-Xv kn-Mv 6416.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ G-Xv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-b hy-h-ÿn-Xn Xo--am-\n-®-Xv-˛ B-h-Un 6417.- hn-‘y-˛ km-Xv-]p-c \n-c-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-eq-sS ]-Sn-™m-tdm-´v H-gp-Ip∂ \-Zn-˛ \¿-a-Z 6418.- hn-P-b \-K-c cm-Pm-°≥-am¿ t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-®n--∂ `m-j-˛ sXep-¶v 6419.- cm-Py-k-`m-[y-£-\m-b B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn,- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b B-Zya-e-bm-fn-˛ sI B¿- \m-cm-b-W≥6420.- cm-Py-k-`m-sN-b¿-am-\m-b \ym-bm-[n-]≥-˛ Fw.-ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈ 6421.- c-≠mw ssP-\-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ h-f-`n 6422.- h-n-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- tem-I-Øv- A-ta-cn-°-bv-°v- F-{Xm-w- kv-Ym-\am-Wv-˛ \m-em-w- k-v-Ym-\w6423.- hn-kv-Xo¿-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tem-I-Øv C-¥y-bp-sS ÿm-\w-˛ G-gv 6424.- c-≠mw tem-I a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-sØ P-∏m≥ {]o-an-b¿-˛ tSm-tPm 6425.- C-Sp-°n ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS ÿm-]n-X-ti-jn-˛ 780 sa-Km-hm-´v

CONFUSING FACTS  1857se hnπhImeØv C¥ybn¬ Kh¿W¿ P\d¬

Im\nwKv {]`p, {_n´ojv cm⁄n hnIvtSmdnb.

 Km\v[nPnbpsS a\ m£nkq£n∏pImc≥ F∂dn

bs∏´Xv kn.cmPtKm]memNmcnbmWv. almflPnbpsS tijnbp≈ Ic߃ F∂dnbs∏´Xv Aen ktlmZc≥amcmWv ( aplΩZenbpw ju°Øen bpw).  BZysØ h\nXm _lncmImi k©mcn hme‚o\ sXcjvtImh BWv. BZysØ h\nXm _lncmImi hnt\mZk©mcnbmWv A\utj A≥kmcn.  -Ing°ns‚ sh\okv F∂v Be∏pgsb hntijn∏n®Xv Igvk¨ {]`p. sIm®nsb Ad_n°Sens‚ dmWn F∂v BZyambn hntijn∏n®Xv sIm®n Znhm\mbn∂ B¿.sI. j¨apJw sN´n. 6426.- h-{P-J-\n-bm-b ]-∂ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 6427.- H-∏n-bw bp-≤-Øn¬ G-‰p-ap-´n-b-Xv-˛ {_n-´-Wpw ssN-\-bpw 6428.- C-Sp-°n A-W-s°-´n-s‚ \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ k-l-I-cn-® cm-Pyw-˛ Im-\-U 6429.- Cw-•o-jv `m-j-bn-se 5 kz-cm-£-c-ß-fpw t]-cn-ep-≈ H- k-kyw˛ tIm-fn-^v-f-h¿ 6430.- sIm-√-s∏-´ hn-h-cw td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS tem-Iw A-dn-™ BZy A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 6431.- sF-kn-sF-kn-sF _m-¶n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-apw-ss_ 6432.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw IqSp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw A-[y-£-]-Z-hn-bn-te-°v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ h-\n-X ˛-tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n 6433.- sa-lv-tdm-fn en-Jn-X-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂ Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛-N-{μKp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 6434.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw IqSp-X¬ Im-ew A-[y-£-]-Z-hn h-ln-® t\-Xm-hv-˛ tkm-Wn-bm Km-‘n 6435.- sa-t°m-Mv \-Zn G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛-G-jy 6436.- lp-a-bq-Wpw sj¿-jm-bp-am-bn I-\u-Pv bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1540 6437.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv B-Zy-am-bn ]n-f¿-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1907 6438.- D-Uzm-U G-Xp a-X-°m--sS B-cm-[-\m-e-b-߃-°p {]-kn-≤w-˛ ]m-gv-kn 6440.- h-{Pw G-Xn-s‚ G-‰-hpw ip-≤-am-b cq-]-am-Wv-˛ Im¿-_¨ 6441.- e-lc - n-]m-\o-bß - ƒ {]-[m-\a - m-bpw X-et- ®m-dn-s‚ G-Xp `m-Ks - Øbm-Wv kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ sk-dn-_-√w 6442.- D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-in-s‚-bpw D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-s‚-bpw ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bmb hy-‡n-˛ F≥.-Un.-Xn-hm-cn 6443.- F-º-b¿ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 6444.- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv tUm-tUm F-∂ Po-hn D-≠m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ au-dojy-kv 6445.- F-hn-sS-sh-®m-Wv A-Iv-_-dp-sS Io-co-S-[m-c-Ww \-S-∂-Xv-˛ I-e\m-hq¿ 6446.- eo-em-h-Xn F-∂ K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X {K-Ÿw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ `m-kv-I-cmNm-cy¿ 6447.- Fw.-Pn.-B-dn-s\ tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Un-\v-A¿-l-\m-°n-b Nn-{Xw-˛dn-£m-°m-c≥ 6448.- eo-Kv Hm-^v A-d-_v tÃ-‰v-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ Syq-Wn-kv 6449.- D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-in-se ^n-tdm-km-_m-Zv F-¥n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ •mkv hy-h-km-bw 6450.- d-∫¿-a-c-Øn-s‚ P-∑-\m-Sv-˛ {_-ko¬ 6451.- F {_o-^v- ln-kv-‰-dn- Hm-^v- ssSw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ kv-‰o-^≥- tlm°n-Mv6452.- F sse-^v C≥ ayq-kn-Iv B--sS Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-Wv-˛ Fw.-F-kv.kp-∫-e-£v-an

144 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6453.- F-]v-kw km¬-´v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ a-·o-jyw k¬-t^-‰v 6454.- G-Xp a-e-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv C-Sp-°n A-W-s°-´v-˛ Ip-d-h≥-˛-Ip-dØn a-e-Iƒ 6455.- tPm-[v-]q¿ sIm-´m-c-Øn¬-h-®v `-£y-hn-j-_m-[-tb-‰v A-¥-cn-®Xv-˛ Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 6456.- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ B-dp kz¿-W-sa-U-ep-Iƒ t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\n-X˛ {In-Ãn≥ Hm-t´m 6457.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ s\-√p¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂, tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 6458.- H- _n¬ a-Wn _n-√m-tWm-sb-∂p Xo--am-\n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kv-]o°¿ 6459.- hn-Øp-s≠-¶n-epw Im-bv-I-fn-√m-Ø H- k-kyw-˛ ss]-\-kv 6460.- Cw-•o-jv A-£-c-am-em {I-a-Øn¬ B-Zy-sØ cm-Pyw-˛ A-^v-Km\n-kv-Xm≥ 6461.- H- {]m-h-iyw lr-Z-b-an-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b k-a-bw- 0.-8 sk°‚ v 6462.- G-Xp am-k-Øn-em-Wv s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 6463.- sF-_o-cn-b≥ D-]-Zzo-]v G-Xv h≥-I-c-bp-sS `m-K-am-Wv-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 6464.- F-^.v F - .-I∏ - v G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ^p-St-v _mƒ 6465.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S A-¥¿-tZ-io-b ssP-h ssh-hn-[y h¿-j-am-bn BN-cn-®-Xv-˛ 2010 6466.- F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ A-¥y-hn-{i-aw sIm-≈p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ kv-]nMv-^o¬-Uv 6467.- F-©n-\n-tb-gvk - v Zn-\a - m-bn B-Nc - n-°p-∂X - v H- `m-cX - c - X - v\ - w tPXm-hn-s‚ P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv. B--sS-˛ Fw.-hn-tiz-iz-c-ø 6468.- lyq-bm≥-kn-ßn-s‚-d tI-c-f-k-μ¿-i-\w- G-Xp h¿-j-Øn¬ ˛ F.-Un.-630 6469.- hm-°p-I-fp-sS D¬-`-h-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ th-Zmw-Kw-˛ \n--‡w 6470.- hn-{Iw-in-e k¿-h-I-em-im-e ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ [¿-a-]m-e≥ 6471.- F-∂p-ap-X-em-Wv tUm.-cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s‚ P-∑-Zn-\w A-[ym-]-I-Zn\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ 1962 6472.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S k-` \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏m-gp-≠m-bn--∂ 51 cm-Pyß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw H-Sp-hn¬ Nm¿-´-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-® cm-Pyw-˛-t]m-f≠v 6473.- F-hn-sS-sh-®m-Wv- s\-t∏m-fn-b≥- A-¥y-izm-kw- h-en-®-Xv-˛ AXv-em≥-dn-°n-se- sk≥-dv sl-eo-\- Zzo-]n¬6474.- Fw.-Pn.-B-dn-s‚-bpw A-Æm-Zp-ssc-bp-sS-bpw k-am-[n-ÿ-ew-˛-sNss∂-bn-se a-do-\m-_o-®v 6475.- G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b k-]p-jv-]n-˛ hqƒ-^n-b 6476.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv F-∂ t]-cv \n¿-t±-in-®-Xm-cv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 6477.- lp-Sp-˛ Xp-Sv-kn- h¿-K-߃- X-Ωn-ep-≈- I-em-]-Øn-\v- th-Zn-bm-bB-{^n-°≥- cm-Pyw- -˛-dp-hm-≠-

t^m¿- a p- e h¨ Im- t dm- ´ a¬- k - c - Ø n¬ ]- s ¶- S p- Ø B- Z y- s Ø C- ¥ ym- ° m- c ≥- ˛ \m- c m- b ¨ Im¿- Ø n- t I- b ≥

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

40

 F-{X i-X-am-\w t^m¿-am¬-Un-ssl-Uv em-b-\n-bm-Wv t^m¿-am-en≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv  a-\p-jy-s‚ i-co-c`- m-cØ - n-s‚ F-{X-iX - a - m-\a - m-Wv t]-in-Iƒ  {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-Ww {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw  ^o¬-Uv-kv sa-U-en-\v F-{X h-b- n-\p Xm-sg {]m-b-ap-≈h-sc-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv  G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bmb-Xv cm-Po-hv Km-‘n-bm-Wv. F-{Xm-a-sØ h-b- n-em-Wv At±-lw B ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv  Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew `-cn-®-Xv [¿-a-cmPm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ Im¿-Øn-I Xn--\mƒ cm-a-h¿-a-bm-Wv. A-t±-lw F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv `-cn-®-Xv  e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ Aw-K-kwJy F-{X-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww  C-¥y-bp-sS k-ap-{Z hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-sS A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n F{Xm-a-sØ t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv 6478.- lw-t_mƒ-´v {]-hm-lw G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap{Zw 6479.- G-Xp- \m-hn-I-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- \n-∂p-am-Wv- A-ta-cn-°-bv-°v- B- t]- e-`n-®-Xv-˛ A-a-cn-tKm- sh-kv-]p-Nn6480.- hm-\n-e-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m 6481.- hn-Øu-´v ^n-b¿ Hm¿ t^-h¿- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h sd-UvUn6482.- I-_-\n G-Xn-s‚ t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv-˛ Im-th-cn 6483.- I-_o¿ k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂X - v G-Xv kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cm-Wv˛- a[y-{]-tZ-iv 6484.- I¬-]-kq-{Xw c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ `-{Z-_m-lp 6485.- I¬-°-Ø \-K-cw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tPm-_v Nm¿-t\m-Iv 6486.- hn-π-h I-hn-bm-b ]m-tªm s\-dq-X G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn-∂p-˛ Nn-en 6487.- I¬-°-´ k¿-h-I-em-im-e N-S-ßn¬ 1932˛¬ B-[y-£yw h-ln®p-sIm-≠n--∂ k¿ Ãm≥-en Pm-Iv-k-s\ sh-Sn-h-® C-¥y≥ kzm-X-¥y k-a-c-\m-bn-I-˛ _o-Wm-Zm-kv 6488.- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv am-\n-s^-tÃm {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1848 6489.- hn-π-h-ß-fp-sS am-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ {^-©p-hn-π-hw 6490.- G-Xp \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv ^m-ln-bm≥ C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv-˛ F.-Un.A-©mw \q-‰m-≠v 6491.- I-ayp-Wn-k-Øn-s‚ ss_-_nƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Zm-kv Iym-]n‰¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1867 6492.- i-_-cn-Kn-cn ]-Zv-[-Xn G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ ]-º 6493.- hn-ºnƒ-U¨ a-’-c-߃ \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ e-≠≥ 6494.- tdm-_¿-´v ss¢-hn-s‚ Ip-dp-°≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ an¿ Pm-^¿ 6495.- ⁄m-\-]oT ]p-c-kv-Im-cw G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b hy-h-km-bn-˛ im-¥n {]-km-Zv P-bn≥ 6496.- lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛-_m-_¿ 6497.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-h-km-\ hm-°p-Iƒ-˛ tl dmw 6498.- s^-bv-kv _p-°v F-∂ C‚¿-s\-‰v Iq-´m-bv-a-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ am¿-°v k-°¿-_¿-Kv 6499.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y Cw-Kv-fo-jn-te-°v ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xv-˛ a-lm-tZ-hv tZ-im-bn, ]ym-tc-em¬ 6500.- s_-dnw-Kv I-S-en-Sp-°v h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°-sb G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn¬\n-∂v th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛-G-jy 6501.- s{]m-´- v tdmw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛-P-\o-h 6502.- sam-lm-en tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv 6503.- Q-¶m-c-∏-£n-(lΩnwKv t_¿Uv)I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ {Sn-\n-Um-Uv 6504.- t]m-≠n-t®-cn ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ {^m≥-kn-kv am¿-´n≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 145

6505.- ap-…n-߃-°v H- {]-tXy-I {]-hn-iy F-∂ B-i-bw B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv C-Iv-_m¬ 6506.- a-Æn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ s]-tUm-f-Pn 6507.- A-Im¬ X-‡v ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw A-ar-’-dn-\p Np-‰pw tIm-´ sI´p-I-bpw sN-bv-X kn-Jv Kp--˛ l¿-tKm-hn-μv 6508.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-h-km-\-sØ k-Xym-{K-lw-˛ 1948 P-\p-h-cn 13˛18 6509.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ÿncmw-K-߃ D-≈ h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 6510.- sh-bn¬-kv cm-P-Ip-am-c-s‚ _-lp-a-Xn (1922) \n-c-kn-® a-e-bm-f I-hn-˛-h-≈-tØmƒ \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ 6511.- sI-º Ku-U ÿm-]n-® \-K-cw-˛-_mw-•q¿ 6512.- sIm-√-s∏-´ hn-h-cw sS-en-hn-j-\n-eq-sS tem-Iw A-dn-™ B-Zy A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 6513.- s]≥-Kzn-\p-Iƒ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 6514.- U¬-ln-bv° - p--]p-dØ - v kw-kI - v- c - n-°s - ∏-´ B-Zy-sØ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 6515.- tlm-an-tbm-∏-Xn-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ km-ap-h¬ lm-\n-am≥ 6516.- U-b_ - ‰ - n-Iv tcm-Kn-If - p-sS aq-{X-Øn¬ G-Xm-Wv i-cm-ic - n-sb-°mƒ Iq-Sn-b tXm-Xn¬ Im-Wp-∂-Xv- ]-©-km-c 6517.- s]-‰v-kv-Im≥ G-Xp k-co-c-`m-K-Øn-s‚ ]T-\-Øn-\m-Wv D-]-tbmKn-°p-∂X - v˛- a-kvX - n-jvI - w 6518.- C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ Aw-K-am-b G-I _n-j-∏v-˛ tPm¨ dn-®m¿-Uv-k¨ 6519.- sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b - p-sS G-I B-IvS- n-Mv sk-{I-´d - n P-\d - ¬-˛ k¿ •m-Uv-hn≥ sP-_v 6520.- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS D-]-{K-l-hn-t£-]-W tI-{μ-Øn-\v G-Xv {]-knU‚n-s‚ kva - c - W - m¿-Ya - m-Wv t]-cn-´n-cn-°p-∂X - ˛v- t- Pm¨ F-^v. sI∂-Un 6521.- ap-e-∏m-en-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-©-km-c-˛ em-Iv-tSm-kv 6522.- C- ¥ y≥ ]m¿- e - s a‚ n¬ K- h ¨- s a‚ n- s ‚ ap- J y- h - ‡ m- h v ˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 6523.- tlm-fn-hp-Uv F-¥n-\m-Wv {]-kn-≤w-˛ kn-\n-a 6524.- C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv F-hn-sS ˛ \yq-U¬ln-bn¬ 6525.- C-¥y-bn¬ Im-´p I-gp-X-Iƒ-°p-≈ km-Mv-Nz-dn-˛ dm≥ Hm-^v I-®v 6526.- tI-c-f ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I bq-Wn-b≥ {]-kn-U‚m-bn--∂ I-hn-˛ F≥.-hn.-Ir-jW v- h - m-cy¿ 6527.- C-¥y≥- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-e-k-º-∂-am-b-Xv-˛-{_-lv-a-]p-{X6528.- tlm-bv-km-e≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ Zzm-c-k-ap-{Zw 6529.- sh-≈-Øn-se ]q-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ P-tem¬-k-hw-˛ B-d-∑pf D-{X-´m-Xn h-≈w-I-fn 6530.- X-an-g¿ Xn--\mƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ B-tLm-jw-˛ s]m-¶¬ 6531.- ap-…n-߃ F-Æ-Øn-epw i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw Iq-Sp-X-ep≈ Pn-√-˛ a-e-∏p-dw 6532.- am-Pym¿- F-∂ t]-cv Ãm-ºn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ lw-Kdn 6533.- tZ-ho-N-{μ-Kp-]v-Xw, ap-{Zm-cm-£-kw F-∂n-h c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hn-im-J-ZØ≥ 6534.- tI-{μ a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS X-eh≥-˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 6535.- ap-dn-hn-se c-‡w I-´-]n-Sn°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ hn‰m-an≥-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ sI.6536.- B-Zn-hm-kn-`m-j-bn¬ \n¿an-®, tI-c-f-Øn-se B-ZysØ kn-\n-a-˛ Kp-U 6537.- C- ¥ y≥ \m- j - W ¬ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f\ - Ø - n\p th-Zn-bm-b B-Zy Z-£ntW- ¥ y≥ \- K - c w- ˛ sNss∂ 6538.- s{]m-´Ã - m‚n-kw B-cw-`n-®Xv G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv ˛ Cu- ^ ¬- tKm- ] p- c wbq-tdm-∏v \n¿- a n- ® - h¿- j w- ˛ 1789

CONFUSING FACTS  sk]vXw_¿ 27 temI hnt\mZk©mcZn\hpw(World Tourism Day) P\hcn 25 tZiob hnt\mZ k©mcZn\hpamWv.  CuPn]vjy≥ kwkvImcØns‚ en]nbmWv lotcm•n^nIv k v ( hnip≤ FgpØv ) . IyqWnt^mw en]n D]tbmKn®n∂Xv saskms]m´manb≥ kwkvImcamWv ( kptacnb≥). ssk‘hP\X D]tbmKn®n∂Xpw CXphsc hymJym\n°s∏´n´n√mØXpamb en]nbmWv Nn{Xen]n (Pictographic).  lnμpaXØnse Im¬hn≥ F∂dnbs∏´Xv Zbm\μv kckzXnbmWv. i¶cmNmcycmWv lnμpaXØnse AIzn\mkv F∂p hntijn∏n°s∏´Xv. 6539.- C-¥y-bn¬ C-Yw-{]-Y-a-am-bn H- h-\n-X-sb \m-a-\n¿-tZ-iw sNbv-Xv Aw-K-am-°n-b \n-b-a-k-` G-Xm-bn--∂p-˛ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ 6540.- B-K-a-kn-≤m-¥w G-Xp a-X-°m--sS {K-Ÿ-am-Wv-˛ ssP-\¿ 6541.- B-Km-Jm≥ I-∏v G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ tlm-°n 6542.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS A-[y-£-X-bn¬ Bƒ C-¥ym Jn-em-^-Øv tIm¨-^-d≥-kv \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ U¬-ln 6543.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS a-°ƒ-˛ l-cn-em¬,a-Wn-em¬,cmw-Zm-kv,tZ-h-Zm-kv 6544.- kw-ÿm-\-Øv sk≥-k-kv B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv B--sS hn-h-c-߃ ti-Jc - n-®p-Xp-Sß - p-∂t- Xm-sS-bm-Wv˛- K - h - ¿-W¿ 6545.- ⁄m-\-]oT-tP-Xm-hm-b sF.-F.-F-kv.-Hm-^o-k¿ ˛ ko-Xm-Im-¥v a-lm-]m-{X 6546.- A-ip-≤-c-‡w h-ln-°p-∂ H-tc-sbm- [-a-\n-˛ ]ƒ-a-W-dn [-a-\n 6547.- A-Iv-_¿ \m-a, A-bv-\n A-Iv-_-dn F-∂o Ir-Xn-Iƒ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ A-_pƒ ^m-k¬ 6548.- t{K-‰¿ ln-am-e-b \n-c-I-fp-sS a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ ln-am-{Zn 6549.- B-lm-c-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Du¿-Pw A-f-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ Item-dn 6550.- t]m-∏n-s‚ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tdmw 6551.- tZ-i-_-‘p F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kn.-B¿.-Zm-kv 6552.- t]m-∏v kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ cm-Pm-hv ˛ ssa-°¬ Pm-Iv-k¨ 6553.- t]m-fn-tbm-sb A-Xn-Po-hn-® G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X-\m-b hy-‡n-˛{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 6554.- tI-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-sØ I-b¿ ^m-IvS- d - n-bm-b Um-dm-kv sa-bn¬ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-sP-bnw-kv Um-d 6555.- tSm-°n-tbm G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 6556.- t]m-Ãv Hm-^o-kv tk-hn-Mv-kv _m-¶v kw-hn-[m-\w C-¥y-bn¬ B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1882 6557.- tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y-˛ sIm-gn-™ C-e-Iƒ 6558.- A-Æm l-km-tc G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 6559.- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v kv-{Xo-[\ - a - m-bn t_mw-s_ \¬-In-b h¿-jw-˛ 1661 6560.- B-lm-cw I-gp-In-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw Xn-∂p-∂ P-¥p-˛ dm-°q¨ 6561.- b-lq-Z-a-Xw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tam-k-kv 6562.- \m¬-k-tcm-h¿- X-Æo¿-Ø-Sw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dmØv 6563.- ¢-a≥-dv- B-‰v-en- C-¥y-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥yw- {]-Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒssh-t{km-bn- B-bn--∂-Xv-˛ th-h¬- {]-`p6564.- £-b-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b _m-Iv-So-cn-b-˛ ssa-t{Im _m-Iv-So-cn-bw Syp-_¿-°p-te 6565.- S-Iv-kv F-∂ I-º-\n-bp-sS Nn-”w-˛-s]≥-Kzn≥ 6566.- sN-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-®v C--´n¬ ap-∂n-se X-S- -߃ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp∂ Po-hn ˛-h-Δm¬ 6567.- sN-kv- I-fn-bn¬- H-∂mw-kv-Ym-\-Øv- \n¬-°p-∂- cm-Py-ta-Xv-˛-d-jy6568.- G-Xp cm-Py-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv Cu-bn-sS tam-≠n-s\-t{Km kzm-X{¥yw t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ sk¿-_n-b 6569.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-˛ I-cw-N-μv Km-‘n-bpw ]p-Xv-en`m-bn-bpw

146 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6570.- N-{μ-bm≥-˛-c-≠v ]-≤-Xn-bn¬ G-Xp cm-Py-hp-am-bn k-l-I-cn-°m\m-Wv C-¥y e-£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ d-jy 6571.- N-{μ-Kn-cn-t°m-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ _n-Z-\q-cn-se in-h-∏-\m-b-Iv 6572.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y-bn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈ a-e-bmfn-˛ Pn.-]n.-]n-≈ 6573.- N-{μ-\n-te-°v bm-{X k-¶¬-]n-® t\m-h-en-Ãv-˛ jqƒ thm¨ 6574.- tSmƒ-tÃm-bn-bp-sS `-h-\-am-b bm-kv-\-bm t]m-fn-bm-\ G-Xv cmPy-Øm-Wv-˛-d-jy 6575.- t]m-Ãv-am-ÿ B-bn {]-h¿-Øn-®-ti-jw A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚m-b-Xv-˛ F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ 6576.- tUm.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 1956˛¬ kzo-I-cn-® a-Xw-˛ _p-≤-a-Xw 6577.- t^m-kn¬ C-‘-\w G-Xp-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ e-`n°p-∂-Xv-˛ s]-t{Sm-fn-bw 6578.- B-Zy-am-bn ku-c-I-e-≠¿ hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 6579.- G-Xp cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv \-ao-_n-b kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 6580.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y ˛ F-s‚ k-Xym-t\z-j-W ]-co-£-W߃ 6581.- \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a\m-`≥ 6582.- A-¥-co-£-Øn-se B¿-{Z-X A-f-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ssl-t{Kmao-‰¿6583.- ]-d-¶n-∏p-Æv F-∂ t]-cn-ep-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ kn-^n-en-kv 6584.- \m-b¿-km≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ F.-am-[-h≥ \m-b¿ 6585.- B-[p-\n-I H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]n-bdn Un Ip-_¿-´n≥ 6586.- \m-t‰m \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1949 G-{]n¬ 4 6587.- B-[p-\n-I H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-se B-Zy hn-P-bn-˛ sP.-_n.-sIm-tWmen 6588.- \-ho-I-c-W {]-ÿm-\w Xp-S-ßn-b cm-Pyw-˛ P¿-a-\n 6589.- ]-dp-Zo-km \-jv-Sw F-∂ Ir-Xn c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ an¬-´¨ 6590.- ]-g-߃- Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn- ]-gp-∏n-°m≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ am-c-I-amb cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ Im¿-ss_-Uv6591.- ]m-c-º-cy-\n-b-a-߃ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ {Kn-K¿ sa≥-U¬ 6592.- ]m-co-kv I-ayq¨ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1871 6593.- G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Z-am-Wv ]p-´v-˛ tKmƒ-^v 6594.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ko ^p-Uv ]m¿-°v ÿm-]n-°p-∂ ÿew ˛-A-cq¿ 6595.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv {Kq-∏v-˛ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv eo-Kv 6596.- tem-I ss]-Xr-I-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b tI-c-fo-b kw-kv-Ir-X I-em-cq-]w-˛ Iq-Sn-bm-´w6597.- Imw-{K Xm-gv-h-c G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv ˛-ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 6598.- Im-X¬-a-∂≥-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ X-an-gv \-S≥-˛-P-an-\n K-tW-i≥ 6599.- in-em-bp-K-a-\p-jy≥ Xm-a-kn-®n--∂ _nw-t_-Sv-I Kp-l-Iƒ GXv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 6600.- tem-I-_m-¶n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ hm-jn-Mv-S¨ 6601.- G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ ]-Za - m-Wv en-t{_m- ˛ thm-fo-t_mƒ 6602.- ]m-e-°m-Sv Pn-√-bn¬ Hm-d-©p-tXm-´-߃-°p {]-kn--≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ s\-√n-bm-º-Xn 6603.- B-Zy-sØ tdm-a≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn- ˛ A-K-Ã-kv 6604.- ]p-cm-X-\ C-¥y-bn-se, tlm-ì kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≠m-bn--∂ BZy k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛ \-f-μ 6605.- ]q¿-h-tZ-i-sØ B-‰n-e F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ an-ln-cmIp-e≥ 6606.- ]p-cm-X-\ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-se B-Zy hn-P-bn-˛ sIm-tdm-_-kv 6607.- hm-kv-tIm U Km-a-sb B-Zyw kw-kv-I-cn-® sk‚ v {^m≥-knkv ]-≈n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ t^m¿-´v sIm-®n 6608.- hm-Wn-Py-]-c-am-bn G-‰-hpw {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em‚nIv k-ap-{Zw 6609.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \yq-\-]-£ a-X-hn-`m-Kw-˛ ap-…nw 6610.- \n-Xm-¥ l-cn-Xm-`-bp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ t\-‰mƒ 6611.- \n-Xy-\-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tdmw 6612.- ]-c-ip-dmw F-Iv-kv-{]-kv F-sX-√mw ÿ-e-߃-°n-bn¬ Hm-Sp-∂p˛ \m-K¿-tIm-hn¬-˛-aw-K-em-]p-cw 6613.- ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d A-]-I-S-߃- h-c-®p-Im-´p-∂ td-®¬- Im-gv-k-s≥-d Ir-Xn-˛ \n-i-_v-Z-h-k-¥w-

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

41

 tIcfØn¬ ]Sn™mtdms´mgpIp∂ \ZnIƒ F{X  sXmgnen√mØh¿°pw hr≤P\߃°pw tcmK-

_m[nX¿°pw tÉv AXns‚ kmºØnI ]cn[nbv°p≈n¬\n∂psIm≠v Ignbp∂ klmbw \¬IWw F∂v \njv I ¿jn°p∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw GXmWv  kwÿm\ ]nFkv k n AwKßfpsS dn´b¿sa‚ v {]mbw 62 Bbn Db¿ØnbXv F{XmaXv `cWLS\m t`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv 6614.- \o-Xn-km-cw, ssh-cm-Ky-i-X-Iw F-∂n-h c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ `¿-Xr-l-cn 6615.- \q-dp _-b-W-‰p-I-sf-°mƒ i-‡-am-Wv \m-ep ]-{X-߃ F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ 6616.- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-se A-`-b-L-´n¬ A-¥y-\n-{Z sIm-≈p-∂ C¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 6617.- \-S-\p-≈ tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b a-e-bm-fn-˛ ]n.sP.-B‚-Wn 6618.- C-¥y≥- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ ]-´n-I-bn-em-Wv- cm-jv-{S]-Xn,- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- K-h¿-W¿-am¿- ap-X-em-b-h-sc-∏-‰n- {]-Xn-]mZn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ c-≠mw- ]-´n-I-bn¬6619.- am-\-hn-{I-a-tZ-h≥ km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS k-Z- n-s\ A-e-¶-cn-®n--∂ ]-Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-I-fn¬ A-c-°-hn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ]p-\w \-ºqXn-cn 6620.- G-Xp- c-m-Py-Øn-\p-≈n-em-Wv- km≥-am-cn-t\m- F-∂- cm-Pyw- kv-Y-nXn- sN-øp-∂-Xv- -˛-C-‰-en6621.- G-Xp k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\-am-Wv tX-™n-∏-e-Øv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv ˛ Im-en-°-‰v 6622.- Xp-º tdm-°-‰v tem-©n-Mv tÃ-j≥ {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-® h¿-jw˛ 1963 6623.- G-Xp Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ k-Z- n-s\-bm-Wv \-h-c-Xv-\-߃ A-e¶-cn-®n--∂-Xv-˛ hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ (N-{μ-Kp-]v-X≥ c-≠m-a≥) 6624.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\-ß-fp-≈ kw-ÿm\w-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 6625.- Hmƒ C-¥ym In-km≥ k-`-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ k-lPm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 6626.- d-jy≥ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS `q-cn-`m-K-hpw G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛ bqtdm-∏v 6627.- am-\-h-cm-in-bp-sS hn-Im-k-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b {]-[m-\ I-≠p-]nSn-Øw-˛ N-{Iw 6628.- C-¥y-bn¬ ]n≥-tIm-Uv kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1972 6629.- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ A-Xv-e-‰n-Iv-kn¬ \m-ep kz¿-Ww t\-Sn-b B-ZysØ A-ta-cn-°-°m-c≥-˛ sP- n Hm-h≥-kv 6630.- {^m≥-kn-s≥-d- B-W-h-]-co-£-W-tI-{μw-˛ ap-dp-tdm- A-t‰mƒ6631.- dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS tI-{μ Hm-^o-kv ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ apw-ss_ 6632.- \-s´-√p-≈ Po-hn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv-˛ \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-ew 6633.- C- ¥ y- b n¬ B- Z y- s Ø Hm¨- s se≥ _m- ¶ n- M v ÿm- ] - \ w˛ F-®v.-Un.-F-^v.-kn.6634.- \-thm-∞m-\w B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 6635.- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- K-h¿-W-dm-b ti-jw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zyhy-Iv-Xn-˛ a≥-tam-l≥- knw-Kv 6636.- D-dp-ºp-I-fn-√m-Ø h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 6637.- \-S-cm-P-t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Nn-Zw-_-cw 6638.- C-¥y-bn¬ Cw-•o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ am-·m-Im¿-´ F-∂-dnb-s∏-´ in-]m¿-i B--tS-Xm-bn--∂p-˛ sa-°m-sf {]-`p 6639.- \-thm-∞m-\ Nn-¥-bp-sS ap-Jy-kz-`m-hw-˛ am-\-hn-I-X 6640.- D-÷-bn-\n X-e-ÿm-\-am-°n-b Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X≥ c-≠m-a≥ 6641.- am-Xr-`q-an ]-{X-Øn-s‚ B-Zy ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-˛ sI.-]n.-tI-ih - t-- a-t\m≥ 6642.- A-e-Iv-km-{≠n-b \-K-cw G-Xp \-Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ ss\¬

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 147

6643.- dn-t_m-^v-fm-hn≥ G-Xp hn-‰m-an-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ _n-˛2 6644.- a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a I-º-\n- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1888 6645.- bp-s\-kv-tIm tem-I ss]-Xr-I-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-® `nw-t`-Sv-I Kpl-Iƒ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 6646.- Xn--˛-sIm-®n-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ a-{¥n--k-`-bv°p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ F.-sP.-tPm¨ 6647.- D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-\v Km-‘n-Pn-sb A-d-Ãp sN-ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ A-S-bv-°-s∏-´ P-bn¬-˛ sb¿-hm-Z 6648.- d-∫-dn-s‚ em-b-Iw-˛ s_≥-ko≥ 6649.- N-{μ-Kp-]v-X au-cy-s≥-d Im-e-sØ {Ko-°v- Aw-_m-k-U¿-˛ sa-Kkv-X-\o-kv6650.- N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS P-\-\w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1853 6651.- D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-Øn¬ Km-‘n-Pn-bv-s°m-∏w ]-s¶-Sp-Ø k-∂≤-`-S≥-am--sS F-Æw-˛78 6652.- Pm¿-J-Wv-Un-se cm-J J-\n-bn¬-\n-∂v e-`n-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ -sN-ºv 6653.- Z ss\-‰v I-t^ B--sS s]-bn‚nw-Km-Wv-˛ hm≥-tKm-Kv 6654.- G-Xp ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv A-e-lm-_m-Zv \-Kc-Øn-\v B t]- e-`n-®-Xv-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 6655.- C-¥y C-¥y-°m¿-°v F-∂ B-lzm-\w B-Zy-am-bn ap-g-°n-b-Xv-˛ Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 6656.- tI-cf - ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-am-cn¬ Im-em-h[ - n ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b B-Zy-sØ hy-‡n-˛ kn.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ 6657.- B-Zy-am-bn ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ Kƒ-^v cm-Pyw-˛ Ip-ssh‰v 6658.- D-∏p k-Xym-{K-lw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1930 6659.- N-{μ-bm≥ hn-t£-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 2008 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 22 6660.- N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ-°v ⁄m-t\m-Z-bw e-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ h-Sn-hn-izcw 6661.- dn-l-≠v P-e-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ D-Ø¿ {]tZ-iv 6662.- Po-h-Iw sI-bp-sS cm-k-\m-aw-˛ ^n-t√m-Izn-t\m¨ 6663.- dn-tbm Un P-\o-tdm G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ {_-ko¬ 6664.- sa¿-tU-° I-∏v ^p-Sv-t_mƒ a-’-cw \-S-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ a-tejy 6665.- d-∫-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-Iw-˛ sF-tkm-{]o≥ 6666.- sam-ss_¬ t]m¿-´-_n-en-‰n \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy kw-ÿm-\w˛ l-cn-bm-\ 6667.- sF-F-kv-B¿-H sN-b¿-am-\m-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ Fw-Pn-sI tat\m≥ 6668.- sh-´-Øp-k-{º-Zm-bw G-Xv I-em-cq-]-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p-˛ I-Y-I-fn 6669.- sS-Ãv {In-°-‰n-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ _m-‰nw-Kv i-cm-i-cn-°p-S-a-bmb sUm-Wmƒ-Uv {_m-Uv-am≥ G-Xv cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ Hm-kv-t{Sen-b 6670.- sS-Ãv {In-°-‰v I-fn-°p-∂ F-√m cm-Py-ß-fn-epw sk-©z-dn t\-Snb B-Zy {In-°-‰¿-˛ cm-lp¬ {Zm-hn-Uv 6671.- am¿-Pm-c-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ Iq-´-am-bn Po-hn-°p-∂ ar-Kw-˛ knw-lw 6672.- ssa-kq-dn-se {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv ssP-\-k-\ymkn-bm-bn A-h-km-\-Im-ew I-gn-®p-Iq-´n-b au-cy N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]vX - a - u-cy≥ 6673.- sse-e a-Pv-\p F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv-˛ A-ao¿ Jp-{kp 6674.- tdm-°o-kv a-e-\n-c-Iƒ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn° 6675.- B-Zy-sØ Ir-{Xn-a d-∫¿-˛ \n-tbm-{]o≥ 6676.- P¿-a-\n-bn¬ s_¿-en≥ a-Xn¬ \n¿-am-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv G-Xv Ata-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚n-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂Un 6677.- P¿-a≥ kn¬-h-dn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ L-SI tem-lw-˛ sN-ºv 6678.- P-b-Iv-hm-Sn ]-≤-Xn G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 6679.- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw a-{Zm-kv kwÿm-\h - p-am-bn ap-√s - ∏-cn-bm¿ A-Ws - °-´v kw-_‘ - n-® I-cm-dn¬ G¿-s∏-´-Xv-˛ {io-aq-ew Xn--\mƒ 6680.- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn¬ Ipw-`-ta-f \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ \m-kn-Iv

CONFUSING FACTS  ap…n߃°v H {]tXyI {]hniy F∂ Bibw

BZyambn apt∂m´psh®Xv aplΩZv CIv _ m¬ BWv. ]mInkvXm≥ F∂ hm°v cq]hXvIcn®Xv dlvaØv AenbmWv.  sIm®n I∏¬\n¿amWimebpambn klIcn® cmPyw P∏m\mWv. sIm®n FÆip≤oIcWimebpambn klIcn® Atacn°≥ Iº\nbmWv Phillips Petroleum Company.  ssXtdmIvkn≥ F∂ tlm¿tamWns‚ Ipdhv Ipdhv Ip´nIfn¬ s{I´n\nkw F∂ tcmKhpw apXn¿∂hcn¬ anIvkUna F∂ tcmKhpw D≠m°p∂p. 6681.- ap-Øp-km-an-Zo-£n-Xc - p-sS ]n-Xm-hv cm-ak - zm-an Zo-£n-X¿ cq-]w \¬In-b {]-i-kv-X-cm-Kw-˛ lw-k-[z-\n 6682.- A-P-¥m Kp-l-Iƒ I-s≠-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1819 6683.- C-_-Z-Xv-Jm-\ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 6684.- B-[p-\n-I Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ in-ev-]n-˛ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a 6685.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kz-Im-cy C‚¿-s\-‰v s{]m-ssh-U¿-˛ k-Xyw C≥-t^m-th 6686.- sS-e-kv-tIm-∏v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ K-eo-en-tbm 6687.- sS-en-hn-j-\n-se {]m-Y-an-I \n-d-߃-˛ Np-h-∏v,]-®,\o-e 6688.- B-{¥m-Iv-kn-\p Im-c-W-am-b A-Wp-Po-hn-˛ _m-Iv-So-cn-b 6689.- bp-Wn-‰v {S-Ãv Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ ap-ss_ 6690.- kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn-se X-]m¬ Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 6691.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ \-Zn-˛ a-t©-iz-cw ]p-g 6692.- s\m-t_¬ A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ kzo-U≥ 6693.- D-d° - Ø - n-s‚ N-Xp-∏v (am¿-jv Hm-^v …o-∏v) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- N - {- μ≥ 6694.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ apw-ss_ 6695.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ P-\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn-˛ F.-H.-lyqw 6696.- D-a-b-Ω-dm-Wn- th-Wm-´n-se B-Zy- h-\n-Xm-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bXv G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1678˛84 6697.- sjh¿se F∂ t]-ambn _‘-s∏´ DXv]∂w ˛ Hmt´m samss_¬kv 6698.- B-Zy-am-bn hr-° am-‰n-h-bv-°¬ i-kv-{X-{In-b \-S-Øn-b-Xm-cv-˛ B¿.-F® - v.e - m-e¿ 6699.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b P-bn¬-˛ Xn-lm¿ 6700.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn-se G-‰-hpw hn-k-Xo¿-Ww Ip-d-™ Aw-Kcm-Pyw-˛ sam-Wm-t°m 6701.- dm-Wn- Ku-cn- ]m¿-h-Xn-`m-bn- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- {]m-Y-an-I hn-Zym`ym-kw- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-am-°n-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1817 6702.- k-Xy-ta-h P-b-tX F-∂-Xv G-Xp-]-\n-j-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv F-SpØn-´p-≈-Xv-˛ ap-≠-tIm-]-\n-j-Øv 6703.- kp-c-km-K-cw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ kq¿-Zm-kv 6704.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ \n-e-\n-∂n--∂ a--a-°-Øm-b Zm-b-{I-a-sØ-°pdn-®v ]-cm-a¿-in-® {]-Y-a hn-tZ-i k-©m-cn-˛ {^-b¿ tPm¿-Um-\kv 6705.- ssh-kv-do-K¬ tem-Uv-Pv F-hn-sS-bm-bn--∂p-˛-jnw-e 6706.- tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn¬ A-hn-izm-k {]-ta-b-Øn\p t\m-´o-kv \¬-In-b B-Zy Aw-Kw-˛ kn.-Pn. P-\m¿-±-\≥ 6707.- sse-kn-bw F-∂ hn-Zym-e-bw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-cn-tÃm-´n¬ 6708.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy tI-c-f K-h¿W¿-˛ kn-°-μ¿ `-‡v 6709.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b em≥-Uv tem-°v-Uv (I-c-_-‘nX) cm-Pyw-˛ I-k-Jv-ÿm≥ 6710.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-X Zzo-]v-˛ sh-√n-Mv-S¨ 6711.- tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Ip-d-™ cm-Pyw-˛ aw-tKm-fn-b 6712.- Z-Ø-h-Im-i \n-tcm-[-\ \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-tbm-Sp tN¿-Ø B-Zy \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛ k-Øm-d

148 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6713.- G-Xp cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv 1827˛¬ {Ko-kv kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Snb-Xv-˛ Xp¿-°n 6714.- ssh-Im-cn-I-X-tbm-sS I-Æp-\o¿ s]m-gn-°p-∂ G-I Po-hn-˛-a-\pjy≥ 6715.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw- U-®p-Im--am-bn- am-th-en-°c - D-Sº - S- n- G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1753 6716.- sj¿-jm Nu-k bp-≤-Øn¬ lp-a-bq-Wn-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb h¿-jw-˛ 1539 6717.- G-Xp `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-em-Wv F-√m cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw a-Xw {In-kvXp-a-Xw-˛ h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 6718.- Km-‘n-Pn B-Zy-am-bn tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø h¿-jw ˛ 1901 6719.- Im-f-t∏m-cv G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Z-am-Wv-˛ kvs]-bn≥ 6720.- G-Xp kw-`-h-Øn¬ {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-\m-Wv Km-‘n-Pn ssI-k¿-˛C-˛-ln-μv Xn-cn-®p-\¬-In-b-Xv-˛ Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°me 6721.- sIm-gp-∏n¬ e-bn-°p-∂ hn-‰m-an-\p-Iƒ-˛ F,-Un, C, sI 6722.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ k-ly-\v Ip-dp-sI-bp-≈ G-‰-hpw h-en-b Np-cw-˛ ]me-°m-Sv Np-cw 6723.- sIm-k-thm G-Xp cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b-Xv˛ sk¿-_n-b 6724.- A-®p-X-≠n-\v G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ N-cn-hp-≈ {K-lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv 6725.- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ t£-{X-Øn-se {]-[m-\ D¬-k-hw-˛ `-c-Wn 6726.- C-¥y-bn¬ h-\-a-tlm¬-k-hw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ sI.-Fw.-ap≥-jn 6727.- B-{K tIm-´ \n¿-an-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 6728.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-kv-‰n-Mv thm-´v {]-tbm-Kn-® kv-]o-°¿-˛ F.-kn.-tPm-kv 6729.- sI-bv-_pƒ-emw-Pm-thm-tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-G-Xp-kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv˛ a-Wn-∏q¿ 6730.- am-·-ss‰-‰v G-Xn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛ C--ºv 6731.- kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-km-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ sI.-Pn._m-eI - r-jvW - ≥ 6732.- P-bv-ln-μv F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw C-¥y-bv-°v k-Ωm-\n-® kzm-X-{¥yk-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv 6733.- s_≥-ko≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ ssa-°¬ ^m-c-tU 6734.- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-tI-kn¬ C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn P-b-ap-≠m-b-Xm¿-°v˛ Sn.-F.-cm-a-N-{μ-ø¿(1945) 6735.- G-Xp a-X-Øn-s‚ hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv tiz-Xw-_-c≥-am-w Zn-Kw-_c≥-am-w-˛ ssP-\-a-Xw 6736.- ssh-°w- k-Xy-{K-l-Øn-s‚ kq-{X-[m-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂Xv- ˛ Sn- sI am-[-h≥6737.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ssa-° D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kwÿm-\w-˛ Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv 6738.- sIm-t°m- D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-epw- I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-epw- tem-I-Øv- H-∂mwkv-Ym-\w- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv- -˛-tIm-‰v-˛ Uo- sF-thm¿6739.- sIm-Wm¿-°n-se kq-cy-t£-{Xw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ \-c-knw-l-tZ-h≥ 6740.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ {]-kn-U‚ v˛ U-ªyp.-kn.-_m-\¿-Pn 6741.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm-{]-knU‚ v-˛ B-\n _-k‚ v 6742.- sh-Sn-bp-≠-tb-°mƒ- i-Iv-X-am-Wv- _m-e-‰v- F-∂v- ]-d-™-Xv-˛ F{_-lmw- en-¶¨6743.- sIm-®n-sb `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sNbv-X G-I a-e-bm-fn-˛ ]-\-ºn-≈n tKm-hn-μ-ta-t\m≥ 6744.- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ i-¶p-Æn-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ hm-kp-tZ-h≥ 6745.- G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Ip-d-™ cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 6746.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ sI.-tI-f-∏≥ 6747.- H-∂mw tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤Ø - n¬ ho-ca - r-Xyp h-cn-® C-¥y≥ P-hm≥am--sS Hm¿-a-bv-°m-bn D-≠m-°n-b kv-am-c-Iw-˛ C-¥ym-tK-‰v 6748.- em-tlm¿ Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-t°-kn-se ap-Jy-{]-Xn- -`-K-Xv kn-Mv 6749.- e-£-Zzo-]v {Kq-∏n-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b Zzo-]v-˛ Bt{¥m-Øv 6750.- H-∂mw tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv ]m¿-´n t\-Sn-b ko-‰p-Iƒ-˛ 364

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

42

 K-±m-^n F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv en-_n-b `-cn-®-Xv  C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-‰-hpw h-en-b t`-Z-K-Xn F-{Xma-tØ-Xm-Wv  U¬-ln-bn-se C-¥ym tK-‰n-s‚ D-b-cw F-{X ao-‰-dm-Wv  a-lm-ho-c≥ F-{Xm-a-sØ h-b- n-em-Wv ssI-h-eyw (Zn-hy⁄m-\w) t\-Sn-b-Xv  h-\-Øn-s‚-bpw h-\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sS-bpw kw-c-£-Ww \n¿-t±i-I-X-Øz-ß-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-LS-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv  F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv B-ap-Jw t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-X-Xv  tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS Im-em-h-[n B-dp h¿-j-am-bn D-b¿-Øn-bXv F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv  ku-P-\y \n-b-a-k-lm-bw \n¿-t±-i-I X-Øz-ß-fp-sS `m-Kam-°n-b `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn G-Xm-Wv  an-\n tIm¨-Ãn-‰yq-j≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`Z-K-Xn F-{Xm-a-tØ-Xm-Wv  `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS F-{Xm-as - Ø t`-ZK - X - n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv tkmjy-en-Ãv, sk-°p-e¿ F-∂o ]-Z-߃ Iq-´n-t®¿-Ø-Xv  H- _m-c¬ Hm-bn¬ F-{X bp-F-kv Kym-e≥ B-Wv  F-{Xm-a-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv \n¿-t±-iI X-Øz-߃-°v au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS ta¬ ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-In-b-Xv  au-en-I I-S-a-I-sf `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS `m-K-am-°n-b-Xv F-{Xma-sØ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv 6751.- B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv Hm¿-a-bp-sS Hm-f-߃ ˛ Pn.-i-¶-c-°pdp-∏v 6752.- 117 Zzo-]p-Iƒ tN¿-∂v cq-]w-sIm-≠ bq-tdm-]y≥ \-K-cw-˛ sh-\okv 6753.- s_≥-l¿ F-∂ ]p-kv-X-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ eq-bn-kv hm-e-kv 6754.- P-e-Øn¬ ssl-{U-P-s‚-bpw Hm-Iv-kn-P-s‚-bpw A-\p-]m-Xw `mc-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬-˛ 2-:16 6755.- sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-I-fp-sS k-ap-{Zw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{μ≥ 6756.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-k-a-b-Øv ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ U-^-dn≥ {]-`p 6757.- sS-Ãv {In-°‰ - v N-cn-{X-Øn-se B-Zy sk-©z-dn t\-Sn-bX - m-cv˛- Nmƒkv s_-∂¿-am≥ (Hm-kv-t{S-en-b) 6758.- ssk-\y-Øn-se Ip-Xn-c-Iƒ-°v Nm-∏ Ip-Øp-∂ k-{º-Zm-bw \-S∏n-em-°n-b B-Zy sU¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn 6759.- ssP-h Ir-jn-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ k¿ B¬-_¿-´v tlm-hm¿Uv 6760.- t]-gv-k-W¬ Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ sl≥-dn F-tUz¿-Uv tdm_¿-Sv-kv 6761.- t]m-ì-tIm-Uv kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ P¿a-\n 6762.- C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚ v P-\-kw-Jym-\-bw {]-Jym-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1976 6763.- Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ \-Zn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-S-{]-tZ-i-ap-≈-Xv ˛tKm-Zm-h-cn 6764.- Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy-h-\nX-˛ Pm-\-In cm-a-N-{μ≥ 6765.- G-Xp kw-L-S-\-bv-°m-Wv Xp-º tdm-°-‰v hn-t£-]-W tI-{μw k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-kw-L-S-\ 6766.- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ sIm-t√- 6767.- N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-\v cm-Py-X-{¥-Øn¬ D-]-tZ-iw \¬-In-bn--∂Xv B-cv-˛ Nm-W-Iy≥ 6769.- kw-ÿm-\ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. sN-b¿-am-s\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛ K-h¿W¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 149

6770.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ lr-Z-b-am-‰ i-kv-{X-{In-b-bv-°p t\-XrXzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ tPm-kv Nm-t°m s]-cn-b-∏p-dw 6771.- s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b-ti-jw `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ kn.-hn.-cm-a≥ 6772.- B--sS tI-kv hm-Zn-°m-\m-Wv Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ t]m-b-Xv-˛ tk-´v A-_v-Zp-≈ 6773.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h¿-Ø-am-\ ]-{X-߃ D-≈ kwÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 6774.- {_n-´o-jv k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-tc-J-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ \o-e ]pkvX - I - w 6775.- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \m-a-tZ-h≥ `-‡n-{]-ÿm-\w {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ a-lmcm-jv{- S 6776.- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ]-©m-b-Øo-cm-Pn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv-˛ \m-Kq¿ (cm-Pÿ m≥) 6777.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Xq-°p-]m-ew-˛ lu-d ]m-ew (c-_o{μ tk-Xp) 6778.- D-j kv-Iqƒ Hm-^v A-Xv-e-‰n-Iv-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm-bn-em-≠n 6779.- D-∏p-c-kw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ k-ap-{Zw-˛ Nm-hp-I-S¬ 6780.- cm-Pm-Pn \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ D-Ø-cmJ-WvU - v 6781.- Dƒ-°-S¬ Zzo-]p-Iƒ F-∂p-Iq-Sn t]--≈ C-¥y-bn-se tI-{μ-`-cW-{]-tZ-iw-˛ B-¥-am≥ \n-t°m-_m¿ 6782.- D-Im-bv ]-≤-Xn- G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ X-]v-Xn 6783.- hw-i-hn-th-N-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ C-¥y≥ kn-hn¬ k¿-ho-kn¬\n-∂v ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-´v kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n ˛-kp-tc-{μ-\mYv _m-\¿-Pn 6784.- `q-tKm-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw h-S-°m-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ X-e-ÿm-\\-K-cw-˛ sd-bv-Iv-Pm-hn-Iv 6785.- `q-a-[y-tc-J-bpw ]q-Pyw Un-{Kn tc-Jmw-i-hpw ({Ko-\n-® tc-J) XΩn¬ Iq-´n-ap-´p-∂X - n-\v G-‰h - p-aS- p-Øp ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ X-eÿ m\ \-K-cw-˛ A-{I 6786.- B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv.-˛-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ tI-i-hv-dm-hp sl-Uv-tK-hm¿ 6787.- dqƒ-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS F-Iv-kv H-^o-tjym A-[y-£-\m-cv-˛-kv-]o°¿ 6788.- B¿.-Un.-F-Iv-kv-˛-F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ dn-k¿-®v Un-∏m¿-´vsa‚ v F-Iv-kv-tπm-ko-hv 6789.- dq¿-t°-e Ão¬ ]v-fm‚n-s‚ \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ k-l-I-cn-® cm-Pyw˛ P¿-a-\n 6790.- C-¥y-bn¬ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv km-{am-Pyw ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- A¬-_p-°¿°v 6791.- dq-t m G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv P-\n-®-Xv-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv 6792.- B-bn-cw Ip-∂p-I-fp-sS \m-Sv-˛ dp-hm-≠ 6793.- G-gp-a-e-I-fp-sS \m-Sv ˛-tPm¿-Zm≥ 6794.- `q-an-bp-sS A-]-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ ssS-‰≥ 6795.- B-{^n-°-bp-sS \n-e-® lr-Z-bw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Nm-Uv 6796.- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ C-¥y≥ So-an-s\ \-bn-® B-Zy a-e-bm-fn(C-¥y\pw) h-\n-X-˛ ssj-\n hn¬-k¨(1992, _m-gv-k-tem-W)

tI- c - f - Ø n- s e B- Z y- s Ø sa- U n- ° ¬ tIm- t f- P v - ˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw

bp‡n {]tbmKn®m¬ sX‰nt∏mtb°mhp∂h  Kn\n∏∂nbv°v (Guinea Pig) ]∂nh¿Khpambn _‘an√. CXv Fen Dƒs∏Sp∂ rodent F∂ hn`mKØnse AwKamWv.  CuPn]vXns‚ tZiob ]pjv]amb Egyptian Lotus Hcn\w water-lily (Bº¬) BWv.  Hcmsf completely sealed Bb apdnbn¬ ]q´nbn´m¬ acWw kw`hn°p∂Xv HmIvknP≥ e`n°mØXpaqeambncn°n√, carbon dioxide poisoning ImcWambncn°pw.  c≠pIÆpIfn¬ H∂p \jv S s∏´m¬ Imgv N bpsS c≠nsem∂√, A©nsemt∂ \jvSamIq.  Imet¶mgn F∂v hnfn°p∂Xv aqßsbbmWv. 6797.- h-f-Øn-s‚ D-]-tbm-K-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw ap-∂n-ep-≈ ({]-Xn-io¿-j) kw-ÿm-\w-˛ ]-©m-_v 6798.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-k-w-J-y-bp-≈- A-ta-cn-°≥ kv-t‰-‰v-˛ Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b6799.- H-fn-ºn-Iv sa-U¬-t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-cn-˛ I¿-Ww a-t√-iz-cn 6800.- tlm-]v-In≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-apw-ss_ 6801.- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b B-Zy G-jy≥ \-K-cw-˛ tSm-°n-tbm (1964) 6802.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈ h≥-I-c-˛-G-jy 6803.- G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ hn-am-\ k¿-ho-kv-˛ sI-F¬-Fw (s\-X¿e≥-Uv-kv) 6804.- B-{^n-°-bp-sS lr-Z-bw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw ˛-_p-dp-≠n 6805.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ tªm-°v ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ a-t©-iz-cw 6806.- Z-£n-W-Im-in-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ cm-ta-iz-cw 6807.- G-‰-hpw ]-g-°w-sN-∂ s^-U-d¬ kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≈-Xv ˛-bp.-F-kv.F.6808.- Xp¿-°n-bp-sS G-jy≥ `m-K-am-Wv ˛-G-jym-ssa-\¿ 6809.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s‚ G-jy≥ `m-Kw-˛ kn-\m-bv D-]-Zzo-]v 6810.- C-a-b-h-c-º≥ F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏--≠m-bn--∂ tN-c-cm-Pm-hv ˛-s\Spw-tN-ce - m-X≥ 6811.- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-[n-°-s∏-´- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ _n-bm-¥v knMv 6812.- G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ X-e-ÿm-\w ˛ U-am-kv-I-kv 6813.- C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn kz-Im-cy--h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´ jn-tbm-\m-Yv ]p-g G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ O-Øn-kv-K-Vv 6814.- ssP-\-]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b -tl-a-N-{μ≥- B--sS- k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p -˛ P-b-knw-l-kn-≤-cm-P 6815.- bmƒ-´ tIm¨-^-d≥-kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 6816.- G-sXm-s° cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn-ep-≈ A-Xn¿-Øn tc-J-bm-Wv dmUv-¢n-^v tc-J-˛ C-¥y-bpw ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw 6817.- bp.-]n.-F-kv.-kn.-ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1950 6818.- C-¥y-bn¬ cq-]-bp-sS ap≥-Km-an-°p Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv B--sS `-c-WIm-e-Øv-˛ sj¿-j 6819.- G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ ]-´-Ww ˛-sP-dn-t°m 6820.- N-{μ-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w ˛-sk-e-t\m-f-Pn 6821.- kq-cy-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ lo-en-tbm-f-Pn 6822.- kz-X-{¥-am-b H- cm-Py-sØ ]q¿-W-am-bn Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ G-‰hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v ˛-a-U-Km-kv-I¿ 6823.- -t]¿-jy-bn-se A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv ˛-\m-Zn¿ jm 6824.- `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS Xm-Xv-Im-en-I A-[y-£≥-˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ kn≥-l 6825.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-Zn-˛-kn-‘p 6826.- A-£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn¬ B-Zy A-ta-cn-°≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A-e_m-a

150 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6827.- _w-•m-tZ-in-s‚ tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-b A-a¿ tkm-\m¿ _w-Kv-f c-Nn®-Xv-˛ c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-Kq¿ 6828.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]p-cm-Ww ˛-kv-I-μ-]p-cm-Ww 6829.- `q-a-[y-tc-J I-S-∂p t]m-Ip-∂ Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿Ww Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛ t_m¿-Wn-tbm 6830.- `q-h¬-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ tem-lw-˛ A-ep-an-\n-bw6831.- -Pm-´v k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ tπ-t‰m- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-kq-c-Pv-a¬ 6832.- `q-h-ev-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ 6833.- ln-μp-a-X-Øn-se A-Izn-\m-kv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ 6834.- \m-ep-kzm-X-{¥y-ß-fp-sS h-‡m-hm-b A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 6835.- ln-μp-a-X-Øn-se Im¬-hn≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kzXn 6836.- -C-‰m-en-b≥ Nm-W-Iy≥- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-am-Iy-sh-√n 6837.- \m-´p-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ A-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-bpw-ap-ºv C-¥y ap-gp-h≥ kμ¿-in-°m≥ Km-‘n-Pn-sb D-]t- Z-in-®X - m-c˛v- t- Km-]m-eI - r-jW v- tKmJ-se 6838.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se A-tim-I≥- F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv ˛-h-cKp-W≥ 6839.- am-ln-jva - X - n-bn¬-h® - v i-¶c - m-Nm-cy¿ hm-Z{- ]-Xn-hm-ZØ - n¬ tXm¬]n-® ao-amw-k-I≥-˛ a-Wv-U-\-an-{i≥ 6840.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Nq-Sp-Iq-Sn-b ÿ-ew-˛ ]p-\-eq¿ 6841.- Zu-e-Xv Jm≥ tem-Zn B-sc-bm-Wv U¬-ln B-{I-an-°m≥ £Wn-®-Xv-˛-_m-_¿ 6842.- ^-tØ-_m-Zv \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥ ˛-^n-tdm-kv jm Xp-•-Iv 6843.- C-¥y-bn¬ an-Ivk - U - v tIm-f\ - n kw-hn-[m-\w B-hn-jvI - c - n-® t]m¿®p-Ko-kv K-h¿-W¿-˛ A¬-_p-°¿-°v 6844.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-I kv-ss]-kv ]m¿-°v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]p-‰-Sn 6845.- cm-Po-hv Km-‘n h-[-Øn-\p ]n-∂n-se kp-c-£m ]m-fn-®-sb-°pdn-®v A-t\z-jn-®-Xv ˛-P-bn≥ I-Ωo-j≥ 6846.- C-¥y-bn¬ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-em-b-h-cn¬ G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™Xv-˛ U¬-lu-kn 6847.- tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øn¬-\n-∂v ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-´ B-Zy cm-Pyw ˛-^nPn 6848.- t\-∏m-fn¬ F-h-d-Ãv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w ˛-k-K¿am-Xm \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v 6849.- h-´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\-Im-e-Øv {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ dw-tk a-IvsUm-Wmƒ-Uv 6850.- {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bn-se K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬-Im-ew ]-Z-hn h-ln-®-Xv-˛ hm-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kv 6851. tIcfØnse H∂mw \nbak`bn¬ F{X \ntbmPIaWvUeßfnemWv Xncs™Sp∏v \S∂Xv˛ 114 6852. t]m¿®pKokpIm¿ tIcfØn\p \¬Inb G‰hpw henb kmwkvImcnI kw`mh\˛ Nhn´p\mSIw 6853. Z£nWm{^n°bpsS IdpØ h¿K°mc\mb BZy {]knU‚ v (1994˛1999)˛s\¬k¨at≠e 6854. {_n´ojv C¥ybn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬Imew A[nImcØn¬ XpS¿∂ ssht{kmbn˛ en≥enXvtKm {]`p 6855. tdmb¬ Gjym‰nIv skmssk‰n Hm^v _wKmƒ F∂kwLS\ ÿm]n®Xv ˛hmd≥ tlÃnMvkv 6856. lukv Hm^v tem¿Uvkn¬ AwKamb BZy C¥y°mc≥ ˛Fkv.]n.kn≥l 6857. C¥y≥ \thm∞m\Øns‚ ]nXmhv F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv ˛cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbn 6858. s\t∏mfnb\nIv bp≤Øn¬ H ssI \jvS ambtijw C¥ybnse Kh¿W¿ P\dembXv ˛lm¿Un©v H∂ma≥ 6859. H∂mw temIalmbp≤Øn¬ H IÆp \jvSs∏´tijw C¥ybpsS ssht{kmbnbmbXv ˛thh¬ {]`p 6860. `mcXv amXm skmssk‰n F∂ hnπh kwLS\bpsS ÿm]I≥˛ APnXv knMv 6861. C¥y≥ tZiobXbpsS ]nXmal≥ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv ˛cmPv \mcmb¨ t_mkv 6862. t]m∏v cmjv{SØeh\mbn´p≈ cmPyw ˛ hØn°m≥ 6863. tIcfØnse H∂mw \nbak`bnte°p≈ Xncs™Sp∏n¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ iXam\w thm´p t\Snb ]m¿´n˛ tIm¨{Kkv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

43

 `mcX cXv\w t\Snb F{XmasØ hy‡nbmWv k®n≥ sS≥Up¬°¿  1983˛se temII∏v {In°‰v C¥y hnPbn®Xv F{X d¨kn\mWv  Ir{Xnaambn \n¿an® BZy aqeIamb sSIv\ojyØns‚ At‰manI kwJy  G‰hpw Ipd™ {]mbØn¬ Atacn°≥ {]knU‚mbn Xncs™Sp°s∏´ tPm¨ F^v sI∂Un F{Xmw hb nemWv ÿm\ta‰Xv  IpSn¬ hyhkmbw t{]m’mln∏n°Wsa∂v hyhÿ sNøp∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw GXmWv  a\pjyicocØn¬ BsI F{X tPmSn \mUnIƒ D≠v  {In°‰n¬ G‰hpa[nIw {]mhiyw U°v Bbn´p≈ tImSv \ n hm¬jv F{X {]mhiyamWv A{]Imcw ]pdØmbn´p≈Xv 6864. BZyambn HfnºnIv \mfw GXp h¿jamWv sXfnbn®Xv˛ 1928 (BwÿUmw) 6865. Sn∏p kp¬Øm≥ Xs‚ A[o\Xbnep≈ ae_m¿ {]tZißfpsS `cWtI{μambn∂Xv˛ ^tdm°v 6866. C¥ybn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ t]¿°p sXmgn¬ \¬Ip∂ hyhkmbw˛ sSIvssìkv 6867. ssh°w aplΩZv _jodns‚ BZy t\mh¬- ˛ _meyImekJn 6868. C¥y-bn¬- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- taP¿- Xp-dap-Jßfp-≈ kw-kvYm-\am-Wv- Xan-gv-\m-Sv.- GsXm-s°bm-Wh ˛sNss∂,- Xq-Øp°p-Sn,-FÆq¿6869. ssewKnI tlm¿tamWpIsf D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ {KŸn˛ sKmWmUv {KŸn 6870. C¥ybn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ Xntb‰dpIƒ D≈ kwÿm\w˛ B{‘m{]tZiv 6871. {KmaoW _m¶pIfpsS in¬]n F∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂Xmcv˛ aplΩZv bq\qkv 6872. C¥ybn¬ tÃm°v FIv k v t N©pIsf \nb{¥n°p∂ ÿm]\w˛ sk_n (skIyqcn‰okv B‚ v FIv k v t N©v t_m¿Uv Hm^v C¥y) 6873. C¥ybn¬ tImf\n`cWw ]cn]q¿Wambn Ahkm\n® h¿jw˛ 1961 6874. temIvk`bnse c≠masØ h\nXm {]Xn]£t\Xmhv˛ kpjam kzcmPv 6875. enbm\m¿tUm Umhn©n hnam\Ømhfw FhnsSbmWv˛ tdmw 6876. hnPb\KcØnse GXp `cWm[nImcnbpsS ImeØmWv t]¿jy≥ k©mcn A_vZp¿ dkm°v kμ¿i\w \SØnbXv˛ tZhcmb c≠ma≥ 6877. hnIvtSmdnb sh≈®m´w Is≠Ønb tUhnUv enhnMvè GXp cmPy°mc\mWv˛ kvtImSve≥Uv 6878. l÷v GXv cmPytØ°p≈ Xo¿YmS\amWv˛kuZn Atd_y 6879. PohnIfpsS imkv{Xob \maIcWØn\v D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ `mj˛ em‰n≥ 6880. F lnÃdn Hm^v Cw•ojv kv]o°nwKv ]o∏nƒ cNn®Xmcv˛k¿ hn≥è N¿®n¬ 6881. PΩp Iivaocn\v {]tXyI `cWLS\ \nehn¬h∂Xv˛ 1957 P\hcn 26 6882. F.Un.F´mw iXIØn¬ hwKtZiw F∂dnbs∏´n∂Xv˛ Ing°≥ _wKmƒ 6883. NXp∏p hmXIw F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv˛ aotY≥ 6884. tIcfØn¬ tImSXnhn[nbneqsS \nbak`mwKXzw \jvSs∏´ BZy hy‡n˛ tdmkΩm]p∂qkv 6885. F t\j≥ C≥ ta°nwKv F∂ ]pkvXIw (1925) cNn®Xmcv ˛kptc{μ\mYv _m\¿Pn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 151

6886. tIcfØn¬ tImSXnhn[nbneqsS \nbak`mwKXzw e`n® BZy hy‡n˛ hn.B¿.IrjvWø¿ 6887. F.sF.Sn.bp.kn.bpsS BZy ktΩf\w \S∂ h¿jw˛ 1920 6888. N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-e-√m-Ø- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-≈- Htc-sbm-- cmPyw ˛t\-∏mƒ- (c-≠p- {Xn-tIm-W-߃ tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- t\-∏m-fns≥-d- tZ-io-b]-XmI)6889. InS°p∂ {Klw F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ {Klw˛bpdm\kv 6890. AIv_dns‚ ssk\nI k{ºZmbw Andbs∏´n∂ t]cv˛ a≥k_vZmcn 6891. EtKzZImeØv PeØns‚ A[ntZh\mbn IW°m °s∏´Xv˛ hW≥ 6892. Z£ntWjybnse GI {]IrXnZØ sFkv kvtI‰nwKv dn¶v FhnsSbmWv˛jnwe 6893. sN¶S¬ GXv kap{ZØns‚ `mKamWv˛C¥y≥almkap{Zw 6894. Z£nW \fμ F∂p hntijn∏n°s∏´, {]mNo\ tIcfØnse hnZymtI{μw˛ Im¥≈q¿ ime 6895. F._n.hmPvt]bn P\n® ÿew˛ Kzmfntbm¿ 6896. Xn˛sIm®nbn¬ a{¥nbmb BZy h\nX˛B\n akv{Io≥ 6897. F.sF.Sn.bp.knbpsS BZy ktΩf\w \S∂ ÿew˛apwss_ 6898. GXp cmPhwiamWv JPpcmtlm t£{Xw ]WnIgn∏n®Xv˛ Otμe 6899. Xn˛sIm®nbn¬ A©¬ hIp∏v \ndpØem°nb h¿jw˛ 1951 6900. Sn∏phns‚ ]nXmhv˛ sslZcen 6901.- kp-\m-an G-Xp-`m-j-bn-se hm-°m-Wv-˛ P-∏m-\o-kv 6902.- D-Pn-\n- X-Æo¿-Ø-Sw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 6903.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ \n-b-a-k-`m a-Wv-U-ew-˛ s\-øm-‰n≥-I-c 6904.- F.-_n.-kn cm-Py-߃ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛-v A¿-P‚o-\, {_-ko¬, Nn-en 6905.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-Xp `q-{]-tZ-i-Øn-em-Wv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\km-{μ-X-bp-≈-Xv-˛ Xo-c-{]-tZ-iw 6906.- kv-]o-°¿ ÿm-\w h-ln-®-ti-jw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b-Xv-˛ \o-ew k-Rv-Po-h-sdÕn 6907.- d-∫-dn-s‚ hƒ-°-ss\-tk-j≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Nmƒ-kv Kp-Uv C-b¿ 6908.- dp-]y F-∂ t]-cn¬ \m-W-bw B--sS `-c-W-Im-e-Øm-Wv ]p-ds∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv-˛ tj¿-jm 6909.- dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv In-πn-Mn-s‚ Pw-Knƒ _p-°n-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew-˛ I≥-l h-\w 6910.- Nm¿-an-\m¿ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv Jp-en Ip-X-_v jm 6911.- Kw-K-˛-b-ap-\ \-Zn-I-fp-sS kw-K-a-kv-Y-ew-˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv6912.- kw-kv-Ym-\ ]p-\x-kw-L-S-\m- I-ao-j-s≥-d A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂Xv-˛ ^-k¬- A-en6913.- Kp-]v-X-cm-P-k-Z- n-se `m-j-˛ kw-kv-Ir-Xw 6914.- ku-c-bq-Y-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Nq-S-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kqcy-s‚ tI-{μ-Øn¬ 6915.- bq-dn K-Km-dn≥ B-Zy-am-bn _-ln-cm-Im-i-k-©m-cw \-S-Øn-b hml-\w-˛ thm-tÃm-Iv-˛1 (1961 G-{]n¬ 12) 6916.- a-lm-`m-c-X bp-≤-Øn¬ Iu-c-h-sc B-\-∏-S-bp-am-bn k-lm-bn® cm-Pm-hv-˛ `-K-Z-Ø≥ 6917.- Km-‘n-Pn C-¥y-bn¬ \n-cm-lm-c-a-\p-jvTn-®n--∂ B-Zy k-a-cw-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv an¬ k-a-cw(1918) 6918.- Km-‘n-Pn C-¥y-bn¬ _-lp-P-\-{]-t£m-`w B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ N-ºm-c≥ 6919.- tem-I sd-t°m¿-Up-Iƒ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ ]p-kv-X-Iw-˛ Kn-∂-kv _p-°v 6920.- td-Un-b-kv, Aƒ-\ F-∂o A-ÿn-Iƒ F-hn-sS Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ ssI 6921.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv kv-Iqƒ-˛ Pn.-hn.-cm-P kvt]m¿-Sv-kv kv-Iqƒ 6922.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ K-Xm-K-X-˛-sXm-gn¬ h-Ip-∏p a-{¥n-˛ Sn.hn.-tXm-a-kv 6923.- B-Zy-sØ an-kv bq-Wn-th-gv-kv-˛ A¿-an Ip-tk-e (^n≥-e≥-Uv)

CONFUSING FACTS  ]mInkv X ms‚ tZiobKm\amWv Izman Xcm\m. A^vKm\nkvXms‚ tZiob Km\amWv an√n Xcm\.  B{^n°bpsS sImºv skmamenb. B{^n°bpsS ]Wbs∏´ sImºv Pn_q´n.  Fs‚ IY cNn®Xv am[hn°p´n (Iaem kqcø). Fs‚ PohnXIY cNn®Xv F.sI. tKm]me≥.  tdma≥ ]pcmWßfn¬ _p≤nbpsS A[ntZhX an\¿hbpw {Ko°v ]pcmWßfnteXv AYo\bpamWv.  B{^n°bpsS lrZbw F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ cmPyw _pdp≠nbmWv. B{^n°bpsS \ne® lrZbw F∂p hntijn∏n°s∏Sp∂ cmPyamWv NmUv. 6924.- G-Xp ]-£n-bp-sS im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv {kp-Xn-tbm I-ta-e-kv-˛-H-´I-∏-£n 6925.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ h-tμ-am-X-cwB-Zy-am-bn B-e-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1896 6926.- Kn-bm-kp-±o≥ Xp-•-°n-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ Km-kn-am-en-°v 6927.- C-¥y≥ X-Øz-Nn-¥-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ 6928.- C-¥y-bn¬ F-©n-\o-tb-gv-kv Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ sk-]vXw-_¿ 15 6929.- bq-tdm-]y-cm¬ tIm-f-\n-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø G-I sX-°p-In-g°-t\-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 6930.- ar-—-I-Sn-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ iq-{Z-I≥ 6931.- B-j-kv- {In-°-‰v a-’-cw G-sXm-s° cm-Py-߃ X-Ωn-em-Wv-˛ Cw-•-≠pw Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bpw 6932.- B - j - m-ta-t\m≥- F-∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-aØ - n¬ A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- sI.{io-Ip-am¿ 6933.- lp-a-bq¨ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv P-\n-®-Xv-˛ Im-_qƒ 6934.- sl-dnw-Kv t]m-≠v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap{Zw 6935.- Sm-tKm¿ P-\n-®-Xv-˛ 1861 6936.- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ Im-\n-Mv {]-`p 6937.- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bp-sS A-cn-°n-Æw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Ir-jv-Wm˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn sU¬-‰ 6938.- Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm≥ h-[n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1799 6939.- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv cm-a-ø≥ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Z-fh-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a 6940.- C-¥y≥ \m-jW - ¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ B-Zy-kt- Ω-f\ - Ø - n-s‚ thZn-˛ apw-s_-bn-se tKm-Ip¬-Zm-kv tX-Pv-]m¬ kw-kv-Ir-X tImtf-Pv 6941.- Xp¿-°n-Iƒ tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1453 6942.- Sn-∏p- s\-Sp-t¶m-´ B-{I-an-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1789 6943.- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-I-hn-bm-bn--∂p _m-W-`-´≥-˛ l¿j≥ 6944.- Sm-tKm¿, {]-`p-ÿm-\w D-t]-£n-®-Xn-\p Im-c-Ww-˛ Pm-en-b≥ hmem-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e 6945.- Xp-ep-h-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ ho-c \-c-knw-l≥ 6946.- sk-e-t\m-{K-^n F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-∏-´ ]T-\-im-J-bm-Wv-˛-N-{μ≥ 6947.- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se B-Zy sa-t{Sm sd-bn¬-th ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛-_mw-•q¿ 6948.- lp-≠m-bn G-Xv cm-Py-sØ Im¿ I-º-\n-bmWv-˛ Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b 6949.- l-Pq¿- I-t®-cn- sIm-√-Øp-\n-∂v- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°v- am-‰n-bXv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1830 6951.- tUm-´v F-∂-Xv G-Xv tcm-K-Øn-\p-≈ Nn-In-’m co-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ £bw 6952.- tX-\o-®-I-fn-√m-Ø h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 6953.- A-t‰m-an-bw F-∂ kv-am-c-Iw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv ˛ s_¬-Pn-bw

152 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

6954.- tX-bn-e- D¬-]-m-Z-\-Øn-epw- D-]-t`m-K-Øn-epw- H-∂mw-kv-Ym-\w- GXp-cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv- -˛-C-¥y6955.- t^m-Wm-{Km-^v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv ˛-F-Un-k¨ 6956.- A-a-c-knw-l-s‚ ]p-c-kv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 6957.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ip-≤-P-e-X-Sm-Iw-˛ im-kv-Xmw-tIm´ 6958.- tZ-h-Kn-cn-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b t]-cv-˛ Zu-e-Øm-_m-Zv 6959.- tUm.-- sl¿-a≥- Kp-≠¿-´v- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.1893 6960.- B¬-°-tlmƒ \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ D-t]m¬-]-∂w-˛-Im¿-_¨ Utbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 6961.- t^m-Iv-em≥-Uv- Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS-ta-ep-≈- A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≠m-b- bp-≤-Øn¬- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ-bm-Wv- {_-n-´¨- 1982¬tXm¬-]n-®-Xv- -˛-A¿-P≥-do-\6962.- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S sd-Uv t{Im-kv ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-P-\o-h 6963.- C-¥y-bn¬ Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\-ambn--∂-Xv-˛ A-U-bm¿ 6964.- en-‰n¬ kn¬-h¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]v-fm-‰n-\w 6965.- B-Zy-sØ io-X-Im-e H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b {^-©p \-Kcw-˛ N-tam-Wn-Iv-kv(1924) 6966.- eq-Y-d-\n-kw ]n-d-hn-sIm-≠ h≥-I-c ˛ bq-tdm-∏v 6967.- B-Zy-sØ Ir-{Xn-a \m-cv-˛ d-tbm¨ 6968.- C-¥y B-Zy-am-bn A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-\w \-S-Øn-b ÿ-ew-˛ s]m{Jm≥ 6969.- dq-t m, thmƒ-´-b¿, tam-≠-kv-Iyp F-∂n-h¿ G-Xp hn-π-h-sØbm-Wv kzm-[o-\n-®-Xv-˛ {^-©p-hn-π-hw 6970.- C-¥y-bn¬- I-S¬-am¿-Kw- h-∂ B-Zy-sØ hn-tZ-in-Iƒ-˛ A-d-_nIƒ6971.- e-£v-an-`m-bn \m-j-W¬ tIm-tf-Pv Hm-^v ^n-kn-°¬ F-Pyp-t°j≥-˛ Kzm-fn-tbm¿ 6972.- C-¥y-bn¬ Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ Nn¬-° 6973.- B--sS Xq-en-Im-\m-a-am-bn--∂p t_m-kv-˛ Nmƒ-kv Un-°≥-kv 6974.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hn-tZ-i-`m-j-˛ Cw-•o-jv 6975.- G-Xp i-XI - Ø - n-em-Wv {In-kvX - y≥ an-j\ - d - n-am¿ C-¥y-bn-se-Ønb-Xv-˛ F.-Un.-H-∂mw i-X-Iw 6976.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ ]-{Xw-˛ Zo-]n-I 6977.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ^o-®¿ ^n-enw-˛ cm-Pm l-cn-iv-N-\v-{Z 6978.- G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Z-am-Wv _p-≈n-˛ tlm-°n 6979.- tI-c-f-Øn-se h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-X-ß-fn¬ a-c-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ G-I k-t¶-Xw-˛ sN-¥p--Wn 6980.- 1790¬ B- Z y- a m- b n sk≥- k - k v \- S - Ø n- b cm- P yw- ˛ bp.-Fk - v.F - .6981.- G-Xp hw-i-Øn-se cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p A-Pm-X-i-{Xp-˛ l-cy-¶ 6982.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ F-Æ-°n-W¿-˛ A-k-an-se Zn-Kv-t_m-bn 6983.- G-Xp hn-‰m-an-s‚ A-`m-h-Øn-em-Wv \n-im-‘-X D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ F 6984.- C-¥y-bn¬ _-P-‰v k-{º-Zm-bw \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv G-Xv ssh-t{kmbn-bp-sS Im-e-Øv-˛ Im-\n-Mv {]-`p 6985.- G-Xp ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv ap-Kƒ Nn-{X-I-e ]c-a-tIm-Sn {]m-]n-®-Xv-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 6986.- -tPym-Xn-_ ^p-se-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b in-jy≥-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_ZvI - ¿ 6987.- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ ÿm-]n-® A-e-Iv-km-{≠n-b Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 6988.- e-£yw am¿-K-sØ km-[q-I-cn-°pw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ am-°n-bsh-√n 6989.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se t«m-I-ß-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 1028 6990.- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈-h¿-°v an-kv bq-Wn-th-gv-kv, an-kv thƒ-Uv ]-´-߃ H--an-®v e-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1994 6991.- Xn--˛s - Im-®n-bn¬ cm-P{- ]-ap-Jÿ m-\w h-ln-®n--∂ cm-Pm-hv˛- NnØn-c Xn--\mƒ 6992.- G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv 3 `m-jb - n¬ Hu-tZym-Kn-I\ - m-aa - p-≈X - v˛- kzn‰vk - ¿-e≥-Uv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

44

 tUmƒ^ns‚ t{Imatkmw kwJy  F{X h¿jØn\ptijamWv 1996˛se AXvem‚ HfnºnIvkn¬ Hcn¥y°mc\v hy‡nKX saU¬ e`n®Xv  Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIfpsS F{XmasØ {]knU‚mWv _cIv H_ma  kzØhImisØ auenImhImißfpsS ]´nIbn¬\n∂v \o°w sNbv X Xv F{XmasØ `cWLS\mt`ZKXnbneqsSbmWv  tIcfØnse \ZnIfpsS FÆw  GIoIrX knhn¬ tImUns\°pdn®v {]Xn]mZn°p∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw  kmbp[ Iem]ap≠mbmte B`y¥c ASnb¥cmhÿ {]Jym]n°mhq F∂v hyhÿ sNbvXv `cWLS\m t`ZKXn GXmWv  samdm¿Pn tZimbn {][m\a{¥nbmbncns° ]mkm°nb {][m\s∏´ `cWLS\m t`ZKXn F{XmatØXmWv  dptY\nbØns‚ At‰manI kwJy  kzØhImisØ \nbamhImiam°nb `cWLS\m t`ZKXn  G‰hpw \ofwIqSnb (I\ymIpamcn ˛hmcmWkn) tZiob ]mXbpsS (apºv F≥F®v 7) ]pXnb \º¿  `cWLS\bpsS 42˛mw A\pt—Zw {]Imcw Bdph¿jambn h¿[n∏n® temIvk`bpsS Imemh[n A©ph¿jambn ]p\:ÿm]n® `cWLS\m t`ZKXn GXmWv 6993.- Xn--˛s - Im-®n-bn-se A-hk - m-\s - Ø ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-˛ ]-\º - n-≈n tKmhn-μ-ta-t\m≥ 6994.- cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-bn \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-ø-s∏-´ a-e-bm-f I-hn-˛-Pn.i-¶c - ° - p-dp-∏v 6995.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ e-£w ho-Sv ]-≤-Xn B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ Fw.-F≥.tKm-hn-μ≥ \m-b¿ 6996.- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ t]m-Im≥ tbm-Ky-X t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ _m-cn-ÿ-˛ Km-‘n-Pn 6997.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-ß-fp-≈ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ B-{^n-° 6998.- G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \m-W-bw-˛ I-en-bp-K-cm-b≥ ]-Ww 6999.- I-{I-∏m-d ]-≤-Xn- G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ X-]v-Xn 7000.- B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-Xm sF.-F.-F-kv. Hm-^o-k¿-˛-A-∂m cm-Pw tPm¿-Pv 7001.- D-]-{K-l-ß-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn¬ aq-∂mw ÿm-\-Øp-≈ {K-lw-˛-bpdm-\-kv 7002.- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- B-\v-{[-P-∑m¿- F-∂ t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏´n--∂ cm-P-hw-iw-˛- i-X-hm-l-\-∑m¿7003.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ N-Ww D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm\w-˛ ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ 7004.- B-Zy-sØ t]-jzm `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ _m-em-Pn hn-iz-\m-Yv (1713˛20) 7005.- d-jy≥ hn-π-hw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1917 7006.- C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn kz¿-W-\m-W-bw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv-˛ Ct¥m-˛-{Ko-°p-Im¿ 7007.- d-jv-tam¿ a-e-\n-c-bn¬ G-sXm-s° A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚p-am-sS ap-Jw sIm-Øn-h-®n-´p-≠v-˛ hm-jn-Mv-S¨, tXm-a-kv sP-t^gv-k¨, dq-kv-sh¬-‰v, en-¶¨ 7008.- F-{Xmw i-XI - Ø - n-em-Wv am-en-Iv _n≥ Zn-\m¿ tI-cf - Ø - n-se-Ønb-Xv-˛ G-gv 7009.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xp \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv sk-√p-em¿ t^m¨ k¿-hokv B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 7010.- F-{Xmw i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv Cw-•o-jp-Im¿ tI-c-f-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ]-Xn-t\-gv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 153

7011.- F-¥-f-°m-\m-Wv Bƒ-´n-ao-‰¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ D-b-cw 7012.- B-Zyw B-{K-bn-se B-cmw-_m-Kn¬ kw-kv-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv Im-_q-fn-te-°v `u-Xn-Im-h-in-jv-Sw am-‰-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbv-X ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn ˛-_m-_¿ 7013.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂ \-Zn˛ kn-‘p 7014.- en-‰n¬ tIm¿-∏-d¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ 7015.- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv \-S-∏m-°n-b kw-ÿm-\w˛ cm-P-ÿm≥(1959) 7016.- B-Zy-sØ hn‚¿ ]m-cm-enw-]n-Iv-kv \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ Hm-kv-{Sn-bbn-se C¨-kv-{_-°v (1976) 7017.- sS-en-kv-tIm-∏n-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS I-s≠-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ {K-lw ˛-bp-dm-\-kv 7018.- Z-£n-W {[p-h-Øn-se-Øn-b B-Zy a-\p-jy-\m-b sdm-hmƒ-Uv A-ap-≠v-sk≥ G-Xv cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛-t\m¿-th 7019.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-X-ß-fp-≈ kwÿm-\w-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 7020.- B-Zy-am-bn C-¥y-bn¬ X-t±-io-b-am-bn \n¿-an-® kn-hn-en-b≥ F-b¿-{Im-^v-‰v-˛ k-c-kv 7021.- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Cw-•o-jv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv-˛ kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 7022.- Xp¿-°n-bp-sS `m-K-am-b A-\-t‰m-fn-b G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛-Gjy 7023.- F-hn-sS k-º-Øv A-Sn-bp-∂p-thm A-hn-sS a-\p-jy≥ Zp-jn-°p∂p F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ H-fn-h¿ tKmƒ-Uv kv-an-Øv 7024.- hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy- h-c-Kp-W-s‚ ]m-en-bw- im-k-\w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬˛ F.-Un.-988 7025.- G-‰-hpw km-{μ-X Ip-d-™ c-≠m-a-sØ {K-lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv 7026.- G-Xp h¿-jw s]-cn-bm-dn-ep-≠m-b sh--≈-s∏m-°-am-Wv sIm-Sp-ß√q¿ Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚ \m-i-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b-Xv-˛ 1341 7027.- Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚ ta-L-Zq-Xw ta-L-—m-b F-∂ t]-cn¬ a-e-bm-fØn-te-°v sam-gn-am-‰w \-S-Øn-b-Xm-cv-˛-Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v 7028.- G-Xv cm-Py-sØ \m-W-b-am-Wv _m-Øv ˛-Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 7029.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm tIm-tf-Pm-b t_-Xq¨ tImtf-Pv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 7030.- 1857˛-se H-∂mw kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a{¥n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ hn-kv-Iu-≠v ]m¬-a¿-tÃm¨ 7031.- N-{μ-{]-` h-\y-ar-K k-t¶-Xw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZiv 7032.- G-Xp Im-e-Øm-Wv A-P-¥m-Kp-l-I-fn-se Nn-{X-I-e-Iƒ c-Nn-°s∏-´-Xv-˛ 300 F.-Un.-˛700 F.-Un.7033.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛ Xn-h-\-¥-]p-cw 7034.- F-^v.-Un.-B¿. F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 7035.- D-tØm-e-I \n-b-aw B-hn-jv-I-cn-® im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ B¿-°n-anUo-kv 7036.- B-h¿-Ø-\ ]-´n-I-bn¬ Ip-dp-sI-bp-≈ tIm-f-߃-°p ]-d-bp∂ t]-cv-˛ ]o-cn-Up-Iƒ 7037.- B-Im-i-hm-Wn-bp-sS 1930˛-se t]-cv-˛ C-¥y≥ t{_m-Uv-Im-ÃnMv k¿-ho-kv 7038.- D-Z-bv-]q¿ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ D-Z-bv-kn-Mv 7039.- C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂v A-Xym-Uw-_-c-Øn¬ Z¿-_m¿ \-S-Øn-b {_n´o-jv N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ tPm¿-Pv A-©m-a≥ 7040.- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bp-sS am-©-kv-‰¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kv-Y-ew-˛-tImb-º-Øq¿7041.- G-Xp aq-e-I-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv ]n-®v-sª≥-Uv-˛ bp-td-\n-bw 7042.- Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm≥ G-Xp cm-Py-sØ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂p-˛ ssa-kq¿ 7043.- C-¥y F-Uyp-km-‰v hn-t£-]n-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 2004 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ 20 7044.- F-\n-°p ti-jw {]-f-bw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ eq-bn ]-Xn-\-©ma≥ 7045.- sNm-Δ-bp-sS A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ hm-X-Iw-˛ Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 7046.- G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Z-am-Wv thm-fn-˛ sS-∂o-kv 7047.- G-Xp `m-j-bn-se a-lm-I-hn-bm-bn--∂p hn¿-Pn¬-˛ em-‰n≥

CONFUSING FACTS  kp¬Ømt\‰v ImeL´Ønse cmPhwißfn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ Imew `cn®Xv Xp•°pamw G‰hpw Ipd®pImew `cn®Xv Jn¬PnamamWv.  {_n´ojv C¥ybnse AIv_¿ F∂dnbs∏´ Kh¿W¿ P\demWv sh√…n {]`p. {_n´ojv C¥ybnse HudwKko_v F∂v hntijn∏n°s∏Sp∂ Kh¿W¿ P\d¬ Igvk¨ {]`phmWv.  acWm\¥c _lpaXnbmbn s\mt_¬ kam[m\ kΩm\w e`n® BZy bp.F≥.sk{I´dn P\d¬ UmKv lma¿tjmƒUmWv . ]Zhnbnencns° s\mt_¬ kam[m\ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy bp.F≥.sk{I´dn P\d¬ tIm^n A∂m\mWv. 7048.- B-t_¬ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-t\m¿-th 7049.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b G-I-tIm-iw G-Xp ]-£n-bp-sS ap-´-bp-sS a-™°--hm-Wv-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 7050.- F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ P-\n-® 1809 s^-{_p-h-cn H-º-Xn-\v P-\n-® im-kv{- X-⁄≥-˛N - mƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 7051.- tt_m¿-tUm an-{in-Xw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv- ˛-an-√m¿-sU-‰v 7052.- tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-a-μn-cw-˛ amƒ-_-tdm lu-kv(e≠≥) 7053.- G-Xv cm-Py-am-Wv A-Uv-an-d¬ tKm¿-jv-tIm-hv F-∂ hn-am-\-hm-ln\n-°-∏¬ C-¥y-°v ssI-am-dp-∂-Xv-˛-d-jy 7054.- tIm¿-Uo-en-b- F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tj-Iv-kv-]nb¿ 7055.- G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS {]m-No-\-\m-a-am-Wv _m-cn-kv-˛ ]-º 7056.- G-sXm-s° cm-Py-ßf - p-sS A-Xn¿-Øn-°n-Sb - n-em-Wv \-bm-{K-˛ bp.F-kv.-F.-˛ Im-\-U 7057.- tX-°-Sn h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-X-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ s\-√n-°mws]-´n 7058.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]-≤-Xn-˛ C-Sp-°n 7059.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kz-Im-cy Sn.-hn.-Nm-\¬ I-º-\n-˛ Gjym-s\-‰v 7060.- F-\n-°p c-‡w X-cq Rm≥ \n-߃-°p kzm-X-{¥yw X-cq F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv 7061.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]-≤-Xn-˛ ]-≈n-hm-k¬ 7062.- Km-‘n-Pn C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy k-Xym-{K-lw \-S-Øn-b h¿-jw (Nºm-c≥)˛ 1917 7063.- F.-Un.-F-´mw i-X-I-Øn¬ Ku-U F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ ]-›na _w-Kmƒ 7064.- C-¥y-bn-se {_n-´o-jv hym-]m-c-km-∂n-[y-Øn-\p Xp-S-°-an-´ \K-cw ˛-kq-d-Øv 7065.- G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-Øm-Wv tem-kv G-©-e-kv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 7066.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b Ir-jv-W-a-Wn-bp-≈ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 7067.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ C.-Fw.-F-kv a-{¥n-k-`-sb tI-{μw ]ncn-®p-hn-´ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1959 Pq-sse 31 7068.- tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ \n-b-am-h-en X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛ l-Ωp-dm_n 7069.- ssa G¿-en C-tb-gv-kv B--sS B-fl-I-Ym-]-c-am-b c-N-\-bm-Wv ˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 7070.- G-Xp {K-l-Øn-s‚ D-]-{K-l-ß-fm-Wv K-eo-en-b≥ D-]-{K-l-߃˛ hym-gw 7071.- Xn--h-\-¥-]pc-sØ K-h. hn-a¨-kv tIm-sf-Pv Pw-Kv-j-\n-se {]Xn-a B--tS-XmWv-˛ B-\n a-kv-{Io≥ 7072.- t¢m-tdm-t^mw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sP-bnw-kv knw-]v-k¨ 7073.- t{Sm-∏n-°¬ s_m-´m-Wn-°¬ Km¿-U≥ B‚ v dn-k¿-®v sk‚¿ G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cwv 7074.- sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sn-s‚ tcm-a-s°-´p-Iƒ-t]m-se Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ ta-L߃-˛ Ip-ap-e-kv ta-L-߃ 7075.- Xp-kp-Iv C _m-_-dn F-∂ B-fl-I-Y c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛-_m-_¿ 7076.- G-Xp h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv tdm-°n ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛ A-ta-cn-°

154 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

7077.- tI-c-f k¿-°m-cn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ {]-hm-kn km-ln-Xy A-hm¿Un-\v A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛ F.-Fw.-ap-l-Ω-Zv 7078.- t¢m-Wn-ßn-eq-sS P-\n-® B-Zy-sØ k-kv-X-\w-˛ tUm-fn F-∂ sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sv 7079.- tem-Iv-k-`m sk-{I-´-dn-tb-‰n-s‚ \n-b-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ tem-Iv-k`m-kv-]o-°¿ 7080.- Km-‘n-Pn C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn A-d-Ãn-em-b h¿-jw ˛ 1917 7081.- Im-f-sb-t∏m-se ]-Wn-sb-Sp-°q k-∂ym-kn-sb-t∏m-se Po-hn-°q F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 7082.- tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm {]-kn-U‚ v A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ A¿-P‚o-\ 7083.- t£-{X-K-Wn-X-Øn-te-°v cm-P-]m-X-I-fn-√ F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ bq¢n-Uv 7084.- tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄ sN-øp-tºmƒ A-hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ F.-sI.-B‚-Wn 7085.- tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- ]m¿-e-sa-≠n-se-Øn-b B-Zy- h-\n-X-˛ B\n- a-kv-{Io≥7086.- tI-{μ k¿-°m-cn-s‚ \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cw \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv-˛ {]-kn-U‚n¬ 7087.- sP.-F-^v.-sI. F-∂ Np--°-t∏-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 7088.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬-\n-∂v- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈-sb \m-Sp-I-S-Øn-b Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1910 sk-]v-Xw.-- 26 7089.- t¢m-Wn-Mn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ C-bm≥ hn¬-ap-´v 7090.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-Zy-sØ tÃ-‰v tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚ v˛ ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ 7091.- ss\-en-s≥-d- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fm-b- ªq-ss\-epw- ssh-‰v- ss\-epwkw-K-an-°p-∂- kv-Y-ew- ˛-J-m¿-Øqw7092.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-Zy-sØ Z-f-h-˛ cm-a-ø≥ 7093.- t{Imw- s h¬ {]- h m- l w G- X v k- a p- { Z- Ø n- e m- W v - ˛ - ] - k - ^ n- I v k-ap-{Zw 7094.- t{Km lm¿-ew {_-≠v-e≥-Uv G-Xv cm-Py-Øv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b h-\n-X-bm-Wv ˛-t\m¿-th 7095.- t£-a-cm-jv-S-k-¶¬-]-sØ-°p-dn-®v C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Fhn-sS-bm-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ \n¿-t±-i-I-X-Øz-ß-fn¬ 7096.- Ir-jv-W-cm-P-km-K¿ Umw G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛-Im-th-cn 7097.- i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤-Øn-\v th-Zn-bm-b h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 7098.- k-ky-߃ {]-Im-i-kw-iv-tf-j-W-k-a-b-Øv B-Kn-c-Ww sN-øp∂ hm-X-Iw-˛-Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 7099.- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ayq-kn-bw˛ Xr-∏q-Wn-Øp-d ln¬ ]m-e-kv 7100.- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-cw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1936 \-hw_¿ 12 7101.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-c-ap-≈ sh-≈-®m-´-am-b G-©¬ sh≈-®m-´w G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ sh-\n-kp-e 7102.- i-X-hm-l-\ hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂ {]-Xn-jvTm≥ GXp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 7103.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv ˛-ap-\n-kn-∏¬ \n-b-aw \-S-∏n-emb-Xv ˛ 1995 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 2 7104.- t{_m-Uv-tK-Pv Xo-h-≠n-∏m-X-bn¬ ]m-f-߃ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-Iew F-{X an-√o-ao-‰-dm-Wv-˛ 1676 7105.- U¬-ln `-cn-® A-h-km-\-sØ kp¬-Øm≥-hw-iw-˛ tem-Zn 7106.- tI-c-f-Øn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-Im-Ø {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-°ƒ-˛ ]n.Sn.-Nm-t°m, Sn.-sI.-cm-aI - r-jvW - ≥ 7107.- tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ F-gp-Xn-b A-h-km-\-sØ \m-S-Iw-˛ Zn sSw-]-Ãv 7108.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Hm-∏¨ kv-Iqƒ ˛ kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C.7109.- G-Xp Ir-Xn-sb ap≥-\n¿-Øn-bm-Wv F-kv.s - I.-s]m-‰° - m-´n-\v ⁄m\-]oTw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ H- tZ-i-Øn-s‚ I-Y 7110.- sN-ss∂-bp-sS G-I-tZ-iw Xp-ey A-£mw-i-Øn¬ ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂ kw-ÿm-\ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛-_mw-•q¿ 7111.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ td-Un-tbm-\n-e-bw ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1943 7112.- sN-ss∂-bv-°-Sp-Øv lyp-≠m-bn Im¿ ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿ-ew-˛ C--ßm-´p-tIm-ss´ 7113.- Km-‘n-Pn C-¥y-bn¬ F-{X-Zn-h-kw X-S-h-d-hm-kw A-\p-`-hn-®n´p-≠v- ˛ 2089

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

45

 a\pjys‚ kpjpav\bpsS \ofw F{X sk‚oao‰dmWv  ]camh[n Zqcw k©cn°m≥ H s{]mPIv s sS¬ hnt£]nt°≠ tImWfhv  \n¿_‘nXhpw kuP\y- h pamb hnZym`ymkw Ip´nIƒ°v \¬IWsa∂ hyhÿ Dƒs°m≈p∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw GXmWv  ^pSvt_mƒ a’cØn¬ H ]IpXnbpsS ssZ¿Lyw F{X an\n´mWv  a\pjyc‡Øns‚ F{X iXam\amWv c‡ tImi߃  GIZn\ {In°‰n¬ k®n≥ sS≥Up¬°dpsS _m‰nwKv icmicn (44.83) 7114.- Im-gv-N C-√m-Ø-h¿ F-gp-Xm≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ en-]n-˛ {_-bv¬ 7115.- ssh--[y-ß-fp-sS h≥-I-c F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-G-jy 7116.- tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n´p-≈X - v˛- sI.-Fw.-am-Wn 7117.- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a≥- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d (1911)- kv-ac-W-bv-°v- \n¿-an-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ tK-‰v-th Hm-^v- C-¥y7118.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ Xw-Km-\zn-I 7119.- tI-c-f {]-kv A-°m-Z-an kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1979 7120.- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn td-Un-tbm kw-t{]-£-Ww \-S-Øn-b cm-Pyw˛ Cw-•-≠v 7121.- tI-c-f _mw-_p tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ A-¶-am-en 7122.- tPm≥ Hm-^v B¿-°v h-[n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1431 7123.- G-Xp cm-Py-sØ kw-kv-Im-c-am-Wv ]q-®-sb B-cm-[n-®n--∂-Xv-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 7124.- tI-c-f k¿-°m-cn-s‚ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ km-ln-Xy ]p-c-kv-Im-cw-˛ F-gp-Ø— - ≥ ]p-ck - vI - m-cw 7125.- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn a-g-bp-≠m-°p-∂ ta-L-߃-˛ \nw-_-kv 7126.- G-Xp {]-{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv kq-cy-\n¬ Du¿-Pw D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ \yq-¢n-b¿ ^yq-j≥ 7127.- sj¿-jm-bp-sS ]n≥-Km-an-˛ C-…mw jm 7128.- Xq-h-en-s‚ km-{μ-X G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b ]-£n- ˛-s]≥-Kzn≥ 7129.- Xp¿-°n-bp-sS `m-K-am-b t{X-kv G-Xv `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-em-Wv-˛ bqtdm-∏v 7130.- G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv Nm-μn-∏q¿ Hm≥ ko-˛ H-do-k 7131.- G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv _w-Kv-d-˛ ]-©m-_v 7132.- sj¿-jm-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ l- ≥ 7133.- X-s‚ B-{K-l-Øn-\p-hn--≤-am-bn sh-Ãv-an≥-ÿ B-_n-bn¬ sF-k-Iv \yq-´-Wp k-ao-]w A-S-°w sN-ø-s∏-´ im-kv-{X-⁄≥˛-Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 7134.- G-Xp {K-l-Øn-em-Wv t{K-‰v sd-Uv kv-t]m-´v Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hym-gw 7135.- tem-IØ - n-se H-tc-sbm- H-gp-Ip-∂ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛ sI-b_ v- pƒ emw-Pm-thm 7136.- 1904˛¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-® hn-th-tIm-Z-b-Øn-s‚ B-Zy Hu-tZym-Kn-I F-Un-‰¿ B-bn--∂-Xv-˛ Fw.-tKm-hn-μ≥ 7137.- tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B--ÿm-\w-˛ Xr-»q¿ 7138.- G-Xp hn-‰m-an-s‚ Ip-d-hp-aq-e-am-Wv I-W tcm-Kw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ Un 7139.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-b \m-K-cn-I-X-˛ kp-ta-dn-b≥ 7140.- `q-an-bn-se kz¿-Kw F-∂v I-iv-ao-cn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-® ap-Kƒ N-{Ih¿-Øn-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 7141.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ th-en-tb-‰w A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-˛ I-\-U-bn-se ^-≠n Dƒ-°-S-en¬ 7142.- tI-c-f Xp-f-ko-Zm-k≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sh-Æn-°p-fw tKm]m-e-°p-dp-∏v 7143.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ k-ºq¿-W km-£-c \-K-cw-˛ tIm-´-bw 7144.- G-Xp cm-Py-sØ {]-[m-\-\-Zn-bm-Wv sF-cm-h-Xn-˛ aym≥-a¿ 7145.- `q-ap-J-Øp-\n-∂pw ]q¿-W-am-bn Xp-S-®p-am-‰-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ tcmKw-˛ kv-amƒ t]m-Iv-kv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 155

7146.- {]-Im-iw I-S-Øn-hn-Sm-Ø •m-kv-˛ sk-dm-an-Iv •m-kv 7147.- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv ]-≈n-hm-k¬ ]-≤-Xn {]-h¿-Ø\-£-a-am-b-Xv-˛ Nn-Øn-c Xn--\mƒ 7148.- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ \n-b-a-k-`-˛ A¬-Øn-Mv 7149.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kn-a‚ v ^m-Iv-S-dn ÿm-]n-X-am-b \-Kcw-˛ sN-ss∂ 7150.- F-t∏m-gpw ap-t∂m-´v- G-Xv Im-bn-tIm-’-h-Øn-s‚ B-]v-X-hm-Iyam-Wv-˛ G-jym-Uv 7151.--- {]-Ir-Xn hm-X-Iw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 7152.--- tI-c-f-Øn¬ k-`-bv-°p-]p-d-Øv k-Xy-{]-Xn-P-R sN-bv-X G-I \n-b-a-k-`mw-Kw-˛ a-Øm-bn Nm-t°m 7153.--- F-h-d-Ãn-s\-°mƒ D-b-c-ap-≈-Xpw ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xp-am-b ]¿-h-Xw-˛ au-\m-In 7154.--- G-Xp ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-am-Wv ln-μp-ÿm-\n kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚ A-K-Ãn-b≥ Im-e-L-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ AIv_ - ¿ 7155.--- {^-©p-hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ in-ip F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ t_m-W-∏m¿-´v 7156.--- tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Nn-{X-i-e-`w-˛ Izo≥ A-e-Iv-km{≠n-bm-kv t_-Uv hn-Mv 7157.--- B-cm-[-\m-b-e-b-߃ C-√m-Ø a-Xw-˛ I¨-^yq-jy-\n-kw 7158.--- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Kn-cn-h¿-K-°m¿ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 7159.--- Z sk-°‚ v thƒ-Uv hm¿ F-∂ Ir-Xn-sb ap≥-\n¿-Øn km-lnXy s\m-t_¬ (1953) \¬-I-s∏-´ hy-‡n-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿®n¬ 7160.--- ssh-Zyp-X hn-t«-j-W \n-b-a-߃ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ ^m-c-tU 7161.--- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Zq-cw k-©-cn-°p-∂ Xo-h-≠n-bmb hn-th-Iv F-Iv-kv-{]-kv Zn-{_p-K-Vn-s\ G-Xp ÿ-e-hp-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p ˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 7162.--- ÿn-c-Xm-a-k-°m-cn-√m-Ø h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 7163.--- hym-h-km-bn-I-am-bn G-‰-hpw ap-∂n-´p \n¬-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w alm-cm-jv-{S 7164.--- F-{X-hn-[-Øn-ep-≈ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y {]-Jym-]n-°m≥- cm-jv{S-]-Xn-°v- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v-˛ aq-∂v7165.--- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw- h-en-b ssS-K¿- dn-k¿-hv- - -˛ \m-Km¿-Pp-\ {io-ssi-ew- km-Mv-Nz-dn7166.--- dm-Wn-K© - v- I¬-°c - n-∏m-Sw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv- ˛-]› - n-a _wKmƒ 7167.--- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kz¿-W-\m-W-b-߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-® cm-P-hw-iw-˛ Kp-]v-X-hw-iw 7168.--- ssS-K¿ Hm-^v kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ a≥-kq¿ Aen Jm≥ ]-t´m-Un 7169.--- G-W-Ãv sl-an-Mv-th-bp-sS a-Wn-ap-g-ßp--∂-Xm-¿-°p-th-≠n F-∂ Ir-Xn-bp-sS ]-›m-Ø-ew-˛ 1937se kv-]m-\n-jv B-`y-¥c-- -bp--≤w 7170.--- ssP-\-a-Xw kzo-I-cn-® B-Zy au-cy N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X au-cy≥ 7171.--- C-t¥m-f-Pn F-∂m¬-˛ C-¥y-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w 7172.--- dm-Wn- e-£v-an-`m-bn- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- A-Sn-a-°-®-h-Sw- \n¿-Øem-°n-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.---Un.---1812 7173.--- P-\-\ a-c-W Zn-h-k-߃ s]m-Xp H-gn-hm-bn tI-c-f k¿-°m¿ {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈ G-I hy-‡n ˛-{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 7174.--- sF.--- F-kv.--- B¿.--- H.--- bp-sS hm-Wn-Py-hn-`m-K-am-b B≥-{Un-Iv-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-_mw-•q¿ 7175.--- bp.---F≥.---c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬ Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈ G-I G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 7176.--- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn 1960¬ F-kSv.--- n.---Un. kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b \-K-c-߃- Im¨-]q¿-˛-e-Iv-\u 7177.--- E-tKz-Z-hp-am-bn km-ay-ap-≈, ]m-gv-kn-I-fp-sS hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿw-˛ sk¥v A-sh-kv-X 7178.--- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn hr-° am-‰-i-kv-{X-{In-b \-S-Øn-b B-kv-]{Xn-˛ kn.----Fw.----ks n.---- h-√q¿ 7179.--- D-Z-b-Kn-cn Kp-l-Iƒ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ H-do-k 7180.--- -e-£w-ho-Sv- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b a-{¥n-˛ Fw- F≥- tKm-hn-μ≥-\mb¿-

CONFUSING FACTS  kph¿W IhmS \Kcsa∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv bp.Fkv.F.bnse km≥{^m≥knkvtIm BWv. ]©m_nse AarXk¿ BWv kph¿W t£{XØns‚ \Kcw  {Km≥Uv AWs°´v Xangv\m´nepw {Km≥Uv I\m¬ ssN\bnepw {Km≥Uv Im\y≥ Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIfnepamWv.  A¥mcmjv { S bphP\Zn\w (International Youth Day)BKkvXv 12 BWv. hnthIm\μs‚ P∑Zn\amb P\hcn 12 tZiob bphP\Zn\ambn (National Youth Day)BNcn°p∂p. 7181.--- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn I-d-kv-t]m-≠≥-kv tIm-gv-kv B-cw-`n-® k¿h-I-em-im-e-˛ U¬-ln k¿-h-I-em-im-e 7182.--- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv Iu¨-kn¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ kw-ÿm-\-߃-˛ I¿W-m-S-Iw, B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv, sXe¶m\, a-lm-cm-jv-{S, _o-lm¿, D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv, P-Ωp Im-iv-ao¿, 7183.--- B-Zy-sØ `u-a D-®-tIm-Sn \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ dn-tbm Un P-\o-tdm 7184.--- B-Zy-sØ {]-]-©-am-Xr-I A-h-X-cn-∏n-® {]m-No-\ {Ko-°v tPymXn-im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ bp-tUm-Iv-k-kv 7185.--- G-Xp I-em-cq-]s - Ø-bm-Wv I-∂U - km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥ in-hc - m-a Imc-¥v ]p-\--≤-cn-®-Xv-˛ b-£-Km-\w 7186.--- N-{μ-{K-l-W-k-a-b-Øv \-Sp-°v h--∂-Xv-˛ `q-an 7187.--- G-Xp {K-l-Øn-s‚ D-]-{K-l-am-Wv an-cm≥-U-˛ bp-dm-\-kv 7188.--- dm-Wm {]-Xm-]v A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1597 7189.--- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b sse-‰v lu-kv-˛ t{]m-Mv-kv do-^v, apw-ss_ 7190.--- {^-©v- hn-π-h-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- -_m-kv-s‰¬- Pbn-ens‚- XI¿-®- - F-∂m-bn--∂p-˛ 1789 Pq-sse- 14 7191.--- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw In-g-°m-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 7192.--- i-{Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂v hm¬-ap-dn-®v c-£-s∏-Sp-∂ Po-hn-˛ ]-√n 7193.--- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv i-I-h¿-jw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ I-\njvI - ≥ 7194.--- sk‚ v sl-eo-\ Zzo-]p-Iƒ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-A-Xv-em‚nIv k-ap-{Zw 7195.--- G-Xp `m-j-bn-se-gp-Xp-∂-h¿-°m-Wv km-ln-Xy s\m-t_¬ G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ e-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv-˛ {^-©v 7196.--- sk-_n (sk-Iyp-cn-‰o-kv B‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v t_m¿-Uv Hm-^v C-¥y)bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛-apw-ss_ 7197.--- lp-a-bq¨ F-∂ hm-°n-\¿-Yw-˛ `m-Ky-hm≥ 7198.--- {_m-“-W¿-°p-ta¬ P-kn-b \-S-∏m-°n-b B-Zy ap-…nw `-c-Wm[n-Im-cn-˛ ^n-tdm-kv jm Xp-•-Iv 7199.--- C¬-_¿-´v _n¬ X¿-°-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v cm-Pn-h-® ssh-t{km-bn˛ dn-∏¨ 7200.--- G-Xp ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-eØ - m-Wv ta-hm¿ ap-Kƒ ta¬t°m-bv-a Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿(1615) 7201.--- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ [m-\yw-˛ Acn 7202.--- B-Zy-am-bn C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw th¿-]n-cn-°-s∏-´ `q-hn-`m-Kw-˛ _¿a 7203.--- tI-cf - \n-ba - k - `- b - n-se B-Zy-sØ kv] - o-°¿-˛ i-¶c - \ - m-cm-bW - ≥ X-ºn 7204.--- G-‰-hpw D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b ar-Kw-˛ Pn-dm-^v 7205.--- c-‡-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ Imƒ em‚ v-sÃ-bn-\¿ 7206.--- I-Æp-\o-cn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ F≥-sskw-˛ sse-tkm-sskw 7207.--- {^m≥-kn¬- ]-Xn-\m-dmw-i-X-I-Øn¬- Po-hn-®n--∂- {]-i-kv-XtPym-Xn-jn-˛ t\m-kv-{Sm-U-a-kv 7208.--- G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b au-cy-cm-Pm-hv-˛ A-tim-I≥ 7209.--- tI-cf - an-\d - ¬-kv B‚ v sa-‰¬-kv en-an-‰U - v F-hn-sS-bm-W˛-v N-hd -

156 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

7210.--- th-Z-ß-fn-te-°p a-S-ßp-I F-∂v B-lzm-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ Z-bm-\μv k-c-kz-Xn 7211.--- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv \n-ln-en-kw F-∂ Zm¿-i-\n-I {]-ÿm-\w D-Øn-cn-™-Xv-˛ d-jy 7212.--- C‚¿-t]m-fn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ en-tbm¨-kv 7213.--- {^m≥-kv, C-‰-en F-∂o cm-Py-ß-sf th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ ]¿-h-X-\nc-˛ B¬-]v-kv 7214.--- tem-I-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn ]-{Xw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 7215.--- {_n-´-\pw Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-se Ip-Sn-tb-‰-°m-w X-Ωn¬ 1889˛¬ \-S-∂ bp-≤w-˛ t_m-b¿ bp-≤w 7216.--- ssa-kq¿ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cv I¿-Wm-S-Iw F-∂p-am-‰n-b h¿jw-˛ 1973 7217.--- ssa-kq¿ sIm-´m-cw cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ sl≥-dn C≥-hn≥ 7218.--- ssh-‰v lu-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ Un.---kn.--7219.--- G-Xp ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv ap-Kƒ in-ev-]-hn-Zy ]m-c-ay-X {]m-]n-®-Xv-˛ jm-P-lm≥ 7220.--- N-ºm-\n¿-˛-]m-h-K-[v- B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬- ]m¿-°v G-Xp kwÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 7221.--- G-Xp cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv ]-©-X-{¥w c-Nn-°-s∏-´Xv-˛ Kp-]v-X-hw-iw 7222.--- {_n-´o-jv-`-c-W-Im-e-Øv G-Xv \n-b-aw {]-Im-c-am-Wv I¬-°-´-bn¬ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛ 1773˛-se d-Kp-te-‰n-Mv B-IvSv 7223.--- tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy sS-Ãv Syq-_v in-ip-˛ eq-bn {_u¨ 7224.--- {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww D-S-º-Sn-bn¬ (1792)H-∏p-h-®-Xv-˛ Sn-∏p-hpw {_n-´ojp-Im-w 7225.--- G-Xp a-X-Øn-s‚ hn-`m-K-am-Wv h-{Pm-b-\w-˛ _p-≤-a-Xw 7226.--- 1832¬ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t]-∏¿-an¬ ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ ÿew-˛ sk-lv-dmw-]q¿ 7227.--- am-thm tk Xp-Mv a-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1976 7228.--- A-P-¥m s]-bn‚nw-Kp-Iƒ G-Xp hw-i-Øn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv h-c®-Xv-˛ Kp-]v-X-hw-iw 7229.--- C--ºn-\p ]p-dØ - v kn-¶v ]q-ip-∂ {]-{In-b˛- Km¬-hs - s\-tk-j≥ 7230.--- G-Xp bp-≤-Øn-em-Wv Sn-∏p sIm-√-s∏-´-Xv-˛ \m-emw ssa-kq¿ bp≤w(1799) 7231.--- tNm-f cm-Py-sØ {]-[m-\ \-Zn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-Im-th-cn 7232.--- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b Z-£n-Wm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se B-Zy \K-cw-˛ sa¬-_¨ (1956) 7233.--- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Pn-√-I-fp-≈ tI-{μ `-c-W {]-tZ-iw- ˛ U¬-ln 7234.--- H-fn-ºn-Ivk - n¬ (1900)sa-U¬ t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ t\m¿a≥ {]n-‰v-®m¿-Uv 7235.--- tPm¨ t]mƒ c-≠m-a≥ am¿-]m-∏-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ I-tcmƒ shm-bv-‰n-h 7236.--- C-¥y-bn¬ A-t‰m-an-Iv F-\¿-Pn I-Ωn-j≥ cq-]h - X - vI - r-Xa - m-b h¿jw-˛ 1948 7237.--- A-P-¥m-Kp-l-I-sf 1919˛¬ ho-≠pw I-s≠-Øn-b {_n-´o-jv Hm^o-k¿-˛ tPm¨ kv-an-Øv 7238.--- G-Xp cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-am-Wv N-{μ-Kp-]v-X au-cy≥ A-hkm-\n-∏n-®-Xv-˛ \-μ-hw-iw 7239.--- ap-…nw N-cn-{X-Im-c≥-am¿ dm-bn ]n-tØm-d F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p∂-Xm-sc-˛ ]r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 7240.--- 1924¬ {io-aq-ew Xn--\mƒ A-¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ do-P‚m-bn A-[nImc-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ tk-Xp--e-£v-an-`m-bn 7241.--- tI- c - f - Ø n¬ sh- f p- Ø p- ≈ n D- e v - ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ G- I Pn- √ ˛ C-Sp-°n 7242.--- G-Xp a-X-hn-`m-K-am-Wv e-£-Zzo-]n¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv˛ ap-…nw 7243.--- c-ho-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ kz-bw B-hn-jv-I-cn-® kw-Ko-X ]-≤-Xn˛ c-ho-{μ kw-Ko-Xw 7244.--- G-Xv- \-Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv- {^m≥-kn-s≥-d- X-e-kv-Ym-\-am-b- ]m-co-kv-˛ sk-bv≥7245.--- en-‰n¬ Sn-_-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ e-Um-°v 7246.--- en-tbm¨ t{Sm-Sv-kv-In P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛-D-{I-bn≥ 7247.--- B-Zy-sØ πm-Ãn-Iv ˛ ss\-t{Sm sk-√p-tem-kv 7248.--- B-Zy-sØ A-£-b-tI-{μw B-cw-`n-® ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ ]-≈n-°¬

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

46

 ss{IkvXhsS ]gb\nbaØn¬ ItØmen° aXhnizmk {]Imcw F{X ]pkvXIßfp≠v  a\pjytImiØnse t{ImatkmapIfpsS FÆw  F{Xmw hb nemWv Km‘nPn {]hmkw PohnXw Ign™v C¥ybn¬ aSßnsbØnbXv  ]´nI PmXn ]´nI h¿K hn`mKßfpsSbpw a‰p Zp¿_e hn`mKßfpsSbpw kmºØnI hnZym`ymk ]ptcmKXn t{]m’mln∏n°Wsa∂v hyhÿ sNøp∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw GXmWv 7249.--- E-tKz-Z-hpw hm¬-ao-In cm-am-b-W-hpw hn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-bv-X a-ebm-f I-hn-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ 7250.--- D-Xv-I-ew F-∂-Xv G-Xp {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ {]m-No-\-\m-a-am-Wv-˛ H-dok 7251.-- B-Zy-sØ aq-∂p sS-Ãp-am-®p-I-fn-epw sk-©z-dn A-Sn-® C-¥y≥ {In-°-‰¿-˛ A-k-dp-±o≥ 7252.-- c-Iv-X-k-Ω¿-Zw- Iq-Sn-b A-h-kv-Y-˛ ssl-∏¿- sS≥-j≥7253.-- C-Kv-ss\-‰-Uv ssa≥-Uv-kv c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ F.--]n.--sP.--A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 7254.-- G-Xv ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv B-a-tkm¨ D¬-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ B≥-Uo-kv 7255.-- 1984 Pq¨ 5se ªq-Ãm¿ Hm-∏-td-j-\n¬ sIm-√-s∏-´ kn-°v t\-Xm-hv-˛ `n-{μ≥ hm-e 7256.-- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-se ]-©-[¿-a-߃-˛ A-lnw-k, k-Xyw, A-kv-tXbw, {_-lv-a-N-cyw, A-]-cn-Kr-lw 7257.-- B-Zy-sØ ^p-Sv-t_mƒ tem-I-I-∏v th-Zn-˛ D-dp-tKz 7258.-- G-X-f-hn¬ a-g e-`n-°p-tºm-gm-Wv H- Zn-h-k-Øn-s\ sd-bn-\n tU F-∂v C-¥y≥ sa-‰n-cn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚ v Aw-KoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ 2.--5 sk.--ao.-7259.-- C-¥y-bn¬ kn-\n-am-cw-K-sØ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ ZmZm-km-tl-_v ^m¬-t° A-hm¿-Uv 7260.-- ssN-\-bn¬-\n-∂v d-jy-sb th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ \-Zn-˛ A-aq¿ 7261.-- G-Xh - b - h - Ø - n-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø\ - a - m-Wv C-eI - vt- {Sm-F≥-sk-^m-tem{Km-^v D-]-tbm-Kn-®v \n-co-£n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw 7262.-- G-Xp cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv U-®p-Im¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- s\-X¿-e≥Uv-kv 7263.-- cm-{Xn-Im-e B-Im-i-Øn¬ Im-Wp-∂ G-‰-hpw Xn-f-°-ap-≈ \£-{Xw-˛ kn-dn-b-kv 7264.-- G-‰-hpw h-en-b k-kv-X-\w-˛ \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-ew 7265.-- G-Xp cm-Py-sØ-bm-Wv X-t±-io-b¿ \n-t∏m¨ F-∂p hn-fn-°p∂-Xv-˛ P-∏m≥ 7266.-- G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏-ap-≈ Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp D-≈ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 7267.-- cm-am-\-μ-s‚ Kp--˛ cm-am-\p-P≥ 7268.-- G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏w Iq-Sn-b a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈ Po-hn-˛ Xn-anw-Kn-ew 7269.-- a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-h-b-hw-˛-Xz-°v 7270.-- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b D-`-b-Po-hn-˛ P-b‚ v km-e-am‚¿ 7271.-- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv A-ta-cn-° G-P‚ v Hm-d-©v F-∂ hn-j-h-kvXp {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛ hn-b-‰v-\mw 7272.-- cm-jv-So-b kzm-X-{¥y-am-Wv H- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ Po-h-izm-kw F∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ A-c-hn-μ-tLm-jv 7273.-- C-¥y-bn-se ap-Øp-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xq-Øp°p-Sn 7274.-- G-Xv- \-Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv- -˛- aq-kn7275.-- cm-Py-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- \-Zn-bp-sS-bpw- t]-cv- H-∂m-b-Xn-\v- D-Zm-l-c-Ww˛-tPm¿-Zm≥7276.-- C-¥y-bn-se bp-td-\n-bw J-\n-˛ Pm-Zp-Kp-U 7277.-- G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\m-Wv ^-tdm-°v {]-kn-≤w-˛ Hm-Sp hy-h-kmbw 7278.-- A-®-Sn-b-{¥w I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ Kp-´≥-_¿-Kv 7279.-- C-¥y-bn-se A-eI - vk - m-≠¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sm≥ B-{K-ln-®X - v˛- Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 157

7280.-- tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ Im-\-U 7281.-- c-≠mw ]m-\n-∏-´p-bp-≤-Øn¬ A-Iv-_¿-°p-th-≠n ap-Kƒ ssk\y-sØ \-bn-®-Xm-cv-˛ ss_-dmw-Jm≥ 7282.-- C-¥y-bn-se a-X-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ km-£-c-Xm-\n-c-°n¬ G-‰-hpw ap-∂n-ep-≈-Xv- ˛ ssP-\≥-am¿ 7283.-- G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv sF≥-Ão-\v 1921¬ s\m-t_¬ kΩm-\w e-`n-®-Xv-˛ t^m-t´m C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv C-^-Iv-Sn-s‚ hn-i-Zo-I-cWw 7284.-- {]m-No-\I - m-eØ - v {]m-Kvt- Pym-Xn-jv] - q¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂X - v˛- Kph-l-Øn 7285.-- G-Xv cm-Py-sØ _-ln-cm-Im-i k-©m-cn-bm-Wv tIm-kv-tam-t\m´v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-d-jy 7286.-- G-Xp Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv l-cn-tk-\≥ Po-hn-®n-∂-Xv˛- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]vX - ≥ 7287.-- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Xp-S¿-∂p-h--∂ km-ap-Zm-bn-I-kw-h-c-Ww- t\-Sn-sbSp-Ø-Xv- G-Xv- {]-t£m-`-Øn-s≥-d ^-e-am-bn--∂p-˛ \n-h¿-Ø-\{]-t£m-`-Ww7288.-- C-¥y-bn-se B-[p-\n-I Nn-{X-I-e-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ \-μ-em¬ t_m-kv 7289.-- a-Ø-hn-em-kw c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ a-tl-{μ-h¿-a≥ 7290.-- C-¥y-bn-se a-e-I-fp-sS dm-Wn-˛ a-kq-dn 7291.-- 1926se Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a¬-k-cn-® C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm ÿm-\m¿-Yn-˛ I-a-em-tZ-hn N-tXm-]m-[ym-b 7292.-- G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv {]-Nm-c-ap-≈ A-\p-jvTm-\ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv Km¿-_- Kp-P-dm-Øv 7293.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ £-b-tcm-Kn-I-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛-C-¥y 7294.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ a-\p-jy-cn¬ I-≠p-h--∂ c-‡-{Kq-∏v-˛ H {Kq-∏v 7295.-- Cu-iz-c≥ F-∂-Xv an-Yy-bm-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ tZ-h-{]o-Xnbv-°m-bp-≈ A-\p-jvTm-\-߃-°v H- ^-e-hpw \¬-Im≥ I-gnbp-I-bn-√-˛ G-Xp a-X-am-Wv C-ß-s\ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ _p-≤-a-Xw 7296.-- C-¥y≥ -kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- Ip-∂p-I-fn¬- h-kn-°p-∂ -P-\-ß-fpsS \m-Sv- F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ an-skm-dw 7297.-- G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ k¿-°m-cm-Wv Xm≥-sk≥ k-Ωm-\w \¬Ip-∂X - v˛- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 7298.-- A-≤ym-]-I--sS an-I-® c-N-\-bv-°v kw-ÿm-\ s]m-Xp hn-Zym`ym-k h-Ip-∏v G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn A-hm¿-Uv 7299.-- G-‰-hpw h-en-b k-ap-{Zw ˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 7300.-- G-Xv cm-Py-sØ ]m¿-e-sa‚m-Wv sk-Pw-˛-t]m-f-≠v 7301.-- C-¥y≥-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ kv-{Xo ]p--j A-\p-]m-Xw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛ tI-c-fw 7302.-- G-Xp ÿ-e-sØ A-tim-I-kv-Xw-`-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b-Nn-”w F-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv-˛ km-c-\m-Yv 7303.-- k¿-h-cm-Py-k-Jyw- kv-Ym-]n-°m≥- ap≥-I-sø-Sp-Ø- A-ta-cn-°≥{]-kn-U-≠v-˛ hp-Uv-tdm- hn¬-k¨7304.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-£-c-ß-fp-≈ `m-j-˛ Iw-t_m-Un-b≥ 7305.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-Sn-®p-]-c-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ tem-lw-˛ kz¿Ww 7306.-- H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv P¿-a-\n B-{I-an-® G-I C¥y≥ \-K-cw-˛ sN-ss∂ 7307.-- a≥-k-_v-Zm-cn k-{º-Zm-bw B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ A-Iv-_¿ 7308.-- Km-‘n-Pn c-≠mw h-´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°m≥ e-≠\n¬ F-Øn-b h¿-jw ˛ 1931 7309.-- im-kv-{X-tem-I-sØ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n F-∂v hn-{Iw km-cm-`m-bnsb hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-cv ˛-F.--]n.--sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 7310.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Iw-]yq-´¿-h-Xv-Ir-X s]m-eo-kv tÃ-j\m-b t]-cq¿-°-S G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 7311.-- tam-≠n Im¿-tem Im¿ dm-en \-S-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ sam-Wm-t°m 7312.-- k¿-h-in-£m A-`n-bm-s‚ e-£yw-˛ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ A-Snÿm-\ hn-Zym-`ym-kw 7313.-- G-Xp t\-Xm-hn-s‚ a-c-W-ti-j-am-Wv Km-‘n-Pn tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ A-\n-tj-[y t\-Xm-hm-bn D-b¿-∂-Xv-˛ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ 7314.-- B--sS in-]m¿-i{- ]-Im-ca - m-Wv {]-kn-U‚ v A-Sn-b¥ - c - m-hÿ {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Iym-_n-\-‰v 7315.-- h¿-j-sØ-°m-fpw Zn-h-k-Øn-\p ssZ¿-Lyw Iq-Sn-b {K-lw-˛ ip{I≥

CONFUSING FACTS  Nn∂°S sIm√w Pn√bnemWv. Nn∂°\m¬ CSp°n Pn√bnemWv.  aplΩZ≥ en‰ddn skmssk‰nbpsS ÿm]I≥ \hm_v A_vZpƒ eØo^v. aplΩZ≥ Bwt•m Hmdnb‚¬ tImtfPv ÿm]n®Xv k¿ køZv AlΩZv Jm≥.  Un.Un.‰n. (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane) I≠p]nSn®Xv Othmar Zeidler (1859-1911). Un.Un.‰n.bpsS IoS\miI kz`mhw Xncn®dn™Xv t]mƒ ap≈¿ (1899-1965). Cu Is≠Øen\v At±lw 1948˛se sshZyimkv{X s\mt_en\v A¿l\mbn.  kzmX{¥yØn\papºv G‰hpw IqSpX¬ Imew tIm¨{Kkv {]knU‚mbn∂ hy‡n F∂ _lpaXn auem\m A_pƒ Iemw BkmZn\v kz¥amWv (1940˛46). F∂m¬ tIm¨{Kkv Ncn{XØn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬Imew A[y£]Zhn hln®Xv tkmWnbm Km‘nbmWv. 7316.-- F-f-bn-S-Øp-kz-cq-]w- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-t\m-Sv- tN¿-Ø-Xv- G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.--Un.--1742 7317.-- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww F-{X N-Xp-c-{i-ssa¬-˛ 15005 7318.-- k-ap-Z-Øn-se k-{Xw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tI-]v Su¨ 7319.-- k-ap-Z-Øn-se kp-μ-cn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ tÃm-°v-tlmw 7320.-- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ {]-N-cn-∏n-® X-Øzw-˛ A-ssZz-Xw 7321.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {Km-a-ß-fp-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w- D-Ø¿-{]tZ-iv 7322.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ B-\-I-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ Xm≥-km-\n-b 7323.-- F-an-td-‰v-kv G-Xv cm-Py-sØ hn-am-\ k¿-ho-km-Wv-˛ bp.--F.--C.-7324.-- J-Pp-cm-tlm t£-{Xw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ O-tμ-e≥-am¿ 7325.-- F-en-hn-j-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ kn-¶v t^m-kvss^-Uv 7326.-- Km-‘n-Pn C-S-s]-´ tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy k-Xym-{K-lw-˛ ssh°w k-Xym-{K-lw(1924˛25) 7327.-- I-Æp-\o¿ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ {K-Ÿn-˛ em-{In-a¬ {K-Ÿn 7328.-- F-h-d-Ãv sIm-Sp-ap-Sn 17 X-h-W I-b-dn sd-t°m¿-Uv kr-jv-Sn-® ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-I≥-˛ A-t∏ sj¿-∏ 7329.-- d-jy-bn-se P-\m-[n-]-Xy ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS ]n-Xm-h-v F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tKm¿-_-t®-hv 7330.-- dm-t^¬ G-Xp cm-Py-sØ Nn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ C-‰-en 7331.-- C-¥y-bn¬ {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d ]m-In-b-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿´v Iv-ssf-hv 7332.-- I-gp-Øn-s‚ \o-fw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Po-hn-˛ Pn-dm-^v 7333.-- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tÃ-Un-bw-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se bp-h-`m-c-Xn tÃ-Un-bw 7334.-- i-h-Ip-So-cw- C-¥y-bv-°v- sh-fn-bn¬- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ap-Kƒ- N{I-h¿-Øn-am¿-˛-_m-_-dpw- (Im-_qƒ)- P-lmw-Ko-dpw- (em-tlm¿)7335.-- hn-h-cm-h-Im-i {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ 7336.-- A¿-Pp≥ tZ-hn-s\ h-[n-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ 7337.-- B-fl-I-Y c-Nn-® B-Zy ap-Kƒ cm-Pm-hv-˛-_m-_¿ 7338.-- A-ar-’¿ \-K-c-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´ kn-Jv Kp--˛ cmw Zm-kv 7339.-- G-‰-hpw \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b hm-ep-≈ ar-Kw ˛-Pn-dm-^v 7340.-- hn-π-hm-\-¥-c- {^m≥-kn-s≥-d- B-Zy- tIm¨-kp¬- B-bn- A-[nIm-c-ta-‰-Xv-˛ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ 7341.-- F-{X hn-\m-gn-I-bm-Wv H- \m-gn-I-˛ 60 7342.-- k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\nX-˛ s_¿-Øm thm¨ k-Sv-\¿(Hm-kv-{Sn-b) 7343.-- G-‰-hpw {In-bm-io-e-ap-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛ ^v-fq-dn≥ 7344.-- hn-‰n-Iƒ-®¿ F-¥n-s‚ Ir-jn-bm-Wv-˛ ap-¥n-cn 7345.-- k-ky-tIm-iw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v lp-°v 7346.-- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw In-g-°m-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ Pn-√-˛ tem-lnXv 7347.-- k-l-I-c-W {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v Hm-h≥

158 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

7348.-- hm-Im-S-I hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hn-‘ym-i-‡n 7349.-- Hm-Iv-kn-P-\v B t]- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ em-thm-kn-b¿ 7350.-- h-√m¿-]m-Sw I-s≠-bv-\¿ sS¿-an-\¬ G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ F-d-WmIp-fw 7351.-- h¿-Wm-‘-X I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tPm¨ Umƒ-´¨ 7352.-- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se X-h-f-t«m-Iw ssh-Zn-I-Im-e-L-´-Øn-se F-¥ns\-°p-dn-®p hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂p-˛ hn-Zym-`ym-kw 7353.-- G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-Uva - n-\n-kvt- {S-‰o-hv Un-hn-j\ - p-If - p-≈ cm-Pyw˛ {_n-´¨ 7354.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ a-X-߃-°p P-∑-`q-an-bm-b h≥-I-c-˛-G-jy 7355.-- D-b-c-Øn¬- c-≠mw-kv-Ym-\-ap-≈ ]-£n- ˛-F-ap7356.-- G-Xp tcm-K-Øn-s‚ Nn-In¬-k-bv-°m-Wv t¢m-tdm-ssa-sk-‰n≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ssS-t^m-bv-Uv 7357.-- G-‰-hpw A-[n-Iw t{]m-´o≥ A-S-ßn-b ]-b-dp-h¿-K-Øn-se kkyw-˛ tkm-bm-_o≥ 7358.-- tPm-fn {Km≥-Uv F-b¿-t]m¿-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-sU-dm-Uq¨ 7359.-- kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ `q-an-bp-sS ÿm-\-Øn-\p ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ s]-cn-lo-en-tbm¨ 7360.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]m-ep-≈ Po-hn-˛ Xn-anw-Kn-ew 7361.-- Ko-X-tKm-hn-μ-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ tI-c-fo-b \r-Ø-hnti-jw-˛ A-jv-S-]-Zn-bm-´w 7362.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _p-≤-a-X-°m--≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ a-lm-cm-jv{- S 7363.-- G-Xp-X-cw D-ev-]-∂-ß-fp-sS Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-am-Wv A-Kv-am¿-°v- kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Im¿-jn-tIm¬-]-∂-߃ 7364.-- tI-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-sØ {]n‚n-Mv {]-k˛v- kn.--Fw.--Fk - v.{-- ]-kv, tIm´-bw 7365.-- G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv-˛ F.-sI.--B‚-Wn 7366.-- Cw-•o-jv Cu-Ãn¥ym-°-º-\n-°v th-Wm-´n¬ D-≠m-bn--∂ G‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ ]-≠-I-»m-e-˛ A-©p-sX-ßv 7367.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-ªn-Iv sse-{_-dn-I-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ d-jy 7368.-- k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ I-dp-Ø h¿-K-°m-c≥-˛ dm¬-^v _-©v (1950) 7369.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _p-≤n-bp-≈ P-e-Po-hn-˛ tUmƒ-^n≥ 7370.-- C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xv ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv k-Xn F-∂ B-Nm-cw kw_-‘n-®v G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ sX-fn-hv e-`n-®-Xv-˛ G-dm≥ 7371.-- Cw-]o-cn-b¬ _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv˛ tÃ-‰v _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y 7372.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ \-K-c-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈, C-¥y-bn-se aX-hn-`m-Kw-˛ ]m-gv-kn-Iƒ 7373.-- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛ {_n-´¨ 7375.-- H-fn-ºn-Iv Nn-”-Øn¬ Np-h-∏p-h-f-bw {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ h≥-I-c-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 7376.-- A-P-≠m-˛21 F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-kwc-£W - w 7377.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ B-bp- p-≈ ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n 7378.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ B-bp- p-≈ P-¥p-˛ B-a 7379.-- Im¿-Kn¬ bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1999 7380.-- Im¬-kyw t¢m-tdm ssl-t∏m t¢m-ssd-Uv km-[m-c-W-am-bn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ªo-®n-Mv ]u-U¿ 7381.-- hy-h-km-b a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-bp-≠m-b am¿-Pm-c \rØ-tcm-Kw B-Zy-am-bn Im-W-s∏-´ cm-Pyw-˛ P-∏m≥ 7382.-- G-Xp tcm-Kn-Iƒ-°m-Wv td-Un-tb-j≥ sX-dm-∏n \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ Iym≥-k¿ 7383.-- C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ ap-ßn-°-∏¬-˛ sF.--F≥.--F-kv. i¬-°n 7384.-- G-Xv `q-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv tUmƒ-{Uw-kv D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ `q-a-[y-tcJm {]-tZ-i-Øv 7385.-- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv Nn-”-Øn¬ G-jy-sb {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ \ndw-˛ a-™ 7386.-- hm-bn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø A-h-ÿ-bv-°p-≈ t]-cv-˛ A-se-Iv-kn-b 7387.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `m-j-Iƒ kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ ]-∏ph \yq-Kn-\n

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

47

 F{XmasØ ⁄m\]oTw Ahm¿UmWv H F≥ hn Ipdp∏n\v e`n®Xv  P\ßfpsS PohnX \nehmcw h¿[n∏n°epw s]mXpP\mtcmKyw sa®s∏SpØepw tÉns‚ NpaXebmsW∂v \njv I ¿jn°p∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw GXmWv  `cWLS\bpsS Ggmw sjUyqfnse I¨Id‚ v enÃnse hnjbßfpsS FÆw  `utam]cnXeØn¬ G‰hpw IqSpXep≈ aqeIamb HmIvknP≥ F{X iXam\amWv (46.6)  elcn]Zm¿Yßfpw elcn ]m\obßfpw \ntcm[n°Wsa∂v A\pimkn°p∂ `cWLS\m A\pt—Zw GXmWv  a-Wv-U-e ]p-\- w-L-S-\-bv-°p-ti-jw tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se F{X ko-‰p-I-fm-Wv ]-´n-I-h¿-K-Øn-\v kw-h-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-cn°p-∂X - v 7388.-- tI-cf - k - w-ÿm-\s - Ø B-Zy-sØ tIm¨-{K-kv ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-˛ B¿.i - ¶ - ¿ 7389.-- C-¥y-bn¬ (sIm-®n cm-Py-Øv) A-hn-izm-k-{]-ta-bw h-gn ]p-dØp-t]m-b B-Zy-sØ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ a-{¥n-˛ tUm.--F.--B¿.-ta-t\m≥ 7390.-- C-¥y-bn¬ [m-Xp ]-cy-th-j-W-Øn-\p Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp--Øn-bn-´p-≈ k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]-\w-˛ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y 7391.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-b hy-‡n˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 7392.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ in-ip ku-lr-Z ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ sh-ßm\q¿ 7393.-- C-¥y-bn¬ C-…m-an-I-ssi-en-bn¬ \n¿-an-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ aμn-c-am-b Ip-h-Øv-˛-D¬-˛-C-…mw tam-kv-In-s‚(1191˛98) \n¿-am-Xmhv-˛ Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv 7394.-- H- A¿-[-hr-Øw F-{X Un-{Kn-bm-Wv-˛ 180 7395.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰v-˛-Hm-a-\-°p-™-Ω 7396.-- G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v ]-Z-Ønte-°v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛-tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 7397.-- G-Xv \-Zn-bn-ep-≠m-b sh-≈-s∏m-°-Øn-em-Wv kw-L-Im-e IrXn-Iƒ H-en-®p-t]m-b-Xv-˛ ssh-K 7398.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]m¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ I-c-bn-se Po-hn-˛ B\ 7399.-- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚ ap-{Z-hm-Iy-am-b Iq-Sp-X¬ th-K-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ D-b-c-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ I--Øn¬ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ ^m-Z¿ UnU≥ 7400.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Uo-k¬ -ss-hZ-- yp-X-\n-e-bw-˛ {_-“] -- pcw 7401.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw C-¥y B-{I-an-® ap-…nw-˛ a-l-aq-Zv K-kv-\n 7402.-- 1952 Pq-sse 24˛-\v tj-Iv A-_v-Zp-≈-bp-am-bn Im-iv-ao¿ I-cm-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 7403.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `m-c-ap-≈ ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n 7404.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kz-Im-cy sa-Un-°¬ tIm-tf-Pv-˛ Sn.-Un.--sa-Un-°¬ tIm-tf-Pv, B-e-∏p-g 7405.-- kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v G-‰-hpw A-I-se-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ `q-an-bp-sS ÿm-\-Øn-\p ]-d-bp-∂ t]-cv-˛ A-^n-en-tbm¨ 7407.-- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ sa-U-ep-Iƒ t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.--F-kv.F -- .-7408.-- tPm¿-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S¨ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ hn¿-Pn-\n-b 7409.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ sF-kv \n-d-™ h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 7410.-- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv Nn-”-Øn¬ km-∂n-[y-an-√m-Ø h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n°

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 159

7411.-- Hmƒ C-¥ym td-Un-tbm-bp-sS t]-cv B-Im-i-hm-Wn F-∂p-am-‰nb h¿-jw-˛ 1957 7412.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _p-≤n-bp-≈ Po-hn-˛-a-\p-jy≥ 7413.-- hmƒ kv-{So-‰v F-¥n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v 7414.-- kn-\n-am-\-S-\pw \-Sn-bpw ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy C¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 7415.-- G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-am-sc kw-`m-h\ - sN-bvX - C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 7416.-- kn-°n-an-s‚ Po-h-tc-J F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛ So-à 7417.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈ tI-{μ-[-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 7418.-- kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv kz-X{- ¥ C-¥y-bp-sS Xm-XvI - m-en-I K-h¨sa‚ v ÿm-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛ knw-K-∏q¿ 7419.-- kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv knw-K-∏q-cn¬ cq-]w \¬-In-b B-km-Zv ln-μv K-h¨-sa‚n¬ Aw-K-am-bn--∂ h-\n-X-˛ Iym-]v-‰≥ e-£van 7420.-- C-¥y-bn¬ D-]c - m-jv{- S-]X - n-bm-Im-sX cm-jv{- S-]X - n-bm-b B-Zy hy‡n-˛ ^-{Ip-±o≥ A-en A-l-Ω-Zv 7421.-- Km-‘n-Pn tPm-l-∂m-kv _¿-Kn¬ B-cw-`n-®v ^mw-˛ tSmƒ-tÃmbv ^mw 7422.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ lm-c-∏≥ kw-kv-Im-c tI-{μ-߃ I-s≠-Ønb kw-ÿm-\w-˛ ]-©m-_v 7423.-- a-cn-bm-\ {S-©v- G-Xp k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛ ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 7424.-- G-Xv {K-l-sØ-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂ ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv Im-kn-\n anj≥-˛ i-\n 7425.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ko-k-W¬ h--am-\-ap-≈, C-¥y-bn-se t£{Xw-˛ i-_-cn-a-e 7426.-- F-kv._ -- m-e-N-μ-dp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-Ww-˛ ho-W 7427.-- F.--]n.--sP.--A-_v-Zpƒ I-em-an-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛-cm-ta-iz-cw 7428.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛-Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿h-I-em-im-e(1937) 7429.-- tem-I ss]-Xr-I-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´ tI-c-fo-b kw-kv-IrX-\m-S-I I-em-cq-]w-˛ Iq-Sn-bm-´w 7430.-- tam-kv-tIm I-S¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{μ≥ 7431.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ I-b¿- ^m-Iv-S-dn- (Um-dm-kv- sa-bn¬)B-e-∏p-g-bn¬- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.--Un.--1859 7432.-- tam-tU¨ _m-_n-tem¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ e-≠≥ 7433.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Im-gv-N-_w-•m-hv ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿jw-˛ 1857 7434.-- G-Xv \-Zn-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv C-μn-cm-Km-‘n I-\m¬ B-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv-˛ k-Xv-e-Pv 7435.-- hn-Zy-t\-Sq, kw-L-Sn-°q, k-a-cw sN-øq F-∂v B-lzm-\w sN-bvX t\-Xm-hv ˛-_n.--B¿.--Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 7436.-- H-∂mw _p-≤-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚ c-£m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ A-Pm-Xi - {- Xp 7437.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 7438.-- tem-I-Øn-s‚ tbm-K X-e-ÿm-\w(tbm-K Iym-]n-‰¬) F-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ E-jn-tI-iv 7439.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kz¿-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 7440.-- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se B-Zy B-[p-\n-I k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛-a-{Zm-kv k¿-h-I-em-im-e 7441.-- H- In-tem-ao-‰¿ F-{X ssa¬ B-Wv-˛ 0.--6213 7442.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm-`m-hn-I d-∫¿ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 7443.-- D-Ø-cm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw-˛ d-jy 7444.-- hn-P-b-L-´n¬ A-¥y-\n-{Z sIm-≈p-∂-Xv-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿-imkv-{Xn 7445.-- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn sN-°v ¢n-b-dn-Mv B-cw-`n-® cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v (e-≠-\n¬) 7446.-- C-¥y≥ kn-\n-a-bn-se B-Zy-sØ \-Sn-˛ a-μm-In-\n 7447.-- G-Xp t]-cn-em-Wv kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv th-j-{]-—-∂-\m-bn C¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p I-S-∂-Xv-˛ au-e-hn kn-bm-hp-±o≥ 7448.-- C-¥y-bn¬ D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\p Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv G-Xp {]-[m-\a-{¥n-bp-sS Im-e-Øv-˛-]n.--hn.--\-c-knw-l-dm-hp

CONFUSING FACTS  tem-´-kv a-l¬ I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se lw-]n F-∂ ÿ-e-ØmWv. _-lm-bv a-X-°m--sS B-cm-[-\m-e-b-am-b tem-´-kv sSºnƒ U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv. `q-an-bp-sS A-]-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv i-\n-bp-sS D-]-{Kl-am-b ssS-‰≥ B-Wv. `q-an-bp-sS C-c-´ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ip-{I-\m-Wv. {Ko≥-em≥-Uv `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°-bpsS-bpw cm-jv-{So-b-am-bn bq-tdm-∏n-s‚-bpw `m-K-am-Wv.  _p-≤-a-X-Øn-se hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv lo-\-bm-\-hpw a-lm-bm\-hpw. ssP-\-a-X-hn-`m-K-߃ tiz-Xw-_-c≥-am-w Zn-Kw-_c≥-am--am-Wv.7449.-- hn-eyw tlm-°n≥-kn-s\ ap-Kƒ cm-P-[m-\n-bn-te-°v A-b-® CwKv-fo-jv cm-Pm-hv-˛ sP-bnw-kv H-∂m-a≥ 7450.-- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy D-]-I-c-W kw-Ko-X hn-Z-Kv-Z≥-˛ ]-WvUn-‰v c-hn-i-¶¿ 7451.-- B--sS Ip-Xn-c-bm-Wv _yq-kn-^m-e-kv-˛-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ N-{I-h¿Øn 7452.-- a-dn-b tam-≠n-t m-dn P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 7453.-- G-Xv {K-lØ - n-em-Wv h-kvX - p-°ƒ-°v G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ `m-cw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hym-gw 7454.-- hn-tiz-iz-c-ø C≥-kv-{Sn-b¬ B‚ v sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-°¬ ayq-knbw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-_mw-•q¿ 7455.-- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-e-ÿm-t\-X-c \-K-cw-˛ A-l-ΩZm-_m-Zv 7456.-- hn-im-JZ- Ø - s - ‚ ap-{Zm-cm-£k - Ø - n-se {]-[m-\ I-Ym-]m-{Xw-˛ NmW-Iy≥ 7457.-- G-Xp kw-ÿm-\w hn-`-Pn-®m-Wv a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bpw Kp-P-dm-Øpw cq]w sIm-≠-Xv-˛ t_mw-s_ 7458.-- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kw-ÿm-\-߃ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h--∂ sslt°m-S-Xn-˛ Kp-h-l-Øn 7459.-- cm-jv-{S-Iq-S-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Z-¥n-Zp¿-K≥ 7460.-- G-Xp {K-l-am-Wv {[p-h-{]-tZ-i-߃ kq-cy-\-`n-ap-J-am-bn {]-Z-£nWw sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ bp-dm-\-kv 7461.-- 1984 Pq-Wn¬ ]-©m-_n-se A-ar-X-k-dn-se kp-h¿-W-t£-{XØn¬-\n-∂v kn-°p-`o-Ic - s - c ]p-dØ - m-°m≥ Hm-∏t- d-j≥ ªq-Ãm¿ ]-≤-Xn-°v A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μn-cmKm-‘n 7462.-- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tX-bn-e hn-]-W-\ tI-{μw-˛ Kp-hl-Øn 7463.-- a-e-_m¿ kv-s]-jy¬ s]m-eo-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ a-e-∏p-dw 7464.-- dm-Uv-¢n-^v tc-J th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ cm-Py-߃ ˛ C-¥y-bpw ]m-InkvX - m-\pw 7465.-- hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ Kp-]v-X N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 7466.-- G-Xv {K-l-Øn-s‚ D-]-{K-l-߃-°m-Wv {Ko-°p ]p-cm-W-ß-fnse I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS t]-cv \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv ˛ i-\n 7467.-- F-kv.F -- ≥.--Un.--]n. tbm-K-Øn-s‚ ap-J-]-{X-am-bn--∂ {]-kn-≤o-Ic-Ww-˛ hn-th-tIm-Z-bw 7468.-- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se, {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS I-hn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ C-S-t»cn 7469.-- hr-≤ Kw-K F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 7470.-- G-Xv A-hm¿-Um-Wv A-°m-Z-an A-hm¿-Uv- F-∂ t]-cn-epw A-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Hm-kv-I¿ 7471.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se G-I \n-Xy-l-cn-X h-\-{]-tZ-iw-˛ ssk-e‚ v hmen 7472.-- 99se sh-≈-s∏m-°w F-∂ {]-kn-≤-am-b sh-≈-s∏m-°w D-≠mb-sX-t∏mƒ-˛ 1924 7473.-- a-gh - n-√p-≠m-Ip-∂X - n-\p Im-cW - a - m-b {]-Xn-`m-kw-˛ {]-Im-i {]-Io¿W-\w

160 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

7474.-- G-Xv- `m-j-bm-Wv- km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-≈- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- G‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈-Xv-˛ {^-©v7475.-- I-enw-K-ss{]-kv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ap≥ H-do-km ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ _nPp ]-Sv-\m-bn-Iv 7476.-- A-Iv-_-dp-sS an-{X-am-bn--∂ A-_pƒ ^-k-en-s\ sIm-√n-®-Xv-˛ P-lmw-Ko¿ (1602) 7477.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m-tÃm-^o-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv 1857¬ {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ B-e-∏p-g 7478.-- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b `m-Kw-˛ sk-dn-{_w 7479.-- C-¥y-bn¬ Ip-Sn-sh-≈-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂Xv B-cm-Wv-˛ _yq-tdm Hm-^v C-¥y≥ Ãm-t‚¿-Uv-kv 7480.-- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬ kz-X-{¥≥-am¿ F-{X t]-≠m-bn--∂p-˛ 3 7481.-- D-b-cw A-f-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-am-\-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ D-]-I-cWw-˛ Aƒ-´n-ao-‰¿ 7482.-- D-dp-ºn-s‚ i-co-c-Øn-ep-≈ B-kn-Uv-˛ t^m¿-an-Iv B-kn-Uv 7483.-- am¿-jv Kym-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ao-tY-bv≥ 7484.-- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se am-©-ÿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-b-ºØq¿ 7485.-- d-∫¿ bp-≤-Øn¬ G-‰p-ap-´n-b cm-Py-߃-˛ s_m-fo-hn-b, {_ko¬ 7486.-- `m-c-Xo-b P-\-kw-L-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ iym-a-{]-km-Zv ap-J¿Pn 7487.-- e-≠-\n-se {]-kn-≤-am-b Xo-]n-Sp-Øw D-≠m-b h¿-jw-˛ 1666 7488.-- {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv sl¬-th-jy F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ cmPyw-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv 7489.-- e-£-Zzo-]n-se {]-[m-\-`m-j-˛ a-e-bm-fw 7490.-- `m-c-Xv `-h≥ F-∂ aƒ-´n B¿-´v sk‚¿ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ \-K-cw˛ t`m-∏m¬ 7491.-- {]-kn-U‚pw Iym-_n-\-‰pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ I-Æn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 7492.-- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv hm-\ \n-co-£-W-im-e B-cw-`n-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 7493.-- `m-hn-bp-sS tem-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ssS-‰m-\n-bw 7494.-- {]-kn-U‚n-s\ ]-Z-hn-bn¬ \n-∂v \o-°w-sN-øp-∂ \-S-]-Sn-˛ Cw]o-®v-sa‚ v 7495.-- Z-£n-Wm-b-\-tc-J- c-≠p-{]m-h-iyw- ap-dn-®p- I-S-s∂m-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn˛-enw-t]m-t]m7496.-- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se {]-[m-\ B-tLm-jw-˛-s]m-¶¬ 7497.-- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-se {Xn-c-Xv-\-߃-˛ i-cn-bm-b hn-izm-kw, i-cn-bmb A-dn-hv, i-cn-bm-b {]-hr-Øn 7498.-- 1970 Un-kw-_¿ 27 ap-X¬ 30 h-sc F-hn-sS-tN¿-∂ k-tΩ-f-\Øn-em-Wv Ãp-U‚ v-kv s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v C-¥y (F-kv.F -- -^v.-sF) cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 7499.-- C-¥y {In-°-‰v tem-I-I-∏v t\-Sn-b-t∏mƒ Iym-]v-‰≥ B-bn--∂Xv-˛ I-]n¬-tZ-hv 7500.-- ssN-\b - n¬ cm-P`- c - W - w A-hk - m\n-∏n-® t\-Xm-h˛-v k¨-bm-Xv sk≥ 7501.- G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv hn-kv-In D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ _m¿-en 7502.- {]-kn-U‚n-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I h-k-Xn-bm-b cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-`-h≥ cq]-I-ev-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xv ˛ F-Uzn≥ ep-Sy≥-k.-v 7503.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-cn-se B-Zy h-\n-Xm \n-b-a-k-`mw-Kw-˛ ta-cn ]p∂≥ eq-t°m-kv 7504.- tN-cn-tN-cm {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ D-®-tIm-Sn(1961) \-S∂ ÿ-ew-˛ s_¬-t{K-Uv 7505.- Zzn-`-c-W k-{º-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn-®v 1938 Pq-Wn¬ A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰ sIm®n-bn-se B-Zy-sØ a-{¥n-˛ A-ºm-´v in-h-cm-a-ta-t\m≥ 7506.- em-tlm-dn-\p ]-I-cw U¬-ln X-e-ÿm-\-am-°n-b A-Sn-a-hw-iØn-se kp¬-Øm≥-˛ C¬-Øp-an-jv 7507.- a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se cm-k-im-e-˛ I-cƒ 7508.- Xn--s\-√n t£-{X-Øn-se B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ hn-jv-Wp 7509.- Xn--˛-sIm-®n \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ A-[y-£≥-˛ Sn.-Fw.h-dp-Ko-kv 7510.- {]-kn-U‚n-s‚ sh-≈n-sa-U¬ t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-f Nn{Xw-˛ \o-e-°p-bn¬ 7511.- ep≥ bp F-∂ {K-Ÿw G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ I¨-^q-jy-\n-kw

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

48

 Nn-ºm≥-kn-bp-sS t{Im-a-tkmw kw-Jy  tem-Iv-k-`m km-am-Pn-I--sS F-Æ-Øn¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\w a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bv-°m-Wv. F-{X t]¿  `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv A-\p-t—-Z-am-Wv tKm-h-[w \n-tcm[n-°-W-sa-∂v \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xv  tKm-dn-√-bp-sS t{Im-a-tkmw kw-Jy  Im-Uv-an-b-Øn-s‚ A-t‰m-an-I kw-Jy  Ir-jn-sb-°p-dn-®pw ar-K-]-cn-]m-e-\-sØ-°p-dn-®pw {]-Xn-]mZn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw G-Xm-Wv 7512.- {]-kn-U‚p Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏-´, tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ HutZym-Kn-I ÿm-\m¿-Yn-˛ \o-ew k-Rv-Po-h-sd-Õn 7513.- E-tKz-Z-Øn¬ C-{μ F-∂ hm-°v F-{X {]m-h-iy-ap-≠v-˛ 250 7514.- Kw-K-tbm-Sv Km-‘n-Pn Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-b t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-eIr-jv-W tKm-J-se 7515.- Ct∂mh GXp-Xcw DXv]-∂-amWv ˛ Hmt´m-sam-ss_¬ 7516.- tPm¿-l-Xv \m-j-W¬-]m¿-°v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ A-kw 7517.- {]-—-∂ _p-≤≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ 7518.- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚ P-∑-`q-an ˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 7519.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ C.-sI.-\m-b-\m¿ 7520.- F¬.-sF.-kn.-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ apw-ss_ 7521.- F-a¿-P≥-kn tlm¿-tam¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-{Uo-\m-en≥ 7522.- F-√m \n-d-ß-sf-bpw {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂ {]-X-ew G-Xp \n-dØn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ sh-fp-∏v 7523.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Nn-d-Ip-hn-cn-°p-∂ ]-£n-˛ B¬-_-t{Sm-kv 7524.- Z-£n-tW-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ cm-Pyw-˛ _w-•mtZ-iv 7525.- F-¥n-s‚ B-h-c-W-am-Wv s]-cn-Im¿-Un-bw-˛ lr-Z-bw 7526.- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Xo¿-Y-¶-c≥-˛ E-j-`≥ 7527.- C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ B-Zy-sØ k-b≥-kv A-hm¿-Un-\v A¿l-\m-b-Xv-˛ kn.-F≥.-B¿.-dm-hp 7528.- G-Xn-s‚ {]-th-i-\-I-hm-S-am-Wv em-tlm¿ tK-‰v-˛ sN-t¶m7529.- a-\p-jy-h¿-Kw B-hn¿-`-hn-®-Xv B-{^n-°-bn-em-sW-∂ hm-Zw BZy-am-bn D-∂-bn-®-Xv-˛ Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 7530.- {]-tZm-j-\-£-{Xw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ip-{I≥ 7531.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ cm-tP-{μ-{]km-Zv7532.- F-h-d-Ãv Xn-_-‰n¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ tNm-tam-ep-Mv-a 7533.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hm-®p-Iƒ D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzn-‰vk¿-e‚ v 7534.- a-\p-jy-sc-√mw H--t]m-se-bm-Wv; P-∑w sIm-≠v B-w hn-ip-≤c-√ F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ a-lm-flm-^q-se 7535.- `o-a≥ ]m-≠-bp-sS kz-tZ-iw-˛ ssN-\ 7536.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {`-a-W-Im-e-b-f-hp-≈ {K-lw-˛ ip-{I≥ 7537.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-߃-°v kzm-X-{¥yw \¬-In-b cm-Pyw-˛ {_n-´¨ 7538.- `q-a-[y-tc-J I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v-˛ t_m¿-Wntbm 7539.- {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv b-h-\-{]n-b F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Ip--ap-f-Iv 7540.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-]-{K-l-ß-fp-≈ {K-lw-˛ hym-gw 7541.- F-¥n-s‚ {]-Xo-I-am-Wv {Xm-kv-˛ \o-Xn 7542.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ F-Æw ]-´n-I Pm-Xn-°m¿ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 7543.- `q-a-[y-tc-J I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ G-I G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ C-s¥m-\ojy 7544.- {]-Xn-[z-\n D-]-tbm-Kn-®v C-c tX-Sp-∂ k-kv-X-\w-˛ h-Δm¬ 7545.- F-kv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-bp-sS B-Po-hm-\m-¥ A-[y-£-\m-bn 1903¬ Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 7546.- ]m-e-ß-fp-sS \-K-cw-˛ sh-\o-kv 7547.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {In-bm-ti-jn-bp-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛ ^v-fq-dn≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 161

7548.- C-¥y≥ an-en-´-dn A-°m-Z-an ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-sU-dmUq¨v 7549.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ Bw-t•m-˛ C-¥y≥ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ {^m-¶v B‚-Wn 7550.- I-iv-ao¿ knw-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv-˛ tj-Iv A-_v-Zp-≈ 7551.- G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-\y-Po-hn k-t¶-Xß - f - p-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm\w-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 7552.- B-{^n-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ In-fn-a-©mtcm (Xm≥-km-\n-b) 7553.- C-¥y-bn-se an-ssk¬ hn-t£-]-W-Ø-d F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Nmμn-∏q¿ Hm¨ ko 7554.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kp-Iƒ \-S-∂n-´p-≈ h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm∏v 7555.- I-dp-∏p- (H-∏n-bw) bp-≤-Øn¬(1840) ssN-\-sb tXm¬-]n-® cmPyw-˛ {_n-´¨ 7556.- F-¥-tcm a-lm-\p-`m-h-ep F-∂ Km-\w c-Nn®-Xv-˛ Xym-K-cm-P kzman-Iƒ 7557.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew `-cn-® i-X-hm-l-\ cm-Pm-hv-˛ i-X-I¿Wn c-≠m-a≥ 7558.- C-¥y-bn¬ P-\-d¬ C≥-jp-d≥-kn-s‚ tZ-i-km¬-°-c-Ww {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ 1973 P-\p-h-cn 1 7559.- Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s‚ cm-P-[m-\n-bn¬ Xm-a-kn-® hn-tZ-i k-©m-cn˛ \n-t°m-tfm a-\q-®n 7560.- tUm.-k-enw A-en ]-£n k-t¶-Xw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ tKm-h 7561.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ln-μp-°-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 7562.- B¿-X¿ tIm-\≥ tUm-b-en-s‚ B-Zy-sØ -A-]-k¿-∏-I t\mh¬-˛ Ã-Un C≥ kv-Im¿-e-‰v 7563.- A-¥-co-£ ÿn-Xn-bn-se F-√m hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fpw kw-`-hn-°p∂ A-¥-co-£ ]m-fn-˛ t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^n-b¿ 7564.- t^m-Iv-em≥-Uv Zzo-]p-Iƒ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 7565.- C-¥y-bn¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- `-c-W-Øn-s≥-d b-Ym¿-Y kv-Ym-]-I≥˛ A¬-_p-°¿-°v7566.- B-¥-am≥ \n-t°m-_m¿ Zzo-]-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-Ø-e-h≥-˛ e-^v-‰-\‚ v K-h¿-W¿ 7567.- b-£K - m-\w- G-Xv- kw-kvY - m-\h - p-am-bn- _-\v[ - s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ I¿Wm-SI - w7568.- {^-©v- Hm-∏¨- \-S-°p-∂- I-fn-kv-Y-e-Øn-s≥-d- t]-cv-˛ tdm-f-≠vKm-tcm7569.- ta-P¿ dm-tØm-Un-s\ H-fn-ºn-Iv sa-U-en-\¿-l-\m-°n-b C-\w-˛ jq-´n-Mv 7570.- tdm-an-se _n-j-∏v G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h≥ Iq-Snbm-Wv ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 7571.- tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ k-ºq¿-W ssP-h {Km-aw-˛ D-Sp-º-∂q¿ (C-Sp-°n Pn-√) 7572.- Km-‘n-Pn D-∏p-\n-b-aw ew-Ln-°m≥ Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø ÿ-ew-˛ ZWv-Un 7573.- A¿-P‚o-\-bn-epw D-dp-tKz-bn-ep-am-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ ]p¬-ta-SpI-fp-sS t]-cv-˛ ]m-ºm-kv 7574.- F-Xn-cn-√m-sX Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛ tUm. cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥ 7575.- a-™p-Im-e-Øv Nn-e Po-hn-Iƒ \o-≠ D-d-°-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂ {]Xn-`m-kw-˛ ssl-_¿-t\-j≥ 7576.- {io-e-¶-bn-se k-am-[m-\ N¿-®-Iƒ-°v a-[y-ÿ-X h-ln-® bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-jv-{Sw-˛-t\m¿-th 7577.- G-‰-hpw `m-cw Iq-Sn-b hm-X-I-aq-e-Iw-˛ dm-tUm¨ 7578.- A-bn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-sc C-¥y-bn¬- \-S-∂ B-Zy- kw-L-Sn-X-k-acw-˛ ssh-°w- k-Xy-{K-lw7579.- a-dm-Ø km-{am-Py ÿm-]-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ in-h-Pn 7580.- A¿-Pp-\ A-hm¿-Uv e-`n-® B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛ sI.-kn.- Ge-Ω 7581.- F-h-d-Ãv sIm-Sp-ap-Sn I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ cm-[m-\m-Yv kn-‡¿ 7582.- F¬.-sF.-kn.-\n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1956 7583.- C-¥y-bn¬-°q-Sn I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ {]-[m-\ A-£mw-i-tc-J-˛ D-Ø-cm-b-\ tc-J

CONFUSING FACTS 



FhdÃv sImSpapSn Is≠ØnbXv cm[m\mYv kn‡¿ BWv. FhdÃns‚ Dbcw IW°m°nbXv tPm¿Pv FhdÃv BWv. FhdÃv sImSpapSn°v B t] \¬InbXv tIW¬ B≥{UphmKv BWv. 1992˛¬ ÿm]nXamb \mjW¬ tÃm°v FIv k v t N©v apws_bnemWv . CXns‚ {]apJ HmlcnkqNnIbmWv NIFTY ((National Stock Exchange Fifty). 1875˛¬ ÿm]nXamb t_mws_ tÃm°v FIvkvtN©ns‚ {]apJ HmlcnkqNnI BSE Sensex F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.

7584.- B--sS `-c-W-Im-e-Øm-Wv sk‚ v tXm-a-kv C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-bXv-˛ tKm-t≠m-s^¿-W-kv 7585.- _p-≤a - X - Ø - n-s‚-bpw ssP-\a - X - Ø - n-s‚-bpw a-lm-kt- Ω-f\ - ß - ƒ°p th-Zn-bm-b G-I \-K-cw ˛-]m-S-eo-]p-{Xw 7586.- Ir-jvW - \ - Z- n F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv D¬-`h - n-°p-∂X - v˛- a-lm-_t- e-iz¿ 7587.- B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p N-c-I≥-˛ I-\n-jv-I≥ 7588.- I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se {]-[m-\-\-Zn-Iƒ-˛ Ir-jv-W, Im-th-cn 7589.- In-hn F-∂ ]-£n-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ \yq-kn-e≥-Uv 7590.- G-jym-‰n-Iv skm-ssk-‰n Hm-^v _w-Kmƒ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hn-eyw tPm¨-kv 7591.- G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cn-s‚ A¿-Y-am-Wv Rm≥ {]-Im-iw hln-°p-∂p-˛ t^m-kv-^-d-kv 7592.- tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw km-[m-c-W-am-bn ]-I--∂ tcm-Kw-˛ P-etZm-jw 7593.- B-bv- cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv- ˛-hn-gn-™w 7594.- I-Sp-h-I-fp-sS kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- `m-c-X-k¿-°m¿- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- ssSK¿- \-S-∏m-°n-b h¿-jw- 1973 7595.- Iu-c-h--sS H-tc-tbm- k-tlm-Z-cn-˛ Zp-»-f 7596.- bp-tKm-…m-hy-bp-sS cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv-˛ am¿-j¬ Sn-t‰m 7597.- I-en-°-‰v k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ tX-™n-∏-ew 7598.- I¬-°-´, t_mw-s_ ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw˛ 1862 7599.- km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-Lw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-ø≥-Im-fn 7600.- I¿-j-I _-‘ _n¬ G-Xv K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ Im-e-sØ ]-cn-jvIm-ca - m-bn--∂p-˛ C.-Fw.-Fk - v.7601.- tKm-Zm-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ t{]w-N-μv7602.- C-¥y-bn¬ {_n-´o-jv km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ _m-_¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v ss¢-hv 7603.- tIm-´p-t°m-Ww- G-Xp hn-f-bp-sS C-\-am-Wv- ˛-am-hv 7604.- hn-P-b-hm-U G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv- - -˛ Ir-jv-W 7605.- tIm¨-{K-kn-X-c k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Im-e-Øv `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w {]-Jym-]n°-s∏-´ B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ tUm.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 7606.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kz¿-Ww,kn¬-°,v N-μ-\w F-∂nh D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 7607.- tl-_n-bk - v tIm¿-∏k - v F-∂m¬ A¿-Yw-˛ i-co-cw lm-Pc - m-°p-I 7608.- Km-\n-ao-Uv Dƒ-s∏-sS hym-g-Øn-s‚ 4 D-]-{K-l-ß-sf 1610˛¬ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛ K-eo-en-tbm 7610.- Xm-¥n-b-tXm-∏n-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ cm-a-N-{μ-]m-Wv-Up-cw-K 7611.- Xm≥-k≥ F-∂ t]- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ Kzm-fn-b¿ cm-Pm-hv hn-{Iw-PnØv 7612.- [o-c-k-ao-tc b-ap-\m-Xo-tc .-.-.-B--sS h-cn-Iƒ-˛ P-b-tZ-h≥ 7613.- km-\n-b an¿-k-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Im-bn-I C-\w-˛ sS-∂o-kv 7614.- tIm-fm-\-´n-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-{^n-° 7615.- tIm-^n-t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ _mw-•q¿ 7616.- tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X Hm-a-\ F-{_-lmw 7617.- tIm-´b - Ø - -v kn-Fw-Fk - -v {]-k-v kvY - m-]n-Xa - m-bX - G -v X - v h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.-Un.-1821 7618.- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw td-Un-tbm \n-e-bw {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-® h¿jw-˛1943

162 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

7619.7620.7621.7622.7623.7624.7625.7626.7627.7628.7629.7630.7631.7632.7633.7634.7635.7637.7638.7639.7640.7641.7642.7643.7644.7645.7646.7647.7648.7649.7650.7651.7652.7653.7654.7655.7656.7657.7658.7659.7660.7661.7662.7663.-

tIm-fm¿ kz¿-W-J-\n G-Xp kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw Km-\v-[m-c-I-e {]-Nm-cw t\-Sn-b-Xv B--sS Im-e-Øv-˛ I-\n-jv-I≥ I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se kw-kv-Ir-X {Km-aw-˛ am-´q¿ X-I-gn-bp-sS B-Zy t\m-h¬-˛ Xym-K-Øn-\p {]-Xn-^-ew I-dm-®n G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ kn-‘p tk-^v‰ - n hm¬-hv kn-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚ D-]⁄ m-Xm-hm-b ssh-t{kmbn-˛ U-^-dn≥ {]-`p tK-‰v th Hm-^v C-¥y F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ apw-ss_ tIm-X-Kp-≠w,- cm-a-Kp-≠w- F-∂o- kv-Y-e-߃- F-¥n-\m-Wv- {]-kn≤w- - -˛ Xm-] ssh-Zyp-Xn-\n-e-b-߃tk-hm-{Kmw ]-≤-Xn B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw sd-bn¬-th Un-hn-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-Xn--h-\¥-]p-cw tkm-∏v ]-X-bm-Ø P-ew-˛ ITn-\-P-ew (lm¿-Uv hm-´¿) tKm¬ Kpw-_m-kv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ _o-Pm-∏q-cn-se B-Zn¬-jm-ln-hwi-Øn-se ap-l-Ω-Zv B-Zn¬ jm(1660) tX--Iq-Øv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ lm-P-cm-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ hn.-hn.-Kncn tIm-t°m-kv \yq-kn-s^-d F-∂-Xv G-Xv hn-f-bp-sS im-kv-{X-\m-aam-Wv-˛ sX-ßv tÃm-td-Pv _m-‰-dn-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ tem-lw-˛ se-Uv tIm-tf-Pv- Hm-^v- Un-^≥-kv- am-t\-Pv-sa≥-dv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛sk-°-¥-cm-_m-ZvI-dp-Ø ]-tKm-U F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sIm-Wm¿-°n-se kq-cyt£-{Xw ssP- \ - a - X - s Ø sX- t ° C- ¥ y- b n- t e- ° v {]- N - c n- ∏ n- ® - X v ˛ `-{Z-_m-lp a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωo-j≥ sN-b¿-am-s\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv ˛- Kh¿-W¿ ssN-\ k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ bq-tdm-]y≥ k-©m-cn-˛ am¿-t°mt]m-tfm C-¥y B-{I-an-® B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Im-knw (F.-Un.-712) C-¥ym tK-‰n-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ Bƒ C-¥ym hm¿ sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ B-Zy tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿ ˛72 B-Zy-am-bn `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w _-lp-a-Xn-°v A¿-l-\m-b {]-[m-\-a{¥n-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp cm-Pn-sh-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn ssN-\-bn-se A-h-km-\-sØ cm-P-hw-iw-˛ a-©p Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ B-Iv-Sn-Mv No-^v sk-{I-´-dn-bm-b a-lm-I-hn-˛ D≈q¿ cmw-\m-Yv tKm-b-¶ A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w -]m-co-kv- I-ayq¨- - \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛ 1871 F-hn-S-sØ `-c-W-Ø-e-h-s‚ Aw-K-c-£-I-cm-Wv kzn- v Km¿-Uvkv ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ G-‰-hpw {]m-No-\-am-b a-Xw-˛ ln-μp-a-Xw Im-Ãn-Iv tkm-U-bp-sS cm-k-\m-aw ˛ tkm-Un-bw ssl-t{Um-Ivssk-Uv Km-‘n-Pn D-∏p-\n-b-aw ew-Ln-®-Xv-˛ 1930 G-{]n¬ B-dv Im-‘-lm¿ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥ Km-‘n-Pn e-≠-\n¬-\n-∂p-≈ I-∏¬ bm-{X-bv-°n-sS ln-μv kzcm-Pv c-Nn-® h¿-jw ˛1909 im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ h≥-I-c F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ a-lm-Im-hy-am-b cm-a-N-{μ-hn-em-kwc-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ A-g-I-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`-°p-dp-∏v in-h-Pn X-e-ÿm-\-am-°n-b \-K-cw-˛ cm-Pv-K-Vv A-h¿ tI-°p I-gn-°-s´ F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ ta-cn A-t‚m-Wn-‰v Iq-Sw-Ip-fw B-W-h-]-≤-Xn-bp-am-bn k-l-I-cn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw ˛ djy B-Zy-am-bn I-≠p-]n-Sn-® kq-∏¿ I-≠-Iv-S¿-˛ sa¿-°p-dn C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ d-∫¿ ]m¿-°v-˛ s]--ºm-hq-cn-\-Sp-Øv sF-cm-]p-cw {_n-´-Wn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛ Hm-Iv-kv-^Uv

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

49

 `q-tKm-f-Øn-se F-{Xmw k-am-¥-c-tc-J-bm-Wv sa-Un-kn≥ sse≥ (bp-F-kv-F-bv-°pw Im-\-U-bv-°pw C-S-bn¬) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv  F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv A-Iv-_¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn `-c-Ww \-S-Ønb-Xv  apw-ss_-bn-se tK-‰v th Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS sk≥-{S¬ tUm-an-s‚ hym-kw F-{X A-Sn-bm-Wv  A-h-km-\-sØ ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-b Hu-dw-K-ko-_v `cn-®-Xv F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv  G-I-Zn-\-{In-°-‰n¬ k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ F-{X sk-©zdn-Iƒ t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v  Nm¿-an-\m-dn-s‚ D-b-cw G-I-tZ-iw F-{X ao-‰-dm-Wv (160 A-Sn)  A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ tÃ-‰m-Wv A-em-kv-I 7664.- C-¥y-bn¬- ]-Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-g-p-Ip-∂- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- \o-fwIq-Sn-b-Xv- ˛-\¿-a-Z7665.- B-Zy-sØ G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b \-K-cw-˛ \yq-U¬ln 7666.- I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS B-Zy N-S-ßv-˛ tI-fn-sIm-´v 7667.- G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ `q-cn-]-£-Øn¬ tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-b-Xv-˛ F.-F.-A-ko-kv 7668.- am-e-ss°-‰v G-Xn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv-˛ sN-ºv 7669.- B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p Z-Wv-Un-˛ \-c-knw-l-h¿-a≥ 7670.- B-Zy-sØ sP.-kn.-Um-\n-tb¬ A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛ Sn.-C.hm-kp-tZ-h≥ 7671.- C-¥y≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy hn-tZ-in-˛ sl≥dn Up-\m‚ v 7672.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Zq-cw tZ-im-S-\w \-S-Øp-∂ ]-£n-˛ B¿-Sn-Iv tS¨ 7673.- C-{μm-h-Xn \-Zn G-Xn-s‚ t]m-j-I \-Zn-bm-Wv-˛ tKm-Zm-h-cn 7674.- ‰m-‰m A-b¨ B‚ v Ão¬ ^m-IS-v d - n F-hn-sS-bm-W˛-v Pwj-Uv] - q¿ 7675.- G-Xv cm-Py-am-Wv A‚m¿-´n-° ]-cy-S-\-Øn-\m-bn C-¥y-°v Fwhn t]m-fm¿ k¿-°nƒ F-∂ hm-l-\w \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-t\m¿-th 7676.- G-‰-hpw Nm-e-I-ti-jn Ip-d-™ tem-lw-˛ _n-kv-a-Øv 7677.- k-©m-cn-If - p-sS kp-h¿-W {Xn-tIm-Ww F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛-v U¬ln, P-bv-]q¿, B-{K 7678.- G-‰-hpw B-bp- p-≈ ]-£n-˛ H-´-I-∏-£n 7679.- C-¥y-bn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy kn-\n-am-\-Sn-˛ Pm-\-Io-cm-a-N-{μ≥ 7680.- B-Zy-am-bn ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_v ]-co-£n-® cm-Pyw-˛ bp.-Fkv.F - .7681.- G-jym-Un¬ kz¿-Ww t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-X ˛ I-a¬Pn-Xv k-‘p 7682.- apw-ss_ tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v G-Xp sX--hn¬ ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂p-˛ Z-em¬ sX--hv 7683.- {^m≥-kn-se- \n-ba - \ - n¿-am-Wk - `- b - p-sS- D-]c - n-k`- b - p-sS- t]-c˛v- sk\-‰v7684.- Fw.-F-kv.-kzm-an-\m-Y≥ {]-kn-≤n t\-Sn-b a-Wv-U-ew-˛ Ir-jn-imkv{- Xw 7685.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ FÆw thm-´p-I-tfm-sS Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ C-¥y≥ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛ sI.-B¿.-\m-cm-b-W≥ 7686.- G-‰-hpw D-b-c-Øn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ X-e-ÿm-\ \-K-cw-˛ em]m-kv 7687.- I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn¬ aq-Imw-_n-I t£-{Xw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ÿew-˛ sIm-√q¿ 7688.- G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ thm-´p t\-Sn D-]c - m-jv{- S-]X - n-bm-bX - v˛- sI.-B¿.\m-cm-b-W≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 163

7689.- B-h¿-Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bn-se G-‰-hpw `m-cw Ip-d-™ aq-e-Iw-˛ ssl{U-P≥ 7690.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\-ß-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.-F-kv.-F.7691.- B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ \o-e-\n-d-Øn-\p-Im-c-Ww-˛ [-h-f-{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ hn-kc - W - w(kvI - m-‰d - n-Mv) 7692.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]q-hv-˛ d-^v-fo-jy 7693.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-]-\n-j-Øv-˛ _r-l-Zm-c-tWym-]-\n-j-Øv 7694.- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-]-£n-˛ _mƒ-Uv- Cu-Knƒ7695.- Ip-am-c\ - m-im-s\ a-lm-Ih - n-Xz-Øn-te-°p-b¿-Øn-WU v- I - m-hyw-˛ hoW-]q-hv 7696.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ \n-jv-{In-b hm-X-Iw-˛ B¿-K¨ 7697.- A-Iv-_¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS d-h-\yq a-{¥n-˛ tXm-U¿-a¬ 7698.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tZ-io-b kv-am-c-I-ß-fp-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm\w-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 7699.- C-¥y-bn-se [-h-f hn-]v-f-h-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ tUm.-h¿-Ko-kv Ip-cy≥ 7700.- bp-t´m-]y-bp-sS I¿-Øm-hv-˛ tXm-a-kv aq¿ 7701.- G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n 7702.- G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b U-°m¨ \-Zn-˛ tKm-Zm-h-cn 7703.- C-¥y-bn-se an-\n kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Jm-Pnb¿ (ln-am. {]-tZ-iv) 7704.- a-lm-ho-c≥ C-l-tem-I-hm-kw sh-Sn-™ ÿ-ew-˛ ]m-h-]p-cn 7705.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ th-K-Øn¬ ]-d-°p-∂ ]-£n-˛ kzn-^v-‰v 7706.- G-‰h - pw I-Sp-∏w Iq-Sn-b c-≠m-as - Ø {]-Ir-Xn-ZØ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ sImd-≠w 7707.- G-‰-hpw h-en-b a-’yw-˛ Xn-anw-Kn-e-{km-hv 7708.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-t]¿- am-Xr-`m-j-bm-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ {Zm-hnU `m-j.-- sX-ep-¶v7709.- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-s‚ \n¿-am-Ww B-cw-`n-®-Xv- BsS ImeØv˛ Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv 7710.- B--sS t{]-c-W-bm-em-Wv A-tim-I≥ _p-≤-a-Xw kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ D-]K - p-]vX - ≥ 7711.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-tØm-en-°¿ D-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 7712.- G-W-Ãv dp-Y¿-t^m¿-Uv P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ \yq-kn-e≥-Uv 7713.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tdm-t_m-´p-Iƒ- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wp-≈-Xv- -˛-P∏m≥7714.- tI-c-f tI-U-dn-se B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-Xm sF.-]n.-F-kv. Hm^o-k¿-˛-B¿.-{io-te-J 7715.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tdm-Up-I-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 7716.- G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv A-W-en-hn-jw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _m-[n°p-∂-Xv-˛-hr-° 7717.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t]-sc _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ P-e-tZm-jw 7718.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ X-Wp-∏-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-lw (-ssa-\-kv 224)˛bp-dm-\-kv 7719.- C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ^n-enw s^-Ãn-h¬ \S-∂ \-K-cw-˛ apw-ss_ 7721.- bq-dn-b I-s≠-Øn-b im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ s{^-U-dn-Iv hq-f¿ 7722.- a-Z¿- sX-tc-km- h-\n-Xm- k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - p-sS B-kvY - m-\w-˛s - ImssU-°-\m¬7723.- B-[p-\n-I C-¥y-bn-se k¿-h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬ ]-g-°-ap-≈-Xv-˛ I¬-°-´ k¿-h-I-em-im-e 7724.- G-‰-hpw B-gw-Iq-Sn-b k-ap-{Zw-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 7725.- A-h-Im-in-Iƒ F-∂ t\m-h-en-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew G-Xp cm-Pyw-˛ a-te-jy 7726.- G-‰-hpw Cu¿-∏-c-ln-X-am-b h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 7727.- I-\n-jv-I-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ ]p--j-]p-cw 7728.- hn-P-b-\-K-cw G-Xp \-Zn-°-c-bn-em-bn--∂p-˛ Xpw-K-`-{Z 7729.- Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn a-’yw h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚ im-kv-{Xo-b-\m-aw˛ ]n-kn-Iƒ-®¿ 7730.- I≥-l tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 7731.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Zn-\-∏-{X-ß-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 7732.- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se A-Iv-_¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ sh-√-…n {]-`p 7733.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy C-t°m-˛-Sq-dn-kw ]-≤-Xn-˛ sX-∑-e 7734.- G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v A-Xn¿-Øn-bp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 7735.- am-\-th-Z≥ F-∂ km-aq-Xn-cn cm-Pm-hv cq-]w \¬-In-b I-em-cq-]w˛ Ir-jv-W-\m-´w

CONFUSING FACTS  tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv _m-_n-tem-Wn-se `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂ l-Ωp-dm-_nbm-Wv (1810˛1750 _n.--kn.--). C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ \n-b-aZm-Xm-hm-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS I¿-Ømhm-b a-\p-hn-s\-bm-Wv. A-`n-\-h a-\p, B-[p-\n-I C-¥ybn-se \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hv F-∂o A-]-c-\m-a-ß-fn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv tUm.--_n.--B¿.--Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ B-Wv.  ssI-®q-en-s‚ B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈ ta-L-߃ kn-d-kv F-∂pw sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sn-s‚ tcm-a-s°-´p-Iƒ t]m-se-bp-≈-Xv Ip-ap-ekv ta-L-߃ F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.  C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS {]-hm-N-I≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s∏-´-Xv a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv. C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS ]nXm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn-bm-Wv. 7736.- I-b¿ t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\aμncw-˛ Ib¿ lukv (sIm®n) 7737.- bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ I-hm-Sw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ tdm-´¿-Umw 7738.- A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬ `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w hn-`m-h-\w sN-bv-X Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Zn-hm≥-˛ kn.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿ 7739.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ [-\-X-Øz-im-kv-{X-Nn-¥-I≥ F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 7740.- B-Zy-am-bn B‚n sk-]v-‰n-Iv k¿-P-dn \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v en-ÿ 7741.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tZ-io-b ]m-X-Iƒ I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ kw-ÿm\w-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 7742.- ip-≤-c-‡w h-ln-°p-∂ H-tc-sbm--kn-c-˛ ]ƒ-a-W-dn kn-c 7743.- {_n-´o-jv ^n-enw C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b a-e-bm-f kn-\n-a-˛ F-en-∏-Øm-bw 7744.- G-‰h - pw Ip-d® - v hm-°p-Iƒ B-cw-`n-°p-∂ Cw-•o-jv A-£c - w-˛ FIvk - v 7745.- F-hn-sS-h® - m-Wv A-Sn-ah - w-iÿ m-]I - \ - m-b Ip-Ø_ - v±- o≥ sF-_Iv t]m-tfm I-fn-°n-sS Ip-Xn-c-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂v-ho-Wv A-¥-cn-®-Xv ˛-em-tlm¿ 7746.- ªm-°v t^m-d-Ãv G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-se a-S-°v-]¿-h-X-am-Wv-˛ bq-tdm 7747.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ _p-≤n-bp-≈ ]-£n-˛ ªq ‰n-‰v 7748.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-f-hn¬ `q-h¬-°-Øn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ tdUn-tbm B-Iv-So-hv aq-e-Iw-˛ bp-td-\n-bw 7749.- B-Im-i-Øv sh-fp-Ø ta-L-i-I-e-ß-fm-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ taL-߃-˛ kn-tdm Ip-ap-e-kv ta-L-߃ 7750.- B-Im-i-hm-Wn-°v B t]- e-`y-am-°n-b hy-‡n-˛ c-_o-{μ-\mYv Sm-Kq¿ 7751.- am-f-hn-Im-·n-an-{Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 7752.- B-bn-cw Xq-Wp-I-fp-sS sIm-´m-cw (]m-e-kv Hm-^v Xu-k‚ v ]nt√-gv-kv) \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 7753.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ cm-Py߃-˛ d-jy-bpw ssN-\-bpw (14) 7754.- C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kpw ap-…nw eo-Kpw e-Iv-\u I-cmdn¬ G¿-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1916 7755.- am-hn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ C-¥y 7756.- am-ÿ {K-Ÿn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]n-‰yq-´-dn 7757.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-ap-≈ G-jy≥-cm-Pyw-˛ C-s¥m-\ojy 7758.- 1857˛-se H-∂mw kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-sØ in-]m-bn e-l-f F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-cv-˛ Gƒ Ãm≥-en 7759.- B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p c-hn-Io¿-Øn-˛ ]p-en-tI-in c-≠m-a≥ 7760.- hn-P-b-\-K-c-km-{am-Py-Øn-se hw-i-߃-˛ kw-K-a,k-ep-h,Xp-eph,A-c-hn-Sp 7761.- C-¥y-bn¬ {_n-´o-jv ta-[m-hn-Xzw D-d-∏n-® bp-≤w-˛ _-Iv-k¿ bp≤w (1764) 7762.- C-{k-tb-en-s‚ B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v ˛ sN-bnw sh-bv-kv-am≥ 7763.- G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv `-{Im-\w-K¬ A-W-s°-´v-˛ k-Xv-e-Pv

164 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

7764.- {In-°-‰v N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw an-I-® _m-‰v-kv-am≥ F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tUm¨ {_m-Uv-am≥ 7765.- bp-Wn-k-^v F-∂ kw-L-S-\ B--sS t£-a-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ Ip-´n-Iƒ 7766.- B≥-U-am≥-˛-\n-t°m-_m¿- Zzo-]v- k-aq-lw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ F-a-dmƒ-Uv- sF-e≥-dv-kv- (t_ sF-e‚ v-kv) 7767.- B≥-Uo-kv ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-apSn-˛ A-t°m¨ Im-Kp-h 7768.- G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv tIm-´m \-K-cw-˛ Nw-_¬ 7769.- b-{¥-ß-fp-sS ]-h¿ A-f-°p-∂ bq-Wn-‰v-˛ Ip-Xn-c-i-‡n 7770.- B-{K-bn-se tam-´n a-kv-Pn-Zv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ jm-P-lm≥ 7771.- ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-]-{K-lw-˛ Km-\n-ao-Uv 7772.- ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b On-∂ {K-lw-˛ sk-d-kv 7773.- G-Xp `m-j-bn-se ]-Z-am-Wv -tl-_n-b-kv tIm¿-∏-kv- ˛ em-‰n≥ 7774.- B-\-μ-a-lm-k-` ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbm-Kn 7775.- G-Xp `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-em-Wv A-‰v-e-kv ]¿-h-Xw-˛ B-{^n-° 7776.- Iyq-_-bp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS 1965˛¬ t_m-fo-hn-b-bn¬ kmbp-[ hn-π-hw \-S-Øn-b hn-π-h-Im-cn-˛ sN Kp-th-c 7777.- G-Xp {K-l-sØ-bpw D-]-{K-l-ß-sf-bpw tN¿-Øm-Wv sN-dp-kuc-bq-Yw F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ hym-gw 7778.- Ir-{Xn-a-a-g D-≠m-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ e-h-Ww- kn¬-h¿ Ab-ssU-Uv 7779.- G-Xp bp-≤-Øn-s‚ sI-Sp-Xn-I-fm-Wv sl≥-dn Up-\m‚n-s\ sdUv-t{Im-kv ÿm-]n-°m≥ t{]-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ tkmƒ-s^-dn-t\m 7780.- kp-ta-dn-b≥ kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ D¿ kw-kv-Im-cw 7781.- Rm≥ kw-i-bn-°p-∂p A-Xp-sIm-≠v Rm≥ D-≠v F-∂p {]-Jym]n-® Nn-¥-I≥-˛ sd-s\ Z-°m¿-Ø 7782.- s\-{^-Iv-S-an F-∂m¬-˛ hr-° \o-°w sN-ø¬ 7783.- B-\-bp-sS hm-bn-se ]-√p-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 4 7784.- s\-{lp t{Sm-^n h-≈w-I-fn \-S-°p-∂-Xv G-Xp Im-b-en-em-Wv-˛ ]p-∂a - S7785.- kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1863 (P-\p-h-cn 12) 7786.- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-S-a-˛ h-°w au-e-hn 7787.- Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ Im¿-jn-I D-]-I-c-W-߃-°v- \¬-In-h--∂ ap-{Z-˛ A-Kv-am¿-°v7788.- A-ta-cn-°≥ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- D-]-cn-k-`-bm-b- sk-\-‰nse- A-w-K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw-˛ 100 7789.- G-Xp a-c-Øn-s‚ I-d-bm-Wv em-‰-Iv-kv-˛ d-∫¿ 7790.- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ ]-WvU - n-Xk - Z-   - m-bn--∂p A-jvS- Z- zn-§zn-Pß - ƒ˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ 7791.- N-en-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂, ap-J-sØ G-I A-ÿn- ˛ Io-gv-Øm-Snsb-√v 7792.- kq-cy-\n-se Du¿-P-t{km-X- v-˛ ssl-{U-P≥ 7793.- kq-cy-\pƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ \-£-{X-߃ Aw-K-am-b Xm-c-k-aq-lw-˛ £o-c-]-Yw 7794.- ssN-{X-am-k-Øn-se H-∂mw-Xo-b-Xn {Kn-tKm-dn-b≥ I-e-≠-dn-se G-Xv Xo-b-Xn-bp-am-bm-Wv H--an-®v h--∂-Xv-˛ am¿-®v 22 (A-[n-h¿j-Øn¬ am¿-®v 21) 7795.- C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn Nn-°p≥ Kp-\n-b dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bv-X-Xv F-hn-sS-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 7796.- cm-Po-hv Km-‘n h-[n-°-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛-io-s]-w-]p-Xq¿ 7797.- G-Xn-s‚ I-hm-S-am-Wv A-sse Z¿-hm-k ˛ IpØ_v ao\m¿ 7798. C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn AWp-hn-kvt^m-S\w \S-Ønb ÿew ˛s]m-{Im≥ 7799. ASn-a-hw-i-Ønse Ah-km\ kp¬Øm≥ ˛ ssIJp-_mZv 7800. apl-ΩZv \_n-bp-tS-sX∂v I-Xs - ∏-Sp∂ apSn kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ Imivao-cnse ]≈n ˛ l{kØv _m¬ 7801. s\t∏m-fn-bs\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb {_n´s‚ tk\m-[n-]≥ ˛ sh√…n 7802.-- s]-\n-sk-en≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠-¿ ^v-f-an-Mv 7803.-- G-‰-hpw k-ao-Ir-X-am-b B-lm-c-am-bn A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]m¬ 7804.-- C-¥y-bn¬ `q-]-S-߃ X-øm-dm-°p-∂ G-P≥-kn-˛ k¿-th Hm-^v C- ¥ y 7805.-- G-‰-hpw Nq-Sp Iq-Sn-b `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ B-{^n-° 7806.-- {In-kv-Xp `m-K-h-Xw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]n.--kn.--tZ-h-ky 7807.-- G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b k-kv-X-\w ˛-h-Δm¬(_w-_nƒ-_o _m-‰v)

tNmZy-߃ ]eXv DØcw

50

 a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-ÿn-bm-b ^o-a-dns‚ (Xp-S-sb-√v) i-cm-i-cn \o-fw F-{X sk‚o-ao-‰-dm-Wv  tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ A-hn-izm-k-{]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ F{X Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ]n-¥p-W th-Ww  Pp-Uo-jy-dn-sb F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hn¬-\n-∂v th¿-Xn-cn-°-Ww F-∂v A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw  tkmƒ-U-dnw-Kv h-b-dn¬ Sn-∂pw se-Upw F-{X i-X-am-\w ho-X-am-Wv A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv  F-{X cm-Py-ß-fp-sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv bp.-F≥. Nm¿-´-dn-\v cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv  sN-kn¬ F-{X \o-°-߃-h-sc I-gn-™n-´pw I-fn-bn¬ hy‡-am-b ta¬-ss° t\-Sm≥ I-gn-™n-s√-¶n-em-Wv a-’-cw k-a-\n-e-bm-sW-∂v {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv  cm-jv{- S-]X - n Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ H-cm-fp-sS ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Xzw AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ F-{X thm-´¿-am¿ {]-t∏m-kv sN-ø-Ww  kp-h¿-W Pq-_n-en B-tLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv F-{Xm-a-sØ hm¿jn-I-Øn-em-Wv  A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se tÃ-‰p-I-fp-sS F-Æw  A-ta-cn-°≥ am-\-Z-Wv-U-{]-Im-cw `q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v F-{X ssa¬ D-b-c-Øn¬ thym-a-bm-{X \-S-Øp-∂-h-sc-bm-Wv Bkv-t{Sm-t\m-´m-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv  A-ta-cn-°≥ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bn-ep-≈ \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS FÆw  G-I-Zn-\ {In-°-‰n-se Hm-h-dp-I-fp-sS F-Æw  F-{X cq-]-bp-sS C-¥y≥ I-d≥-kn-bn-em-Wv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v aμn-cw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv  F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿ \-S-Ø-am-Wv H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-se G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈ C-\w  Km¿-ln-Im-h-iy-Øn-\m-bn hn-X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂ ssh-Zyp-Xnbp-sS B-hr-Øn F-{X tl¿-Sv-kv B-Wv  Hm-tkm¨ ]m-fn `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬-\n-∂v F-{X Intem-ao-‰¿ ap-I-fn-em-Wv  1945 Pq¨ 26˛-\v F-{X cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv bp.-F≥. Nm¿-´-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-®-Xv  X-t±-i kz-bw-`-c-W ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ F-{X i-X-am-\w ko‰p-I-fm-Wv h-\n-X-Iƒ-°v kw-h-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv  A-ta-cn-°-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ tÃ-‰m-Wv l-hm-bv  s]m-Xp-ta-J-em _m-¶p-I-fp-sS F-{X i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Iw Hm-l-cn-I-fm-Wv tI-{μ k¿-°m¿ ssI-h-iw h-bv-°p-∂-Xv 7808.-- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-kw-ªn,e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv Iu¨kn¬, tem-Iv-k-`m, cm-Py-k-`m ko-‰p-Iƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ DØ¿-{]-tZ-iv 7809.-- G-‰-hpw Nq-Sp Ip-d-™ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ A‚m¿-´n-° 7810.-- G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv _p-≤-a-Xw t\-∏m-fn¬ {]-N-cn-®Xv-˛ A-tim-I≥ 7811.-- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-ti-jw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ samdm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 7812.-- G-‰-hpw km-[m-c-W-am-b ssh-d-kv tcm-Kw-˛ P-e-tZm-jw 7813.-- k-Ω-Xn-bp-sS \n¿-am-Ww- F-∂ k-ao-]-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hn-i-Zo-Icn-® B-[p-\n-I Nn-¥-I≥-˛ t\mw- tNmw-kv-In7814.-- F-hn-S-sØ cm-Pm-hm-Wv s\m-t_¬ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw k-Ωm-\n-°p∂-Xv-˛ kzo-U≥ 7815.-- G-‰-hpw ÿn-c-X Iq-Sn-b aq-e-Iw-˛ se-Uv 7816.-- G-Xp cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv ]p--j≥-am--sS t]-cn-\p-ap-∂n¬ bp- F∂p-tN¿-°p-∂X - ˛v- aym≥-a¿ 7817.-- I-Sp-°, Xm-∂n-°, s\-√n-° C-h aq-∂n-\pw Iq-Sn-bp-≈ t]-cm-Wv˛ {Xn-^-e 7818.-- G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Iq-Sn-b G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ knw-K-∏q¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 165

7819.-- P-bn-en¬ H≥-]X - v B-gN v- \n-cm-lm-ca - \ - p-jvTn-®v a-cW - w-hc - n-® kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛ P-Xn≥-Zm-kv 7820.-- G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Ip-d-™, tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-˛ C-Sp-°n 7821.-- P-b-tZ-h≥ B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p-˛ e-£v-a-W-tk-\≥ 7822.-- D--fp-∂ {K-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-bp-dm-\-kv 7823.-- C-¥y-bn-se [m-Xp ]-cy-th-j-W-Øn-\v Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]-\w-˛ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y 7824.-- G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X-Iq-Sn-b Zzo-]p cm-jv-{Sw-˛ knw-K-∏q¿ 7825.-- G-Xp cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv X-ß-fp-sS cm-Py-sØ {Uq-°v-˛-bp¬ F∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ `q-´m≥ 7826.-- G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Ip-d-™ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ kn-°nw 7827.-- {Iq-kv-s^¬-‰v-˛-tP-°-_v tcm-K-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ {`m-¥n-∏ip tcm-Kw 7828.-- G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈ ss{]-ta-‰v-˛ au-kv eo-a¿ 7829.-- J-Pp-cm-tlm t£-{X-߃ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZiv 7830.-- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰h - pw D-bc - Ø - n-ep-≈ kw-ÿm-\ X-eÿ - m-\w (2205 ao.--)˛-jnw-e 7831.-- G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Iq-Sn-b tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv Aw-K-cm-Pyw-˛ C¥y 7832.-- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-bm sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 7833.-- F-√m-h¿-°pw- \¬-Im-hp-∂ c-Iv-X-{Kq-∏v-˛ H {Kq-∏v7834.-- In-g-°n-s‚ kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm\w-˛ ta-Lm-e-b 7836.-- C-¥y≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-s‚ sX-t°-b-‰w-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 7837.-- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ I-∏¬ \n¿-am-W-im-e-˛ hn-im-J-]-´-Ww 7838.-- hn-ip-≤ ]¿-h-Xw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ^yq-Pn-bm-a 7839.-- G-‰-hpw Nq-Sp Iq-Sp-X-e-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-˛ ]m-e°m-Sv 7840.-- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ I¬-°-cn-J-\n-˛ dm-Wn-K-Rv-Pv 7841.-- G-‰-hpw th-K-Øn¬ \o-¥p-∂ ]-£n-˛-s]≥-Kzn≥ 7842.-- G- X p hw- i - Ø n- s e cm- P m- h m- b n- c p- ∂ p- _nw- _ n- k m- c ≥- ˛ ssi-ip-\m-K 7843.-- G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 7844.-- {Lm-W-i-‡n G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ Po-hn-˛ {km-hv 7845.-- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn \m-ep h-cn F-Iv-kv-{]-kv th \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 7846.-- {Sm≥-kn-Ã-dp-I-fpw sF.--kn.--bpw D-≠m-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ skan I-≠-Iv-S¿-˛ sP¿-ta-\n-bw 7847.-- B-fl-hn-Zym-kw-Lw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-μ≥ 7848.-- {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ Aw-K-am-b B-Zy-sØ `m-c-Xo-b≥-˛ ZmZm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 7849.-- G-Xp hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-K-ev-`-\m-b cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p -{ZZm-a≥-˛ i-I-hw-iw 7850.-- I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛ _mw-•q¿ 7851.- Km-‘n-Pn F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv B-Zy-am-bn k-Xym-{K-l-a-\p-jvTn-®-Xv˛ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 7852.- tI-c-f-Øn-se ap-…n-ß-fp-sS B-Zy-sØ km-aq-ln-I-t£-a kwL-S-\-bm-b s]m-∂m-\n- Du-\-Øn¬- C-kv-emw- k-` kv-Ym-]n-Xam-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1900 7853.- C-¥y-bn¬ tUm-Iv-tS-gv-kv Zn-\-am-bn (Pq-sse 1) B-N-cn-°p-∂Xv B--sS P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv-˛ tUm.-_n.-kn.-tdm-bv 7854.- Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ sI.-tI-f-∏≥ 7855.- B--sS in-jy-\m-bn--∂p kq¿-Zm-kv-˛ h-√-`m-Nm-cy 7856.- Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚ thm-f-≠n-b¿ Iym-]v-‰≥ ˛ F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e≥ 7857.- I-Y-k-cn-Xv-km-K-cw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tkm-a-tZ-h≥ 7858.- G-Xp hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-kn-≤-\m-b cm-Pm-hm-Wv ]p-en-tIin c-≠m-a≥-˛ Nm-eq-Iy 7859.- I-ºyq-´-dn-s‚ sXm-´p-t\m-°m-hp-∂ `m-K-ß-sf-sb-√mw tN¿-Øv \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂ `m-K-Øn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ lm¿-Uv-sh-b¿ 7860.- •m-t°m-a F-∂ tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ I-Æn-s\ 7861.- 1,25,000 \-So-\-S≥-am¿ A-`n-\-bn-® Nn-{Xw-˛ s_≥-l¿ 7862.- G-Xp Im-b¬ A-d-_n-°-S-ep-am-bn tbm-Pn-°p-∂n-S-Øm-Wv \o≠-I-c A-gn-˛ A-jv-S-ap-Sn-°m-b¬

CONFUSING FACTS  dm-Wm {]-Xm-]v km-K¿ Umw cm-P-ÿm-\n¬ Nw-_¬ \-Znbn-em-Wv. a-lm-dm-Wm {]-Xm-]v km-K¿ A-Y-hm t]m-Mv Umw X-Sm-Iw ln-am-N¬-{]-tZ-in¬ _n-bm-kv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv.- tem-Iv-\m-b-Iv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨ BWv. tZ-iv-\m-b-Iv F-∂ _-lp-a-Xn kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kn\p \¬-In-b-Xv Sm-tKm¿ B-Wv.  em-tlm-dn-se jm-en-am¿ ]q-t¥m-´w jm-P-lm-\pw I-iv-ao-cnte-Xv P-lmw-Ko-dp-am-Wv ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv.- `q-an-bp-sS ]-em-b-\ {]-th-Kw 11.--2 In.--ao.--/sk-°‚pw N-{μs‚-Xv 2.--4 In.--ao.--/sk-°‚pw B-Wv.  N-{μ-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w sk-e-t\m-f-Pn. kq-cy-s\-°pdn-®p-≈ ]T-\w lo-en-tbm-f-Pn. 7863.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ im-kv-{X-\-K-cw-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 7864.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ lr-Z-b-am-‰ i-kv-{X-{In-b-bv-°p t\-XrXzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ ]n.-th-Wp-tKm-]m¬ 7865.- kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-km-b G-I A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚ v ˛ hn-eyw tlm-hm¿-Uv Xm-^v-‰v 7866.- P-lmw-Ko¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn G-Xp-t]-cn-em-Wv ap-ºv A-dn-b-s∏-´n-∂-Xv-˛ k-enw 7867.- Z--t_mƒ ssh-Zyp-X \n-e-bw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 7868.- em am¿-sk-bn¬-kv G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tZ-io-b Km-\-am-Wv-˛ {^m≥-kv 7869.- N-cm¿ C sj-cn-^v ]-≈n G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv ˛ P-Ωp-I-ivao¿ 7870.- _m-Uv-an‚¨ F-∂p t]--≈ c-≠p {Km-a-߃ D-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ Cw-•-≠v 7871.- B--sS kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-Wv Aw-P-Zv A-en Jm≥ {]n-b-Z¿-in-\n F-∂ cm-Kw Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 7872.- _m-≠p P-\-hn-`m-Kw G-Xv `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-em-Wv-˛ B-{^n-° 7873.- X-an-gv-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ ss_-_nƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xn--°p-d¬ 7874.- I-S-h-√q¿ A-t\ym-\yw G-Xp hn-`m-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p-˛ \-ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ 7875.- X-e-t®m-dn-s\-°mƒ h-ep-∏-ap-≈ I-Æp-≈ ]-£n ˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 7876.- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \n- l - I - c - W - {- ]-ÿm-\Ø - n-\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬In-b-Xv-˛ F.-sI.-]n-≈ 7877.- I-Sp-h-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ ssk-_o-cn-b 7878.- kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn A-¥m-cm-jv-{S hn-am-\Øm-h-f ]-Z-hn \¬-In-b-X v-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv 7879.- P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 1923˛¬ sN-b¿-am-\m-b ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv 7880.- cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-h-[-Øn-\p-]n-∂n-se kp-c-£m-]m-fn-®-I-sf-∏-‰n At\z-jn-® I-Ωn-j≥-˛-P-bn≥ I-Ωn-j≥ 7881.- B-Zy-sØ ^n-tdm-Zn-b A-hm¿-Un-\v A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛-F.-]n.-sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 7882.- ssP-h-h¿-Ko-I-c-W-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ Imƒ en-s\-b-kv 7883.- G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w X-I-cm-dn-em-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv U-bmen-kn-kv \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ hr-° 7884.- C-¥ym- Un-ssh-U-Uv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tUm.-- cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv7885.- G-Xn-s‚ J-cm-h-ÿ-bm-Wv ss{U sF-kv-˛-Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Ivssk-Uv 7886.- a-\p-jy-hm-k-ap-≈ h≥-I-c-I-fn¬ D-jv-W-ta-J-em {]-tZ-i-Øn-\psh-fn-bn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ G-I h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 7887.- P-∑-i-Xm-_v-Zn-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v Ãm-ºv ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°-s∏-´ BZy kzm-X-{¥y k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-I≥ 7888.- ]p-fn-a-c-Øn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ B-{^n-° 7889.- tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ Hm-l-cn hn-]-Wn ÿm-]n-X-am-b B‚ vsh¿-]v G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ s_¬-Pn-bw 7890. -\m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v kn-≤ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sN-ss∂ 7891.- B-sI F-{X In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ A-Xn¿-Øn˛ 22716 In.-ao.- (15200 Ic + 7516 kap--{Zw)

166 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

7892.- tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t]¿ h-[-in-£-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-Ip∂ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 7893.- {]m-No-\ `m-cX - Ø - n¬ A-bk - v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂ tem-lw-˛ sNºv 7894.- bq-Wn-t^mw kn-hn¬ tIm-Uv \n-e-hn-ep-≈ G-I C-¥y≥ kwÿm-\w-˛ tKm-h 7895.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xp kw-ÿm--\-am-Wv d-∫-dp-¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ H-∂mw ÿm-\-Øv-˛ tI-c-fw 7896.- em-‰n≥ Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-bm-b G-I cm-Pyw ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 7897.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬ Ir-jn sN-øs∏-Sp-∂ hn-f-˛ s\-√v 7898.- G-Xp- h≥-I-c-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-bm-Wv ss\¬ ˛ B-{^n-° 7899.- C-¥y-bn¬ s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv h-Ip-∏v G-Xv K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-en-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ U¬-lu-kn 7900.- hn-hm-Z-am-b ]-©m-_v tam-U¬ {]-kw-Kw \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ B¿._m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ 7901.- G-Xv cm-Py-sØ hm-l\ - \ - n¿-am-Xm-°f - m-Wv thmƒ-thm-˛ kzo-U≥ 7902.- I-\m-ep-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ 7903.- P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp-hn-s‚ B-fl-I-Y- a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- kn.-F-®v.-Ip-™-∏ 7904.- F-h-d-Ãv sIm-Sp-ap-Sn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ t\-∏mƒ 7905.- km-ln-Xy s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛-k¿ hn≥è N¿-®n¬ 7906.- i-X-{Zn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ \-Zn-tb-Xv-˛ k-Xv-e-Pv 7907.- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ I-cn-∏q¿ G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ a-e-∏p-dw 7908.- i-X-hm-l-\ cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS k-Z- n-se `m-j-˛ {]m-Ir-X-`m-j 7909.- k-ky h¿-Ko-I-c-W k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ B-Nm-cy≥-˛ Imƒen -\-b-kv 7910.- A-Iv-_¿ _p-e-μv Z¿-hm-k \n¿-an-®-Xv G-Xv Io-g-S-°n-b-Xn-s‚ kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 7911.- k-ap-{Z-ß-fn¬ cm-Pm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 7912.- k-ap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬-\n-∂pw Xm-sg-bm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂, tI-cf - Ø - nse H- {]-tZ-iw-˛ Ip-´-\m-Sv 7913.- Jp-Zm-bv Jn-Xv-a-Xv-K¿ F-∂ kw-L-S-\ ÿm-]n-® kzm-X-{¥y-k-ac-tk-\m-\n-˛ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 7914.- tI-c-f-Øn-se I-∂p-Im-en K-th-j-W-tI-{μw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv˛ am-´p-s∏-´n 7915.- ]-g-b \n-b-a-Øn¬ tam-k-kv, ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ ]-Øp-I¬-]-\-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-® kn-\m-bv ]¿-h-Xw G-Xv cm-Py-Øv-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 7916.- hn-P-b-\-K-c-km-{am-Pyw ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1336 7917.- G-Xv cm-Py-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv C-¥y B-Zy G-I-Zn-\-{In-°-‰v am-®v Ifn-®-Xv-˛ Cw-•-≠v 7918.- F-kv.-Fw.-F-kv.-F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ tjm¿-´v sa-tk-Pv k¿ho-kv 7919.- G-Xv cm-Py-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv C-¥y B-Zy sS-Ãv {In-°-‰v am-®v I-fn®-Xv-˛ Cw-•-≠v 7920.- F-kv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-tbm-K-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm-√w 7921.- ss\¬ bp-≤-Øn¬ {_n-´-tWm-Sv G-‰pap-´n-b cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 7922.- G-Xv cm-Py-sØ Hm-l-cn hn-]-Wn-bm-Wv em-t_m-gv-kv F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {^m≥-kv 7923.- F-kv.F - ≥.-Un.-]n.-tbm-KØ - n-s‚ ap≥-Km-an-sb-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ kwL-S-\-˛ hm-hq-´p-tbm-Kw 7924.- D-∏n-\v \n-Ip-Xn Np-a-Øn-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 7925.- Km-‘n-Pn h-[n-°-s∏-´ ÿ-ew-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 7926.- Im-in-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b-t]-cv-˛ hm-cm-W-kn 7927.- Im-iv-ao-cn-\v {]-tXy-I ]-Z-hn \¬-Ip-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m h-Ip-∏v-˛ 370 7928.- Im-kn-cw-K G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-{_-“-]q-{X 7929.- Im-th-cn \-Zo-Pe - X - ¿-°Ø - n¬ Dƒ-s∏-´X - ˛v- tI-cf - w, X-an-g\ v- m-Sv,I¿Wm-S-Iw,t]m-≠n-t®-cn 7930.- in-h-Pn P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1627 7931.- In-fn-a-©m-tcm A-·n ]¿-h-Xw G-Xp-cm-Py-Øv-˛ Xm≥-km-\n-b 7932.- sk-\-K¬ F-∂p t]--≈ \-Zn-bpw cm-Py-hpw G-Xv h≥-I-c-bnem-Wv ˛-B-{^n-°

s]mXphn⁄m\Ønse H‰bm≥am¿  a\pjys\ N{μ\n¬ FØn®n´p≈ GI cmPyamWv bp.Fkv.F.  πmk‚ Ds≠-¶nepw ]√n-√mØ GI kkvX\w Ddp-ºpXo-\n-bmWv (Anteater)  kkvX\ - ß - ƒ°v Igp-Øn¬ Gsg-√p-If - m-Wp-≈X - .v F∂m¬ Igp-Øn¬ Fs´-√p≈ kkvX-\-amWv IS¬∏-ip.  c≠p-Xcw ]m¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ tijn-bp≈ kkvX-\amWv IwKm-.  FIvkv td IS∂p t]mImØ temlamWv Cubw.  temIvk`bn¬ AwKXzØn\v {]tXyI hyhÿbp≈ GI kapZmbw BwKvtfm C¥y°mcmWv.  A·n ]¿hXßfn√mØ GI h≥Ic Hmkv t {SenbbmWv.  temI-Ønse GI tIm˛-{]n≥kn-∏m-en‰n BWv A≥tUmd. {^©v {]kn-U‚pw kvs]bn-\nse Im‰-tem-Wn-b-bnse Bishop of Urgell Dw tN¿∂mWv Chn-SsØ `c-Wm-[n-Imcw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.  \mev cmPv `h-\p-I-fp≈ C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-amWv alm-cmjv{S. apwss_-bn-ep-≈Xp IqSmsX \mKv]q¿ , alm-_-teiz¿ , ]qs\ F∂o ÿe-ß-fnepw cmPv `h-\p-I-fp-≠v. Xangv\m´n¬ sNss∂bnepw Du´nbnepw cmPv`h\pIfp≠v. 7933.- hn-{I-tam¿-hi - o-bw, am-fh - n-Im-·n-an-{Xw,c-Lp-hw-iw,ta-LZ- q-Xw F∂n-h c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 7934.- 1999˛¬ kz-X-{¥-am-Ipw-ap-ºv Cu-Ãv Xn-tam¿ G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn--∂p-˛ C-t¥m-\n-jy 7935.- am-hv G-Xv cm-Py-Øv D-Zv-`-hn-® a-c-am-Wv-˛ C-¥y 7936.- I¿-Wm-S-I kw-ÿm-\-sØ {]-[m-\ D-’-hw-˛ Z-k-d 7937.- F≥-^o¬-Uv ]-´-Ww G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Cw-Kv-f-≠v 7938.- F-Un-1000\pw- 1026\pw- C-S-bv-°v- ]-Xn-t\-gv- {]m-h-iyw- C-¥y-sb B-{I-an-® ap-…nw- B-{I-a-W-Im-cn- ˛-ap-l-Ω-Zv- K-kv-\n.-7939.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Zn-\-∏-{X-ß-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 7940.- ssk-\n-I--sS bq-Wn-t^m-am-bn Im-°n D-]-tbm-Kn-®p Xp-S-ßnb cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 7941.- G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-bn-se tIm-f-\n-I-fm-Wv C-t¥m-˛-ssN-\ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ {^m≥-kv 7942.- C-¥y-bn¬ sX-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨-kq¨ D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv Fhn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv-˛ C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 7943.- G-Xv t\-Xm-hn-s‚ kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-Wv l-cn-{]-km-Zv Nu-c-ky Cμn-cm I-eym¨ F-∂ cm-Kw Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 7944.- Iv-tfm-Wnw-Kv \-S-Øn-b B-Zy C-…m-an-I cm-Pyw-˛ C-dm≥ 7945.- k-øn-Zv hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Jn-kv-dv Jm≥ 7946.- C-c-´-°p-f-ºp-≈ ar-K-ß-fn¬ h-ep-∏-Øn¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\w-˛-Pndm-^v 7947.- Km-‘m-cw Io-g-S-°n-b B-Zy t]¿-jy≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ Zm-cn-bkv H-∂m-a≥ 7948.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b hm¿-jn-I I-∂p-Im-en ta-f \-S-°p∂ ÿ-ew-˛ tkm-Wn-∏q¿ 7949.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Hm-Un-t‰m-dn-b-am-b {io j¨-apJm-\-μ lmƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-apw-ss_ 7950.- Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ X-e-t®m-dv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ kn.-]n.-bp.7951.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b hn-hn-t[m-tZy-iy dn-h¿ hm-en t{]mP-Iv-Sv-˛ `-{Im-\w-K¬ 7952.- Km-‘n in-jy-bm-b ao-cm s_-∂n-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ a-U-en≥ t…-Uv 7953.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ C-¥y-sb {]-Xn\n-[m-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ hn-P-b-e-£v-an ]-Wv-Un-‰v 7954.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-∏¬-\n¿-am-W-im-e-˛ apw-ss_ 7955.- ]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-Øv A-ko-dn-b F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ {]-tZ-iw Ct∏mƒ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-dm-Jv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 167

7956.- kn-\m-bv bp-≤-Øn¬ (1973) Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-t\m-Sv G-‰p-ap-´n-b cmPyw-˛ C-{k-tb¬ 7957.- C-¥y-bp-sS k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]≥-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 7958.- {_n-´-Wn-se B¬-_¿-´v cm-P-Ip-am-c-s\ h-c-th¬-°m≥ 1876˛¬ ]n-¶v-\n-dw ]q-in-b \-K-cw-˛ P-bv-]q¿ 7959.- P-hm-l¿ Xp-c-¶w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv ˛ P-Ωp-I-iv-ao¿ 7960.- I-_p-In, t\m F-∂n-h G-Xv cm-Py-sØ \m-S-I-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv ˛-P∏m≥ 7961.- tj-Iv A-_v-Zp-≈-sb 1945 Hm-K-kv-Xv \m-en-\v \-S-∂ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-^-d≥-kn-s‚ k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ I-iv-ao¿ knw-lw F-∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 7962.- C-¥y≥ a-Æn¬-h-®v 1925˛¬ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n cq-]w-sIm-≠ ÿ-ew-˛ Im¨-]q¿ 7963.- G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv sIm-f-dm-tUm-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 7964.- C-¥y-bp-sS In-g-°≥ Xo-c-Øn-s‚ sX-°≥ A¿-[-`m-Kw A-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sIm-d-am-≠¬ Xo-cw 7965.- c-‡-amw-k-ß-fn¬ C-ß-s\-sbm- a-\p-jy≥ `p-an-bn¬ Po-hn®n--∂p-sh-∂v h-w X-e-ap-d hn-iz-kn-s®-∂p-h-cn-√ Km-‘n-Pn-sb∏-‰n C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-™-Xv-˛ sF≥-Ão≥ 7966.- C‚¿-s\-‰n-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ A¿-∏m-s\-‰v 7967.- C-a-b-h-c-º≥ F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏--≠m-bn--∂ tN-c-cm-Pm-hv-˛ s\Spw-tN-ce - m-X≥ 7968.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛-P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 7969.- c-‡-hpw I-Æo-w hn-b¿-∏pw ITn-\m-[zm-\-hp-a-√m-sX a-s‰m-∂pw \n-߃-°p-X-cm≥ F-\n-°n-√-˛-F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 7970.- G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-t\-cw c-≠p-Im-en¬ \n¬-°p-∂ k-kv-X-\w-˛-a\p-jy≥ 7971.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Dƒ-\m-S≥ P-e-]m-X-I-fp-≈ kwÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 7972.- Im-fn-L-´v \-K-c-Øn-s‚ C-t∏m-f-sØ t]-cv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 7973.- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn t]m-Uv Im¿ kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv˛ e-≠≥ 7974.- em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-bn-se ]p-cm-X-\ P-\-hn-`m-K-am-b B-kv-sS-°p-Iƒ C-∂-sØ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ sa-Iv-kn-t°m 7975.- 1977˛¬ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-® P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n-bp-sS B-Zy A-[y-£≥-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 7976.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Hm-Un-t‰m-dn-b-am-b {io j¨-apJm-\-μ lmƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ apw-ss_ 7977.- Hu-dw-K-ko-_v [¿-a-Sv bp-≤-Øn¬ P-kz-¥v kn-Mn-s‚ t\-Xr-XzØn-ep-≈, Zm-c-bp-sS ssk-\y-sØ tXm¬-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1658 7978.- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn h-\n-Xm ta-b¿ A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰ \-K-cw-˛ apwss_ 7979.- 1886 ap-X¬ 1937 h-sc {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn--∂ cmPyw-˛ aym≥-a¿ 7980.- B--sS D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv K-h¿-W¿ \n-b-a-k-` ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp∂-Xv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 7981.- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn k¿-°m¿ B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Nn-´n B-cw-`n® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 7982.- ayq-kn-bw Hm-^v tam-tU¨ B¿-´v G-Xv \-K-c-Øn¬-˛ \yq-tbm¿°v 7983.- G-‰-hpw {]m-No-\-am-b a-e-bm-fw en-]n-˛ h-s´-gp-Øv 7984.- t[m-Wn sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv Pn-√-bn¬-˛ ]m-e-°m-Sv 7985.- A¬-Po-cn-b G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tIm-f-\n-bm-bn--∂p-˛ {^m≥-kv 7986.- C-¥y-bn¬ Im-∏n-°p- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv-˛-kuZn A-td-_y 7987.- Fw-U≥ F-∂ ap-ßn-°-∏¬ G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚-Xm-bn--∂p-˛ P¿a-\n 7988.- C-¥y≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy kn-\n-am-\-Sn-˛ \¿-Ko-kv Z-Øv 7989.- Om-{Xm-cn G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-sØ B-Zn-hm-kn \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 7990.- Pn-{_mƒ-´¿ ]m-d F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 7991.- C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ÿ-e-Øp \-S-°p-∂ Ir-jn-˛ s\√v

CONFUSING FACTS  G-‰-hpw Nq-Sp-Iq-Sn-b `q-J-Wv-Uw B-{^n-°-bpw G-‰-hpw NqSp Ip-d-™-Xv A‚m¿-´n-°-bp-am-Wv.  kq-b-kv I-\m¬ _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-s\-bpw sN-¶-S-en-s\-bp-am-Wv. ]-\m-a I-\m¬ A-Xv-em‚n-Iv, ]-k^n-Iv k-ap-{Z-ß-sf _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.  C-¥y-bn-se t£-{X-ß-fn¬-sh-®v G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-am-\-ap-≈-Xv Xn--∏-Xn sh-¶n-tS-iz-c t£-{X-Øn-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ H- {]-tXy-I ko-k-Wn-se h--am-\w G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX-ep-≈-Xv i-_-cn-a-e t£-{X-Øn-\m-Wv.  G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ k-º-∂ cm-jv-{S-ß-fp-≈ h≥-I-c bq-tdm∏pw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Z-cn-{Z cm-jv-{S-ß-fp-≈-Xv B-{^n-°bp-am-Wv.7992.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ B¿-´v Km-e-dn 1814˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-bXv F-hn-sS-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 7993.- tkm¿-t_m¨ k¿-h-I-em-im-e F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]m-co-kv 7994.- C≥-I kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ A-h-in-jv-S-߃ Im-Wp-∂ am-®p-]n®p G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ s]-dp 7995.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv kz-X-{¥-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1922 7996.- c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv \m-kn-Iƒ ÿm-]n-® G-‰-hpw h-en-b tIm¨-k¨-t{S-j≥ Iym-ºm-b Hm-jv-hn-‰v-kv G-Xv cm-PyØm-Wv-˛ t]m-f-≠v 7997.- C-¥y-bn-se kn-\n-am hy-h-km-b-Øn-s‚ tI-{μw-˛ apw-ss_ 7998.- Iym-_n-\-‰n-s‚ kp-c-£m k-an-Xn-bp-sS X-e-h≥-˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 7999.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s‚ G-jy≥-`m-K-Øn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ kn-\m-bv s]-\n≥-kpe 8000.- C-¥y≥ X-]m¬ Ãm-ºn¬ Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy s\mt_¬ tP-Xm-hv-˛ c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ 8001.- s\-√n-s‚ Xm-gv-h-c F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ sU≥-tPm-Mv F-∂ ]p-cm-X-\\m-aw C-¥y-bn-se G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚-Xm-Wv-˛ kn-°nw 8002.- C-¥y-bp-sS G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ Pn-√ ˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 8003.- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ h-[-in-£m \n-c-°p-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ knw-K-∏q¿ 8004.- \-ao-_n-b G-Xv cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 8005.- C-¥y-bp-sS hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww D-t±-iw F-{X e-£w N-Xp-c-{I Intem-ao-‰-dm-Wv-˛ 32.-9 8006.- ]-Sym-e-bn-se \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v kv-t]m¿-Sv-kn-\v B-sS t]-cm-Wv \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂X - ˛v- t\-Xm-Pn kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_mkv 8007.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-b kn-\m-bv D-]-Zzo-]v G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-emWv ˛-G-jy 8008.- P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ a-c-W-ti-jw, jm-P-lm≥ ÿ-e-Øn-√m-Ø-Xn\m¬, B-sc-bm-Wv B-k-^v-Jm≥ Xm¬-°m-en-I `-c-Wm-[n-Imcn-bm-bn hm-gn-®-Xv-˛ Zm-h¿ _-£v 8009.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-W-s°-´v-˛ `-{Im-\w-K¬ 8011.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b a-W¬ A-W-s°-´v ˛ _m-Wm-kp-ckm-K¿ 8012.- Ip-Sn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ a-Zy-ß-fn¬-Im-Wp-∂ Bƒ-°-tlmƒ˛ Cu-ssY¬ B¬-°-tlmƒ 8013.- sIm-®n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS {]-Y-a ssh-kv- Nm≥-k-e¿-˛ tPmk-^v- ap-≠-t»-cn8014.- 1898˛-se kv-]m-\n-jv-˛ A-ta-cn-°≥ bp-≤w Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv G-Xv cmPy-Øv-˛ Iyq-_ 8015.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ e-b¨-kv ¢-_v 1956˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-amb-sX-hn-sS-˛ apw-ss_ 8016.- Cu-Un-∏-kv cm-Pm-hv F-∂ {Ko-°p \m-S-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ tkm-t^m¢o-kv 8017.- dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS Nn-”-Øn-ep-≈ ar-Kw-˛ I-Sp-h 8018.- C-¥y-bn-se kn-\n-am-cw-K-sØ G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ ZmZm-km-tl-_v ^m¬-s°

168 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

8019.- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-`-c-Ww G¿-s∏-Sp--Øm≥ in-]m¿-i sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ K-h¿-W¿ 8020.- C-¥y-bn-se kn-en-°¨ hm-en F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ _mw-•q¿ 8021.- _m-‰v-am≥ ]-´-Ww G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Xp¿-°n 8022.- sS-∂o-kn-s‚ P-∑-\m-Sv-˛-{^m≥-kv 8023.- Cu-U≥ Km¿-U≥-kv tÃ-Un-bw ({In-°-‰v) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 8024.- Fw-Sn-hn G-Xv cm-Py-sØ Sn.-hn. Nm-\-em-Wv-˛ bp-F-kv-F 8025.- Ãm-ºn-en-Sw t\-Sn-b c-≠m-a-sØ a-e-bm-f I-hn-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ 8026.- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ A-¥m-cm-jv{- S N-e® - n-t{Xm-’h - w 1952˛¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \-S-∂-Xv-˛ apw-ss_ 8027.- cm-Po-hvK - m-‘n-h[ - Ø - n-\p-]n-∂n-se Kq-Vm-tem-N\ - s - b-°p-dn-®v At\z-jn-® I-Ωn-j≥-˛-h¿-a I-Ωn-j≥ 8028.- cm-P-ÿm-\n-se {]-[m-\-`m-j-Iƒ-˛ ln-μn, cm-P-ÿm-\n 8029.- C-¥y- B-{I-an-°m≥- _m-_-sd £-Wn-®-Xv- ˛-Zu-e-Xv- Jm≥- tem[n8030.- Cw-•o-jv Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ C-c-´-t∏-cv-˛ Zn tPm¨ I-º-\n 8031.- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- ]n-Xr-l-Xy- \-S-Øn-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ A-Pm-Xi - {- Xp8032.- G-Xn-s‚ ssI-h-gn-bm-Wv lq-•n-˛ Kw-K 8033.- ssS-∏v sa-‰¬ F-∂ tem-l-k-¶-c-Øn-se L-S-I-߃-˛ B‚n-aWn, I-dp-Øo-bw, sh-fp-Øo-bw 8034.- C-μn-cm-{]n-b-Z¿-in-\n ]n-d-∂-Xv-˛ 1917 \-hw-_¿ 19\v 8035.- G-cn-bm-\ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ {]-tZ-iw ˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥ 8036.- C-¥ym-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v-˛ a-U-Km-kv-I¿ 8037.- G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tN-cn F-∂ hn-ti-j-Ww 2009˛¬ kz-¥-am-°n-b H-dm-ßn Su¨-jn-∏v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-I-dm-®n 8038.- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se s]-cn-¢n-b≥ Im-e-L-´w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv˛- Kp-]vX - I - m-eL - ´- w 8039.- G-jy-bpw B-{^n-°-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ I-c-_-‘w th¿-s]-Sp-Øs∏-´-Xn-\p Im-c-Ww-˛ kq-b-kv I-\m¬ 8040.- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-aucy≥ 8041.- Cu-Ãv e-≠≥ F-∂ B-{^n-°≥ Xp-d-ap-J ]-´-Ww G-Xv cm-PyØm-Wv-˛ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 8042.- C-¥y kz-X-{¥-am-b h¿-jw a-e-bm-f-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-I-hn-bmbn Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ 8043.- {In-kv-Xp-a-kv t_mw-_nw-Kv F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-ta-cn-° t_mw-_m{I-a-Ww \-S-Øn-b-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ hn-b-‰v-\mw 8044.- F.-B¿.-d-“m≥ P-\n-®-sX-hn-sS-˛ sN-ss∂ 8045.- \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v hm-´¿ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kn-s‚ B-ÿm\w-˛ tKm-h 8046.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS F-√m Aw-K-ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ k-anXn-˛ P-\-d¬ A-kw-ªn 8047.- Ip-° {]-ÿm-\w cq-]w-sIm-≠ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ ]-©m-_v 8048.- G-Xp cm-Py-°m--am-bn-´m-Wv am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a am-th-en-°-c DS-º-Sn-bn¬ G¿-s∏-´-Xv-˛ s\-X¿-e≥-Uv-kv (U-®p-Im¿) 8049.- tI-cf - k - ¿-°m-cn-s‚ kzm-Xn-]p-ck - I -v m-cw B-Zy-am-bn e-`n-®X - ˛-v simΩm-¶p-Sn {io-\n-hm-k-ø¿ 8050.- 1914˛¬ k¿ _-lp-a-Xn \n-c-kn-® kzm-X-{¥y k-a-c tk-\m-\n-˛tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se 8051.- Km-\v-[n k-am-[m-\ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v B-Zy-am-bn A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛ Pq-en-b-kv s\-tc-c 8052.- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- C-t∏m-g-sØ sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v- a-μn-cw- D-Zv-LmS-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.-Un.-1869 8053.- N-c-I-kw-ln-X F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ {K-Ÿ-am-Wv-˛ ssh-Zyw 8054.- Nm¿-an-\m¿ \n¿-an-® h¿-jw-˛ 1591 8055.- Nm¿-an-\m¿- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- G-sXm-s° \-K-c-ß-sf _-\v-[n-∏n-°p∂p- -˛- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-˛ sN-ss∂ 8056.- Nm¿-hm-I a-X-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ {_-l-kv-]-Xn 8057.- ]-£n-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v hn-Im-kw {]m-]n-® C-{μn-bw-˛ {LmtW-{μn-bw 8058.- Xp-º tdm-°-‰v hn-t£-]-W tI-{μ-Øn¬-\n-∂v hn-t£-]n-® BZy-tdm-°-‰m-b ss\-°v A-∏m-s® \n¿-an-®-Xv G-Xv cm-Py-am-Wv-˛ bp-F-kv-F

bp‡n {]tbmKn®m¬ sX‰nt∏mtb°mhp∂h  t]cv ap≈≥]∂nsb∂msW¶nepw ]∂nh¿K-

Øn¬s∏´ Pohnb√ ap≈≥]∂n. FenbpsS h¿KØn¬s∏´ Chbv°v `qan Xpc°m≥ Fensb°mfpw sshZKv[yap≠v. tcma߃ cq]m¥cw {]m]n®XmWv ap≈pIƒ.  ac∏´nbmWv Toddy Cat F∂padnbs∏Sp∂Xv . F∂m¬, CXv \mbbpsStbm ]q®bpsStbm IpSpw_Øn¬s∏´X√. shIns‚ C\Øn¬s∏´ arKamWv ac∏´n.  hb\mSv Npcw ]q¿Wambpw tImgnt°mSv Pn√bnemWv.  Ael_mZv _m¶ns‚ Bÿm\w _wKmfnse sIm¬°ØbnemWv. Ael_mZv DØ¿{]tZinemWv. 8059.- N-c¨-kn-Mn-s‚ k-am-[n-˛ In-km≥-L-´v. 8060.- tkm-jy¬ sU-h-e-]v-sa‚ v kw-_-‘n-® B-Zy D-®-tIm-Sn \-S∂ ÿ-ew-˛ tIm-∏≥-tl-K≥ 8061.- i-X-hm-l-\ hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ kn-ap-I≥ 8062.- tI-c-f-kw-ÿm-\-Øv B-Zy Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1957 8063.- N-c¬-°p-∂v G-Xp-\n-eb - n¬ {]-kn-≤w-˛ hn-t\m-Zk - © - m-c tI-{μw 8064.- tSmw-K-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ {^-≠v-en sF-e‚ v-kv 8065.- tI-c-f-Øn-se tIm¿-∏-td-j-\p-I-fn¬ k-ap-{Z-km-ao-]y-an-√m-Ø-XvXr-»q¿ 8066.- kn-°p-Im--sS ]-Øm-a-sØ-bpw A-h-km-\-sØ-bpw Kp--˛ tKmhn-μv-kn-Mv 8067.- Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv Nm-e-°-tºm-fw ÿm-]n-® Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Zn-hm≥-˛-cm-Pm tI-i-h-Zm-kv 8068.- G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv H-dm-Mv D-´m-s\ Im-Wp-∂-Xv-˛-G-jy 8069.- Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS B-bp- v-˛ 120 Zn-h-kw 8070.- Cw-•o-jv Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-bm-bn 1967˛¬ kzo-I-cn-® kw-ÿm\w-˛ \m-Km-em≥-Uv 8071.- tIym-tUm \yq-kv F-hn-S-sØ hm¿-Øm G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv-˛ P∏m≥ 8072.- c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w A-h-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv {]-[m\-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ ¢-a‚ v B-‰v-en 8073.- Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS i-h-∏-d-ºv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ i-co-c-`mKw-˛-πo-l (kv-πo≥) 8074.- F-hn-S-sØ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS h-k-Xn-bm-Wv 24 k-k-Iv-kv ss{U-hv-˛ I-\-U 8075.- h-\w, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn {]-iv-\-߃ am-{Xw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øm≥ C¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn {Ko≥ s_-©v ÿm-]n-® C-¥y-bn-se B-ZysØ ssl-t°m-S-Xn-˛ I¬-°-´ 8076.- c-≠mw tN-c-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ Xn--h-©n-°p-fw 8077.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d-en-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I h-k-Xnbm-b k-´¨ ]v-tf-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 8078.- Cw-•o-jv Im¬-]-\n-I I-hn-X-bn-se Ip-bn¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ ]n.-_n.-sj-√n 8079.- c-≠mw tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤w Xp-Sß - p-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\a - {- ¥nbm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ s\-hn¬ tNw-_¿-se-bn≥ 8080.- P-Ωp-hn¬-\n-∂v I-i-ao¿ Xm-gv-h-c-sb th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ a-e-\n-c-˛ ]o¿ ]-Rv-P¬ 8081.- c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv ln-‰v-e¿ G-Xp cm-Py-sØ-bmWv B-Zyw B-{I-an-®-Xv-˛ t]m-f-≠v 8082.- `q-an-bp-sS C-c-´ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-lw-˛ ip-{I≥ 8083.- km-ln-Xy {]-h¿-Ø-I k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-Øn-s‚ B-Zy {]-knU‚ v-˛ Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ 8084.- G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv \-bm-{K sh-≈-®m-´w-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 8086.- D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-ti-jw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n ˛-sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 8087.- G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv kn¬-°v dq-´v A-Y-hm ]-´v ]m-X-˛-G-jy 8088.- c-≠p hy-Xy-kv-X-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ am-Uw Iyq-dn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 169

8089.- C--ºv Xp--ºm-Ip-∂-Xv F-¥p-am-‰-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv-˛ cm-kam-‰w 8090.- kq-^n hn-`m-Kw- G-Xp-a-X-Øn-em-Wv cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv-˛ C-…mw 8091.- C‚¿-\m-jW - ¬ U-he - ] - vs - a‚ v G-P≥-kn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ hmjn-Mv-S¨ Un.-kn.8092.- kp-h¿-W-t£-{X-Øn-s‚ \-K-cw-˛ A-ar-Xv-k¿ 8093.- C‚¿-^m-Iv-kv F-hn-S-sØ hm¿-Øm G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv-˛-d-jy 8094.- s\¬-k¨ a-t≠-e G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 8095.- C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ^n-enw Ãp-Un-tbm-˛ cm-tam-Pn ^nenw kn-‰n (ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv) 8096.- s\-√n-°-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Po-h-Iw-˛ Po-h-Iw kn 8097.- kp-h¿-W-t£-{X-Øn¬- 1984¬- C-¥y≥- ]-´m-fw- \-S-Øn-b \o°w-˛ Hm-∏-td-j≥- ªq-kv-‰m¿8098.- kp-ep h¿-§-°m¿ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 8099.- kp-{]nw-tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-kv-‰n-km-b- H-tc-sbm-- A-ta-cn-°≥- {]kn-U-≠v-˛ hn-eyw- tlm-hm¿-Uv- Xm-^v-‰v8100.- ^v-tfm-´nw-Kv kn-‰n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sh-\o-kv 8101.- Im-‰m-Sn an-√p-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ s\-X¿-e≥Uv-kv 8102.- Im-‰n¬ \n-∂pw ssh-Zyp-Xn D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-≤-Xn tI-c-f-Ønse-hn-sS-bm-Wv B-Zy-am-bn ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ I-©n-t°m-Sv 8103.- Im-bn-I-tem-I-sØ Hm-kv-I¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ temd-kv A-hm¿-Uv 8104.- h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ B-sc-bm-Wv {]-Xn-\n[m-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ A-[x-ÿn-X¿ 8105.- en-¶¨ sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ Un.-kn.8106.- Km-‘n kn-\n-a-bn¬ Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS th-jw sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ s_≥ In-Mv-kv-en 8107.- `m-c-Xo-b kw-Ko-X-I-e-bp-sS D-d-hn-S-am-bn I--Xp-∂ th-Zw-˛ kma-th-Zw 8108.- {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- _m-cn-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂- \-Zn- ˛-]-º8109.- ^p-tI-Xv F-∂ kp-Jh - m-kt- I-{μw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv˛- X - m-bve - ≥Uv 8110.- Ko-X-tKm-hn-μw tI-c-f-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ A-jv-S-]-Zn 8111.- kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- Xn-c-s™Sp-∏v- kw-_-\v-[n-® a-‰p {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°v- ta¬-t\m-´w- h-ln°p-∂X - n-\pw- tI-{μ Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωn-j≥- \n-ba - n-°p-∂ D-tZymK-kv-Y≥-˛ No-^v- C-e-Iv-{S¬- Hm-^o-k¿ 8112.- P-e-Øn-s‚ ÿn-c ImTn-\yw am-‰m≥ tN¿-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tkm-Un-bw Im¿-_t- W-‰v 8113.- kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fp-sS G-‰-hpw h-en-b \n-Ip-Xn h--am-\ am¿-Kw-˛ hn¬-]-\ \n-Ip-Xn 8114.- kq-cy-kn-Zv-[m-¥w F-∂ hm-\-\n-co-£-W im-kv-{X-{K-Ÿw c-Nn-® {]m-No-\ C-¥y≥ im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ B-cy-`-S≥ 8115.- kq-cy≥ I-gn-™m¬ B-Im-i-Øv Im-Wp-∂ G-‰-hpw Xn-f-°-ap≈ h-kv-Xp-˛-N-{μ≥ 8116.- Lm-\ ]-£n k-t¶-Xw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ 8117.- K-Wn-Xi - m-kv{- X-Øn-se {Km-^v k-{º-Zm-bw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®X - m-cv˛- sds\ sZ-°m¿-sØ 8118.- kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se B-Zy {K-Ÿw-˛ tXm¬-°m-∏n-bw 8119.- kn-cn \-K-cw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 8120.- P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ jm-P-lm≥ 8121.- sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬-h-®v i-_v-Z-te-J-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-]I-c-Ww-˛ ssl-t{Um-t^m¨ 8122.- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ X-e-h≥-˛ K-h¿-W¿ 8123.- sX-t° C-¥y-bp-sS [m-\y-∏p-c- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kv-Y-ew-˛-X©m-hq¿8124.- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-s\-bpw sk-°-¥-cm-_m-Zn-t\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p∂ X-Sm-Iw-˛ lp-ssk≥ km-K¿ 8125.- t]¿-jy≥ Dƒ-°-S¬ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛-C-¥y≥-alm-k-ap-{Zw 8126.- sÃ-bn≥-se- v Ão¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ lm-cn {_-b¿-en 8127.- sIm-®n cm-Py-Øv ssl-t°m-S-Xn ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv G-Xv Zn-hms‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛ B¿.-sI.-j¨-ap-Jw sN-´n 8128.- A-hn-`-‡ C-¥y-bn-se `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn-se AwK-߃-˛389

CONFUSING FACTS  Imivaocnse AIv_¿ F∂v Ncn{XImc≥am¿ hnti-

jn∏n®Xv skbv\p¬ A_nZns\bmWv. lnμpImeL´Ønse AIv _ ¿ F∂dnbs∏´Xv l¿jh¿[\mWv.  G‰hpw hSt°b‰sØ Xeÿm\\Kcw sFkve≥Uns‚ Xeÿm\amb sdbvIvPmhnIv BWv. \yqkne≥Uns‚ Xeÿm\amb sh√nMvS¨ BWv G‰hpw sXt°b‰sØ Xeÿm\\Kcw.  Km‘n kmK¿ Umw a[y{]tZin¬ Nw_¬ \ZnbnemWv. CtX \Znbn¬ \n¿an®ncn°p∂ Phml¿ kmK¿ Umw cmPÿm\nemWv.  {Ko°p]pcmWßfnse kap{ZtZh\mWv t]mssktUm¨ (Poseidon). tdma≥ ]pcmWßfnse kap{ZtZh\mWv s\]v‰yq¨. 8129.- Ir-{Xn-a a-g s]-øn-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ e-h-Ww-˛ kn¬-h¿ A-b-ssU-Uv 8130.- s]--º-S-∏v kz-cq-]w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ sIm-®n-cm-Pyw 8131.- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬ s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv h-Ip-∏v \-S-∏m-°n-b K-h¿W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ U¬-lu-kn 8132.- s]m-Xp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p-sN-øm≥ C-¥y≥ ]u-c-\m-h-iyam-b Ip-d-™ {]m-bw ˛18 8133.- iq-\ym-Im-i-tØ-°v B-Zyw A-b-bv-°-s∏-´ Po-hn-˛ \m-b 8134.- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy hn-tZ-in-˛ Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 8135.- Xn--ap-√-hm-cw _o-®v G-Xp Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ sIm-√w 8136.- Ir-{Xn-a d-∫-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-Iw-˛ \n-tbm-{]o≥ 8137.- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂pw i-cm-i-cn D-b-cw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b `q-J-WvUw-˛ A‚m¿-´n-° 8138.- Ip-tdm-jn-tbm {]-hm-lw G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv kap-{Zw 8139.- _p-≤-s‚ B-Zy a-X-{]-`m-j-Ww A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ [¿-a-N{I-{]-h¿-Ø-\w 8140.- s]-cn-tbm¿ F-∂ A-]c - \ - m-aØ - n-ed - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂X - ˛-v C - .-hn.-cm-ak - zman-\m-bv-°¿ 8141.- sIm-®n-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Cw-•o-jv kv-Iqƒ ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿jw-˛1818 8142.- Iq-´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xp cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂p-am-Wv C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-Xm-°ƒ kzo-I-cn-®-Xv- -˛-{_n-´¨ 8143.- G-‰-hpw Ip-Sp-X¬-Im-ew `-cn-® Jn¬-Pn kp¬-Øm≥-˛ A-em-hp±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 8144.- sIm-®n≥ tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1978 8145.- Izn-kv F-∂ ]-Z-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ Pnw sU-bv-en(A-b¿e≥-Uv) 8146.- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.-bp-sS c-≠m-a-Xv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\v A-[y-£-X hln-®-Xv-˛ k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up 8147.- sIm-bm-en F-¥n-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ F-Æ-ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e 8148.- tX-°-Sn h-\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-Xw G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ s]cn-bm¿ 8149.- G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ K¿-`-Im-ew D-≈ Po-hn-˛ A-ta-cn-°≥ H-t∏mkw 8150.- Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn¬ hn-[n {]-kv-Xm-hn-® \ym-bm-[n-]≥-˛ B-flmN-c¨ A-K¿-hmƒ 8151. tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- \-Zn- ˛-s\-øm¿8152. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈ hn-I-kn-X cm-jv-{Sw-˛ Im-\U 8153. P¿-a≥ kn¬-h-dn-s‚ L-S-I-tem-l-߃-˛ sN-ºv, kn-¶v, \n-°¬ 8154. G-‰-hpw Ip-Sq-X¬ cm-Py-߃-°v kzm-X-{¥yw \¬-In-b cm-Pyw-˛ {_n-´¨ 8155. kq-cy≥ I-gn-™m¬ `q-an-tbm-Sv G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Ø \-£-{Xw-˛ t{]mIv-kn-am sk‚u-dn

170 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

8156. a-\p-jy-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-]n-\v A-¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≈ Hm-Iv-kn-P-s‚ Ip-d-™ A-f-hv-˛ 6.9 i-X-am-\w 8157. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b {]m-b-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv-˛ samdm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 8158. {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂pw e-`n-°m-hp-∂-Xn¬ G-‰-hpw ip-≤-am-b Pew-˛ a-g-sh-≈w 8159. k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ `-h≥- G-Xp ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-ambp∂p-˛ tZ-io-b a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωo-j≥ (Ct∏mƒ am\-h¿ A[n-Im¿ `h≥) 8160. I-Wz-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hm-kp-tZ-h≥ 8161. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv-˛ ]m-d-»m-e 8162. -{]-i-kv-X K-Wn-X im-kv-{X-⁄≥ s_¿-{Sm≥-Uv d-k-en-\v s\mt_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® hn-j-bw-˛ km-ln-Xyw 8163. k-a m-[m-\ -Øn- \ p- ≈ s\m- t _¬ k- Ω m- \ w t\- S n- b {]-Y-a h-\n-X-˛ s_¿-Øm thm¨ k-Sv-\¿(1905) 8164. k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy-sØ Idp-Ø h¿-K-°m-c≥-˛ dm¬-^v _-©v (1950) 8165. c - m-P¿-jn- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂ `m-cX - c - X - \ v- tP-Xm-hv ˛ ]p--tjmØw-Zm-kv T-Wv-U≥ 8166. -a-l¿-jn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\ tP-Xm-hv ˛ t[m-WvtUm tI-i-h Im¿-th 8167. tIm¨-{K-kn-X-c k¿-°m-cn-s‚ Im-e-Øv `m-c-X c-Xv-\-bn-eq-sS B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-Ø t\-Xm-hv ˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 8168. Nm-{μ-bm≥ ]-≤-Xn-°m-bn C-¥y D-]-tbm-Kn-® _-ln-cm-Im-i-hml-\-Øn-s‚ \m-a-t[-bw-˛ ]n-F-kv-F¬-hn kn-˛11 8169. Nm-Ø≥-tIm-X F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ h-≈p-h-\m-Sv cm-Pm-hv 8170. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn s]¨-in-ip-lX - y s]m-Xp-P\ - {- i-≤b - n¬ sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛ tPm-\m-Y≥ U-¶≥ 8171. ÿm-\-am-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw a-‰pw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy-‡n-I-sf Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-sX F-√m-h¿-°pw \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ap-∂n¬ Xp-ey-]-cnK-W-\ \¬-Ip-I F-∂-Xm-Wv-˛ k-a-Xzw 8172. P-b‚ v dn-Uv-en F-∂-bn-\w B-a-bp-sS ap-´-Iƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂Xn-\v th-≠n sIm-fm-hn-∏m-e-Øv cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´ kw-L-S-\˛ Xo-cw 8173. Po-h-Iw sI G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈ `-£y-h-kv-Xp-˛ ]-®n-e-°-dn-Iƒ 8174. s]-cn-߬-Ip-Øv P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]-≤-Xn G-Xv \-Zn-°v Ip-dp-sIbm-Wv-˛ Nm-e-°p-Sn-∏p-g 8175. G-Xv- bp-≤-Øn-em-Wv- sPm-hm≥- Hm-^v- B¿-Iv- {^m≥-kn-\p-th≠n- [o-c-am-bn- t]m-cm-Sn-b-Xv-˛ i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤w8176. B¬-]v-kv ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚ h-S-t° sN--hn-eq-sS ho-ip-∂ D-jvW-°m-‰v-˛ s^m≥ 8177. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ar-K-im-e-˛ kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬ Km¿U≥-kv, sIm¬-°-Ø 8178. B¬-]v-kv a-e-\n-c-Iƒ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv ˛ bq-tdm-∏v 8179. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn kv-]o-°¿ ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b A-\p-tZym-Kÿ≥-˛ hn-ج `m-bv ]-t´¬ 8180. B-Zy-sØ _-ln-cm-Im-i Sq-dn-Ãv-˛ sU-∂n-kv Sn-t‰m 8181. G-Xv h≥-I-c-bm-Wv sdm-hmƒ-Uv A-ap-≠v-sk≥ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv ˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 8182. Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- hn-gn-™-Øv- hym-]m-c-im-e \n¿-an-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1644 8183. Cu-^¬ tKm-]p-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]m-co-kv 8184. C-¥y-bn-se ss_-kn-°nƒ \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ep-[nbm-\ 8185. a-\p-jym-h-Im-iw kw-_-‘n-® B-Zy-sØ B-tKm-f-tc-J-˛ sFIy-cm-jv{- S-k` - Nm¿-´¿ 8186. C-¥y-bp-sS I-hm-Sw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ apw-ss_ 8187. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ A-kp-J-am-bn I-W-°m-°p∂-Xv˛- Ip-jvTw 8188. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b _-tbm-kv-^n-b¿ dn-k¿-hv-˛ Kƒ-^v Hm-^v am-∂m¿ 8189. s]m-a-td-\n-b≥ \m-b-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛ P¿-a-\n

s]mXphn⁄m\Ønse H‰bm≥am¿  ap…n߃ `qcn]£amb GI tI{μ `cW-{]tZ-

iamWv e£Zzo]v.

 a™paeIfn√mØ GI h≥IcbmWv Hmkvt{Senb  bqtdm∏nse GI theocratic tÉv hØn°m\mWv.  HmIvknP\n√mØ BknUmWv sslt{Umt¢mdnIv

BknUv .

 ‘X’ F∂ A£cØn¬ t] XpSßp∂ H

cmPyw t]mepw temIØn√.

 ‘a’ F∂ A£cØn¬ t]chkm\n°mØ GI

h≥IcbmWv ‘Europe’.

 Bh¿Ø\ ]´n- I - b n¬ CSw ]nSn- ° mØ GI

A£-c-amWv ‘J’.

 ico-c-Øns‚ \of-sØ-°mƒ \m°n\p \of-ap≈

P¥p-hmWv ac-tbm-¥v 8190. t]m-f\ - m-Sv F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-bs - ∏-´n--∂ {]-tZ-iw-˛ tIm-gn-t°mSv 8191. B- Z y- s Ø _- l n- c m- I m- i - k - © m- c n- ˛ bq- d n K- K m- d n≥ (1961 G-{]n¬ 12) 8192. td-j≥ Im¿-Uv e-`n-°m≥ k-ao-]n-t°-≠ Hm-^o-kv-˛ k-ssπ Hm^o-kv 8193. th-Wm-´n-se bp-h-cm-Pm-hv A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ t]-cv-˛ Xr-∏m-∏q¿ aq∏≥ 8194. Hm-kI -v ¿ in¬-]w cq-]I - ¬-]\ - sN-bX -v X - v ˛-sk-{Un-Iv Kn∫¨-kv 8195. sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b - p-sS ap≥-Km-an-bm-bn--∂ eo-Kv Hm-^v t\-j≥kn-s‚ (k¿-h-cm-Py-k-Jyw) B-ÿm-\w-˛ P-\o-h 8196. \-ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\w kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚n¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´ t]-cv-˛ Im¬hn-\n-kw 8197. Bw-•n-°m-\n-k-Øn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b Cw-•-≠n-se cm-Pmhv-˛ sl≥-dn F-´m-a≥ 8198. k¿-h-cm-Py-k-Jy-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d¬ ˛-k¿ sP-bnw-kv F-dn-Iv {U-a-≠v 8199. t_m-Iv-k¿ e-l-f(1899-˛1901) \-S-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 8200. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se \m-j-W¬- s]m-eo-kv- A-°m-Z-an- G-Xv- t\Xm-hn-s≥-d t]-cn-em-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- - -˛ k¿-Zm¿- h-√-`v-`m-bv]-t´¬8201. t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- Nm-en-bØ - -v tIm-´ \n¿-an-®X - v G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1531 8202. Km-‘n-Pn l-cn-P≥ B-{i-aw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ k-_¿a-Xn 8203. Cw-•-≠n¬ _n¬ Hm-^v ssd-‰v-kv ]m-km-°n-b-Xv ˛ 1689˛¬ 8204. {In-kv-Xp-a-kv {So-bp-sS D¬-`-hw ˛-P¿-a-\n 8205. Cw-]o-®vs - a‚ v t\-cn-Sp-∂X - n-\v sXm-´S- p-Øp-hs - c F-Øn-sb-¶n-epw \-S-]-Sn Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\p ap-ºv cm-Pn-h-® A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v˛ dn-®m¿-Uv \n-Iv-k¨ 8206. H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w B-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a{¥n ˛-sl¿-s_¿-´v sl≥-dn B-kv-Izn-Øv 8207. k-b‚n-^n-Iv am-t\-Pv-sa‚n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ s{^-U-dn-Iv sS-bv-e¿ 8208. B-[p-\n-I tkm-tjym-f-Pn-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv ˛-am-Iv-kv sh-_¿ 8209. tdm-a≥ \n-b-a-ß-sf t{Im-Uo-I-cn-® N-{I-h¿-Øn ˛-P-Ão-\n-b≥ 8210. a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xv `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ _m[y-X-bm-°n-s°m-≠p-≈ B-Zy-tc-J-˛ am-·m Im¿-´ 8211. Cw-]o-®v-sa‚n-s\ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-® B-Zy bp.F-kv. {]-kn-U‚ v ˛-B≥-{Uq tPm¨-k¨ 8212. bq-tdm-]y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v-˛ kv-{Sm-kv-_¿-Kv 8213. Cw-]o-®v-sa‚ v `o-j-Wn t\-cn-´ B-Zy bp.F-kv. {]-kn-U‚ v ˛tPm¨ tSm-bv-e¿ 8214. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se `m-c-Xv- ssU-\m-an-Iv-kv- en-an-‰-Un¬- F-¥mWv- \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv- - ˛-ssK-U-Uv- an-ssk-ep-Iƒ8215. bq-tdm-]y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ \o-Xn-\ym-b B-ÿm-\w ˛-e-Iv-kw-_¿Kv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 171

8216. B-[p-\n-I P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ kp-hn-ti-jw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ˛ tkm-jy¬ tIm¨-{Sm-Iv-Sv 8217. _p-≤-s‚ B-Zy-sØ Po-h-N-cn-{Xw-˛ _p-≤-N-cn-Xw 8218. tdm-a≥ ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ _p-≤n-bp-sS A-[n-tZ-h-X-˛ an-\¿-h 8219. H-∂mw t_m-b¿ bp-≤w A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ {Sm≥-kvhmƒ bp-≤w 8220. {Ko-°v ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ _p-≤n-bp-sS A-[n-tZ-h-X-˛ A-Yo-\ 8221. C¥y-bnse BZysØ kb≥kv kvIqƒ ÿm]n® ÿew ˛ sIm®n 8222. kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v Im-e-L-´-Øn-se cm-P-hw-i-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Ipd-®v Im-ew `-cn-®-Xv-˛ Jn¬-Pn 8223. _mƒ-°≥ cm-Py-߃ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv ˛ bq-tdm-∏v 8224. B-[p-\n-I N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-en-tbmt]mƒ-Uv thm¨ dm-s¶ 8225. A-Sn-a-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b `-c-W-I¿-Øm-hm-bn ]-cnK-Wn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ C¬-Øp-an-jv 8226. {]-Xn-`-sb-∂m¬ H- i-X-am-\w {]-tNm-Z-\-hpw 99 i-X-am-\w {]b-Xv-\-hp-am-Wv F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛-F-Un-k¨ 8227. G-‰-hpw km-l-kn-I-\m-b ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-_m-_¿ 8228. {]m-No-\ C-¥y-bn¬ A-b-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ tem-lw-˛-sNºv 8229. tem-´-kv a-l¬ F-∂ in¬-]-ku-[w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ lw-]n 8230. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-jv-{S-]-XnHm¿-Un-\≥-kp-Iƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ 123 8231. C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-se Xm-Pv-a-l¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tem´-kv sS-ºnƒ 8232. X - m-Pva - l - e - n-s‚ ap≥-Km-an- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v ˛-lp-ab - q-Wn-s‚ i-hI - p-So-cw 8233. A-Iv-_-dp-sS d-h-\yq-a-{¥n cm-Pm tXm-U¿-a¬ B-hn-jv-I-cn-® \nIp-Xn hy-h-ÿ-˛ k-_v-Xn kw-hn-[m-\w 8234. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se {]-i-kv-X-am-b- ayq-kn-bw-˛ k-em¿-Pw-Kv ayq-kn-bw 8235. sX-t°-A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- em≥-Uv- tem-Iv-Uv- cm-Py-ß-tf-sX-√mw--˛s_m-fn-hn--b-bpw- ]-cm-tKz-bpw8236. t\-{X-Zm-\-Øn-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ `m-Kw-˛ tIm¿-Wn-b 8237. kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-hn-kvXr-Xn-bp-≠m-bn--∂ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 8238. -a-[p-ssc-sIm-≠ tNm-f≥- F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏-°-s∏-´ tNm-f-cmPm-hv ˛-]-cm-¥-I≥ H-∂m-a≥ 8239. P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ ]-Xv-\n \q¿-P-lm-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv ˛-C-Øn-am-Zv D-Zv Zu-f 8240. kz-¥w a-I-s‚ X-S-h-d-bn¬-°n-S-∂p a-cn-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ jm-P-lm≥ 8241. ln-μp-ÿm-\n km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ kp-h¿-W-Im-e-L-´w F-∂-dn-bs∏-´-Xv ˛-A-Iv-_-dp-sS `-c-W-Im-ew 8242. -Im-iv-ao-cn-se A-Iv-_¿- F-∂v N-cn-{X-Im-c≥-am¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv ˛-sk-bv-\p¬ A-_n-Zn≥ 8243. -ln-μp-Im-e-L-´-Øn-se A-Iv-_¿- F-∂p hn-fn-®-Xv ˛-l¿-j-h¿[-s\ 8244. tπ-Kv ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv ˛ F-en-s®-≈v 8245. ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS \m-Sv ˛-A-ta-cn-°-bn-se an-\-tkm-´ 8246. G-jym h≥-I-c-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `-£y [m-\yw I-b-‰p-aXn sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 8247. C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-tim-I≥ 8248. Km-‘n-Pn kn-hn¬ B-⁄m-ew-L-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-ambn Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X \-S-Øn-b h¿-jw ˛ 1930 8249. ssN-\-°m-c-\m-b am-lzm-s≥-d tI-c-f k-μ¿-i-\w- G-Xv h¿-jØn¬-˛ F.Un.1409 8250. G-jym-Un¬ hy-‡n-K-X C-\-Øn¬ kz¿-Ww t\-Sn-b B-Zy ae-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛ Fw.Un.h¬-k-Ω(1982) 8251. C-¥y-sb-∂X - v `q-a[ - y-tc-J t]m-se `q-an-im-kv{- X-]c - a - m-b H- kw⁄ am-{X-am-Wv. A-sXm- G-Io-Ir-X cm-jv{- S-ta-b√ - ˛- F - ∂ - p ]-d™-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬

CONFUSING FACTS  \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v kn-≤ sN-ss∂-bn-em-Wv. \mj-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v bp-\m-\n sa-Un-kn≥ _mw-•q-cnem-Wv. I-\m-ep-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw ]m-In-kv-Xm\m-Wv. I-\m-ep-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv C-‰-enbn-se sh-\o-kv.  \yq-U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv C-¥ym-tK-‰v ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv. tK-‰v th Hm-^v C-¥y apw-s_-bn-em-Wv. G-gp-a-e-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv tPm¿-Zm≥. G-gp a-e-I-fp-sS \-K-cw tdmw.  \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v B-bp¿-th-Z P-bv-]q-cn-em-Wv. \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v tlm-an-tbm-∏-Xn sIm¬-°Ø-bn-em-Wv. 8252. C¬-Øp-an-jn-s‚ Pn-X¬ F-∂ \m-W-bw F-¥p-]-tbm-Kn-®v \n¿an-®-Xm-bn--∂p-˛-sN-ºv 8253. ssl-Zc - m-_m-Zv \-Kc - w- G-Xv- tcm-Ks - Ø A-Xn-Po-hn-®X - n-s≥-d Hm¿a-bv-°m-Wv- Nm¿-an-\m¿- (1591)- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv- - -˛ tπ-Kv 8254. c-‡-Øn-se •q-t°m-kn-s\ \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨-˛ C≥-kp-en≥ 8255. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{I-a-sØ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂ -Z {]n≥-kv- F-∂ {]-i-kv-X-{K-Ÿw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ am-Iy-sh-√n 8256. C¬-Øp-an-jv {]-N-cn-∏n-® sh-≈n-\m-W-bw-˛ X-¶ 8257. h-[n-°-s∏-´ G-I {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n ˛-kv-s]≥-k¿ s]¿kn-h¬ 8258. Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn-´-√m-sX c-≠p {]m-h-iyw A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\mSp-I-fp-sS {]-kn-U‚m-b G-I hy-‡n ˛-t{Km-h¿ ¢o-hv-em≥-Uv 8259. _-ln-jI -v r-X `m-cX - -v F-∂ ssZz-hm-cn-I B-cw-`n-®X - v ˛-_n.B¿.Awt_-Zv-I¿ 8260. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C-…m-an-I kv-am-c-Iw-˛ U¬-ln-bn-se Ip-h-Øp¬ C-…mw tam-kv-Iv 8261. tIc-fØnse BZy Npa¿Nn{X \Kcn ˛ tIm´bw 8262. kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v Im-e-L-´-Øn-se cm-P-hw-i-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw IqSp-X¬ Im-ew `-cn-®-Xv-˛ Xp-•-Iv 8263. _-[n-c hn-em-]w c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ 8264. hm-\-h-c-º≥ F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-´n--∂ tN-c-cm-Pm-hv-˛ D-Xn-b≥ tN-c≥ 8265. c-‡-Øn-se h¿-W-Iw-˛ lo-tam-t•m-_n≥ 8266. -C-¥y≥ B-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv- ˛-Fw.hn-tiz-iz-c-ø 8267. _m-_n-tem-Wn¬-h-®v 33a-sØ h-b- n¬ A-¥-cn-® bp-≤-hoc≥-˛-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn 8268. 1739˛¬ \m-Zn¿-jm C-¥y B-{I-an-°p-tºmƒ ap-Kƒ `-c-Wm-[nIm-cn-bm-bn--∂-Xv ˛-ap-l-Ω-Zv jm 8269. C¬-Øp-an-jv X-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ d-kn-b 8270. C-¥y≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø\ - Ø - n-s‚ h-μy-ht- bm-[n-I≥-˛ Xp-jm¿ Im¥n tLm-jv 8271. c-‡-Øn-s‚ ]n.F-®v.aq-eyw-˛ 7.4 8272. c-‡-Øn-s‚ {Zm-h-I-`m-Kw-˛ ]v-fm-kv-a 8273. C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]m-No-\ k¿-h-I-em-im-e ˛-X-£in-e 8274. Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ Iq-Sp-X-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ A-h-ÿ ˛-t]m-fnssk-Øo-an-b 8275. ]m-en-s‚ sh-fp-Ø-\n-d-Øn-\p Im-c-Ww ˛-tI-ko≥ 8276. ]nw-K-e c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ D-≈q¿ 8277. hr-°-bp-sS B-h-c-Ww ˛-s]-cn-t´m-Wn-bw 8278. ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ km-º-Øn-I X-e-ÿm-\w-˛-I-dm-®n 8279. lr-Z-b-Øn-s‚ B-h-c-W-am-Wv ˛-s]-cn-Im¿-Un-bw 8280. {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn Im-Wp-∂ aq-e-I-߃ ˛ 92 8281. a-\p-jy-lr-Z-b-Øn-s‚ ap-I-fn-e-sØ A-d-Iƒ ˛-B-dn-°nƒ 8282. izm-k-tIm-i-Øn-s‚ B-h-c-Ww-˛ πq-d

172 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

8283. t\-∏m-fo t\-Xm-hv {]-N-Wv-U-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ ]p-jv-] Ia¬ Z-l¬ 8284. t\¿-∏n-® A-k-‰n-Iv B-kn-Uv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ hn-\m-Kn-cn 8285. t\-hm \-Zn H-gp-Ip-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-d-jy 8286. Km-‘n-Pn P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ t]m¿-_-¥¿ 8287. A-e-¶m-c a-’y-ß-fp-sS dm-Wn-˛ G-©¬ ^n-jv 8288. F≥.F-®v.17 tI-c-f-Øn¬ B-cw-`n-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ C-S-∏-≈n 8289. Ip--ap-f-In-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ s]-∏¿ ss\-{Kmw 8290. Ip-dn-Ny--sS e-l-f G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1812 8291. F-¥n-s‚ kzm-`m-hw A-f-°m-\m-Wv kv-s]-Iv-t{Sm-ao-‰¿ D-]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {]-Im-iw 8292. G-Xv- bq-tdm-]y≥- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h≥- {Km≥-Uv- Uyq°v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- -˛-e-Iv-kw-_¿-Kv8293. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \n-im-i-e-`w ˛-A-‰v-e-kv tam-Øv 8294. B-Sp-I-fp-sS dm-Wn ˛-Pw-\m-]m-cn 8295. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv k¿-Km-tkm I-S¬-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 8296. k-ky-h-f¿-®, N-e-\w F-∂n-h-sb \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ tlm¿-tam¨˛ Hm-Iv-kn≥ 8297. -s\-√n-\-ß-fp-sS dm-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-_-kv-a-Xn 8298. G-Xv A-W-s°-´n-s‚ P-e-kw-`-c-Wn-bm-Wv tKm-hn-μv km-K¿-˛ `{Im \w-K¬ 8299. G-Xv C-¥y≥ \-K-c-am-Wv {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v cm-P-Io-b kv-{Xo-[-\sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ e-`n-®-Xv-˛ t_mw-s_ 8300. Ip-‰n-°m-Sp-If - p-sS \m-Sv- F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-Ya - p-≈ kw-ÿm-\w ˛ Pm¿J-WvU - v 8301. F≥ dn-®v-Uv bp-td-\n-bw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ bp-td-\n-bw-˛235 8302. Ip-cn-in-s‚ Nn-{X-ap-≈ ]-Xm-I-bp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v 8303. F-´v A-b¬ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 8304. Ip-cn-ip-bp-≤-߃-°p th-Zn-bm-b h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 8305. G-Xv C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bv-°m-Wv 1983¬ H-fn-ºn-Iv Hm¿-U¿ e-`n-®-Xv-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 8306. G-Xv C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv h-\w G-‰-hpw Ip-d-hv-˛ l-cn-bm\ 8307. \-s´-√n-√m-Ø Po-hn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw _p-≤n-bp-≈-Xv ˛-\o-cm-fn 8308. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-£n-˛ k-c-k≥ sIm-°v 8309. \-s´-√n-√m-Ø G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-I-ti--In ˛ `o-a≥ I-W-h 8310. Ip-e-ti-J-c B-gv-hm--sS `-c-W-Im-L-´w-˛ F.Un.768˛834 8311. Ip-e-ti-J-c≥-am--sS B-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛ a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw 8312. F-¥n-s‚ B-h-c-W-am-Wv πq-d-˛ izm-k-tIm-iw 8313. Ip--ap-f-In-\v F-cn-hp \¬-Ip-∂ h-kv-Xp-˛ Im-cn-tbm-^n-en≥ 8314. Ip-e-ti-J-c-B-gv-hm¿ G-Xp hw-i-Øn-se cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p-˛ tNc-hw-iw 8315. tX-\o-®-°q-´n¬ ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ ]-£n ˛-s]m≥-am≥ 8316. G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv ip-`-{]-Xo-£m ap-\-ºv-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 8317. ssN-\o-kv tdm-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-sN-º-c-Øn 8318. Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬-sh-®v Km-‘n-Pn Xo-h-≠n-bn¬-\n-∂pw ]pd-Øm-°-s∏-´ tÃ-j≥-˛ ]o-‰¿-am-cn-‰v-kv-s_¿-Kv 8319. G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™ `q-cn-]-£-Øn-\p- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ {]-knU‚ v-˛ hn-.hn-. Kn-cn8320. G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n-bp-sS I-_-dn-Sw ÿn-Xn-sNøp-∂ a-Zo-\-˛-ku-Zn A-td-_y 8321. t]-cn-\v knw-lw F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ ap-Kƒ cm-Pm-hv-˛-_m-_¿ 8322. C-¥y-bp-sS I-c A-Xn¿-Øn-bp-sS \o-fw F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿-˛ 15200 8323. In-g-ßp-I-fp-sS dm-Wn ˛-•m-Un-tbm-e-kv 8324. C-¥y-bp-sS hy-h-km-b X-e-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ apwss_ 8325. -kp-K-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fp-sS dm-Wn- ˛-A-Ø¿ 8326. c-‡m¿-_p-Z-Øn-s\-Xn-sc D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Hu-j-[-k-kyw-˛ ihw-\m-dn 8327. -]p-jv-]-ß-fp-sS dm-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-tdm-kv 8328. F-¥m-Wv- sX-ep-Kp- Kw-Km- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- - ˛ Ir-jv-W-\-Zn-bn¬-\n∂v- sN-ss∂ \-K-c-Øn¬- P-e-sa-Øn-°m-\p-≈ ]-≤-Xn8329. F-¥n-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv I-em-an≥-˛ kn-¶v 8330. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]¿-h-Xw-˛ ln-am-e-bw 8331. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈ Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tKm-h

s]mXphn⁄m\Ønse hn]-co-X-߃  a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ A-h-Xm-cw a-’yw. A-hkm-\-tØ-Xv I¬-°n. B-Zy-sØ th-Zw E-tKz-Z-hpw A-h-km-\-tØ-Xv A-Y¿-hhp-am-Wv.  G-‰-hpw \o-≠ K¿-`-Im-e-ap-≈ k-kv-X-\w G-jy≥ B-\bpw G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Lyw Ip-d-™ K¿-`-Im-e-ap-≈-Xv A-tacn-°≥ H-t∏m-k-hp-am-Wv. tiz-X c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS F-Æw {I-am-Xo-X-am-bn h¿-[n-°p∂ A-hÿ - b - m-Wv ep-°o-an-b (c-‡m¿-_p-Zw). tiz-X c-‡mWp-°-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-bp-∂ A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv ep-t°m-]o\n-b. G-‰-hpw X-Wp-∏p-≈ k-ap-{Zw B¿-´n-Iv k-ap-{Zw. G-‰-hpw NpSp-Iq-Sn-b k-ap-{Zw A-Xv-em‚n-Iv.  C-eI - tv- {Sm-Wn-s‚ Nm¿-Pv s\-K‰ - o-hpw t{]m-t´m-Wn-s‚-Xv t]mkn-‰o-hp-am-Wv. 8332. G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv Kƒ-^v kv-{Sow ˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 8333. a-Wn _n¬ \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬Ip-∂X - m-c˛v- K - h - ¿-W¿ 8334. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew `-cn-® kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v hw-iw-˛ Xp-•-Ivhw-iw(1320˛1412) 8335. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-]-Zw h-ln-®-Xv˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 8336. B-[p-\n-I k-ky-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hm-Wv ˛-I-tcm-e-kv en∂o-kv 8337. -]-g-ß-fp-sS dm-Wn ˛-am-t¶m-ssÃ≥ 8338. a-\p-jy-s\ N-{μ-\n-se-Øn-® B-Zy _-ln-cm-Im-i hm-l-\w ˛A-t∏m-tfm-˛11 8339. -Po≥- -F-∂ hm-°n-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv ˛-hn-eyw sPm-lm≥-k¨ 8340. B-Zy-sØ kz-Im-cy _-ln-cm-Im-ih - m-l\ - w ˛-kvt- ]-kvj - n-∏v h¨ 8341. hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS Nn-√v \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂ •m-kv ˛-tk-^v-‰n •m-kv 8342. \yq-t{Sm¨ t_mw-_v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv ˛-km-ap-h¬ tIm-l≥ 8343. se≥-kv, {]n-kw F-∂n-h \n¿-an-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ •m-kv ˛^v-fn‚ v •m-kv. 8344. s_≥-ko≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv ˛-^m-tc-U 8345. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ Xn-f-\n-e-bp-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛ lo-en-bw 8346. sh-fp-Ø c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ Iq-Sp-X-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ A-h-ÿ ˛-ep-°oan-b 8347. tUm-IvS- ¿-am¿ F-Sp-°p-∂ {]-Xn-⁄ ˛-ln-t∏m-{Im-‰k - v {]-Xn-⁄ 8348. \-s´-√n¬ a--∂p Ip-Øn-h-®-ti-jw F-Sp-°p-∂ F-Iv-kv-td-bmWv ˛-ssa-tem-{Kmw 8349. -ssh-‰v tπ-Kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ £-bw 8350. {]-Im-iw G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw th-K-Øn¬ k-©-cn-°p-∂ am-[y-aw-˛ iq\y-ÿ-ew 8351. Hm-Iv-kn-P-\v B t]- \¬-In-b-Xv ˛-em-thm-kn-b¿ 8352. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv A-\p-t—-Zw {]-Im-c-am-Wv au-en-Im-h-Imi-߃ \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ H-cn-¥y≥ ]u-c-\v ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb k-ao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xv-˛ 226 8353. Ir-{Xn-a kn¬-°v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-d-tbm¨ 8354. am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ `-c-W-ta-‰ h¿-jw-˛ 1729 8355. am-am-¶-th-Zn-bm-bn--∂ Xn--\m-hm-b G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Ømbn--∂p ˛ `m-c-X-∏p-g 8356. am¿-t°m t]m-tfm tI-c-f-Øn-se-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1292 8357. a-\p-jy-s‚ sN-dp-Ip-S-en-s‚ \o-fw-˛ 6˛7 ao-‰¿ 8358. am-en-Iv-_n≥- Zn-\m¿- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-≈n-Iƒ- ]-Wn-Xv- C-…mw-aXw- kv-Ym-]n-® h¿-jw-˛-F.Un.644 8359. Iw-]yq-´¿ k-b≥-kn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv ˛-A-e≥ Sq-dn-Mv 8360. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv A-\p-t—-Zw {]-Im-c-am-Wv ]m¿-e-sa‚ns‚ C--k-`-I-fp-sS-bpw kw-bp-‡ k-tΩ-f-\w hn-fn-®p Iq-´p-∂Xv-˛ 108

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 173

8361. _v-fm-°v t_m-Iv-kv A-Y-hm tIm-Iv-]n-‰v thm-bv-kv sd-t°m¿-Udn-s‚ \n-dw-˛ Hm-d-©v 8362. G-Xn-s‚-sb-√mw kw-bp-‡a - m-Wv A-tam-Wn-b˛- ss\-{S-P≥. ssl{U-P≥ 8363. Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ Km-‘n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-s\¬-k¨ a-t≠e 8364. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b A-ÿn-˛ tÃ-∏n-kv 8365. a-bq-c-knw-lm-k-\-hpw tIm-ln-\q¿ c-Xv-\-hpw t]¿-jy-bn-te-°p I-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ \m-Zn¿-jm 8366. G-Xp \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv ssSw kv-Iz-b¿-˛ \yq-tbm¿-°v 8367. Km-‘n-Pn sPm-l-∂m-kv-s_¿-Kn¬ tSmƒ-tÃm-bv-^mw ÿm-]n® h¿-jw ˛1910 8368. t]m-®-ºm-Sv ]-≤-Xn G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 8369. _-tbm-f-Pn (Po-h-im-kv-{Xw)bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ A-cn-tÃm-´n¬ 8370. C-¥y-bn-se {]-Xn-tcm-[ tk-\-I-fp-sS ]-c-am-[n-]-Xyw B-cn¬ \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-˛ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn 8371. G-Xp [m-Xp-hn-\m-Wv Pm-cn-b J-\n {]-kn-≤w-˛ I¬-°-cn 8372. a--{]-tZ-iw G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 8373. am¿-´n≥ eq-X¿ Inw-Kn-s‚ hn-Jym-X-am-b F-\n-°v H- kz-]v-\-ap≠v {]-kw-Kw G-Xv \-K-c-Øn¬ h-®m-bn--∂p?˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ Un.kn. 8374. amƒ-h-bn¬ Jn¬-Pn hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ a-l-aq-Zv Jm≥ 8375. A-·n ]¿-h-X-ß-fn-√m-Ø `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 8376. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xpw ssZ¿-Lyw Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-b sk-j≥ ˛-_-Uv-P-‰v sk-j≥ 8377. G-‰-hpw-Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ k-ap-{Zw˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 8378. B¬-]v-kv ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bn¬ G-‰-hpw D-b-c-ap-≈ `m-Kw-˛ tam-≠v ªm-¶v 8379. G-Xp \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv Xm-Pv-a-l¬ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ ]-Xn-t\-gmw \q-‰m≠n¬ 8380. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-ÿm-\w h-ln-®-ti-jw D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b-Xv-˛ PÃn-kv Fw.ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈ 8381. C-¥y-bn-se c-≠m-a-sØ am-ÿ I¨-t{Smƒ s^-kn-en-‰n sk‚¿ sF.F-kv.B¿.H.F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-tbm[y-\-K¿ 8382. F-¥m-Wv ho-\-kv-t{Sm-^n-b-˛ ku-μ-cy-ap-≈ kv-{Xo-I-tfm-Sp-≈ `bw 8383. km-Xv-]p-c-bp-sS dm-Wn ˛-]-Nv-a-Un 8384. G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv Ip-dp-h-Zzo-]v-˛ I-_-\n 8385. C-¥y-bv-°v H- `-c-W-L-S-\ F-∂ B-i-bw B-Zy-am-bn ap-t∂m´p-h® - X - v ˛-Fw.F≥.tdm-bv 8386. cm-Pv-a-l¬ Ip-∂p-Iƒ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv 8387. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS A-km-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂Xv-˛ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn 8388. Kp- \m-\m-Iv sX¿-a¬ ]-h¿ πm‚ v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ `-´n≥-U 8389. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy ]-{X-am-b _w-Kmƒ K-k-‰v {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Wam-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1780 8390. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b t]-in-bm-b tÃ-∏n-Un-bkv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ a-[y-I¿-W-Øn¬ 8391. amƒ-h-bp-sS ta¬ t\-Sn-b hn-P-b-Øn-s‚ kv-a-c-W-bv-°v Nn-t‰mdn¬ hn-P-b-kv-Xw-`w \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ Ipw-` dm-W 8392. am¿-K-Z¿-in-bm-b Cw-•o-jp-Im-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ am-ÿ dm¬^v ^n-®v 8393. Kp- tKm-_n-μv kn-Mv sX¿-a¬ πm‚ v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ tdm-∏¿ 8394. ]-›n-a-L-´-Øn-\pw k-ap-{Z-Øn-\pw C-S-bv-°p-≈ Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ h-S-°p-`m-K-Øn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ sIm-¶¨ 8395. B-∏nƒ kw-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 8396. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS-bpw D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS-bpw A-km-∂n-≤yØn¬ Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn No-^v PÃn-kv 8397. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-߃ D-≈ h≥-I-c ˛-bq-tdm-∏v 8398. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bp-sS G-I-tZ-iw a-[y-Øm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp∂ \-K-cw-˛ P_¬-]q¿ 8399. -C-¥y-bn-se an-\n-kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-in-se Jm-Pn-bm¿

CONFUSING FACTS  temIØnse BZysØ kwkvImcamb kptacnb≥

kwkv I mcamWv kwkv I mcßfpsS IfnsØm´n¬ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv . F∂m¬, P\m[n]XyØns‚ IfnsØm´n¬ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv GY≥kv BWv . \nehnep≈hbn¬h®v G‰hpw ]g°ap≈ kwkvImcw ssN\bnteXmWv.  dnk¿hv _m¶v Hm^v C¥ybpsS BZy Kh¿W¿ Sir Osborne Smith Dw C¥y°mc\mb BZy Kh¿W¿ kn.Un. tZivapJpw BWv.  `qKpXz_ew G‰hpw Ipdhp≈Xv `qa[ytcJbnepw `qKpXz_ew G‰hpw IqSpXep≈Xv {[ph{]tZiØpw BWv.  kqcys‚ {]Imiw `qanbnseØm≥ Bhiyamb kabw 500 sk°‚mWv. {]ImiØn\v N{μ\n¬\n∂v `qanbnseØm≥ th≠ kabw 1.3 sk°‚ v. 8400. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-\-Sp-Øv \n¿-an-® ]p-Xn-b hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛ jwjm-_m-Zv 8401. am-b≥ \m-K-cn-I-X A-`n-hr-≤n {]m-]n-®-Xv G-Xp {]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv-˛ a-[y A-ta-cn-° 8402. a-\p-jy-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ tlm-tam km-]n-b≥-kv 8403. am-en Zzo-]v In-g-S-°n-b tNm-f-cm-Pm-hv-˛ cm-P-cm-P-tNm-f≥ 8404. t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-°v I-®-h-S-Øn-\v A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b B-ZysØ tI-c-f cm-Pm-hv-˛ sIm-®n cm-Pm-hv 8405. Km-‘n-Pn ssI-k¿ C ln-μv _-lp-a-Xn-bpw Sm-tKm¿ k¿ ]-Z-hnbpw D-t]-£n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1919 8406. au au e-l-f \-S-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ sI-\n-b 8407. `q-a[ - y-tc-Jb - pw Z-£n-Wm-b\ - t- c-Jb - pw I-S∂ - p-t]m-Ip-∂ H-tc-sbm cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 8408. am-Pn am-Pn e-l-f \-S-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Xm≥-km-\n-b 8409. ]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn ˛A-Izm≥-Im-Kz 8410. _-tbm-f-Pn F-∂ hm-°v cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv ˛-Po≥ em-am¿-°v 8411. `q-Kp--Xz-_-ew G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv ˛-{[p-h-{]-tZ-i-Øv 8412. Iv-fm-kn-°¬ `m-jm ]-Z-hn e-`n-® B-Zy C-t¥m B-cy≥ `m-j-˛ kw-kv-Ir-Xw 8413. `q-tKm-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw sX-°m-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ X-e-ÿm-\\-K-cw-˛ sh-√n-Mv-S¨ 8414. Z-£n-W-t`m-P≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-hv-˛ kzmXn Xn--\mƒ 8415. t\m¿-° (t\m¨ sd-kn-U‚ v tI-c-ssf-‰v A-^-tb-gv-kv) sN-b¿am≥-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 8416. t]ƒ lm¿-_¿ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 8417. tI-c-f-Øn-se H- km-t¶-Xn-I k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛ sIm-®n≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e 8418. -`m-c-X tI-k-cn- F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv ˛-a-∂-Øp ]-Zv-a\m-`≥ 8419. j-lo-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-`-K-Xv kn-Mv 8420. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Iq-Sn-b Zzo-]p-cm-jv-{Sw-˛ knwK-∏q¿ 8421. C-Xn-lm-k-Øn-se kq-cy-hw-i-Øn-s‚ Ip-e-Kp--˛ h-kn-jvT≥ 8422. G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b D-]-Zzo-]v ˛-sX-t° C-¥y 8423. C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se B-Zy A-^v-Km≥ hw-iw ˛-tem-[n hw-iw 8424. kw-L-Im-e-Øv tNm-f≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\w ˛-D-ssd-bq¿ 8425. G-‰-hpw h-en-b {Zm-hn-U-`m-j ˛-sX-ep-¶v 8426. Izm-bn-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-ap-l-Ω-Zv A-en Pn-∂ 8427. _w-•m-tZ-in-se P-\-߃ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bn s]m--Xn-bt∏mƒ A-h¿-°v ]n-¥p-W \¬-IW - s - a-∂v ]-d™ B-Zy C-¥y≥ t\-Xm-hv-˛ P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨ 8428. 1920 ˛¬ -aq-Iv-\m-b-Iv- F-∂ ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®-Xv ˛-tUm. _n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿

174 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

8429. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xn-s‚ t]-cn¬ X-S-h-\p-`-hn-t°-≠nh-∂ B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥ ˛-kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn 8430. \-tc-{μ-\m-Yv-Z-Ø F-∂ _m-ey-Im-e-\m-a-ap-≈ kzm-an hn-th-Im\-μ-\v B-Zy-an-´ t]-cv ˛-ho-tc-iz¿ Z-Ø 8431. ]m-›m-Xy ssh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn¬ _n--Zw t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-X-Iƒ ˛ Im-Zw-_n-\n Kmw-Kp-en, B-\-μn-`m-bn tPm-jn 8432. ]-ªn-Iv A-°u-≠v-kv I-Ωn-‰n sN-b¿-am-s\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv ˛kv-]o-°¿ 8433. tZ-h-k-am-P-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥ ˛-in-h-\m-cm-b¨ A-·n-tlm-{Xn 8434. th-Z-k-am-Pw ÿm-]n-®-Xv ˛-{io-[-c-ep \m-bn-Up 8435. `q-Kp--Xz-kn-≤m-¥w B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ sF-kv-Iv \yq-´¨ 8436. tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-b c-≠m-a-sØ hn-tZ-in ˛-hn-eyw shU¿-t_¨ 8437. {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ I-Wn-Im kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ \yq´¨ 8438. Xn--h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw hn-am-\Ø - m-hf - s - Ø A-¥m-cm-jv{- S hn-am-\Ø - mh-f-am-bn {]-Jym-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1991 8439. Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bp-sS `-c-W-X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ {]n-t´m-dn-b 8440. 2011 sk≥-k-kv {]-Im-cw tI-c-f-Øn-te-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\-kwJy-bp-≈ Pn-√-˛ a-e-∏p-dw 8441. th-ep-Ø-ºn-bp-sS Ip-≠-d hn-fw-_-cw- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1809 (P-\p.-11)8442. tIm¨-{K-kv t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ H- ap-∂-Wn B-Zy-am-bn tI{μ-Øn¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 2004 8443. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b dn-∏-ªn-Iv-˛ \u-dp 8444. k-ºq¿-W-hn-π-h-Øn-\v B-lzm-\w sN-bv-X t\-Xm-hv-˛ P-b-{]-Imiv \m-cm-b¨ 8445. Nm-μv-hn-Iv sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv ˛-ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 8446. Nn-{Xm-e-Xm sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv cm-Py-sØ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-am-Wv ˛-Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 8447. G-jy-sb-bpw bq-tdm-∏n-s\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛ bpdm¬ 8448. B-Zy-sØ h-b-em¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ e-fn-Xmw-_n-I A-¥¿-P-\w 8449. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Jp-en Jp-Xp-_v jm 8450. C-¥y-bv-°v s^-U-d¬ kw-hn-[m-\w hn-`m-h-\w sN-bv-X B-Zy \n-b-aw-˛ 1935se K-h. Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 8451. G-sXm-s°- \-Zn-Iƒ- tN¿-∂m-Wv- Kw-K- cq-]w- sIm-≈p-∂-Xv- ˛-A-fI-\-μ,- `-Ko-c-Yn8452. G-sXm-s° {K-l-߃-°n-S-bn-em-Wv B-Ã-tdm-bv-Uv s_¬-‰v ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sNm-Δ, hym-gw 8453. Km-‘n-Pn B-Zy-am-bn `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X hm-bn-® h¿-jw ˛ 1889 8454. ]m‚-\m¬ N-Xp-∏p-\n-ew G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ {_-ko¬ 8455. k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 8456. sIm-Wm¿-°v kq-cy-t£-{Xw I-≠n-´v C-hn-sS in-e-bp-sS `m-j a\p-jy-s‚ `m-j-sb a-dn-I-S-°p-∂p F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ Sm-tKm¿ 8457. kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v {]-th-i-\-an-√m-Ø au-≠v B-tXm-kv G-Xv cm-PyØm-Wv-˛ {Ko-kv 8458. a-lm-dm-Wn Kp-l G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-t¥m-\n-jy 8459. {]-Im-i-Øn-\p t\-sc sN-Sn-Iƒ h-f--∂ {]-Xn-`m-kw-˛ t^m-t´mt{Sm-∏n-kw 8460. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn C‚¿-s\-‰v I-W-£≥ In-´n-b hy-‡n-˛ jΩn I-]q¿ 8461. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ tZ-io-b Km-\w G-Xp cm-PyØn-t‚-Xv-˛ P-∏m≥ 8462. B-Zy-am-bn N-{μ-\n-en-d-ßn-b Ir-{Xn-a h-kv-Xp-˛ eq-W-˛2 8463. tKm-hn-μv km-K¿ F-∂ a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-X X-Sm-Iw G-Xv kw-ÿm\-Øm-Wv ˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 8464. sh-≈-Øn-se ]q-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-d-∑p-f h-≈w-I-fn 8465. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b \-K-cw-˛ au-≠v Ck (Hm-kv-t{S-en-b) 8466. Z-imw-i-k-{º-Zm-bw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛ B-cy-`-´≥ 8467. Km-‘n-Pn kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬-Km-‘n-Pn-F-hn-sS-bm-bn--∂p-˛ _w-Km-fn¬ 8468. sh-sºm-en-\m-Sv- h-S-°pw-Iq-sd-∂pw- sX-°pw-Iq-sd-∂pw- c-≠m-bn]n-cn-™-Xv- -˛ F.Un.1100

bp‡n {]tbmKn®m¬ sX‰nt∏mtb°mhp∂h  P¿a\nbnse ªm°v t^mdÃv h\Øns\b√,

]¿hX-\ncsbbmWv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. AYhm IWh a’ya√, Mollusca F∂ hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂ AItiInbmWv.  Star Fish AYhm \£{Xa’yw a’ya√, Echinodermata F∂ hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂ AItiInbmWv.  Silver Fish F∂ Pohn Arthropoda hn`mK-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ insect BWv.  Cw•ojv hymIcWØnse third person \p kam\ambn aebmf hymIcWØnse hyhÿ {]Ya ]pj\mWv. Cw•ojnse First person aebmfØn¬ DØa ]pj\pw second person a[ya]pj\pw BWv.  Cuttle Fish

8469. k-ky-tem-I-Øn-se amw-k-kw-cw-`-I¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ k-kyh¿-Kw-˛ ]-b-dp-h¿-Kw 8470. πm-‰n-∏-kv Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ h≥-I-c-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 8471. th-ep-Ø-ºn-bp-sS B-Xv-a-l-Xy- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1809 8472. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xr-X-am-b \-Zo-X-Sw-˛-B-a-tkm¨ 8473. B-Zy-sØ h-b-em¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b Ir-Xn-˛ A-Kv-\n-km-£n 8474. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw _r-l-Øm-b `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈ cm-Pyw˛ C-¥y 8475. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn en-^v-‰v ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛ sIm¬-°Ø 8476. Nm-®m-Pn F-∂v kv-t\-l-]q¿-hw hn-fn-°-s∏-´ C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a{¥n-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-lv-dp 8477. tI-c-f t^m-Iv-tem¿ A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w ˛ I-Æq¿ 8478. Ko-X-tKm-hn-μw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ P-b-tZ-h≥ 8479. Np-h-∂ \-Zn-bp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ A-kw 8480. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ tZ-io-b Km-\-am-Wv Zn tdm-b¬ am¿-®v-˛ kvs]-bn≥ 8481. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ kzm-an-\m-cm-b-W t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv 8482. k-]p-X-c ln¬ tÃ-j≥ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 8483. c-‡-Øn-se A-tam-Wn-b bq-dn-b B-°n am-‰-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛ I-cƒ 8484. C-¥y-bp-am-bn I-®-h-S _-‘w ÿm-]n-® B-Zy-sØ I-tØmen-° a-X-°m¿-˛ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ 8485. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ a-ssd≥ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°m-b ]n-tdm´≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 8486. P¬-a-l¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ am≥-km-K¿ X-Sm-Iw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛ P-bv-]q¿ 8487. Kp-]v-X-km-{am-Pyw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ N-{μ-Kp-]v-X≥ H-∂m-a≥ 8488. sh-Sn-a--∂v I-≠p-]n-Sn-® cm-Pyw ˛ ssN-\ 8489. Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-lw Bcw-`n® h¿-jw-˛1931 8490. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ a-\-»m-kv-{X ]-co-£-W-im-e G-Xv cm-PyØm-Wv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ P¿-a-\n 8491. Im-Pp s^-\n F-hn-S-sØ {]-i-kv-X-am-b ]m-\o-b-am-Wv-˛ tKm-h8492. thm-bv-kv Hm-^v Z lm¿-´v B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ ar-Wm-fn-\n km-cm-`m-bn 8493. sIm-√-t¶m-Sn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ hn-lm-b-k-]p-cw 8494. -{]-im-¥n-bp-sS k-ap-{Zw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{μ≥ 8495. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b kn-‰n tÃ-‰v ˛ h-Øn-°m≥ 8496. kq-cy-s‚ D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se Xn-f-°-ta-dn-b `m-K-߃-°p-≈ t]cv˛ ^m-°p-en 8497. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ tªm-°v ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ ]m-d-»m-e 8498. kn-±n k-øn-Zv tam-kv-Iv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv 8499. P-Ωp-˛-I-iv-ao-cn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ hp-fm¿ 8500. Kn-∂-kv _p-°n-epw ÿm-\w ]n-Sn-® `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w tP-Xm-hv-˛ eXm-at- ¶-jI v- ¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 175

8501. A-h-km-\-sØ hn-[n h-c-®-Xv-˛ ssa-°-em-©-tem 8502. Izn-‰n-¥ym- {]-ta-bw- (1942)- ]m-km-°n-b tIm¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f\w-˛ t_mw-s_ 8503. P-e-ssh-Zyp-Xn D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ kw-ÿm-\-Øv H-∂mw-ÿm-\ap-≈ Pn-√-˛ C-Sp-°n 8504. {]-i-kv-X t\m-h-en-Ãv B¿-X¿ sI-Ãv-e-¿ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv P\n-®-Xv-˛ lw-K-dn 8505. ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚ tZ-io-b \-Zn-˛-kn-‘p 8506. ^p-Sv-t_m-fn¬ tKmƒ t]m-Ãn-se c-≠p t]m-Ãp-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-I-ew-˛ 7.32 ao. 8507. C-¥y-bn¬ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS H-∂mw ]m¿-´n tIm¨-{Kkv \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ apw-ss_ 8508. kw-ÿm-\ß - f - n¬-\n-∂v tem-Ik v- `- b - n-te-°v ]-ca - m-h[ - n F-{X AwK-ß-fm-Imw-˛ 530 8509. tem-I-ss]-Xr-I-∏-´n-I-bp-am-bn _-\v-[-s∏-´ kw-L-S-\-˛ bp-s\kv-tIm 8510. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-W ]n-≈-sb \m-Sp-I-S-Øn-b Znhm≥-˛ ]n.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn 8511. tKm¬-s°m-≠ c-Xv-\-J-\n G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ sXe¶m\ 8512. C-¥ym-tK-‰v- cq-]-I-ev-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xv- ˛-F-Uzn≥ ep-Sy≥-kv 8513. ssN- \ kn- ° n- a n- s \ C- ¥ y- b p- s S `m- K - a m- b n Aw- K o- I - c n- ® h¿-jw-˛ 2004 8514. G-Xn-s‚ h-f¿-Øe - n-\m-Wv Nn¬-°m X-Sm-Iw {]-kn-≤w-˛ sN-Ωo≥ 8515. ssS-K¿ F-b¿-th-bv-kv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ knw-K-∏q¿ 8516. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Xm-sg-bm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ X-Sm-Iw-˛ Nm-hp I-S¬ 8517. K-P-Km-an-\n c-Nn-® Nn-{X-Im-c≥-˛ Fw.F-^v.lp-ssk≥ 8518. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v sse-{_-dn Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ IS-Ω\ - n-´ cm-aI - r-jvW - ≥ 8519. P-e-‘¿ G-Xn-\p {]-kn-≤w-˛ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv km-a-{Kn-Iƒ 8520. s]--º-S-∏p- kz-cq-]w- Xn--h-©n-°p-f-Øp-\n-∂v- sIm-®n-bn-te-°vB-kv-Ym-\w- am-‰n-b-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1405 8521. Np-h-∂ {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sNm-Δ 8522. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Xn-c-°p-Iq-Sn-b ]m-ew-˛ lu-d (sIm¬°-Ø) 8523. th-Wm-´n-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ A-ø-\-Sn-Iƒ Xn--h-Sn-Iƒ 8524. sIm-®n≥ tÃ-‰v {]-Pm-aW - U -v e - w \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - X - ˛-v 1941 P-\h - c - n 16 8525. iX-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ItØm-en-°¿ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ cmPyw ˛ hØn-°m≥ 8526. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn h-\n-Xm ta-b¿ A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰ \-K-cw-˛-apwss_ 8527. P-lmw-Ko¿ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew Po-hn-® \-K-cw-˛ em-tlm¿ 8528. Uyq-kv F-∂ ]-Zw G-Xp-I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ sS∂o-kv 8529. ]-d-°m≥ I-gn-hp-s≠-¶n-epw X-d-bn¬-\n-∂p-am-{Xw C-c tX-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛ sk-{I-´-dn ]-£n 8530. sU-\nw kn-‰n Hm-^v C-¥y F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_mZv 8531. {io-e-¶-bn¬ B-[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-® B-Zy-sØ bq-tdm-]y≥ i-‡n˛ t]m¿-®p-K¬ 8532. C-¥y-bp-sS A-tX Ãm≥-tU¿-Uv k-a-b-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ {io-e-¶ 8533. G-sX-¶n-epw I-£n-bp-sS t\-Xm-hn-s\ {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kv-]o-°¿ 8534. ]-Xn-t\-gmw \q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ ]-sØm≥-]X - mw \q-‰m-≠p-hs - c ^n≥e≥-Uv `-cn-®n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 8535. _p-≤-s‚-bpw a-lm-ho-c-s‚-bpw k-a-Im-en-I-\m-bn--∂ cm-Pm-hv-˛ _nw-_n-km-c≥ 8536. `q-tKm-f-Øn-s‚ B-sI hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-amWv C-¥y-˛ 0.57 8537. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ Km-‘n-Pn F-{X Zn-h-k-am-Wv Po-hn-®-Xv-˛ 168 8538. A-Æm {Zm-hn-U ap-t∂-‰ I-g-Iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv ˛-Fw.Pn.cm-a-N-{μ≥ 8539. `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰n {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ h-Ip-∏v-˛ 368 8540. G-‰-hpw A-h-km-\w kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bp-am-bn Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-´ hn-tZ-i tIm-f-\n ˛-tKm-h 8541. ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b c-≠m-a-sØ \-K-cw-˛-em-tlm¿

CONFUSING FACTS CONFUSING FACTS  





Nph∂ {Klw F∂v sNmΔbpw ]® {Klw F∂v bpdm\kpw Adnbs∏Sp∂p. `oa≥ tI{μIYm]m{Xamb aebmf t\mh¬ Fw.Sn. hmkptZh≥\mb¿ cNn® c≠maqgw. ]n.sI. _meIrjv W ≥ cNn® C\n Rm≥ Ddßs´ F∂ t\mhense tI{μ IYm]m{Xw I¿W≥. temIØmZyambn hnPbIcambn s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv AhXcn∏n®Xv 1958˛¬ Bank of America BWv . BankAmericard F∂mbn∂p AXns‚ t]cv . Automated teller machine I≠p]nSn®Xv IBM (International Business Machine) F∂ Iº\n BWv. bpssW‰Uv InwKvUØn¬ 1972 ¬ temIsØ BZy F.Sn.Fw. ÿm]n®Xv Lloyds Bank BWv. Cdm°ns‚ ]gb t]cv saks]m´manb, Cdmt‚Xv t]¿jy.

8542. G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-t\m-Sp tN¿-°-s∏-´ `-c-WL-S-Iw-˛ kn-°nw 8543. \n-b-a-k-` ]m-km-°n-b _n-√p-Iƒ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS A-\p-a-Xn°m-bn k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 8544. \-ho-I-c-W-Øn-\p th-Zn-bm-b h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 8545. tI-c-f-Øn-se Im¿-jn-I F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv tIm-tf-Pv ÿn-Xn sNøp-∂-Xv-˛ X-h-\q¿ 8546. Z-en-Xv hn-`m-K-Øn¬ \n-∂pw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ sI.B¿.\m-cm-b-W≥ 8547. tI-c-f-Øn-se Im-in F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- -Xn--s\-√n 8548. tUm-h¿ I-S-en-Sp-°v Cw-•-≠n-s\ G-Xp cm-Py-hp-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn°p-∂p-˛ {^m≥-kv 8549. `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS A-[y-£≥-˛ cm-tP-{μ {]-km-Zv 8550. H-∂mw ssa-kq¿ bp-≤w A-h-km-\n-°m≥ Im-c-W-am-b k-‘n F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv H-∏n-´-Xv-˛ sN-ss∂ 8551. {]-Im-ia - pƒ-s∏-sS H- hvk - vX - p-hn-\pw ap-‡a - m-hm-Ø{- X Km-Va - mb Kp--Xzm-I¿-j-Xz-ap-≈ _-ln-cm-Im-i h-kv-Xp-˛ X-tam-K¿-Øw 8552. C--≠ ]-›m-Øe - Ø - n-se {]-Im-ia - m-\a - m-b _n-μp F-∂v Qm≥kn dm-Wn-sb hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 8553. {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ th-Kw B-Zy-am-bn I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛ tdm-a¿ 8554. F-en-^‚ v s^-Ãn-h¬ \-S-°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-˛ P-bv-]q¿ 8555. ]-´m-f-°m¿-°v i-º-fw scm-°w ]-W-am-bn \¬-In-b B-Zy U¬ln kp¬-Øm≥ ˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 8556. _w-•m-tZ-in-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ ssk-\n-I _-lp-a-Xn-˛ _o¿ t{i-jvTt- Xm 8557. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-en-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛ tSm-°n-tbm 8558. B-a-tkm¨ \-Zn H-gp-Ip-∂ cm-Py-߃-˛ {_-ko¬, s]-dp, sImfw-_n-b 8559. B¿-X¿ tIm-\≥ tUm-b¬ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv P-\n-®-Xv-˛ kvtIm-Sv-e‚ v 8560. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b ]oT-`q-an-˛ Sn-_-‰v 8561. kzo-Un-jv k¿-°m-cn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS tem-Iv Pw-_n-jv ]≤-Xn B-cw-`n-® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ 8562. {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ X-cw-K-kn-≤m-¥w B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ {In-kv-Xy≥ ssl-P≥-kv 8563. an-{X-ta-f-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ hn Un k-hm¿-°¿ 8564. sF-tlmƒ im-k-\-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pm-hv-˛ ]p-entI-in c-≠m-a≥ 8565. km≥-Uv-hn-®v Zzo-]p-Iƒ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv kap-{Zw 8566. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 8567. Zm-Zm km-tl-_v ^m¬-s° B-Zy ^o-®¿ ^n-enw \n¿-an-® h¿jw-˛ 1913 8568. tI-c-f-Øn-se in--hm-Wn A-W-s°-´n-se P-ew X-an-gv-\m-´n-se G-Xv \-K-c-Øn-se B-h-iy-Øn-\m-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-tImb-º-Øq¿

176 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

8569. Z-bm-h-[-Øn-\p \n-b-a-km-[p-X \¬-In-b B-Zy cm-Pyw-˛ s\-X¿e≥-Uv-kv 8570. km-aq-Xn-cn-am¿ tc-h-Xn ]-´-Øm-\w \-S-Øn-bn--∂ ÿ-ew-˛ tImgn-t°m-Sv X-fn t£-{Xw 8571. Kp--ap-Jn en-]n B-hn-jv-I-cn-® kn-Jv Kp--˛ Aw-K-Zv 8572. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v _mw-_p tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w˛A-¶-am-en 8573. kzm-`m-hn-I td-Un-tbm B-IvS- o-hX - I-≠p-]n-Sn-®X - v˛- sl≥-dn s_°-d¬ 8574. Km-‘n-Pn B-Zy-am-bn tI-c-f-Øn-se-Øn-b h¿-jw ˛ 1920 8575. cm-Pym-¥-c Zm-cn-{Zy ]T-\ tI-{μw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ {_-ko¬ 8576. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ \m-t\m sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn ]T-\ tI-{μw-˛ _mw-•q¿ 8577. t]-jzm-am-cn¬ G-‰h - pw {]-Ke - ` v- ≥-˛ _m-Pn-dm-hp H-∂m-a≥(1720˛40) 8578. Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn B-Zy k-am-Pw ÿm-]n-® h¿-jw-˛1875 8579. an-\n-kv-{Sn Hm-^v tÃ-‰v sk-Iyq-cn-‰n G-Xv cm-Py-sØ c-l-kymt\z-j-W G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 8580. h-\y-ar-K-ß-fn¬ G-Xv Po-hn-bp-sS Im-e-S-bm-f-am-Wv a-\p-jy-s‚ Im-e-S-bm-f-hp-am-bn k-am-\-X ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ I-c-Sn 8581. Hm-l-cn kq-Nn-I-bn-se C-Sn-hn-s\ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ ar-Kw-˛ I-c-Sn 8582. kz-X-{¥ ]m¿-´n ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn 8583. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn P-\-d¬-˛ {Sn-sKz eo 8584. -a-lm-fl-Pn-bp-sS ti-jn-bp-≈ I-c-߃- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ˛-Aen k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿ 8585. C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ B-flo-b ]n-Xm-hv F-∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ˛-kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ 8586. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-se Z¿-_-\n¬ ^o-\n-Iv-kv sk-‰n¬sa‚ v ÿm-]n-®-Xv ˛1904˛¬ 8587. `q-ÿn-c D-]-{K-l-ß-fp-sS {]-Z-£n-W-]-Yw F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn-em-Wv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv- ˛36000 8588. ]-©m-_v X-S-ta-J-e G-Xv \-Zn-bv-°v k-ao-]-am-Wv-˛-kn-‘p 8589. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w e-`n-® B-Zy cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛-tUm.cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv 8590. ]m-e-kv Hm-^v t\-j≥-kv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv ˛-P-\o-h 8591. ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn-˛-kn-‘p 8592. `q-a-[y-tc-J-tbm-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp-ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ C-¥y≥ taP¿ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ Xq-Øp-°p-Sn 8593. sIm-®n-bn¬ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc k-a-cw \-bn-® {]-[m-\-a{¥n-˛ ]m-en-b-Ø-®≥ 8594. Z¬-lu-kn ln¬-tÃ-j≥ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 8595. tI-c-f-Øn-te-‰-hpw Ip-Sq-X¬ Im-∏n D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Pn-√-˛ hb-\m-Sv 8596. 1920¬ \n- l - I - c - W - {]-ÿm-\w Aw-Ko-Ic - n-® {]-tXy-I tIm¨{K- v k-tΩ-f-\w-˛-I¬-°-´ 8597. N¿-a-Øn-\p \n-dw \¬-Ip-∂ h¿-W-h-kv-Xp-˛ sa-em-\n≥ 8598. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v dq-d¬ U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v F-hn-sSbm-Wv-˛ sIm-´m-c-°-c 8599. {Lm-W-i-‡n D-]-tbm-Kn-®v B-lm-cw I-s≠-Øp-∂ ]-£n-˛-Inhn 8600. tZ-io-b Dƒ-\m-S≥ P-e-K-Xm-K-X C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v B-ÿm-\w-˛-]m-‰v\ 8601. i-Xh - m-l\ - ≥-am--sS X-eÿ m-\w-˛ {]-Xn-jvTm-\w (tKm-Zm-hc - o-Xoc-Øv) 8602. lyq-h¿ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ F.]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 8603. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v tIm-Hm-∏-td-‰o-hv am¿-°-‰nw-Kv s^-U-td-j-s‚ Bÿm-\w-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 8604. 1814˛¬ B-flo-b k-` ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 8605. K¿-Ø-߃-°v hym-k≥, hm-ev-ao-In, tlm-a¿ Xp-S-ßn-b I-hn-Ifp-sS t]-cv \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv {K-l-Øn-em-Wv-˛ _p-[≥ 8606. `u-tam-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ `m-K-hpw Xm-gv-∂ `m-Khpw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ h≥-I-c-˛-G-jy 8607. dn-t°m¿-Up-Iƒ hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v tdm-b¬-‰n e-`n-® B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ Sm-tKm¿ 8608. C-…m-an-I hn-izm-k {]-Im-cw G-Z≥-tXm-´w \n-e-\n-∂--∂ ÿe-Øv C-t∏m-gp-≈ ]-´-Ww-˛ U-am-kv-I-kv

tNmZyw; DØcw sh√kvfn, sh√nwKvS¨, B¿X¿ sh√…n,tam¿WnwKvS¨ {]`p  XnhnXmwIq¿ Znhm\mbn∂ tIih]n≈bv°v cmPm F∂ _lpaXn \¬InbXv sh√…nbmsW∂pw tam¿WnwKvS¨ {]`phmsW∂pw hmbn®n´p≠v. s\t∏mfnbs\ tXm¬]n®Xv B¿X¿ sh√…n-bmsW∂v H ]pkv X IØn¬ I≠p. sh√nwKv S ¨ {]`phmWv s\t∏mfnbs\ tXm¬]n®Xv F∂mWv as‰m∂n¬. F∂m¬ Uyq°v Hm^v sh√nwKvSWmWv s\t∏mfnbs\ Xd]‰n®Xv F∂v thsdmcnSØv I≠p. ChnsSbpw Bib°pg∏ap≠v. Chcn¬ BcmWv s\t∏mfnbs\ tXm¬]n®Xv?  C¥ym Ncn{XØn¬ {]ikvXcmb c≠p sh√…n-am≠v. Ch¿ ktlmZc≥amamWv. tPyjvT≥ sh√…nbpsS t]cv dn®m¿Uv tImfn sh√…n-(1760˛1842). A\pP≥ B¿X¿ sh√…n(1769˛1852).  1798apX¬ 1805 hsc C¥ybn¬ Kh¿W¿ P\dembn∂p Richard Colley Wellesley {]`p. At±lw tam¿WnwKvS¨ {]`p F∂pw Adnbs∏´p. tIih]n≈bv ° v cmPm _lpaXn \¬InbXv At±lamWv. Sn∏p kp¬Øm≥ \memw ssakq¿ bp≤Øn¬ sIm√s∏Sp∂Xv (1799) Ct±lØns‚ `cWImeØmWv . 1805˛¬ Kh¿W¿ P\d¬ ]Zsamgn™v At±lw Xncn®pt]mbn. ]n∂oSt±lw {_n´ojv t^mdn≥ sk{I´dnbmbn (1809˛12). 1 st Marquess Wellesley F∂pw At±lw ]cma¿°s∏Sp∂p.  ssk\nI X{¥⁄≥, {_n´ojv {][m\a{¥n F∂o \neIfn¬ hy‡nap{Z ]Xn∏n® B¿X¿ sh√…n 1797˛¬ tIWse∂ \nebn¬ C¥ybnseØn. ]nt‰h¿jw (1798) At±lØns‚ tPyjvT≥ C¥ybn¬ Kh¿W¿ P\dembn. Sn∏p kp¬Øms\ t\cnSm≥ P\d¬ lmcnkns‚ Iogn¬ B¿X¿ sh√…n \ntbmKn°s∏´p. B ssk\nI ZuXyØn¬ {_n´ojv ssk\yw Sn∏phns\ h[n®p(1799). Sn∏phns‚ acWwtIs´Øn ]ƒkv ]cntim[n®v acWw Dd∏phØnbXv B¿X¿ sh√kv f nbmWv . 1801¬ At±lØn\v {_ntKUnb¿ P\dembn ÿm\°b‰w e`n®p. 1802˛¬ taP¿ P\dembn.  bqtdm∏n¬ aSßnsbØnb B¿X¿ sh√kvfn hm´¿eq bp≤Øn¬ (1815) s\t∏mfnbs\ ]cmPbs∏SpØn temINcn{XØn¬ Nnc{]XnjvT t\Sn. Uyq°v Hm^v sh√nwKv S ¨ F∂pw At±lw Adnbs∏Sp∂p (B ssS‰n¬ thsd ]ew hln®n´ps≠¶nepw). At±lw c≠p {]mhiyw {_n´ojv {][m\a{¥nbmbn (1828-˛30, 1834). sh√nwKvS¨ {]`p F∂pw At±lw Ncn{X]pkvXIßfn¬ ]cma¿in°s∏Sp∂p≠v. ^o¬Uv am¿j¬ ]Zw hsc Db¿∂ Cu ssk\nI {]Xn`bv°v Iron Duke F∂ A]c\mahpap≠v. 8609. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy ]p-I-bn-e hn-ap-‡ \-K-cw-˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv8610. N-Wv-Un-K-Vv \-K-cw B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ se tIm¿-_q-knsb 8611. tI-c-f C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v tem-°¬ A-Uv-an-\n-kv-t{S-j≥ F-hnsSbm-Wv-˛ ap-f-¶p-∂-Øp-Im-hv 8612. B-bn-cw- X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS \m-Sv-˛ ^n≥-e≥-Uv8613. tI-c-f {U-Kv-kv B‚ v ^m¿-a-kyq-´n-°¬-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Ie-hq¿ 8614. B-bp¿-ssZ¿-Lyw G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈ G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ P-∏m≥ (tem-I-Øv A≥-tUm-d) 8615. O-{X-]X - n in-hP - n a-lm-cm-Pv sS¿-an-\¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- apw-ss_

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 177

8616. Kp-P-dm-Øn-se Imw-t_ F-¥n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ s]-t{Sm-fn-bw J-\-\w 8617. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n cm-aI - r-jW v- ] - n-≈ \m-Sp-IS- Ø - s - ∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1910 8618. th-Z-Im-e-L-´-Øn-se Po-hn-Øn-s‚ 4 L-´-߃-˛ {_-“-N-cyw, Kr-l-ÿm-{i-aw, hm-\-{]-ÿw, k-∂ym-kw 8619. tIm-f-\n `-c-W-Im-e-Øv kz-X-{¥-am-bn \n-e-sIm-≠ B-{^n-°≥ cm-Py-߃-˛ F-tXym-]y, sse-_o-cn-b 8620. tem-I-Øv B-Zy-am-bn H- P-\n-X-I am-∏v X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\v D]-tbm-Kn-®X - v G-Xv im-kv{- X-⁄s - ‚ c-‡ km-ºn-fp-If - m-Wv˛- sPbnw-kv hm-Sv-k¨ 8621. knw-K-∏q¿ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 8622. \n¿-hr-Xn ]-©-I-Øn-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv-˛-{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- 8623. Nn-Ãn Hm¿-U¿ ÿm-]n-® kq-^n h-cy≥-˛ Izm-Pm sam-bv-\p-±o≥ Nn-Ãn 8624. \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS ap-Jy-h-‡m-hv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n 8625. tI-c-f tIm¨-{K-kv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ sI.Fw.tPm¿-Pv 8626. No-^v C-e-£≥ I-Ωn-j-W-sd \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 8627. kn-‘p \-Zn ]-Xn-°p-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 8628. tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ am-ß D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C- ¥ y 8629. \yq-Kn-\n-b G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 8630. \yq Uo¬ t{]m-{Kmw A-h-X-cn-∏n-® A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 8631. tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Cu-¥-∏-gw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cmPyw ˛ C-dm-°v 8632. \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p th-Zn-bm-b h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 8633. sI-cm-‰n≥ F-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yw D-≈-Xv-˛ N¿-a-Øn¬ 8634. `q-Kp--Xz-_-ew G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv-˛ {[p-h-{]-tZ-i-Øv 8635. th-Zmw-K-߃ B-sd-Æw G-sX-√mw-˛ in-£, \n--‡w,hym-I-cWw,I-ev] - w,O-μ  - v,tPym-Xn-jw 8636. `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-` cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1946 Un-kw-_¿ 6 8637. sIm-®n cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS In-co-S-[m-c-Ww \-S-∂n--∂ ÿ-ew-˛ Nn-{X-Iq-Sw 8638. tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw h-S-°m-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ tZ-io-tbm-Zym\w-˛ t\m¿-Øv Cu-Ãv {Ko≥-em≥-Uv \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v 8639. \n-b-a-k-`m ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 8640. ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Iq-Sn-b \-K-cw-˛-I-dm-®n 8641. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw-Pn-√-bn¬ e-b¨ k-^m-cn ]m¿-°n-\p {]-kn≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛-s\-øm¿-Umw 8642. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b c-≠m-a-sØ D-]-I-c-W kw-Ko-X hn-Z-Kv-Z≥-˛ D-kv-Xm-Zv _n-kv-an-√m-Jm≥ 8643. \o-e-bpw a-™-bpw tN¿-∂m¬ In-´p-∂ h¿-Ww-˛ ]-® 8644. Nn-d-Ip-I-fn-√m-Ø j-Uv-]-Zw-˛ aq-´ 8645. \n-co-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂ hn-π-h-Im-cn -˛`-K-Xv kn-Mv 8646. kn-hn¬ k¿-ho-kv ]-co-£ ]m-km-b c-≠m-a-sØ C-¥ym-°mc≥-˛ kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn 8647. \n-b-a-k-` ]m-km-°p-∂ \n-b-a-߃ B-cv H-∏n-Sp-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv \n-ba - a - m-Ip-∂X - v˛- K - h - ¿-W¿ 8648. t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc bp-≤m-lzm-\w \-SØ - n ssi-Jv ssk\p-±o≥ F-gp-Xn-b {K-Ÿw-˛ Xp-lv-^-Øp¬ ap-Pm-ln-Zo≥ 8649. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn¬ Nm¿-an-\m¿ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ Jp-en Ip-Xv-Jv jm 8650. tKm-h-sb tam-Nn-∏n-® ssk-\n-I-\o-°w-˛ Hm-∏-td-j≥ hn-Pbv(1961) 8651. \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ _-Uv-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv B--sS t]-cn-emWv ˛-K-h¿-W¿ 8652. tUm.F-kv.N-{μ-ti-J-dn-\v sam-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-´n-b hn-j-bw˛ ^n-kn-Iv-kv 8653. Uq¨ kv-Iqƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-sU-dm-Uq¨ 8654. X-fn-t°m-´ bp-≤-Øn-\p-ti-jw hn-P-b-\-K-cw k-μ¿-in-® t]m¿®p-Ko-kv k-©m-cn-˛ ko-k¿ s{^-U-dn-°v 8655. N-t{μm-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ aq-e-Iw˛ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ (43%) 8656. Km-‘n k-am-[m-\ k-Ωm-\w B-Zy-am-bn e-`n-®-Xv-˛ Pq-en-b-kv s\tc-c 8657. tem-I-Øn-se H-tc-sbm- Pq-X-cm-jv-{Sw-˛ C-{k-tb¬

CONFUSING FACTS  D-Z-b-kq-cy-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂ P-∏m-\pw A-kv-X-a-b kq-cys‚ \m-Sv F-∂v {_n-´-\pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.  sX-°n-s‚ {_n-´¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv \yq-kn-e≥-Uv B-Wv. In-g-°n-s‚ {_n-´¨ P-∏m-\m-Wv.  G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ tZ-io-b-Km-\w P-∏m-t‚-Xm-Wv. G-‰hpw ]-g-°w-sN-∂ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I sU≥-am¿-°n-t‚-XmWv.  \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se cm-Pv-]-Yv tdm-Un-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv InwKv-kv th F-∂pw P≥-]-Yv F-∂ tdm-Un-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv Izo≥-kv th F-∂p-am-Wv.  C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n-bp-sS P-∑-Zn-\w (\-hw-_¿ 19) tZ-io-tbmZv-{K-Y-\-Zn-\-am-bpw N-c-a-Zn-\w (H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 31) tZ-io-b]p-\-c¿-∏-W-Zn-\-am-bpw B-N-cn-°p-∂p. 8658. 8659. 8660. 8661. 8662. 8663. 8664. 8665.

8666. 8667. 8668. 8669. 8670. 8671. 8672. 8673. 8674. 8675. 8676. 8677. 8678. 8679. 8680. 8681. 8682. 8683. 8684. 8685.

178 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

kn-hn¬ B-⁄m-ew-L-\ {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1930 kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ I-´-°v O-tμ-e cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ J-Pp-cm-tlm P-\-d¬ ]¿-∏-kv I-Ωn-‰n B-sc-bm-Wv D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv-˛-kv-]o°¿ U¬-ln U¿-_m¿ \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1911 1917¬ k-a-kv-X tI-c-f k-tlm-Z-c-kw-Lw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ sI.Aø-∏≥ k-Ω-Xn-bp-sS \n¿-am-Ww F-∂ k-ao-]-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v hn-i-Zo-Icn-® B-[p-\n-I Nn-¥-I≥-˛ t\mw tNmw-kv-In P-\-d¬ C≥-jp-d≥-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ Io-gn-ep-≈ 4 k-_v-knU-dn I-º-\n-Iƒ-˛ \yq C-¥y A-jz-d≥-kv, Hm-dn-b‚¬ C≥-jpd≥-kv, \m-j-W¬ C≥-jp-d≥-kv, bp-ssW-‰-Uv C-¥y C≥-jpd≥-kv k¿ k-ø-Zv A-l-Ω-Zv-Jm≥ ap-l-Ω-Z≥ Bw-t•m Hm-dn-b‚¬ tImtf-Pv kv-Ym-]n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1875 1920 ¬ F.sF.Sn.bp.kn.bp-sS B-Zy k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ em-em e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn¬ tKm-Uv-sk-tbm-sSm-∏w Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-Xv˛ \m-cm-b-W Z-Øm-t{X-b B-]v-sX tIm-a¨ sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kv B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1930 k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈ C-Kv s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ A-S¬ _n-lm-cn hm-Pv-t]-bn tNm¿-an-\m¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sU¬-ln tNm¿-an-\m¿ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 1954˛¬ B-Zy-sØ s\-{lp πm-\-t‰-dn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv B-cw`n-®-Xv-˛ ]q-sW kn-°μ - ¿ C km-\n F-∂ ÿm-\t- ∏-cv kzo-Ic - n-® U¬-ln kp¬Øm≥ ˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn kv-s]-jy¬ am-tcy-Pv B-Iv-Sv _m-[-I-a-√m-Ø C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm\w-˛ P-Ωp I-iv-ao¿ s\-{lp I-gn-™m¬ ssN-\ k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\a-{¥n-˛ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n sIm-®n-bn-se A-h-km-\-sØ Zn-hm≥-˛ kn.]n.I--Wm-I-c-tat\m≥ tk-\≥-am¿ G-Xp {]-tZ-i-am-Wv `-cn-®-Xv-˛ _w-Kmƒ l-hm a-l¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ P-bv-]q¿ {^-©v- h-n-π-h-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- sS-∂o-kv-tIm¿-´v- {]-X-n-Pv-RF-∂m-bn--∂p-˛ 1789 Pq¨- 20 kv-Iqƒ kn-‰n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-sU-dm-Uq¨ kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ Nn-°m-tKm-bn-se tem-I a-X k-tΩ-f-\Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp-{]-kw-Kn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1893 G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hv-˛ X-h°¬ Im¿-a≥ tI-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ a-Wv-U-e-ß-sf {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ Fw.hn.cm-L-h≥ h-S-°p-In-g-°≥ C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-Zn-˛ {_-“-]p-{X

8686. knw-em-I-cm-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛ C-μn-cm Km-‘n 8687. {^-©v- hn-π-h-Øn-s≥-d- ap-{Z-m-hm-I-yw-˛ kzm-X-{¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,- kmtlm-Z-cyw8688. kn-°p-Im--sS B-Zy Kp--hm-b \m-\m-°v (1469˛1539) P-\n-® {Km-aw-˛ X¬-h-μn 8689. G-‰-hpw `o-I-c-am-b A-·n-]¿-h-X kv-t^m-S-\w-˛ {Im-°-tØm-h 8690. P-e-sØ ssh-Zyp-X hn-t«-j-Ww \-S-Øn-bm¬ In-´p-∂ aq-e-I߃-˛ ssl-{U-P-\pw Hm-Iv-kn-P-\pw 8691. {_n-´o-jv `-cW - I - m-eØ - v ]m¿-es - a‚ v A-dn-bs - ∏-´n--∂X - v˛- sk≥{S¬ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv A-kw-ªn 8692. tem-I-I-∏v ^p-Sv-t_mƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw kz-¥-am°n-b cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 8693. tem-I-k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚ Nn-”-am-bn {]m-hn-s\ A-h-X-cn-∏n-® Nn{X-Im-c≥-˛ ]n-°m-tkm 8694. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-´v D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm\w-˛ I¿-Wm-S-Iw 8695. O-Øn-kv-K-Vn-se {]-[m-\ \-Zn ˛ a-lm-\-Zn 8696. C-¥y-bn¬ {`w-i-Xm-gv-h-c-bn-eq-sS H-gp-Ip-∂ G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-Zn˛ \¿-a-Z 8697. hn.sI. Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m-\p-ti-jw {]-Xn-tcm-[ a-{¥n-bm-b a-e-bmfn-˛-F.sI. B‚-Wn 8698. tem-I-ln-X-hm-Zn F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv-˛ tKm-]m¬ lcn tZ-iv-ap-Jv 8699. Km-b-{Xn a-{¥w G-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv-˛ E-tKz-Zw 8700. km-cn-Iƒ-°p t]--tI-´ Im-©o-]p-cw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ X-an-gv-\m-Sv 8701. P-∏m-\n¬ C-¥y≥ C≥-Un-s]≥-U≥-kv eo-Kn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬In-b-Xv-˛ dm-jv _n-lm-cn t_m-kv 8702. kn-°p-Im--sS A-©v A-Sn-ÿm-\ kw-KX - n-Iƒ-˛ tI-iw,I-ML -v ,I®,I-c,Ir-]m¨ 8703. tI-c-f Jn-em-^-Øv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ Ip™n-t°m-b X-߃ 8704. knw-l-Øn-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ ]m-s¥-d en-tbm 8705. a-\p-jy-s‚ \-s´-√n-s‚ i-cm-i-cn \o-fw-˛ 3.3 A-Sn 8706. knw-en-]m¬ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ H-do-k 8707. {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv cm-P-ÿm≥ {]-tZ-iw A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ t]-cv-˛ a¬-ky 8708. jv-In-s∏-dn F-∂ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv-˛ A¬-t_\n-b 8709. Jw-`m-Xv Dƒ-°-S-en¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ Xp-d-ap-Jw ˛-kq-d-Øv 8710. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Cw-•o-jv- ta¬-t°m-bva - Aw-Ko-Ic - n-®X - v- G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1795 8711. sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-eq-sS \o-¥m≥- I-gn-hp-≈ ]-£n- -˛ s]≥-Kzn≥8712. tI-c-f I-em-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚ ap≥-Im-e t]-cv-˛ tI-c-f B¿-Sv-kv A-°m-Z-an 8713. Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-Im-e-sØ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ au-em-\m A-_pƒ I-emw B-km-Zv 8714. k-a-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ kzn-‰vk¿-e≥-Uv 8715. tI-c-f hp-Uv C≥-U-kv-{So-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ \n-e-ºq¿ 8716. k-am-[m-\w H-gn-sI-bp-≈ hn-j-b-ß-fn-se s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm°ƒ-°v G-Xp cm-Py-Øp-h® - m-Wv ]p-ck - vI - m-cw \¬-Ip-∂X - v˛- kzoU≥ 8717. k-øn-Zv hw-i-Øn¬ Jn-kv-dv Jm-\p-ti-jw A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂Xv-˛ ap-_m-d-°v jm 8718. tI-c-f Im¿-jn-I k¿-h-I-em-im-ebp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ a-Æp-Øn 8719. X-an-gv-\m-´n-se c-≠m-a-sØ h-en-b \-K-cw-˛-tIm-b-º-Øq¿ 8720. X-e-t»-cn-bn¬- B-Zy-sØ Cw-•o-jv- kv-Iqƒ- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1858 8721. X-et- »-cn-bn¬- Cw-•o-jp-Im--sS ^m-IvS- d - n- ÿm-]n-®X - v G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1695 8722. X-lv-cn¿ kv-Iz-b¿ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 8723. Xn--®n-d-∏-≈n G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-Im-th-cn 8724. A-h-km-\-am-bn am-am-¶w \-S-∂p F-∂v I--X-s∏-Sp-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1755

CONFUSING FACTS  tem- I - a m- \ y F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- ´ - X v _m- e - K w- K m- [ - c Xn- e I≥(1856˛1920) . a-lm-am-\y F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv ]-Wv-Un-‰v aZ≥ tam-l≥ am-f-hy (1861˛1946).  tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ kw-ÿm-\ ]-£n-bm-b th-gm-º¬ a-te-jybp-sS tZ-io-b ]-£n-bm-Wv. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ kw-ÿm-\ ]pjv-]-am-b I-Wn-s°m-∂ Xm-bv-e≥-Un-s‚ tZ-io-b ]p-jv-]am-Wv. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ kw-ÿm-\ hr-£-am-b sX-ßv am-enZzo-]n-s‚ tZ-io-b hr-£-am-Wv.  a-dm-Ø tI-k-cn F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv _m-e-Kw-Km[-c Xn-e-I-\m-Wv. `m-c-X tI-k-cn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´-Xv a-∂-Øp ]-Zv-a-\m-`-\m-Wv. 8725. P-\k - w-Jym hn-ktv- ^m-S\ - k - n-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚ D-]⁄ m-Xm-h˛v- am¬Øq-kv 8726. Xm-{aw F-∂v kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tem-lw-˛-sN-ºv 8727. sIm- √ - h ¿- j w B- c w- ` n- ® - X v B- c p- s S Im- e - Ø m- W v˛ cm-P-ti-J-c-h¿-a 8728. l-cn-l-c-s‚-bpw _p-°‚-bpw Kp--˛ hn-Zym-c-Wy 8729. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ Aw-K-am-Wv sam-≠n-s\t{Km-˛ 192 8730. tem-I-hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1995 8731. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS ]-Xm-I-bp-sS \n-dw-˛ \o-e 8732. Xm¿ F-Iv-kv-{]-kv Hm-Sp-∂-Xv G-sX-√mw ÿ-e-߃-°n-S-bn¬-˛ ap-\-_m `m-shm-˛ sJm-{I-]m¿ 8733. `q-an-bn-se G-‰-hpw X-Wp-∏p-≈ ÿ-ew-˛ sh¿-tJm-bm≥-kv-Iv 8734. Kp-P-dm-Øv ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv 8735. Fw- kn- tdm-Un-s≥-d ]-Wn- Xo¿-∂-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1877 8736. Lm-\-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ tKmƒ-Uv tIm-Ãv 8737. F-Xn-cn-√m-sX Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ G-I {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ \o-ew- kRv-Po-h-sd-Uv-Un8738. sIm-®n e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv A-kw-_v-fn-bn¬ Aw-K-am-b B-Zy h-\n-X˛-tXm-´-bv-°m-´v am-[-hn-b-Ω 8739. F-gp-Ø-—≥ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ _m-em-a-Wn-bΩ (1995) 8740. A-Iv-_¿ 1581˛¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b amƒ-h-bn-se `-c-Wm-[nIm-cn-˛ _m-kv _-lm-Zq¿ 8741. tem-I-sØ an-I-® {In-°-‰v Xm-c-Øn-\p-≈ sF.kn.kn.A-hm¿Uv-˛ Km-cn tkm-t_-gv-kv A-hm¿-Uv 8742. kpw-K-hw-i ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ]p-jy-an-{X≥ 8743. F-gp-Ø-—≥ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ iq-c-\m-Sv Ip™≥-]n-≈ (1993) 8744. A-Iv-_¿ A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛ 1605 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 17 8745. F-gp-Øp-hn-Zy B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-® \m-K-cn-I-X-˛ kp-ta-dn-b≥ 8746. tI-c-f-Øn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n--∂ Zm-b-{I-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]-cm-a¿-in-® {]-Y-a hn-tZ-i-k-©m-cn-˛ {^-b¿- tPm¿-Um-\-kv8747. Fw.]n.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚ Xq-en-Im-\m-aw-˛ t{]w-Pn 8748. kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS ap-Jy-{]-ta-bw-˛ {]-W-bw, bp-≤w 8749. F-h-d-Ãn-\v B t]- e-`n-°m≥ Im-c-W-°m-c-\m-b tPm¿-Pv Fh-d-Ãv B-cm-bn--∂p-˛ C-¥y-bp-sS k¿-th-b¿ P-\-d¬ 8750. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-]-Zzo-]v-˛ A-td-_y 8751. kq-cy-{]-Im-is - Ø G-‰h - p-a[ - n-Iw {]-Xn-^e - n-∏n-°p-∂ {K-lw-˛ ip{I≥ 8752. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se {K-l-ß-fn¬ h-ep-∏-Øn¬ aq-∂mw ÿm-\-ap≈ {K-lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv 8753. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-I ap-…nw- cm-P-hw-iw-˛ A-d-bv-°¬8754. k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b c-≠m-a-sØ bp.F≥.sk-{I´-dn P-\-d¬-˛ tIm-^n A-∂≥ (2001) 8755. Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-Øn-\v Km-‘n-Pn-sb A-d-Ãp sN-ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ A-S-bv-°-s∏-´ P-bn¬-˛ B-Km-Jm≥ sIm-´m-cw

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 179

8756. kn-bm-®n≥ a-™p-a-e G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ P-Ωp I-iv-ao¿ 8757. kq-cy-\p-Np-‰p-ap-≈ `q-an-bp-sS k-©m-cw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {]-Z-£n-Ww 8758. a-\p-jy-s\ B-Zy-am-bn N-{μ-\n-se-Øn-® _-ln-cm-Im-i-hm-l-\am-b A-t∏m-tfm-˛11 hn-t£-]n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-® tdm-°-‰v-˛ kmt‰¨-˛5 8759. P-Ωp-hn-s\-bpw I-\ym-Ip-am-cntb-bpw _-‘n-∏n-®v Hm-Sp-∂ Xo-h≠n-˛ ln-a-km-K¿ 8760. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]-ªn-Iv {Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v kw-hn-[m-\w \-S-∏n-em-°s∏-´ B-Zy \-K-cw-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 8761. kpw-K-hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂ hn-Zn-i G-Xv kw-ÿm\-Øm-Wv-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 8762. sIm-®n≥ tÃ-‰v tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ Sn.sI.\m-b¿ 8763. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b ]-ip-h¿-Kw-˛ sh-®q¿ ]-ip 8764. Kn-cn-\-K-c in-em-te-Jw G-Xp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ t\-´-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ -{Z-Zm-a≥ 8765. ap-bn-\p-±o≥ Nn-jv-Sn-bp-sS k-am-[n k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy sU¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 8766. h-cn-Iƒ C-√m-sX kw-Ko-Xw am-{X-ap-≈ tZ-io-b Km-\-ap-≈ cmPyw-˛ kv-s]-bn≥ 8767. ]p¬-ta-Sp-Iƒ Im-Wm-Ø G-I `q-J-Wv-Uw ˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 8768. tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-ti-jw tI-{μ-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛F.sI. B‚-Wn 8769. B-bp¿-th-Z Nn-In¬-km-co-Xn- e-`y-am-°n-bn-´p-≈ C-¥y-bn-se G-I am-\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-tI-{μw-˛ tIm-´-bv-°¬8770. tI-c-f C≥-em≥-Uv \m-hn-tK-j≥ tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm-®n 8771. B-Zy-sØ Hm-S-°p-g¬ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ sh-Æn-°p-fw tKm]m-e-°p-dp-∏v 8772. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w tP-Xm-°-fn¬ C-¥y-°p sh-fn-bn¬ P-\n-® B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ a-Z¿ sX-tc-k 8773. h-\-a-tlm-’-hw \-S-Øp-∂ am-kw-˛ Pq-sse 8774. `m-cX - o-b k-¶¬-]ß - f - n-se _r-lk - v] - X - n G-Xp {K-la - m-Wv˛- hymgw 8775. kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-≈ C-¥y-bn¬ Zm-cn-Zy-tc-J-sb-°p-dn-®v N¿-® sN-bv-X B-Zy t\-Xm-hv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 8776. Ip-Spw-_-{io B-cw-`n-® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 8777. kn-dm-Pv D-Zv Zu-f-bp-sS X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ ap¿-jn-Zm-_m-Zv 8778. X-an-gv-\m-Sv kw-ÿm-\-Øv ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ Pm-\In cm-a-N-{μ≥ 8779. tIm-´-bv-°¬ B-cy-ssh-Zy-im-e ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ ssh-Zy-c-Xv-\w ]n.F-kv.hm-cy¿ 8780. Nm¿-hm-I-a-Xw ap-t∂m-´p-h-® ao-amw-k-˛ tem-Im-b-X Z¿-i-\w 8781. kz-X-{¥-`m-c-X-Øn¬ B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-®Xv F-t∏mƒ-˛ 1975 Pq¨ 8782. I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ sIm-´m-c-°-c-Ø-ºp-cm≥ 8783. Km-\v-[n-Pn ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy-sØ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ 1901se sIm¬-°-Ø k-tΩ-f-\w 8784. tI-c-f-Z¿-∏-Ww,tI-c-f ]-{Xn-I, a-e-bm-fn F-∂o {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Wß-fn¬ F-gp-Xp-tºmƒ sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-Ww-]n-≈ D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-∂ Xq-en-Im-\m-aw-˛ tI-c-f≥ 8785. sIm-®n-bn¬ {]-Pm-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚ cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\p \n¿Wm-b-I ]-¶p-h-ln-® t\-Xm-hv-˛ hn.B¿. Ir-jv-W-s\-gp-Ø-—≥ 8786. `q-an-bn-te-°v kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂p Xm-]w F-Øn-t®--∂-Xv-˛ hn-In-cWw h-gn 8787. kq-{X-]n-S-Iw F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-˛ _p-≤-s‚ XØz-߃ 8788. Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈ Im¿-jn-I D¬-]-∂-߃-°v \¬-Ip-∂ ap-{Z-˛ A-‹m¿-°v 8789. `q-an-bn-se G-‰-hpw- h-en-b Zzo-]-k-aq-lw-˛ C≥-sUm-\n-jy8790. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 35mw-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS kn-°n-an-\v A-tkm-kntb-‰v tÃ-‰v ]-Z-hn \¬-Ip-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv 36mw-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-se H- kw-ÿm-\-am-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xv G-Xp {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n. 8791. G-Xv tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-am-Wv t\-Xr-Xzw bp-h-X-e-ap-d-bv-°v ssI-am-dn-b-Xv-˛ em-tlm¿

CONFUSING FACTS  Iºyq´¿ kpc£mZn\w AYhm ssk_¿ kpc£m

  

Zn\w \hw_¿ 30, C‚¿s\‰v kpc£mZn\w s^{_phcn 9 BWv. _UvP‰ns‚ as‰m t]cmWv hm¿jnI kmºØnI {]kvXmh\ (Annual Financial Statement). _UvP‰v Cbdns‚ a‰p t]IfmWv ^n\m≥jy¬ Cb¿, ^nkvI¬ Cb¿ F∂nh. C¥ybn¬ kmºØnI h¿jw G{]n¬ H∂n\p XpSßn ASpØh¿jw am¿®v 31 \v Ahkm\n°p∂p. Atacn°≥ sFIy\mSpIfn¬ CXv HIvtSm_¿ H∂papX¬ sk]vXw_¿ 30 hscbmWv. {_n´ojv C¥ybpsS GItZiw a[yØmbn ÿnXn sNbvXn∂ \Kcw \mKv]qcmWv. kzX{¥ C¥ybpsS a[y`mKØp≈ \Kcw P_¬∏qcmWv. hS°pIng°≥ C¥ybnemWv ]q¿hmN¬. ]q¿hL´hpw ]›naL´hpw {][m\ambpw Z£ntW¥ybnemWv. -Z£nWKwK F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ \Zn ImthcnbmWv. hr≤ KwK F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ \Zn tKmZmhcnbmWv.

8792. _o-Pm-∏q-w tKm¬-sIm-≠-bpw ap-Kƒ km-{am-Py-Øn-\p Io-g-Sßn-b-Xv B--sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 8793. D-∏p-\n-b-a-sØ B-{I-an-® B-Zy-sØ tZ-io-b t\-Xm-hv-˛ tKm]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se 8794. ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn cm-Pn-°-Øv k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xv B¿-°mWv-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v 8795. ]n-Xr-]-£-Øn¬ Xn-aq-dn-s‚-bpw am-Xr-]-£-Øn¬ sN-¶n-jv-Jms‚-bpw ]n≥-Km-an-bm-b B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-˛-_m-_¿ 8796. _p-≤-s‚ Ip-Xn-c-˛ Im-¥-I≥ 8797. _u-≤-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se a-lm-`n-\n-jv-{I-a-Ww F-¥m-Wv-˛ _p-≤-s‚ ]-cn-Xym-Kw 8798. Izn-°v kn¬-h¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sa¿-°p-dn 8799. Izn-‰n-¥y k-a-c-Øn-s‚ \m-bn-I F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ A--W Ak-^v A-en 8800. km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 8801. Kp-P-dm-Øn-se {]-kn-≤-am-b h-\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-Xw-˛ Kn¿ 8802. kn-hn¬ `-c-W-Iq-Sw sI-´n-∏-Sp-°m≥ i-cn-bm-b {]m-K-ev-`yw ImWn-® C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy ap-…nw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ sj¿-jm 8803. tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bp-sS ho-Xn-bp-sS F-{X C-c-´n-bm-Wv \o-fw-˛ H∂-c 8804. tI-c-f-Øn-se D-∏p-k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚ th-Zn-˛ ]-ø-∂q¿ 8805. k-Xn- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛ hn-eyw- s_≥-dn-Iv8806. tk-\-hw-i-Øn-se B-Zy `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ hn-P-b-tk-\≥ 8807. tem-Iw Np-‰n bm-{X sN-bv-X C-¥y≥ \m-hn-I-tk-\-bp-sS B-ZysØ I-∏¬-˛ sF.F≥.F-kv.X-cw-Kn-Wn 8808. Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn¬ {]-Xn-I-sf Xq-°n-te-‰n-b P-bn¬-˛ Aw-_me P-bn¬ 8809. Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn ]-g-߃ ]-gp-∏n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ am-c-I-amb cm-k-h-kv-Xp-˛ Im¿-ss_-Uv 8810. k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂pw Xm-sg-bm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ X-e-ÿm\ \-K-cw G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv-˛ s\-X¿-e≥-Uv-kv 8811. kn-ep-an≥ F-∂ tem-l-k-¶-c-Øn-se L-S-I-߃-˛ A-ep-an-\nbw ,kn-en-°¨ 8812. tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°-dm-b B-Zy C-S-Xp-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-˛ tkm-a-\mYv Nm-‰¿-Pn 8813. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j-I-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ Z-£n-Wm{^n-° 8814. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hym-h-km-bn-I ]p-tcm-K-Xn B¿-Pn-® sX-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 8815. Iyq-Wn-t^mw en-]n B-Zy-am-bn hym-Jym-\n-®-Xv-˛ sl≥-dn tdmfn≥-k¨ (1835) 8816. tem-I-am-\y F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv-˛ _m-ew-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-I≥

180 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

8817. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-‰p-ho-ip-∂ h≥-I-c-˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 8818. tI-{μ km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn˛ B¿.\m-cm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿(1955) 8819. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w ]-¶n-´ B-Zy Z-º-Xn-am¿-˛ ]n-b-dn Iyq-dnbpw ta-cn Iyq-dn-bpw (1903,^n-kn-Iv-kv) 8820. G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-em-h[ - n-bp-≠m-bn--∂ tem-Ik v- `- ˛- A-©mw tem-Iv-k-` 8821. {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- Nq¿-Wn- F-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂- \-Zn˛-s]-cn-bm¿ 8822. kn-°p-Im--sS hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿw-˛ Kp- {K-Ÿ-km-ln-_v 8823. k-Xo-jv [-hm≥ kv-t]-kv sk‚¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ {io-l-cn-t°m´ 8824. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv ]p-d-¥-≈p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ bp.F-kv.F. 8825. A-h-km-\-sØ au-cy-cm-Pm-hv-˛-{_-l-{Z-Y≥.8826. k-Xym¿-Y-{]-Im-iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 8827. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]¿-h-Xw-˛ au-≠v H-fn-º-kv (sNm-Δ) 8828. tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-∏n D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw ˛ {_-ko¬ 8829. P¿-a-\n-bp-sS tZ-io-b hn-am-\ k¿-ho-kv-˛ ep-^v-Øm≥-k 8830. kn-dn-b-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn--∂- tKm-em≥- Ip-∂p-Iƒ- G-Xv- cm-Py-amWv- 1967¬- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b-Xv- -˛-C-{k-tb¬8831. Kp-P-dm-Øv `q-I-º-Øn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ C-d-ßn-b a-e-bmf kn-\n-a-˛ Im-gv-N 8832. t]m-tÃm-^o-kv ap-tJ-\ h-kv-Xp \n-Ip-Xn A-S-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\v kuI-cyw G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛-tI-c-fw 8833. ta-[m ]-Sv-I¿ ÿm-]n-® cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-´n-˛ ]o-∏nƒ-kv s]m-fn-‰n°¬ {^-≠v 8834. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]oT-`q-an-˛ h-b-\m-Sv 8835. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew `-cn-® {_n-´o-jv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ hn-IvtSm-dn-b dm-Wn (1837˛1901) 8836. tIm-i-Øn-\p-≈n-se G-I A-Po-ho-b L-S-Iw-˛ t^-\w 8837. tN-\-bp-sS `-£y-tbm-Ky-am-b `m-Kw-˛ Im-WvTw 8838. U-®p-Im¿-°v C-¥y-bn-te-°v h-cm-\m-h-iy-am-b am¿-K-\n¿-t±-iw \¬-In-b-k-©m-cn-˛ en≥-tjm-´≥ 8839. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-Im-kw {]m-]n-® a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈ Po-hn-˛-a\p-jy≥ 8840. Um-ap-I-fn-se P-ew A-Xn-s‚ a¿-Zw Iq-Sp-X¬ sN-ep-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ F-√m Zn-i-I-fn-te-°pw 8841. X-°m-fn tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn Ir-jn sN-bv-X {]-tZ-iw-˛ sX-t° A-ta-cn-° 8842. tIm-i-Øn-s‚ A-Sp-°-f F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ l-cn-X-I-Ww 8843. G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b h≥-I-c-˛-G-jy 8844. Xp-Kvf - I - v cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ a-X] - c - a - m-b Im-cy-ßf - n¬ G-‰h - pw XmXv-]-cyw Im-Wn-®-Xv-˛ ^n-tdm-kv jm Xp-Kv-f-Iv 8845. Xz-°n-\pw tcm-a-Øn-\pw ar-Zp-Xzw \¬-Ip-∂ {Zm-h-Iw-˛ ko-_w 8846. Zn ]n-Iv-N¿ Hm-^v tUm-dn-b≥ t{K c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Hm-kv-Im¿ ssh¬Uv 8847. tI-cf - X - o-cs - Ø I-cn-aW - e - n¬-Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂ A-Wp-i‡ - n {]m-[m\y-ap-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛ tXm-dn-bw 8848. km-ln-Xy s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b c-≠m-a-sØ G-jy-°m-c≥-˛ bm-kp-\m-cn I-hm-_-Ø (1968, P-∏m≥) 8849. jm-P-lm-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ Jp-dw 8850. X-an-gv-\m-Sn-s‚ Xo-c-tZ-iw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ sIm-d-am-≠¬ Xo-cw 8851. Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ ÿm-]n-® \-K-cw-˛ \-K¬-]q¿ 8852. I-S-en-se Zq-cw A-f-°m-\p-≈ G-I-Iw-˛ t\m-´n-°¬ ssa¬ 8853. tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ^o-®¿ ^n-en-ap-Iƒ \n¿-an-°p-∂ cmPyw-˛ C-¥y 8854. kw-tQm-X F-Iv-kv-{]-kv U¬-ln-sb G-Xp \-K-c-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ em-tlm¿ 8855. Xm¿ F-Iv-kv-{]-kv Hm-Sp-∂-Xv tPm-[v-]q-cn-\pw G-Xv \-K-c-Øn-\p-anS-bv-°m-Wv-˛ I-dm-®n 8856. an-dm-jv bp-≤-hn-am-\w \¬-Ip-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv

8857. G-Xv U¬-ln kp¬-Øm-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv dm-Wn ]-Zv-an-\n Pul¿ A-\p-jvTn-®-Xv ˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 8858. I-ºn-fn tcm-aw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ H-∂mw ÿm-\-ap-≈ cmPyw-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 8859. ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv, \-K-c-]m-en-I _n-√p-Iƒ cm-Py-k-`-bn¬ ]-cmP-b-s∏-´-Xv G-Xv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS Im-e-Øv-˛ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n 8860. -{Z-Zm-a≥ tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-Ø kp-Z¿-i-\ X-Sm-Iw G-Xv kwÿm-\-Øv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 8861. Km-‘m-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ {]-tZ-iw C-t∏mƒ G-Xp cm-PyØm-Wv-˛ A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥ 8862. km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-bXv-˛ k-≈n {]p-t[mw 8863. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw h-\n-Xm _-ln-cm-Im-i hn-t\m-Zk-©m-cn-˛ A-\u-tj A≥-km-cn 8864. km-ln-Xy-{]-h¿-ØI - k-lI - c - W - k - w-LØ - n-s‚ B-Zy-sØ sk{I-´-dn-˛ Im-cq¿ \o-e-I-WvT-∏n-≈ 8865. thƒ-Uv ssh-Uv sh-_n-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ Snw s_¿-tW-gv-kv eo 8866. k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-an-√m-Ø-Xpw- tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fp-am-bn- am-{Xw- AXn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂-Xp-am-b Pn-√-˛ tIm-´-bw8867. j-Uv-Im-e tKm-hn-μ am-cm¿ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ cm-a-aw-K-ew 8868. h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-te-°v C-¥y≥ h-\n-X-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-\n[n-bm-bn £-Wn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up 8869. H-∂mw kzm-X-{¥y k-a-cw \-S-∂ h¿-jw ˛ 1857 8870. h¿-°-e I-S-∏p-dw G-Xp-t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛-]m-]-\m-iw 8871. H-∂mw h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-°p-tºmƒ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ C¿hn≥ {]-`p 8872. Im-´p-I-gp-X-I-fp-sS h-\y-ar-K-kw-c-£-W-tI-{μw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv 8873. I-Sp-h-bv-°p-ap-ºv C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b-ar-Kw-˛ knw-lw 8874. A-h-km-\-sØ t]-jzm `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ _m-Pn-dm-hp c-≠ma≥(1795˛1818) 8875. X-]m¬ Ãm-ºn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ tdm-f-≠v ln¬ 8876. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm B-Iv-Sn-Mv {]-kn-U‚ v A-[n-Imc-Øn¬-h-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ aw-tKm-fn-b 8877. tX-°n≥-Im-Sv ssa-Xm-\w F-hn-sSbm-Wv-˛ Xr-»q¿ 8878. k-ky-tIm-i-`n-Øn \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ sk-√p-tem-kv 8879. sIm-¶-Wn G-Xv `m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn-se `m-j-bm-Wv-˛ C-t¥m Bcy≥ 8880. k-lm-dm a--`q-an G-Xp `q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬-˛ B-{^n-° 8881. sIm-°n¬ k-©n t]m-se `m-K-ap-≈ ]-£n-˛ s]-en-°≥ 8882. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v sse-{_-dn Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ sF.hn.Zm-kv 8883. Nu-lm≥-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X-\m-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ ]r-Yzncm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 8884. ssS-^q¨ D-jv-W-N-{I-hm-Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ho-ip-∂-Xv-˛ ssN\ 8885. k¿-°m-cn-b I-Ωn-j≥ F-¥n-s\-∏-‰n-bm-Wv ]T-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xv˛ tI-{μ kw-ÿm-\ _-‘-߃ 8886. k¿ kn.]n.cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿ cm-Pn h-®-t∏mƒ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ H-^o-tjy-‰n-Mv Zn-hm-\m-b-Xv-˛ ]n.Pn.F≥.D-Æn-Øm≥ 8887. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ hn-Zym-`ym-k D-]-{K-lw-˛ F-Uyp-km-‰v 8888. 1921¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠ tI-{μ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS B-Zykv-]o-°-dm-bn--∂-Xv ˛-k¿- {^-U-dn-Iv- ssh-‰v 8889. K¨-sa-‰-en-se L-S-I tem-l-߃-˛ sN-ºv, kn-¶v, Sn≥ 8890. tem-I-Øn-se sa-Un-°¬ kn-‰n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-b-∂ 8891. th-Wm-Sp cm-Pm-°≥-am--tS-Xm-bn e-`n-®n-´p-≈ B-Zy-sØ imk-\w-˛ X-cn-km-∏-≈n sN-t∏-Sp-Iƒ 8892. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm-{]-kn-U‚m-b C-k-s_¬ s]tdm¨ G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ A¿-P‚o-\ 8893. k-ly-s‚ a-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-B-\ 8894. Rm≥ ]-e kn-≤≥-am-tc-bpw a-l¿-jn-am-tc-bpw I-≠n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ \m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s\-°mƒ an-I® - t- Xm A-t±-lØ - n-\p Xpey-t\m B-b H- a-lm-flm-hn-s\ F-ßpw I-≠n-´n-√.- B--tSXm-Wv Cu hm-°p-Iƒ-˛ Sm-tKm¿ 8895. sIm-¶¨ sd-bn¬-th \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1998

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 181

8896. kn-‘p-kw-kv-Im-c-Im-e-Øv D-]-tbm-Kn-®n--∂ en-]n-˛ Nn-{X-en-]n 8897. tem-I-Øv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b c-≠m-a-sØ h-\n-X ˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 8898. tI-{μ [-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ tPm¨ a-Øm-bn 8899. kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-bn-cn-s°(1938) cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-® tZ-io-bm-kq-{X-Wk - a - n-Xn-bp-sS A-[y-£≥-˛ P-hml¿-em¬ s\-{lp 8900. sIm-®n-bn¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- tIm-´-bp-sS in-em-kv-Ym-]-\w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1503 8901. th--Iƒ h-en-s®-Sp-°p-∂ P-ew C-e-I-fn¬ F-Øn-°p-∂ kky-I-e-Iƒ-˛ ssk-ew 8902. kp¬-Øm-\ d-kn-b-sb hn-hm-lw I-gn-®-Xv-˛ A¬-Øp-\n-b 8903. tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ ap-Jy-{]-Xn-]-£-am-bn-´p-≈ {]-tZ-in-I I-£n-˛ sX-ep-¶p-tZ-iw 8904. kn-F≥.{io-I-WvT≥ \m-b--sS \m-S-I-{X-bw-˛ km-tI-Xw, e-¶me-£v-an, Im-©-\-ko-X 8905. kz-X-{¥ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se c-≠m-a-sØ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ ]-dhq¿ Sn.sI.\m-cm-b-W-]n-≈ 8906. Im-©≥-Pw-K- G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ kn-°nw 8907. Im-©n-en-,- l-cn-sI X-Æo¿-Ø-Sw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]©m-_v 8908. H-∂mw [-\-Im-cy I-Ωn-j-s‚ A-[y-£≥-˛ sI.kn.\n-tbm-Kn 8909. Im-©o-]p-cw G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv-˛ ]m-em¿ 8910. Ãm≥-en dn-k¿-thm-b¿ G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛-Im-th-cn 8911. knw-lm-Ne - w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\s - Ø Xo¿-Ym-S\ - tI-{μ-am-W˛v- B{‘m-{]-tZ-iv 8912. P-bv- ln-μv- F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- k-Ωm-\n-®-Xv-˛ kp-`m-jv- N-{μ-t_mkv8913. kp¬-Øm-t\-‰n-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w U¬-ln-bn¬-\n-∂pw B-{K-bnte-°v am-‰n-b-Xv-˛ kn-°-μ¿ tem-Zn 8914. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b ]-Zyw-˛ a-lm-`m-c-Xw 8915. kp¬-Øm≥-]q¿ ]-£n-k-t¶-Xw G-Xp kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv-˛ l-cn-bm\ 8916. kp-{]ow tIm-SX - n No-^v P-Ãn-kmbn∂ sI.Pn._m-eI - r-jvW - ≥ tI-c-f-Øn-se G-Xv Pn-√-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ tIm-´-bw 8917. Kp-]v-X-hw-i-Øn-s‚ c-≠mw X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛ D-÷-bn-\n 8918. Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b--sS `-c-W-Im-ew-˛ 1509˛29 8919. U¬-ln-bn-se tXm-am-c-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-X-\m-b cmPm-hv-˛ am-ln-]m-e≥ 8920. X-an-gv\ - m-Sv K-h¿-Wd - m-b a-eb - m-fn h-\n-X˛- P-Ãn-kv Fw.F-kv.^mØn-am-_o-hn 8921. U-b-a‚n-\ {S-©v G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw B-gw-Iq-Sn-b `mK-am-Wv-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 8922. tPm-\m-X≥ lm¿-°¿ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jvS- n-®X - v˛- {_mw tÃm-°¿ 8923. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k-μ¿-in-® B-Zy-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 8924. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]-co-£-Wm¿-Yw d-∫¿-Ir-jn Xp-S-ßn-b-sX-hn-sS-˛ Xm-ac - t- »-cn 8925. _p-≤-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°m≥ ^m-ln-bm≥ C-¥y-bn-se-Ønb k-a-b-sØ Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛-N-{μ-Kp-]v-X hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 8926. Kp-P-dm-Øn-se tKm-{[ kw-`-hw \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 2002 8927. tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ Aw-K-߃ ˛ 543 8928. _m-jv-]-°-S¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{μ≥ 8929. _p-≤-s‚ `m-cy ˛ b-tim-[-c 8930. tk-\-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ hn-P-b-tk-\≥ 8931. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ {]-kv- tIm-´-b-Øv- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-˛ s_©-an≥- s_-bv-en- (1821)8932. th-ep-Ø-ºn Z-f-h Ip-≠-d hn-fw-_-cw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1809 8933. U-]yq-´n kv-]o-°¿ cm-Pn-°-Øv \¬-Ip-∂-Xm¿-°m-Wv-˛-kv-]o-°¿ 8934. tZ-io-b-]-Xm-I-bn¬ H- \n-dw am-{X-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ en-_n-b 8935. tI-c-f-Øn-te-°v hm-kv-tIm- U Km-a-bp-sS c-≠mw-h-c-hv- G-Xv h¿j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1502 8936. k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy-sØ Ata-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ Xn-tbm-U¿ dq-kv-sh¬-‰v

8937. tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS ]-c-am-h-[n Aw-K-kw-Jy-˛ 552 (530+20+2) 8938. kw-L-Im-e-tN-c≥-am--sS {]-[m-\ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ ap-kn-cn-kv 8939. P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp-hn-s\ -E-Xp-cm-P≥ F-∂p-hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv ˛ Sm-tKm¿ 8940. tI- c - f A- t {Km sa- j o- \ - d n tIm¿- ∏ - t d- j - s ‚ B- ÿ m- \ w- ˛ A-Øm--Wn 8941. B-Zy-sØ Hm-t´m-sam-ss_¬ \n¿-an-®-Xm-cv-˛ Imƒ s_≥-kv 8942. bp.F-kv.F.bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ ssk-\n-I _-lp-a-Xn-˛ sa-U¬ Hm-^v Hm-W¿ 8943. tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-am-cn¬ B-Zyw P-\n-® hy-‡n-˛ ]-´w Xm-Wp]n-≈ 8944. bq-tdm-∏n-se H-tc-sbm- ap-…nw cm-jv-{Sw-˛ A¬-t_-\n-b 8945. P-kn-b ]p-\x-ÿm-]n-®(1679) ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko_v 8946. Izm-Pm sam-bv-\p-±o≥ Nn-Ãn-bp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A-Pv-ao¿ 8947. Km-‘n k-am-[m-\ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b B-Zy-sØ `m-c-Xob≥-˛ _m-_m Bw-sX 8948. kn-tbm-Wn-Ãv {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ Xn-tbm-U¿ sl¿-j¬ 8949. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bp-sS {]-Y-a {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\{lp 8950. l-km-cm-t£-{Xw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ 8951. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ, {_n-´-Wn-te-°p-≈ ssl-°Ωn-j-W¿-˛ hn.sI.Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m≥ 8952. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ^n-enw skm-ssk-‰n-˛ Nn-{X-te-J 8953. kv-]m-\n-jv A¿-am-U-sb {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b h¿jw-˛ 1588 8954. kq-cy-{K-l-Ww B-Zy-am-bn {]-h-Nn-® im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ B-cy-`´≥ 8955. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ {Xn-am-\-Ne®n-{Xw-˛ ssa Un-b¿ Ip-´n®m-Ø≥ 8956. kq-cy-\pw `q-an-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-I-ew G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ Zn-hkw-˛ P-\p-h-cn 3 (s]-cn-lo-en-b≥) 8957. kw-ÿm-\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\m k-a-b-Øv Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬-\n-∂v th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-b Xm-eq-°p-Iƒ G-Xv Pn-√-bp-sS `m-K-am-Wv˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 8958. sIm-®n a-lm-cm-Pm-hv I-hn-Xn-e-I≥ ÿm-\w \¬-In-b ⁄m-\]oT tP-Xm-hv ˛-Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v 8959. tI- c - f - Ø n- s e B- Z y- s Ø cm- k - h - f \n¿- a m- W - i m- e - ˛ F-^v.F.kn.Sn. 8960. tem-Iv-k-`m {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b a-e-bm-fn-˛ kn.Fw.Ão-^≥ 8961. kz-¥w Aw-K-c-£-I-cm-b c-≠p-kn-°p-Im-cm¬ h-[n-°-s∏-´ (_nbm-¥v kn-Mpw k-Xv-h-¥v kn-Mpw) C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ C-μncm-Km-‘n(1984 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 31) 8962. sd-Uv-t{Im-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ sl≥-dn Up-\m‚ v 8963. se-\n-\p-ti-jw tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-\n¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ tPm-k-^v Ãm-en≥ 8964. sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se kp-`m-jv-N-{μ-t_m-kv F-b¿-t]m¿-´n-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ Uw-Uw F-b¿-t]m¿-´v 8965. k-Zv-`m-h-\m-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-bp-sS P-∑Zn-\w 8966. {]-kn-U‚m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ kz-X-{¥ kv-Ym\m¿-Yn-˛ tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥8967. U-°m¨-{]-tZ-iw B-Zy-am-bn B-{I-an-® ap-…nw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 8968. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]p-I-bn-e hn--≤-Pn-√-˛ tIm-´-bw 8969. th-ep-Ø-ºn Z-f-h P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ X-e-°p-fw (hn-f-h≥-tIm-Sv Xm-eq-°v) 8970. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ^v-f-bn-Mv ¢-_v-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 8971. tk-\≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ \m-Zn-b 8972. tem-I-Øv G-sX-¶n-ep-sam- cm-Py-Øv {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy-h\n-X-˛ a-cn-b F-sÃ-√ s]-tdm¨ 8973. {^-©p hn-π-h-Im-e-Øv _m-ssì P-bn¬ X-I¿-°-s∏-´ h¿jw-˛ 1789 8974. {]-Xo-lm-c-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ t`m-P≥

182 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

8975. i-X-hm-l-\-\≥-am--sS i-‡n tI-{μ-am-bn--∂ ss]-Xm≥ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 8976. bq-tdm-∏n¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ap-…n-ß-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ {^m≥-kv 8977. _o-Pm-∏q-cn-se A-^v-k¬-Jm-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ in-hPn 8978. Im¿-]m-Øn-b≥ a-e-\n-c-Iƒ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv ˛ bq-tdm-∏v 8979. Im¬-°p-te-‰¿ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ ]m-kv-I¬ 8980. cm-P-ÿm≥ I-\m¬ C-t∏mƒ B--sS t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p˛ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 8981. G-Xv cm-Py-sØ cm-jv-{So-b I-£n-bm-Wv ]o-∏nƒ-kv A-e-b≥-kv t^m¿ U-tam-{I-kn-˛ Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 8982. am-Xw-K-Zn-hm-I-c≥ F-∂ N-Wv-Um-e-I-hn-sb t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-® cm-Pm-hv-˛ l¿-j≥ 8983. Sn≥-Sn≥ Im¿-´q¨ I-Ym-]m-{Xw B-Zyw {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ cm-Pyw-˛ s_¬-Pn-bw 8984. km-]v-Xn F-∂ \n-Ip-Xn k-{º-Zm-bw B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv ˛ -A-Iv_¿8985. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w tP-Xm-°-fn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew Po-hn-®n-∂-Xv-˛ Un.sI.Im¿-th 8986. X-¶-t»-cn sse-‰v lu-kv \n¿-an-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1902 8987. k-a-cm-{X-{X-Zn-\-߃ G-sX-√mw-˛ am¿-®v 21, sk-]v-Xw-_¿ 23 8988. {]-Xn-am-\m-S-Iw c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ `m-k≥ 8989. Im¿-_¨ {I-Un-‰v G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ B-tKm-fXm-]-\w 8990. {]-Xn-lm-c-hw-i-Øn-s‚ im-J amƒ-h-bn¬ D-÷-bn-\n X-e-ÿm\-am-°n kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-˛ \m-K-`-´≥ H-∂m-a≥ 8991. k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-kq-d-Øv 8992. tI-c-f-Øn-se Z-£n-W-Im-in-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xn--s\-√n 8993. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn-se B-Zy-sØ a-e-bm-fn P-Uv-Pn-˛ ]m-d-°pf-ß-c tKm-hn-μ-ta-t\m≥ 8994. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]p¬-ssØ-e K-th-j-W tI-{μw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂Xv-˛ Hm-S-°m-en 8995. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-km-b B-Zy ap-…nw-˛ Fw.ln-Zm-bØp-≈ 8996. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ d-∫¿ ]m¿-°v km-Ym-]n-X-am-b ÿew-˛ sF-cm-]p-cw 8997. km-ln-Xy- {]-h¿-Ø-I k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw- cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw˛ 1945 8998. tNm-f≥-am-cm¬ ]-cm-Pn-X\ - m-°s - ∏-´X - n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v 1066˛¬ XpwK-`{- Zm-\Z- n-bn¬-®m-Sn B-fll - X - y sN-bX v- Nm-eq-Iy cm-Pm-h˛v- tkmta-iz-c≥ H-∂m-a≥ 8999. ]-sØm≥-]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\-Øn¬ s]m-Xp-]-Wn-apS-°v F-∂ B-i-bw D--Øn-cn-™-Xv G-Xv cm-Py-Øv-˛ {_n-´¨ 9001. B-a-tkm¨ I-gn-™m¬ tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-jv-Wta-J-em a-g-°m-Sp-Iƒ G-Xv \-Zo-X-S-Øn-em-Wv-˛ tImw-tKm 9002. U¬-ln-bn¬ ln-μp-ÿm≥ ssSw-kv F-∂ ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-® tIc-fo-b≥-˛ k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 9003. kn-bm¬-tIm-´v F-∂ \-K-c-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ im-I-e 9004. Im¿-Øn-IX - n--\mƒ- ([¿-ac - m-Pm-hv)- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- A-[n-Imc-Øn¬- h-∂-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1758 9005. Im¿-´q-Wp-I-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv-˛ hn-eyw Ão-Kv 9006. H-∂m-a-sØ _p-≤-a-X-k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ cm-P-Kr-lw 9007. Im-_qƒ B-ÿm-\-am-°n ÿm-]n-® kz-X-{¥ `m-c-X k¿-°mcn¬ hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-bm-bn tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-® Xn-h\-¥-]p-c-Øp-Im-c≥-˛ sN-ºI-cm-a≥ ]n-≈ 9008. k-a-b-Øn-s‚ F-kv.sF.bq-Wn-‰v-˛ sk-°‚ v 9009. Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-hn-fw-_-cw \-S-∂ ssa-Xm-\w-˛ t_mw-s_-bn-se tKm-hm-en-b Sm-¶v( C-t∏mƒ Hm-K-kv-Xv {Im-¥n ssa-Xm-\w) 9010. k-bmw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛-Xm-bv-e≥-Uv 9011. X-an-gv-\m-´n¬ D-∏p k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚(1930) th-Zn-˛-th-Zm-c-Wyw I-S∏ - p-dw 9012. _p-≤-a-X cm-Py-ß-fp-≈ G-I h≥-I-c-˛-G-jy 9013. kn-°p-Im--sS ssk-\n-I kw-L-S-\-bm-b J¬-k-bv-°p cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ tKm-hn-μv kn-Mv

9014. kw-ÿm-\-Øv A-t‰m¿-Wn P-\-d-en-\p k-am-\-am-b ]-Z-hn-˛ AUz-t°-‰v P-\-d¬ 9015. ]-cn-Wm-a kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛-Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ 9016. _p-≤-s‚ am-Xm-hv-˛ a-lm-am-b 9017. ]m-e km-{am-Pyw \n-e-\n-∂n--∂ {]-tZ-iw-˛ _w-Kmƒ 9018. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 73mw t`-Z-K-Xn F-{Xm-a-sØ `m-K-Øm-Wv (]m¿´v) Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ 9 9019. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn ap-…nw h-\n-X A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ cm-Pyw˛ ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ 9020. {]-i-kv-X `u-Xn-I im-kv-{X-⁄≥ C.kn.Pn. kp-Z¿-i≥ P-\n-® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 9021. Im-Ø-en-Iv kn-dn-b≥ _m-¶n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xr-»q¿ 9022. a-e-bm-fn-bm-b e-£v-an F≥ ta-t\m≥ tI-{μ-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂p. G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv A-h¿ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se-Øn-b-Xv-˛ _o-lm¿9023. tPm¿-Pv A-©m-a≥ cm-Pm-hn-s‚ C-¥y≥ k-μ¿-i-\-k-a-b-Øv ssh-t{km-bn-˛ lm¿-Un-©v {]-`p 9024. Im‚¿ _-dn sS-bv¬-kv cNn-®-Xv-˛ tPm-{^n Nu-k¿ 9025. H-∂m-a-sØ ]-g-»n-hn-π-hw- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1793˛97 9026. hƒ-°-ss\-tk-j≥- \-S-Øp-tºmƒ d-∫-dn¬ tN¿-°p-∂-Xv-˛ K‘-Iw (kƒ-^¿) 9027. em¬ _m-Kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ _mw-•q¿ 9028. em¬-_-l-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- kv-t‰-Un-bw- B-\v-{[m-{]tZ-in¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv9029. tem-Ivk - ` - b - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ ko-‰p-Iƒ-t\-Sn A-[n-Im-cØ - nte-dn-b t\-Xm-hv-˛ ˛-cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n 9030. {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv A-Iv-kn-\n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ \-Zn-˛ Nn-\m_v 9031. tem-Iv \m-b-Iv P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨ hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛ ]m-‰v-\ 9032. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B¬-{^-Uv s\m-t_¬ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ kzo-U≥ 9033. kp-X-¥n-c s]--ssa F-∂ I-hn-Xm k-am-lm-cw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ kp{_-a-Wy `m-c-Xn 9034. Kp-en-kv-Ym≥ sIm-´m-cw G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ C-dm≥ 9035. knw-lm-k-\m-tcm-l-Ww sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ Hu-dw-K-ko-_v kzo-I-cn® t]-cv-˛ B-ew-Ko¿ (tem-Iw Io-g-S-°n-b-bmƒ) 9036. hn-Pb - \ - K - c - Ø - n-s‚ hm-´¿-eq F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ bp-≤w-˛ X-fn-t°m´ bp-≤w 9037. tem-Iv-k-` Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p-sN-bv-X B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ sI.B¿.\m-cm-b-W≥ (1998)9038. t- I-cf - Ø - n-se B-Zy-sØ d-_s - sd-kvU - v- tdm-Uv˛- tIm-´b - w-˛ Ip-af - n9039. Kw-K-˛-{_-“-]p-{X ]-Xn-°p-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 9040. kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-Iƒ c-Nn-°-s∏-´ `m-j-˛ X-an-gv 9041. tem-Iv-k-`m sU-]yq-´n kv-]o-°¿ cm-Pn-°-Øv \¬-tI-≠-Xv-˛ kv]o-°¿-°v 9042. hn-j≥ 2020 G-Xv kw-L-S-\-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ Bkn-b≥ 9043. kw-ÿm-\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\m I-Ωn-j≥ sN-b¿-am≥-˛ ^-k¬ Aen 9044. kn¬-°v ]m-X F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ \m-Yp-e Np-cw 9045. sd-bn¬-th sse≥ C-√m-Ø, tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-Iƒ-˛ C-Sp-°n, h-b-\m-Sv 9046. I-Æq-cn-se sk‚ v B-©-tem tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ t]m¿-®p-Kokp-Im¿ 9047. {In-°-‰v, tI-°v, k¿-°-kv (3 kn-˛-Iƒ) C-h-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏Sp-Øn ]-d-bm-hp-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se {]-tZ-iw-˛ X-e-t»-cn 9048. k-©m-cn-bm-b A¬ a-kq-Zn-bp-sS ap-gp-h≥ t]-cv-˛ A-_p¬ lk≥ A-en A¬-am-kv Du-Zn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 183

9049. I-ºn-fn-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ amw-kyw ˛ B¬-^m sI-cm‰n≥ 9050. K-©n-d \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛ D-Sp-ºv 9051. F-hn-Sp-sØ N-cn-{X-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wv cm-P-X-cw-Kn-Wn-bn¬ {]-Xn]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v˛- I-iva - o¿ 9052. 1905˛¬ kzo-U-\n¬-\n-∂v th¿-s]-´ cm-Pyw-˛-t\m¿-th 9053. hn-Iv-tSm-dn-bm sh-≈-®m-´w I-s≠-Øn--b-Xv-˛ tU-hn-Uv en-hn-Mvè 9054. k-ky-`p-°p-Iƒ-°v G-‰-hpw k-º-∂-am-b amw-ky t{km-X- v-˛ tkm-bm-_o≥ 9055. hn-izm-k-{]-ta-b-Øn¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ hn.]n.kn-Mv 9056. sam-dm¿-Pn-bp-sS A-¥y-hn-{i-a ÿ-ew-˛ A-`-bv-L-´v (A-l-Ω-Zm_m-Zv) 9057. C-¥y-sb I-s≠-ج(1946),-H-c-—≥ a-Iƒ-°-b-® I-Øp-Iƒ F∂n-h c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 9058. sam-Wm-en-k F-∂ s]-bn‚n-Mv C-t∏mƒ kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂ eqhv-cv ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]m-co-kv 9059. hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy k-Z- n-se \-h-c-Xv-\-߃-˛ [-\z-¥-cn,£-]-WI≥,A-ac - k - n-l≥,i-¶p,th-Xm-f`- ´- n,L-SI - ¿-∏c - ≥, Im-fn-Zm-k≥,hcm-la - n-ln-c≥,h-cc - p-Nn 9060. sd-s\ Z-°m¿-sØ-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Zm¿-i-\n-I {]-ÿm-\w-˛ kv-sI-]v-‰n-kn-kw 9061. F-√m thm-´¿-am¿-°pw Xn-cn-®-dn-b¬ Im¿-Uv hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-X B-Zy kw-ÿm-\w-˛ l-cn-bm-\ 9062. `q-an-bn¬ Po-h≥ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ `m-Kw-˛ _-tbm-kv-^n-b¿ 9063. hn-iz-\m-Y≥ B-\-μv G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ sN-kv 9064. tI-c-f-Øn¬ a-[y-X-Sw G-‰-hpw Ip-d-hp-≈ Pn-√-˛ C-Sp-°n 9065. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n tI-c-f-Øn-se H- B-Zn-hm-kn hn-`m-K-sØ-°pdn-®v H- te-J-\w b-Mv C-¥y-bn¬ F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. G-Xv hn-`mK-sØ-°p-dn-®v-˛ \m-bm-Sn-Iƒ 9066. tI-c-f-Øn¬ H- sd-bn¬-th tÃ-j≥ am-{X-ap-≈ Pn-√-˛ ]-Ø\w-Xn-´ 9067. _p-≤-\pw _p-≤-[¿-a-hpw F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv-˛ Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 9068. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Ir-jn-sN-øp-∂ Hu-j-[-Kp-W-ap-≈ s\-√n-\w-˛ \-hc 9069. {_n-´n-jp-Im-w {^-©p-Im-w C-¥y≥ a-Æn¬-\-S-∂ kw-L¿j-Øn-\v G-Xv k-‘n {]-Im-c-am-Wv Xn-c-»o-e ho-W-Xv-˛ ]m-cn-kv 9070. P-e-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b L-S-Iw-˛ ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 9071. t\m-{X-Umw I-Øo-{U¬ G-Xv cm-Py-Øv-˛ {^m≥-kv 9072. k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s\ C-¥y≥ s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv-˛ hn≥-sk‚ v F.kv-an-Øv 9073. tI-c-f-Øn¬ \m-^v-X D-]-tbm-Kn-®p {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂ B-Zy Xm]-\n-e-bw-˛-Im-bw-Ip-fw 9074. P-∏m-s‚ ]n-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛ bp-hm-´ 9075. tI-c-f tkm-]v-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 9076. tXm-‰w-]m-´p-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-b kw-L-Im-e Ir-Xn-˛ Nn-e∏-Xn-Im-cw 9077. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Ir-jn h-Ip-∏v B-cw-`n-®-Xv G-Xv cm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛ {io-aq-ew Xn--\mƒ 9078. Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Im-en-t°m sS-Iv-ssì ayqkn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A-l-Ω-Zm-_-Zv 9079. kn¬-°p hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p {]-kn-≤-am-b X-an-gv-\m-´n-se ÿew-˛ Im-©o-]p-cw 9080. Kn¬- _ ¿- ´ v Zzo- ] p- I ƒ G- X v k- a p- { Z- Ø n- e m- W v - ˛ - ] - k - ^ n- I v k-ap-{Zw 9081. Ip-im-\≥-am¿ F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂-Xv-˛ D-Ø-c at[y-jy 9082. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ km-aq-ln-I cw-K-Øv {]m-[m-\y-a¿-ln-°p-∂ I-f-cn∏-b-‰p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ ]m-´p-Iƒ G-Xv-˛ h-S-°≥ ]m-´p-Iƒ

9083. tem-Ivk - `- b - n¬/ \n-ba - k - `- b - n¬ Im-Ãnw-Kv thm-´v {]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ A-[n-Im-ca - p-≈X - m¿-°m-Wv˛- k - v] - o-°¿ 9084. kpw-K-hw-i-Øn-\p-ti-jw `-c-W-ta-‰ cm-P-hw-iw-˛ I-Wz-hw-iw 9085. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw B-gw-Iq-Sn-b kzm-`m-hn-I Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ hngn-™w 9086. s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ P-\n-®-h¿-jw-˛ 1769 9087. k-±mw lp-ssk≥ G-Xv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS t\-Xm-hm-bn--∂p-˛ _mØv ]m¿-´n 9088. C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v C-t¥m-f-Pn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]p-Xp-t®cn 9089. Xm-jv-sI‚ v C-t∏mƒ G-Xp cm-Py-Øv-˛ D-kv-_-°n-ÿm≥ 9090. C-¥y-bn¬ {^-©p-`m-j kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ tI-{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZiw-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn 9091. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ am-en-\y-ap-‡ \-K-cw-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 9092. Kp--Z-£n-W-bm-bn kz-¥w hn-c¬ t{Zm-W¿-°p ap-dn-®p-\¬-Inb-Xv-˛ G-I-e-hy≥ 9093. G-‰-hpw {]-_-e-\m-b kn-Jv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ c-Rv-Pn-Øv kn-Mv 9094. kv-]m-\n-jv ]n-¥p-S¿-®m bp-≤w Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛ 1701 9095. F-hn-S-sØ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS ap-J-]-{X-am-Wv {Km≥-a ˛Iyq-_ 9096. tI-c-f-Øn-se {K-Ÿ-im-em {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´-Xv-˛ ]nF≥ ]-Wn-°¿ 9097. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ X-\-Xm-b ]-ip-hn-\w-˛ sh-®q¿ 9098. kn-‰n Hm-^v ^m-j≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]m-co-kv 9099. sam-km¿-´v G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p-˛ Hm-kv-{Sn-b 9100. `q-an-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b A-·n ]¿-h-Xw-˛ tam-W tem-h 9101. 1921˛-se a-e-_m¿ e-l-f \-bn-® ]-Wv-Un-X≥-˛ B-en ap-k-enbm¿ 9102. sk≥ _p-≤-a-X-hn-`m-Kw- G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv D-Zv-`-hn-®-Xv-˛ ssN\ 9103. th-Z-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw A-h-km-\-tØ-Xv-˛ A-Y¿-hw 9104. sk-dn-s^-Uv G-Xp-am-bn _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ]-´p-\q¬ hy-hkm-bw 9105. tNm-f cm-Py-sØ {]-[m-\ \-Zn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ Im-th-cn 9106. Uyp-dm‚ v I-∏v ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ k¿ tam¿-´n-a¿ Uyp-dm‚ v 9107. sÃ-bn≥-se-kv Ão-en-s‚ L-S-I tem-l-߃-˛ C--ºv(73%), t{Im-an-bw(18%), \n-°¬(8%), Im¿-_¨(1%) 9108. N-c¬-°p-∂v hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c tI-{μw G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ ]-Ø\w-Xn-´ 9109. I-fn-I-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv-˛ Ip-Xn-c-∏-¥-bw 9110. Sn-_n-b,^n-_p-e F-∂o A-ÿn-Iƒ F-hn-sS Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ Im¬ 9111. sh-fn-®w Zpx-J-am-Wp-Æn...F-∂-Xv B--sS h-cn-Iƒ ˛ A-°n-Øw 9112. sI.F-kv.B¿.Sn.kn. \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1965 (G-{]n¬) 9113. sN-¶p-fw ]-≤-Xn G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ ap-Xn-c-∏p-g 9114. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b a-’yw-˛ ]n-‹n tKm-_n 9115. sP.kn._n. F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ b-{¥-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]cv-˛ s]m-ss¢-bv≥ 9116. em-‰n≥ `m-j-bn¬ Ip-{]w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tem-lw-˛-sN-ºv 9117. H-∂mw `u-a D-®-tIm-Sn G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv \-S-∂-Xv-˛ 1992 9118. em-dn G-Xv cm-Py-sØ \m-W-b-am-Wv-˛ tPm¿-Pn-b 9119. em-tlm¿ Ãp-U‚ v-kv bq-Wn-b≥ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ `-K-Xv knw-Kv 9120. ]m-gv-`q-an-bn-se I¬-]-hr-£w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-I-ip-am-hv 9121. s]≥-Kzn-\p-Iƒ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-Z-£n-W-{[p-hw 9122. N-cn-{Xw tP-Xm-°-fm¬ F-gp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛-F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 9123. Nm-]-ey-ta \n-s‚ t]-tcm kv-{Xo- B--sS c-N-\-bn-em-Wv C-{]Im-ca - p-≈X - v˛- tj-Ivk - v] - n-b¿ 9124. sP¿-tkm-∏ sh-≈-®m-´-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ tPm-Kv sh-≈-®m´w

184 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

9125. No-™ ap-´-bp-sS K-‘-ap-≈ hm-X-Iw-˛ ssl-{U-P≥ kƒ-ss^Uv 9126. Np-Æm-ºv sh-≈-sØ ]m¬ \n-d-am-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ Im¿-_¨ ssU Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv 9127. sP-‰v F≥-P-\p-I-fn¬ {]-[m-\ C-‘-\-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ asÆ-Æ-bp-sS h-I-t`-Zw-˛ ]m-c-^n≥ 9128. B-Zy-am-bn `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w _-lp-a-Xn-°v A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛ kn.cm-PtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn 9129. C-¥y-bn¬ Sm-¶v D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ B-h-Un 9130. tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-am-cn¬ C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ P-\n-® B-ZysØ hy-‡n-˛ B¿.i-¶¿ 9131. C-¥y-bn¬ sPm-hm≥ Hm-^v B¿-°v kv-Iz-b¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛]p-Xp-t®-cn 9132. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` a-\p-jym-h-Im-i {]-Jym-]-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xv Fhn-sS \-S-∂ k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv-˛ ]m-co-kv 9133. sIm-®n ta-P¿ Xp-d-ap-J-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1936 9134. ]q¿-W-am-bpw C-¥y-bn¬ \n¿-an-® B-Zy I-∏-em-b P-e D-j 1948˛¬ ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv-˛ hn-im-J-]-´-Ww 9135. _m-jv-]o-I-c-W eo-\ Xm-]w G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b {Zm-h-Iw-˛ P-ew 9136. Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s‚ {]-[m-\ i¬-]n-˛ D-kv-Xm-Zv C-k 9137. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ -A-Ω-®n-πm-hn-s‚ Ah-in-jv-S-߃ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv-˛-s\-øm-‰n≥I-c 9138. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv am-\p-jn-I ]-cn-K-W-\-bp-sS t]-cn¬ C¥y Xo≥ _n-K tIm-dn-tUm¿ hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ _w-•m-tZ-iv 9139. sk‚ v sl-eo-\ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛ Z-£n-W A-Xv-em‚n-Iv 9140. sIm-®n I-∏¬ \n¿-am-W-im-e-bn¬ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ I-∏¬-˛ dm-Wn ]-fln-\n 9141. Sm¬-°w ]u-Ud - n-eS- ß - n-bn-cn-°p-∂ {]-[m-\ cm-kh - k - vX - p-˛ sslt{U-‰-Uv a-·o-jyw kn-en-t°-‰v 9142. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ tX-°p-tXm-´w-˛ \n-e-ºq-cn-se sIm-t\m-en tπm-´v 9143. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I G-Xp cm-PyØn-t‚-Xv-˛ sU-∑m¿-°v 9144. tI-c-f hm-ev-ao-In F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ \m-cm-b-W-tat\m≥ 9145. tI-c-f hn-Zym-`ym-k _n-√n-s‚ in¬-]n-˛ tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn 9146. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS t]-cv tI-c-f k¿-h-I-emim-e F-∂p am-‰n-b h¿-jw-˛1957 9147. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ˛ sIm-®n- D-Sº - S- n- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬-˛ F.Un.1762 9148. X-an-gv-\m-´n-se G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b {]-Xn-a-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bnse Xn--h-≈p-h¿- {]-Xn-a (133 A-Sn)9149. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÃ-‰v am-\z¬ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hn.\m-K-a-ø 9150. Xm-Pv-a-l¬ G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-b-ap-\ 9151. PvR - m-\] - oTw t\-Sn-b c-≠m-as - Ø X-an-gv km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥-˛U - n.Pb-Im-¥≥ 9152. Pw-j-Uv-]q¿ G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ kp-h¿-W-tc-J 9153. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v \-S-∂ s]m-Xp Xn-cs™-Sp-∏n¬ F-{X ko-‰p-I-fm-Wv tIm¨-{K-kn-\p e-`n-®-Xv-˛ 364 9154. sN-dn-b a-° F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂, tI-c-f-Øn-se ÿ-ew-˛ s]m∂m-\n 9155. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ a-g e-`n-°p-∂ am-kw-˛ Pq-sse 9156. sN-¥p--Wn h-\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-Xw G-Xv Pn-√-bn¬-˛ sIm-√w 9157. C‚¿-^m-Iv-kv F-hn-S-sØ hm¿-Øm G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv-˛ d-jy 9158. kn≥-lp-h F-hn-S-sØ hm¿-Øm G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv-˛ ssN-\ 9159. em¿-hm L-´-Øn¬ ssew-Kn-I ]-Iz-X {]-I-S-am-°p-∂ {]-Xn-`mkw-˛ \yq-´-Wn 9160. H-´-I-Øn-s‚ tcm-aw sIm-≠p-≈ D¬-]-∂-߃-°p {]-kn-≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ _n-°m-\o¿ 9161. I-kv-Xq¿-_m Km-‘n A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛ 1944 (s^-{_p-h-cn 22) 9162. Im¬-hn-\n-kw ]n-d-hn-sIm-≠ h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 9163. tI-c-f-Øn-se h-≈w-I-fn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b {Sm-°v D≈-Xv-˛ ]m-bn-∏m-Sv h-≈w-I-fn 9164. U¬-ln-bn-se P-¥¿ a-¥¿ H- ........ B-Wv-˛ hm-\-\n-co-£-WtI-{μw 9165. Kp--hm-bq¿ tI-i-h≥ G-Xv ar-K-Øn-s‚ t]-cm-Wv-˛ B-\

9166. A-tam-Wn-b \n¿-am-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ D¬-t{]-c-Iw-˛ C--ºv 9167. sP.sI.du-fn-Mv G-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv tem-I{- ]-kn-≤n t\-Sn-bX - v˛- lmcn t]m-´¿ ko-co-kv 9168. tI-c-f-Øn-se h-≈w-I-fn-I-fp-sS ko-k¨ B-cw-`n-°p-∂ h-≈wI-fn-˛ N-º-°p-fw aq-ew 9169. tI-c-f-sØ B-Zy-am-bn a-e-_m¿ F-∂p hn-fn-®-Xv-˛ A¬ s_-dqWn 9170. Nq-Sm-°p-tºmƒ \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ kn 9171. Sm¿-k≥ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ F-Uv-Km¿ ssd-kv _-tdm-kv 9172. sIm-®n-bn¬- A-Sn-aI - ƒ-°v- kzm-X{- ¥yw- e-`n-®X - v- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1854 9173. im-¥-k-ap-{Zw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 9174. Im¿-jn-I B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ kwkv-Ym-\w-˛ ]-©m-_v 9175. Im-am-Jy-t£-{Xw F-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ A-kw 9176. H-∂mw ]m-\n-∏-´p-bp-≤-Øn¬ _m-_¿ B-sc-bm-Wv ]-cm-P-b-s∏Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ C-{_m-lnw tem-Zn 9177. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw td-Un-tbm \n-e-bw Bƒ C-¥ym td-Un-tbm G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv ˛1951 9178. sN-∂-tI-i-h t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ t_-eq¿ 9179. km-[m-c-W-Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®v hn-I-kn-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿Yw-˛ h-{Pw 9180. Nm-{μ-bm-{X I-gn-™v \o¬ Bw-kv-t{Sm-Mpw Iq-´-w Xn-cn-sI Cd-ßn-b k-ap-{Zw-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 9181. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b H- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se aq-∂p X-e-ap-d-˛ P-hml¿-em¬ s\-{lp, C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n, cm-Po-hv-Km-\v-[n 9182. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS Nm¿-´¿ \n-e-hn¬ h--tºmƒ A-Xn¬ F-{X cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv H-∏p sh-®-Xv-˛ 51 9183. {]-Y-a am≥ _p-°¿ ss{]-kv t\-Sn-b C-kv-am-bn¬ Jm-Zn-sd GXp cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ A¬-t_-\n-b 9184. Kp-P-dm-Øv `-cn-® tkm-f-¶n(Nm-eq-Iy)hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm\m-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ P-b-knw-l-kn-≤-cm-P 9185. Pu¨-]q-cn-se jm¿-°n hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ am-en-Iv k¿-hm¿ 9186. Nm-Nv-\m-a F-∂ Ir-Xn F-hn-S-sØ N-cn-{X-am-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂-Xv-˛ kn-‘v 9187. sj¿-jm-bp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ sj¿-jm 9188. hn-√n hn-√o-kv D-jv-W-N-{I-hm-Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ho-ip-∂-Xv-˛ Hmkv-t{S-en-b 9189. B-Nm-cy P-K-Zo-iv N-{μ-t_m-kv s_m-´m-Wn-°¬ Km¿-U≥ Fhn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 9190. `m-c-Xv \u-P-hm≥ k-` cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ `-K-Xv knw-Kv 9191. `m-c-Xo-b hn-Zym-`-h≥ ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p ap≥-ssI F-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ sI.Fw.ap≥-jn 9192. `q-cn-]-£w tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv cm-Py-ß-fpw B--sS tIm-f-\n-bmbn--∂p-˛ {_n-´¨ 9193. sj¿-jm-bp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ k-k-cmw(_o-lm¿) 9194. Pm-en-b≥ hm-em _m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e k-a-b-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv {]-`p 9195. sN-º-g-¥n B--sS P-∑w sIm-≠p {]-kn-≤-am-Wv-˛-{io-\m-cm-bW-Kp- 9196. N-en-°p-∂ Im-hyw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ `-c-X-\m-Syw 9197. P-lmw-Ko¿ A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1627 9198. P-∏m-\n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v-˛ tlm≥-jp 9199. ]-£n-I-fp-sS h≥-I-c F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sX-t° A-ta-cn-° 9200. tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ am-Xm-hpw ap-Ø-—-\pw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-∂ G-I-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n 9201. sk-t^m-f-Pn F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ C-e-£≥ 9202. Ip-fp, a-Wm-en,U¬-lu-kn F-∂o kp-J-hm-k-tI-{μ-߃ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 9203. kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw \n¿-an-®-Xv ˛ A¿-Pp≥ tZ-hv 9204. sN-dp-I-Y-bv-°v B-Zy-am-bn h-b-em¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Sn.]fl-\m-`≥ 9205. P-¥p-°-fp-sS-bpw k-ky-ß-fp-sS-bpw cq-]-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T\w-˛ tam¿-t^m-f-Pn

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 185

9206. sN-t¶m-´, Zn-hm≥ C J-kv, U¬-ln-bn-se Pm-am a-kv-Pn-Zv, tam´n a-kv-Pn-Zv F-∂n-h \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ jm-P-lm≥ 9207. P-¥p-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ A-cn-tÃm-´n¬ 9208. ss\-{Sn-Iv B-kn-Un‚-bpw ssl-t{Um-t¢m-dn-Iv B-kn-Un-s‚-bpw an-{in-Xw-˛ A-Izm-do-Pn-b 9209. kz-X-{¥-`m-c-X-Øn-se B-Zy- hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{¥n-˛ au-em-\m- Bkm-Zv9210. tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy A-dp-\q-dp tIm-Sn Xn-I-™ Zn-h-kw-˛ 1999 H-IvtSm-_¿ 12 9211. tem-I-sØ 70 i-X-am-\w c-Xv-\-ß-fpw ap-dn-°p-I-bpw t]m-fn-jv sN-øp-∂-Xpw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-kq-d-Øv 9212. sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sn-s‚ tcm-aw \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂ t{]m-´o≥-˛ sI-cm-‰n≥ 9213. P- \ n- X - I - k z- ` m- h - Ø n- \ v \n- Z m- \ - a m- b X- ∑ m- { X G- X m- W v - ˛ Un.F≥.F. 9214. sN-Sn-I-sf B-I¿-j-I-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ sh-´n-sbm--°p-∂ co-Xn˛ tSm-∏n-b-dn 9215. tI-c-f-Øn-\p ]p-d-Øv tI-c-f ssl-t°m-S-Xn-°v A-[n-Im-c ]-cn[n-bp-≈ ÿ-ew-˛ e-£-Zzo-]v 9216. sPm-hm≥ Hm-^v B¿-°n-s‚ kz-tZ-iw-˛ {^m≥-kv 9217. A-Iv-_¿ lm¬-Un-L-´v bp-≤-Øn¬ dm-Wm {]-Xm-]n-s\ tXm¬]n-® h¿-jw-˛1576 9218. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ _-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ B¿.sI.j¨-ap-Jw sN-´n 9219. sIm-Wm¿-°n-se kq-cy-t£-{Xw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ ]q¿-h Kw-Kmhw-i-Øn-se \-c-knw-l-tZ-h≥ 9220. X-fn-t°m-´ bp-≤-Øn¬ hn-P-b-\-K-c ssk-\y-sØ \-bn-®-Xv-˛ cm-ac - m-b 9221. ]-cn-Wm-a-t{i-Wn-bn-se H-Sp-hn-e-sØ I-Æn-˛-a-\p-jy≥ 9222. tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈ k-_v \m-j-W¬ F‚n-‰n-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 9223. Np-≠≥-h-≈-ß-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Ip-´-\m-Sv 9224. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w In-´n-b-h-cn¬ C-¥y≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-\p sh-fnbn¬ ]u-c-Xz-ap-≈ G-I hy-‡n-˛ s\¬-k¨ a-t≠-e 9225. tI-{μ a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°v Iq-´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw D-≈-Xv-˛ tem-Iv-k-`t-- bmSv 9226. Np-h-∏v, ]-® \n-d-߃ tN¿-∂m¬ In-´p-∂ \n-dw-˛ a-™ 9227. \m-Kv-]q¿ hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw G-Xv t\-Xm-hn-s‚ kv-a-c-Wm¿-Yw \ma-I-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 9228. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw Pn-√-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛A-K-kv-Xy-Iq-Sw 9229. \m-j-W¬ A- -kv-sa‚ v B‚ v A-{I-Un-t‰-j≥ Iu¨-kn-ens‚ (\m-Iv) B-ÿm-\w-˛-_mw-•q¿ 9230. sIm-Xp-Iv a-\p-jy-km-ao-]yw Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-˛ hn-b¿-∏nse em-Iv-Sn-Iv A-æw a-W-Ø-dn-™v 9231. sk-dn- Iƒ-®¿- F-¥p-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ]-´p-\q¬- Irjn9232. ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´ Pn-√-bp-sS cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\v ap≥-ssI-sb-Sp-Øbmƒ-˛ sI.sI.\m-b¿ 9233. kv-]m-\n-jv Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j-b-√m-Ø H-tc-sbm- a-[y A-ta-cn°≥ cm-Pyw-˛ s_-en-kv 9234. kv-]m-tcm Iym-a¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 9235. kv-Im≥-Un-t\-hn-b≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv G-Xv-˛ kzoU≥ 9236. kw-L-Im-e-sØ cm-P-hw-i-ß-fn¬ an-I-® \m-hn-I-tk-\-sb \ne-\n¿-Øn-bn--∂-Xv-˛ tNm-f≥-am¿ 9237. sN-Ωo≥ F-∂ kn-\n-ab - ° v- v Xn-c° - Y - F-gp-Xn-bX - ˛v- F-kv.F¬.]pcw k-Zm-\-μ≥ 9238. Iym-_n-\-‰v an-j≥ C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1946 9239. kq-cn \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv G-Xp Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv-˛ C-μp-te-J 9240. C-¥y-bn¬ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ \n¿-an-® B-Zy ]-≈n-˛ sk‚ v {^m≥-kn-kv ]-≈n 9241. sk-ep-°-kn-s\ bp-≤-Øn¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b cm-Pm-hv-˛ N{μ-Kp-]vX - a - u-cy≥ 9242. ss]-\m-hv G-Xv Pn-√-bp-sS B-ÿm-\-am-Wv-˛ C-Sp-°n 9243. tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-am-cn¬ ]-sØm≥-]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ P-\n-® G-I hy-‡n-˛ ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈

9244. C-¥y-bn¬ sX-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨-kq¨ D¬-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv Fhn-sS-\n-∂v-˛ C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬-\n-∂v 9245. a-Xn-bm-b {]m-Xn-\n-[y-ap-d-∏m-°m≥ \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v Bw-t•m C-¥y≥ Aw-K-ß-sf \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-øm≥ B¿-°m-Wv A[n-Im-cw?˛-Kh - ¿-W¿ 9246. sN-dn-bm-®-s‚ {Iq-c-Ir-Xy-߃ F-∂ kn-\n-a-bp-sS kw-hn-[m-bI≥-˛ tPm¨ F-{_-lmw 9247. kp¬-Øm-\ d-kn-b A-an-X-am-b Zm-£n-Wyw Im-Wn-® A-_nko-\n-b≥ A-Sn-a-˛ P-em-ep-±o≥ bm-°q-Øv 9248. {^-©v- A-[o-\-Xn-bn-em-bn--∂ C-¥y≥- `q-{]-tZ-iw-˛ am-ln9249. A-h-km-\-sØ \-μ-cm-Pm-hv-˛ [-\-\-μ≥ 9250. _p-≤-s‚ a-I≥ ˛ cm-lp-e≥ 9251. ss{I-tkm-sse-‰v B-kv-_-tÃm-kv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Zn∏n-°p-∂ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv 9252. ss{I-kv-X-h Im-fn-Zm-k≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ I-´-°-b-Øn¬ sNdn-bm≥ am-∏n-f 9253. {]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn h¿-[n-∏n-°p-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛ hn-‰m-an≥ kn 9254. sP-‰v hn-am-\-߃-°v k-©-cn-°m≥ D-Ø-a-am-b A-¥-co-£ ]mfn-˛ kv-{Sm-t‰m-kv-^n-b¿ 9255. kp¬-Øm≥ _-tØ-cn F-∂ ÿ-e-\m-aw B--sS t]-cn¬-\n∂m-Wv cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv-˛ Sn-∏p 9256. {]-Xn-tcm-[a - {- ¥n-bp-sS im-kv{- X D-]t- Z-jvS- m-hm-b ti-jw C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b-Xv-˛ F.]n.sP.A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw 9257. tI-c-f-Øn¬ -hn-tam-N-\ k-a-c- -Im-e-Øv sI.]n.kn.kn.{]-knU‚m-bn--∂X - v˛- B¿.i-¶¿ 9258. kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ [ym-\-Øn-en--∂-Xn-eq-sS {]-i-kv-X-am-b X-an-gv-\m-´n-se ÿ-ew-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn 9259. `q-I-º-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ko-kv-tam-f-Pn9260. P-∏m≥ t]ƒ lm¿-_¿ B-{I-an-® h¿-jw-˛ 1941 9261. sl¿-°p¬ s]m-bv-tdm-´v F-∂ Un-‰-Iv-So-hv I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ krjv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ A-K-Xm {In-Ãn 9262. sIm-®n-bn-se B-Zy-sØ-bpw A-h-km-\-sØ-bpw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n˛ C-°-≠-hm-cy¿ 9263. sN-dn-b A-f-hn-ep-≈ ssh-Zyp-X {]-hm-lw-t]m-epw A-f-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ Km¬-h-t\m-kv-tIm-∏v 9264. ko-kv-tam-f-Pn- F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂ im-kv-{X-im-J-bm-Wv˛ `q-N-e-\w 9265. ss\-{S-P≥ ^n-Iv-tk-j≥ \-S-Øp-∂ k-kyw-˛ ]-b¿ 9266. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b _o-®v-˛ tIm-Iv-kv _-km¿ 9267. sl-tdm-tUm-´-kn-\v N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂ hn-ti-j-Ww Nm¿-Øn-b-Xv-˛ kn-sk-tdm 9268. km¬-th-j≥ B¿-an ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hn-eyw _q-Øv 9269. s\-{lp-hn-\p-ti-jw B-IvS- n-Mv {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-]Z- w h-ln-®X - v ˛-Kp¬k-cn-em¬ \-μ 9270. B-Zm-an-s‚ ]m-ew G-sXm-s° cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn-em-Wv-˛ C-¥ybv-°pw {io-e-¶-bv-°pw 9271. `q-an-bp-sS ]n-Wv-U-Øn-s‚ F-{X `m-K-Øn-sem-∂m-Wv N-{μ-s‚ ]n-Wv-Uw-˛ 81 9272. kq-∏¿ Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ sk-bv-a¿ t{I 9273. thmƒ-´-b-dp-sS b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ {^m-t¶m-bv ta-cn A-tcm-Øv 9274. tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°w-sN-∂- \n-b-a-k-`- G-Xp- cm- -Py-ØmWv- -˛-sF-kv-em≥-Uv9275. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS ap≥-Km-an-˛ k¿-h-cm-Py-k-Jyw 9276. th-ep-Ø-ºn- Z-f-h B-Xv-l-Xy sN-bv-X ÿ-ew-˛ a-Æ-Sn 9277. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw B-g-ta-dn-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ s_-bv-°¬ 9278. te-Uo-kv ^nw-K¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-®-°-dn-˛ sh-≠-bv-° 9279. s_m-fn-h¿- G-Xp cm-Py-sØ \m-W-b-am-Wv-˛ sh-\n-tkz-e 9280. tI-c-f-Øn≥ B-Zy-am-bn kv-]o-Uv t]m-Ãv kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-sX-hn-sS-˛ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 9281. A-km-[m-c-W-am-b Hm¿-a-°p-d-hv D-≠m-hp-∂ tcm-Kw-˛ A¬-jn-tagvk - v

186 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

9282. P-\m-[n-]-Xy kw-c-£-W k-an-X n (sP-F-kv-F-kv) cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn® t\-Xm-hv ˛-sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω 9283. sN-kn¬ tem-I-In-co-Sw t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ hniz-\m-Y≥ B-\-μv 9284. sk≥-dv- tPm¿-Pv- tIm-´ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -˛-sN-ss∂-bn¬9285. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se D-]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ G-Xn-\m-Wv A-¥-co-£-ap≈-Xv-˛ ssS-‰≥ 9286. Kp-]v-X-hw-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ ]m-S-eo-]p-{Xw 9287. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sd-bn¬-th-˛ Izn≥-lm-bn-˛ Sn-_-‰v 9288. km-ln-Xy {]-h¿-Ø-I k-l-I-c-W kw-L-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ tIm-´-bw 9289. {Xn-I-£n-k-Jy-hpw {Xn-I-£n ku-lm¿-±-hpw cq-]w-sIm-≠ h≥I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 9290. km-cw-Kn-F-∂-kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-Ww C-¥y-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛ Xp¿-°n-Iƒ 9291. B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn-se i-kv-{X-{In-bm hn-`m-Kw-˛ i-ey Nn-In-’ 9292. t\m¿-Øv A-Xv-em‚n-Iv {So-‰n Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j≥ ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1949 9293. hn-dI - v I-Øp-tºmƒ ]p-dØ - p-hc - p-∂ hm-XI - w-˛I - m¿-_¨ U-tbmIv-ssk-Uv 9294. s\-√p¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ]m-e-°m-Sn-s‚ ÿm-\-sa-{X-˛ H-∂mw ÿm-\w9295. B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ B-t{X-b≥ 9296. knw-K-∏q-cn¬ cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-\m-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ hw-i-P≥-˛ kn.hn.tZ-h≥ \m-b¿ 9297. hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b Zzo-]v G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 9298. P-∏m≥ t]ƒ lm¿-_¿ B-{I-an-®t- ∏mƒ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 9299. F-b¿ sU-°m¨ F-b¿-th-bv-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ _mw-•q¿ (s_-¶-fp-) 9300. kp¬-Øm≥ _-tØ-cn-bp-sS ]-g-b t]-cv-˛-K-W-]-Xn-h-´w 9301. B-Zy-am-bn {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b h-\n-X-˛ kn-cn-am-thm _-μm-c-\mb-sI 9302. sP.kn. Um-\n-tb¬ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\¿-l-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ B-d-∑p-f s]m-∂-Ω 9303. F-hn-Sp-sØ cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥-˛ sIm-®n 9304. sN-Ip-Øm-s‚ kw-Ko-Xw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂X - ˛v- t]m-∏v kw-Ko-Xw 9305. im-c-Zm _p-Iv Un-t∏m ÿm-]n-®-Xv ˛ Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ 9306. {_n-´o-jv `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ C-¥y-°m--am-bn Iq-Sn-bmtem-Nn®mWv `-c-Ww \-S-tØ≠Xv F-∂ B-i-bw C-¥y≥ cm-jv-{So-b-cw-KØv B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-® \n-b-aw-˛ 1861se C-¥y≥ Iu¨kn¬-kv B-Iv-Sv 9307. tem-I-sØ B-Zy ]p-I-bn-e ap-‡ cm-Pyw-˛ `q-´m≥ 9308. B--sS t]--am-bm-Wv Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-\p _-‘w-˛ _m-Kv-Zm-Zn\p k-ao-]-ap-≈ D-jv kz-tZ-in-bm-b Jzm-Pm Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ 9309. tem-Is - Ø B-Zy A-Wp-t_mw-_v \n¿-an-°p-∂X - n-\p-≈ am≥-lm´≥ ]-≤-Xn Xp-S-ßm≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-knU‚ v-˛-{^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 9310. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Np-°v D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm\w-˛ tI-c-fw 9311. \m-j-W¬ Iu¨-kn¬ t^m¿ So-®¿ F-Pyp-t°-j-s‚ B-ÿm\w-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 9312. {_n-´-Wn-se B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛ tdm-_¿-´v hm¬-t]mƒ 9313. tI-c-f-Øn-se I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS H-∂mw kw-ÿm-\ ktΩ-f-\w (1943) \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 9314. C-¥y≥ U-b-a-≠v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-kq-d-Øv 9315. sN-dp-Im-Sv- B--sS Xq-en-Im-\m-aw-˛ kn.tKm-hn-μ ]n-jm-c-Sn 9316. hy-h-km-b-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn-√-bv°v tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-{Xmw ÿm-\-am-Wv-˛ H-∂mw ÿm-\w 9317. ss_-\-dn kw-Jy A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-b D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ Iw-]yq-´¿

9318. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-c-º-cm-K-X hy-h-km-bw-˛ I-b¿ 9319. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ A-[n-I-cn-®v a-e-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠m-b B-Zy Ir-Xn-˛ hr-Øm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w 9320. \m-Km¿-Pp-\ km-K¿ A-W-s°-´v G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ Ir-jv-W 9321. sNm-Δ-bn-se A-·n-]¿-h-X-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw h-ep-Xv ˛ H-fn-º-kv tam¨-kv 9322. tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Aw-Ko-Ir-X {]-Xn-]-£ t\-Xm-hv-˛ cmw kp-`-Kv knw-Kv 9323. tI-cf - Ø - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-St- °-b‰ - s - Ø- \-Zn--˛a - t- ©-iz-cw\Zn 9324. P-lmw-Ko-dn‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ em-tlm¿ 9325. kp¬-Øm≥ F-∂ ÿm-\-t∏- kzo-I-cn-°p-I-tbm \m-W-b-ßfn¬ t]-cv ap-{Z-Ww sN-øp-I-tbm sN-øm-Ø kp¬-Øm-t\-‰v hwiw-˛ k-øn-Zv hw-iw 9326. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-hpw `m-c-X c-Xv-\-hpw e-`n-® \m-ep-t]--≠v. kn.hn.cm-a≥,a-Z¿ sX-tc-k, A-a¿-Xym-sk≥ F-∂n-h¿ Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]-´n-I-bn-se \m-em-a≥ ˛-s\¬-k¨-a-t≠-e 9327. t\-h sS-Ãv G-Xp tcm-Kw \n¿-W-bn-°m-\m-Wv \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ Fbv-Uv-kv 9328. Ip-f-®¬ bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1741 9329. tem-Is - Ø- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - w-Iq-Sn-b- X-ek - vY - m-\\ - K - c - a - p-≈- sX-t°A-ta-cn-°≥- cm-Pyw- -˛-s_-m-fo-hn-b9330. Iyq-Wn-t^mw en-]n hn-Ik - n-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø kw-kI v- m-cw-˛ kp-ta-dn-b≥ 9331. P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b cm-jv-{So-b t\-´w-˛ ta-hm-dp-am-bp≈ I-e-lw A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv 9332. izm-\-h¿-K-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-ep-∏w Iq-Sn-b Po-hn-˛ sN-∂m-b 9333. Sn-∏p-kp¬-Øm≥ h-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ sh√-…n {]-`p 9334. [¿-Ω-Sw Zzo-]v G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ A-©-c-°-≠n-∏p-g 9335. B-gv-hm-t©-cn X-{ºm-°-fp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xn--\m-hm-b-bv-°v A-Sp-Øp-≈ B-X-h-\m-Sv {Km-aw 9336. C-¥y-bn¬ am-Pn-Iv Sq-dn-kw ]-≤-Xn-°v Xp-S-°-an-´ B-Zy-sØ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw 9337. s]-t{Sm-fn-b-Øn-s‚ A-kw-kv-Ir-X-cq-]w- {Iq-Uv Hm-bn¬ 9338. P-∏m≥-Im¿ A-cn-bn¬-\n-∂p \n¿-an-°p-∂ ]m-\o-bw ˛ tk-°v 9339. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ I-≠¬ K-th-j-W tI-{μw-˛ B-bn-cw sX-ßv (sIm-√w Pn-√) 9340. sb-t√m tI-°v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xv aq-e-I-Øn-s‚ A-bncm-Wv-˛ bp-td-\n-bw 9341. P-∏m-s‚ sU-t{Sm-bn-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛ \-tKm-b 9342. ssd≥ \-Zn D¬-`-hn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚ v 9343. sI-˛2 sIm-Sp-ap-Sn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ]¿-h-X \n-c-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ Imc-t°m-dw 9344. U-®v- sIm-®n-bp-sS ]-X-\w- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1795 9345. a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-kw-c-£-W-cw-K-Øv {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ km¿-h-tZio-b kw-L-S-\-˛ Bw-\-Ãn C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ 9346. se-]v-t‰m-sIm-ssd-k A-Iyq-´ F-∂-Xv G-Xv Io-S-Øn-s‚ im-kv{X-\m-a-am-Wv-˛ Nm-gn 9347. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S k-` cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ {]m-cw-` N¿-®-I-fn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø {_n-´o-jv {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 9348. `q-an-bp-sS A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ H- Hm-tkm¨ ]m-fn-bp-s≠-∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Nmƒ-kv ^m-{_n 9349. s_-dnw-Kv I-S-en-Sp-°v G-Xv k-ap-{Z-sØ-bm-Wv B¿-´n-Iv k-ap-{Zhp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 9350. k-ky-ß-fp-sS h-f¿-® A-f-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww-˛ s{I-kv-tIm-{Km-^v 9351. tI-{μ-Øn¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-X-c Iym-_n-\-‰v a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy ae-bm-fn-˛ Pn.c-ho-{μ-h¿-a 9352. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Iq-Sn-b cm-Pyw-˛ sam-Wm-t°m 9353. sS-Ãn¬ 10000 d¨-kv Xn-I-® B-Zy {In-°-‰¿-˛ kp-\n¬ Km-hkvI - ¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 187

9354. ssh-\p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ Cu-t\m-f-Pn 9355. tIm¨-Ãn-‰yp-h‚ v A-kw-ªn 1948˛¬ \n-ba - n-® enw-Kzn-Ãn-Iv s{]mhn≥-k-kv I-Ωn-j-s‚ A-[y-£≥-˛ P-Ãn-kv F-kv.sI.[¿ 9356. sF-Iy-cm-j{v- S-k`- \n-eh - n¬ h--tºmƒ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v˛ lm-cn F-kv. {Sq-am≥ 9357. tI-c-f ap-Jy-a-{¥n-am-cn¬ K-h¿-W-dm-bn \n-b-an-X-\m-b G-I hy‡n-˛ ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ 9358. a-Z¿-em≥-Uv {]-Xn-a G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-d-jy 9359. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-` c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬ ÿn-c Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈ GI G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 9360. tIm-´-I-sf X-I¿-°p-∂-h≥ F-∂ A¿-Y-Øn¬ ]p-c-‘-c≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´ tZ-h≥-˛ C-{μ≥ 9361. kp-h¿-W I-ºn-fn-bp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ Hm-kvt{S-en-b 9362. sIm-√w Pn-√-bn¬ Zp-tcym-[-\-t£-{Xw ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛ a-e\-S 9363. tI-h-e-]q-Pyw F-∂p ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Du-jv-am-hv-˛ ssa-\-kv 273 Un-{Kn sk¬-jy-kv 9364. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b h-≈w-I-fn-˛ ]m-bn-∏m-´v h-≈w-I-fn 9365. th-Zw F-∂ ]-Z-Øn-s‚ A¿-Yw-˛ A-dn-hv 9366. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b Pn-√ ˛ B-e-∏p-g 9367. tI-cf - \n-ba - k - `- b - n¬ Aw-Ka - m-b B-Zy-sØ sF.F.F-kv. ˛ A¬-t^m≥-kv I-Æ-¥m-\w 9368. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv (1993) `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w e-`n-® (1990)G-I hy-‡n ˛-s\¬-k¨-a-t≠-e 9369. s]-cn-bm-dn-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛ Nq¿-Wn 9370. s]-t{Sm-fn-bw D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS A-f-hp tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ãm-t‚¿-Uv bq-Wn-‰v-˛ _m-c¬ 9371. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]-´n-I Pm-Xn hn-`m-K-Øn¬-\n-∂pw kv-]o-°-dm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ sI.cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥. 9372. s_-©-an≥- s_-bv-en-bp-sS \n-L-≠p- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛ F.Un.1846 9373. Pn-]v-sa¿ (P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v t]m-Ãv {KmtPz-‰v sa-Un-°¬ F-Uyp-t°-j≥ B‚ v dn-k¿-®v) F-hn-sS-bmWv˛- ] - p-Xp-t®-cn 9374. `q-cn-`m-Kw A-ta-cn-°≥-]u-c≥-am-w G-Xp cm-Py-sØ hw-i-P-cmWv-˛ {_n-´¨ 9375. _w-Kmƒ hn-`-Pn-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛ I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 9376. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-em-h-[n-bp-≠m-bn--∂ \nb-a-k-`-˛ \m-emw \n-b-a-k-` 9377. tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v cm-jv-{S-]-Xn \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-bv-X B-ZysØ a-e-bm-fn-˛ Nmƒ-kv U-b-kv 9378. {]-Y-a kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n ˛-tI-k-cn ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v A¿-l-\m-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥-˛ Sn.th-Wp-tKm-]m¬ 9379. `m-cX - c - X - \ v- w _-lp-aX - n e-`n-® B-Zy {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-˛P - h - m-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 9380. t\-{X-Øn-s‚ hym-kw-˛ 2.5 sk.-ao. 9381. sj-^o¬-Uv F-∂ ÿ-ew G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\m-Wp {]-kn≤w-˛ I-Sv-e-dn 9382. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w I-gn-™m¬ C-¥ym-K-h¨-sa‚ v \¬-Ip-∂ G-‰-hpap-b¿-∂ _-lp-a-Xn-˛ ]-c-a-ho-c-N-{Iw 9383. sk≥-{S¬ ^p-Uv sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-°¬ dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Fhn-sS-bmWv-˛ ssa-kq¿ 9384. \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ \-b-{]-Jym-]-\ {]-kw-Kw \-S-Øp-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿W¿ 9385. knw-l-hm-e≥- Ip-c-ßp-I-fp-sS B-hm-k-tI-{μ-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬{]-kn-≤-am-b-tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w- ˛-ssk-e≥-dv-hm-en9386. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\ tP-Xm-hm¬ tZ-io-b-Km-\w c-Nn-°-s∏-´ bqtdm-]y≥ cm-Pyw-˛-t\m¿-th 9387. sam-kmw-_n-Iv {]-hm-lw G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lmk-ap-{Zw

9388. 9389. 9390. 9391. 9392. 9393. 9394. 9395. 9396. 9397. 9398. 9399. 9400. 9401. 9402. 9403. 9404. 9405. 9406. 9407. 9408. 9409. 9410. 9411. 9412. 9413. 9414. 9415. 9416. 9417. 9418. 9419. 9420. 9421. 9422. 9423. 9424. 9425. 9426. 9427. 9428.

188 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

sam-Pm-hv a--`q-an G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° sX-lv-cn A-W-s°-´v G-Xp \-Zn-bn¬-˛ `-Ko-c-Yn ssa {]-kn-U≥-jy¬- C-tb-gv-kv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ B¿- sh-¶n-´-cm-a≥ kw-L-Im-e-sØ ]m-Wv-Uy-cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ G-‰-hpw ]-cm-{I-an˛ s\-Sp-t©-gn-b≥ tkm-Un-bw, s]m-´m-kyw F-∂n-h I-≠p-]n-Sn-® im-kv-{X-⁄≥˛ lw-{^n tU-hn tjm-f-bm¿ A-W-s°-´v G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ Nm-e-°p-Sn-∏p-g tI-Zm¿-\m-Yn-se B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ in-h≥ sse-^v Hm-^v a-lm-flm-Km-‘n c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ eq-bn ^n-j¿ K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ ss]-Y-tKm-d-kv kw-L-Im-e-sØ cm-P-hw-i-ß-fn¬ G-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv sa-K-kvX-\o-kv B-Zyw ]-cm-a¿-in-®-Xv-˛ ]m-Wv-Uy \m-j-W¬ A-°m-Z-an Hm-^v Hm-Un-‰v B‚ v A-°u-≠v-kv F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛-jnw-e `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 356˛mw A-\p-t—-Zw {]-Im-cw a-{¥n-k-` ]n-cn®p-hn-S-s∏-´ B-Zy kw-ÿm-\w-˛ tI-c-fw `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b c-≠m-a-sØ h-\n-X-˛ a-Z¿ sX-tc-k sIm-√w-˛-sN-t¶m-´ sd-bn¬-∏m-X I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ Np-cw-˛ B-cy¶m-hv Np-cw Kp-]v-X-hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw- {]-kn-≤-\m-b cm-Pm-hv- ˛-N-{μ-Kp-]vX≥- c-≠m-a≥.`m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b G-I hy-h-km-bn-˛ sP.B¿.Un.Sm-‰ ssI-sh-≈b - p-sS Nq-Sn¬ t]m-epw {Zm-hI - m-hÿ b - n-em-Ip-∂ temlw-˛ Km-en-bw kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j≥ ÿm-]n-® h¿-jw ˛ 1897 I-Æq¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-Zy ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿-˛ A-_v-Zpƒ d-“m≥ kw-ÿm-\-sØ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-I-fp-sS Nm≥-k-e¿ B-cm-Wv-˛ K-h¿-W¿ G-‰-hpw {]-£p-_v-[ A-¥-co-£ {]-Xn-`m-kw-˛ sSm¿-Wm-tUm {]m-No-\ Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿ G-Xp ]n-c-an-Un-s‚ \n-g¬ t\m-°nbm-Wv E-Xp-°ƒ \n-›-bn-®n--∂-Xv-˛ Kn-k-bn-se ]n-c-an-Uv C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ B-fp-Iƒ sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂ hyh-km-bw-˛ Xp-Wn-hy-h-km-bw ss{S-t°m-f-Pn F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv-˛ tcm-aw {^m-¶≥-sÃ-bn≥ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ ta-cn sj√n {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Im-e-Øv a-e-_m¿ Pn-√-bp-sS B-ÿm-\-am-bn-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ FtUz¿-Uv sS-√¿ {_n-´-Wn¬ B--sS `-c-W-Im-e-am-Wv Zn tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv-˛ H-fn-h¿ t{Imw-sh¬ ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ D¬-`-h-Øn-\p Im-c-W-sa-∂v im-kv-{Xw I-Xp-∂ _n-Kv _mw-Kv Xn-b-dn-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ tPm¿-Pv Kmtam-hv kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ k-lm-b-Øm¬ i-co-c-Øn¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n°-s∏-Sp-∂ Po-h-Iw-˛ Po-h-Iw Un B-Zy-am-bn A-b¬-°q-´w \-S-∏n-em-°n-b ]-©m-b-Øv-˛ I-eymt»-cn P-lmw-Ko-dn-s\-Xn-sc I-em-]-ap-≠m-°n-b aq-Ø a-I≥-˛ Jp-kv-dp tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- P-e-k-º-∂-am-b- \-Zn-˛-B-a-tkm¨th-Zmw-K-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-bn I--X-s∏-´-Xv-˛ I¬]w G-‰-hpw `m-cw Iq-Sn-b {]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø B-‰w-˛ bp-td-\n-bw G-‰-hpw C-e-Iv-t{Sm t]m-kn-‰o-hv B-b ap-e-Iw-˛ ko-kn-bw {^-©v- hn-π-h-Im-e-sØ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛ eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-dm-a≥ s]--a¨ Xo-h-≠n Zp-c-¥w D-≠m-b Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1988 Pqsse 8 B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p- A-iz-tLm-j≥- ˛-I-\n-jv-I≥.Sn.hn.kv-{Io-\n¬ N-en-°p-∂ Zr-iy-߃ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv I-Æn-s‚ G-Xp {]-tXy-I-X-aq-e-am-Wv-˛ k-a-Rv-P-\-£-a-X Sm-t°m-t^m-_n-b F-¥n-t\m-Sp-≈ `-b-am-Wv-˛ th-Kw

9429. s]m-´≥-jy¬ Un-^-d≥-kv A-f-°p-∂ G-I-Iw-˛ thmƒ-´v 9430. B-Zy-am-bn cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-ø-s∏-´ kn-\nam-\-Sn-˛ \¿-Ko-kv Z-Øv 9431. s]m-∑p-Sn a-e-tbm-c hn-t\m-Z k-©m-c tI-{μw G-Xp Pn-√-bn-emWv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 9432. B--sS P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv tZ-io-b ]-£n \n-co-£-W Zn-\-am-bn(\hw-_¿ 12) B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ km-enw A-en 9433. Kp--Pn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Fw.F-kv.tKm¬-hm¬-°¿ 9434. sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se Cu-U≥ Km¿-U≥-kv G-Xp Im-bn-I hn-t\mZ-Øn-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ {In-°-‰v 9435. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-t√-Pp-Iƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 9436. Kp- Aw-K-Zn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ se-lv-\ 9437. tPm¿-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S¨ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b h¿-jw-˛ 1789 9438. hn-P-b-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°m≥ c-≠p-hn-c¬ D-b¿-Øn-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 9439. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Ip-¶p-aw D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kwÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp-˛I - i - va - o¿ 9440. sU-kv-Un-tam-W F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv-˛ tj-Iv-kv]n-b¿9441. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Aw-K-ta-Xv-˛ kq-cy≥ 9442. ssi-Xy-Im-e H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b B-Zy \-K-cw-˛ N-tamWn-Iv-kv({^m≥-kv) 9443. s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w B-Zy-am-bn \¬-In-b h¿-jw-˛ 1901 9444. ssJ-_¿ Np-cw G-Xv ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bn-em-Wv-˛ ln-μp-°p-jv 9445. ssI-X-®-°-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ F-ÿ-˛ Cu-ssY¬ _yq´n-td-‰v 9446. kq-cy {]-Im-iØ - n¬ k-]vX - h - ¿-Wß - fp-s≠-∂v I-s≠-Øn-b imkv-{X-⁄≥-˛ \yq-´¨ 9447. kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-kv-‰n-kv,- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- cm-jv-{S-]-XnF-∂o- kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-® G-I hy-Iv-Xn-˛ Fw-l-n-Zm-b-Øp-≈ 9448. ssa-{Xm-I-hw-i-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ `-´m-c-I≥ 9449. kn-≤m¿-Y-s‚ ({io-_p-≤-s‚) Ip-Xn-c-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ Im-¥-I≥ 9450. 1930 Hm-K-kv-‰n¬- \m-Kv-]q-cn¬- ]n-∂m-°-hn-`m-K-°m--sS A-Jnte-¥ym- k-tΩ-f-\w- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 9451. sk‚ v tXm-a-kv I-∏-en-d-ßn-b ÿ--ew-˛ am-ey-¶-c(sIm-Sp-ß-√qcn-\-Sp-Øv) 9452. Kp--hm-bp¿ k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ sI.tIf-∏≥ 9453. ss\-tem¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ U-ªp.F-®v.I-tcm-tØ-gv-kv(1937) 9454. k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-tP-Xm-hn-s\ \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ t\m¿-ho-Pn-b≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v 9455. sk¿-h‚ v-kv Hm-^v tKm-Uv F-∂ kw-L-S-\ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 9456. kz-X-{¥ tkm-^v-‰v sh-b-dp-Iƒ-°v F-Sp-t°-≠ sse-k≥-kv-˛ P\-d¬ ]-ªn-Iv sse-k≥-kv 9457. k-Xy-Pn-Xv-dm-bn-bp-sS Xo≥ I-\ym F-∂ N-e-®n-{Xw B--sS IrXn-sb B-[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv-˛ c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ 9458. sUw-Kn-∏-\n ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ Cu-Un-kv Cu-Pn-]v-jn sIm-Xp-Iv 9459. sUm-an-\n-Iv em-∏n-b-dp-sS -kn-‰n Hm-^v tPm-bv- F-∂ Ir-Xnbn¬ G-Xp \-K-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wv hn-h-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ sIm¬°-Ø 9460. tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn `-cn-® I-ayp-WnÃv F-∂ hn-ti-j-Ww kz-¥-am-°n-b ^n-U¬ Im-kv-t{Sm `-cn-® cm-Pyw ˛-Iyq-_ 9461. A-h-km-\-sØ kn-Jp-Kp- tKm-_n-μv-kn-Mv P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ ]m‰v\ 9462. sU-¶n-∏-\n-°p Im-c-Ww ˛ ssh-d-kv 9463. P-bv-]q¿ \-K-cw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ a-lm-cm-Pm P-bv-kn-Mv c-≠m-a≥ 9464. ssl-{U-P≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ Im-h≥-Un-jv 9465. sS-kv-‰v- {In-°-‰n¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sk-©z-dn- t\-Sn-b C-¥y-°m-c≥˛ em-em- A-a¿-\m-Yv9466. P-lmw-Ko¿ P-\n-®-Xv-˛ ^-tØ-]q¿ kn-{In-bn¬ (1569) 9467. ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-j≥ C-¥y-bn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1928 9468. ku-c-bq-Yw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ Km-e-Iv-kn-˛ an¬-°n th

9469. ss_-_nƒ F-∂ hm-°n-s‚ A¿-Yw-˛ ]p-kv-X-Iw 9470. tem-I-ss]-Xr-I-∏-´n-I-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ÿ-e-߃ D-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ C-‰-en 9471. sN-Ωo≥- kn-\n-a-bp-sS kw-hn-[m-b-I≥-˛ cm-ap Im-cym-´v 9472. P-Ωp-˛-I-iv-ao-cn-s‚ io-X-Im-e X-e-ÿm-\w-˛ P-Ωp 9473. Sm-Kq¿ Cw-Kv-fo-jn-te-°p hn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-bv-X Ko-Xv-Rv-P-en-bv°v A-h-Xm-cn-I F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ U-ªyp._n.tb-‰v-kv 9474. Kp-≠¿-´n-s‚ \n-L-≠p {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1872 9475. tK-‰v th Hm-^v C-¥y cq-]-I¬-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ tPm¿-Pv hn-‰-‰v 9476. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛ A-t°m¨-Im-Kz 9477. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se D-]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ h-ep-∏-Øn¬ A-©mw ÿm\-ap-≈X - v˛- N - {- μ≥ 9478. sX-°n-s‚ {_n-´¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ \yq-kn-e≥-Uv 9479. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]-£n-{Km-aw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ \q-d-\m-Sv 9480. s]‚-K-Wn-s‚ B¿-°n-sS-Iv-‰v-˛ tPm¿-Pv C. s_¿-Kv-kv-Sv-tdmw 9481. km-ln-Xy s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy-h-\n-X-˛ sk¬-a em-K¿ tem-^v 9482. sk¿-Pn sF-k≥-ssÃ≥ G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv {]-i-kv-X≥-˛ kn-\n-am kw-hn-[m-\w 9483. tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Pn.hn.am-hv-e-¶¿ 9484. Kn-bm-kp-±o-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 9485. P-e-Øn-s‚ ImTn-\y-Øn-\p Im-c-Ww G-sXm-s° aq-e-I-ß-fpsS e-h-W-ß-fm-Wv-˛ Im¬-kyw, a-·o-jyw 9486. tNm¿-®m kn-≤m-¥w B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xm-cv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 9487. s_m-°m-tdm Ão¬ πm‚ v G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Pm¿-J-WvUv 9488. tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS tIz-m-dw- ˛ 55 Aw-K-߃- (k-`m-[y-£≥- Dƒs∏-sS,- A-Xm-b-Xv- sam-Øw- Aw-K-kw-Jy-bp-sS ]-Øn-sem-∂v) 9489. tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ se-\n≥ 9490. kq-cy-\pw N-{μ-\pw Np-‰pw h-e-b-߃ Xo¿-°p-∂ ta-L-߃-˛ kn-tdm-kv kv-{Sm-‰-kv 9491. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se Aw-K-ß-fn¬ B-Zy-ap-≠m-b-Xv-˛ kq-cy≥ 9492. {]m-No-\ kw-kv-Ir-X km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ c-Xv-\m-I-c F-∂-dn-b-s∏´-Xv-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 9493. kq-cy-\pw `q-an-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-I-ew G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b Zn-h-kw˛ Pq-sse 4 (A-^o-en-b≥) 9494. P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ c-hn 9495. tKm¬-s°m-≠ tIm-´ G-Xp \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv 9496. tJ-{Xn sN-ºp-J-\n G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ 9497. hym-h-km-bn-I hn-π-hw A-c-tß-dn-b h≥-I-c-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 9498. G-‰-hpw `m-cw Iq-Sn-b tem-l-aq-e-Iw-˛ Hm-kv-an-bw 9499. ap-…nw-]-≈n-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ [m-° 9500. hn-P-b-\-K-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ Ir-jvW-tZ-h-cm-b¿ 9501. ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ k-kv-X-\-ß-sf km-[m-c-W-am-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ h≥I-c-˛ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 9502. F-Un- 486¬- kz-X-{¥-am-b- {^m≥-kn-s\- G-Io-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ t¢mhn-kv9503. ap-…nw eo-Kv ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1906 9504. I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se Ip-S-Ip-Pn-√-bn-se {_-“-Kn-cn-bn¬ D-Zv-`-hn-°p∂ \-Zn-˛-Im-th-cn 9505. A-Sn-a-hw-i-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m--t]-cv-˛ C¬-_m-cn hw-iw 9506. ap≥-jn t{]w-N-μn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y \m-aw ˛ [≥-]-Xv-dm-bn 9507. a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn¬ Hm¿-a-i-‡n-bp-sS C-cn-∏n-Sw-˛ tIm¿-´-Iv(sk-dn-{_w) 9508. a- l m- _ - e n- ] p- c w ]- ´ - W w \n¿- a n- ® - X m- c v - ˛ \- c - k nw- l - h ¿- a ≥ H-∂m-a≥ 9509. A-lm¿-Uv-kv G-Xp {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´ ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv-˛ A-´-∏m-Sn 9510. a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn¬ \m-kn-Iv Pn-√-bn-se {X-bw-_-Iv {Km-a-Øn¬ D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂ \-Zn ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 9511. Hu- d w- K - k o- _ n- \ m¬ h- [ n- ° - s ∏- ´ kn- J p Kp- c p- ˛ tX- P v _-lm-Zq¿ 9512. an-j-\-do-kv Hm-^v Nm-cn-‰n F-∂ {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ a-Z¿ sX-tc-k

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 189

9513. F-t√m-d-bn-se-ssI-em-k-\m-Y-t£-{Xw \n¿-an-® cm-jv-{S-Iq-S cmPm-hv-˛ Ir-jv-W≥ H-∂m-a≥ 9514. a-l-aq-Zv K-kv-\n-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ k-_p-‡n-Pn≥ 9515. hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b X-Sm-Iw G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn¬-˛ B-{^n-° 9516. A-l-Ω-Zv jm A-_v-Zm-en C-¥y B-{I-an-®-t∏mƒ ap-Kƒ `-c-Wm[n-Im-cn-˛ jm B-ew c-≠m-a≥ 9517. a-sÆ-Æ-bn¬ kq-£n-®p-h-bv-°p-∂ tem-l-߃-˛ tkm-Un-bw, s]m-´m-kyw 9518. A-S-bn-cn-°p-∂ A-—≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-£n-˛-H-´-I-∏-£n 9519. F-t√m-d Kp-l-Iƒ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 9520. G-\o-Uv F-∂ a-lm-Im-hyw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hn¿-Pn¬ 9521. G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ ]p-jv-]w-˛ a-t·m-en-b 9522. G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw-Ip-d-™ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛ \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h-sd-Uv-Un9523. ap-≠n\o -tcm-Kw _m-[n-°p-∂ i-co-cm-h-b-hw-˛ D-an-\o¿ {K-Ÿn 9524. {Uow-kv {^w ssa ^m-Z¿ B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛ _-cm-Iv H_m-a 9525. B-[p-\n-I ssh-Zy im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ ln-t∏m-{Im-‰-kv 9526. i-_-cn G-Xn-s‚ t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 9527. I¿-Wm-SI - Ø - n-se Kw-Km-hw-iØ - n-s‚ X-eÿ m-\w-˛ tImem¿ 9528. G-‰-hpw B-g-Øn¬ ap-ßm≥ I-gn-hp-≈ ]-£n-˛-s]≥-Kzn≥ 9529. ap-√-s∏-cn-bm¿ tI-c-f-Øn-se G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ C-Sp-°n 9530. F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛-hm-jnw-KvS¨ Un.kn. 9531. I¿-Wm-S-I kw-Ko-X-Øn-se A-Sn-ÿm-\ cm-K-߃-˛ 72 9532. A-Iv-_¿ ss_-dmw-Jm-s‚ do-P≥-kn A-h-km-\n-∏n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1560 9533. hn-{Iw tk-Øv c-Nn-® ]-Zy-Øn-ep-≈ t\m-h¬-˛ Zn tKmƒ-U≥ tK-‰v 9534. a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn¬ s]-\n-sk-en≥ ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]nw{]n 9535. a-e-bm-fn sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ {io-aq-ew Xn--\mƒ cm-Pm-hn-\p k-a¿∏n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛1891 9536. ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy kn-\n-am-\-Sn-˛ Pm-\-Io cm-aN - {- μ≥ 9537. I¿-Wm-S-I kw-Ko-X ]T-\-Øn-se A-Sn-ÿm-\ cm-Kw-˛ am-bm-amf-h-Ku-fw 9538. {Sm-h≥-Iq¿ ssS-‰m-\n-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 9539. apw-ss_-bn-se {]n≥-kv Hm-^v sh-bv¬-kv ayq-kn-bw cq-]-I¬-]\ sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ tPm¿-Pv hn-‰-‰v 9540. a-\p-jy-s‚ H- hr-°-bp-sS i-cm-i-cn `m-cw-˛-˛-˛-˛ {Kmw B-Wv-˛130 9541. C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n°p-∂-Xm-sc-bm-Wv ˛-kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn 9542. B--sS N-c-a-Zn-\-am-Wv `o-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\-hn--≤-Zn-\-am-bn BN-cn-°p-∂-Xv ˛-cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n 9543. B-[p-\n-I ssa-kq-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ Fw.hn-iz-iz-c-ø 9544. F-h-d-Ãv Io-g-S-°n-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ P-t¶m S-_m-bv 9545. F-b¿-t^m-gv-kv- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-sS kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p- ssl-Zcm-_m-Zn¬9546. G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Iq-Sn-b A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v ˛-sdm-Wmƒ-Uv sd-bv-K≥ 9547. a-e-bm-fn F-∂ cm-jv-{So-b am-kn-I Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛ kn.Ir-jv-W-]n≈ 9548. B--sS kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-Wv jm-P-lm≥ Xm-Pv-a-l¬ \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ apw-Xm-kv-a-l¬ 9549. hy-‡n-kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn-s‚ kw-c£ - I - ≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- tl_n-b-kv tIm¿-∏-kv 9550. B-{^n-°≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ B-ÿm-\w ˛ B-Un-kv A-_m-_ 9551. apw-Xm-kv-a-l¬ a-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1631 9552. ap-Xn¿-∂ a-\p-jy-s‚ a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-s‚ i-cm-i-cn `m-cw-˛ 1300 {Km-an-\pw 1400 {Km-an-\pw C-S-bv-°v 9553. aq-jn-I-hw-i-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se ÿ-ew˛ tIm-e-Øp-\m-Sv 9554. B-{^n-°-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {]-Jym-]n-X- am¿-Iv-kn--kv-‰v- cm-jv-{Sw-˛-Kn-\n-

9555. a-l-aq-Zv K-kv-\n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\-I-hn-˛ ^n¿-Zu-kn 9556. F-Iv-kn-a- _m-[n-°p-∂ i-co-c-`m-Kw-˛ Xz-°v9557. a-lm-cm-jv{- S-bn-se tkm-{I-´o-kv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - m-cv˛- t- Km-]m-eI - rjv-W tKm-J-se 9558. F-kv-Fw-F-kn-s≥-d ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ tjm¿-´v- sa-tk-Pv- k¿-ho-kv9559. aq¿-J-s≥-d hn-jw- a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s≥-d G-Xp- hyq-l-sØ-bmWv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- ˛-\m-Uo-hyq-lw9560. G-‰-hpw {]-kn-≤-\m-b tem-Zn kp¬-Øm≥-˛ kn-°-μ¿ tem-Zn 9561. B-{^n-°-bn¬-\n-∂p-h-∂v a-[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bn-eq-sS bq-tdm-∏n-te°p ho-ip-∂ D-jv-W-°m-‰v-˛ kn-tdm-t°m 9562. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n Z-WU -v n-bm-{X B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ A-lΩ - Z- m-_m-Zv 9563. G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ tem-Iv-k-`m kv-]o-°¿-˛ Pn.Fw.kn._me-tbm-Kn 9564. B-{^n-°≥ h≥-I-c-bn-se {]-Y-a h-\n-Xm {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ F-e≥ tPm¨-k¨ k¿-eo-^v 9565. B-cy-`-´ D-]-{K-l-sØ _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øv F-Øn-® cm-Pyw-˛ (ap≥)tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b≥ 9566. aq¿-®-bp-≈ tª-Un-\p-ap-I-fn¬ k-©-cn-®m-epw H- t]m-d¬-t]mep-ta¬-°m-Ø Po-hn-˛ H-®v 9567. C-¥y≥ thym-a-tk-\-bp-sS Hm-W-d-dn {Kq-∏v Iym-]v-‰≥ ]-Z-hn e`n-® B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ 9568. aq-∂p-h-i-hpw A-b¬-cm-Py-Øm¬ Np-‰-s∏-´ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm\w-˛ {Xn-]p-c 9569. I-Æq¿ Pn-√-bn¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \m-hn-I A-°m--Z-an-˛ G-gn-a-e 9570. B-{^n-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-Iw-˛ hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b 9571. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-{Pw J-\-\w sN-øp-∂ kw-ÿm\w-˛ a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 9572. A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy tdm-a≥ I-tØm-en-°≥-˛tPm¨ F-^v. sI-∂-Un 9573. A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-bn \m-ep {]m-h-iyw Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏´-Xv-˛ {^m-¶v-fn≥ Un dq-kv-sh¬-‰v 9574. a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se {]-kn-≤-am-b _p-≤-a-X-tI-{μw-˛ A-a-cm-h-Xn 9575. A-t¥ym-Z-b ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS e-£yw-˛ G-‰-hpw ]m-h-s∏-´-h--sS D-∂-a-\w 9576. A-ta-cn-°- kzm-X-{¥yw- {]-Jym-]n-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1776 Pq-sse- 4 9577. hn-b-‰v-\mw bp-≤w A-h-km-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1973 9578. hn-P-b-\-K-c-Øn-se G-Xp-hw-i-Øn-em-Wv Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ P\n-®-Xv-˛ Xp-ep-h 9579. aq-eq¿ kv-am-c-Iw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ C-e-hpw-Xn-´ 9580. Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s\ \-in-∏n-® U-°m¨ Aƒ-k¿ F-∂p hn-tijn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ a-dm-Ø¿ 9581. aq-∂v kw-ÿm-\ß - f - p-am-bn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ tI-{μ-`c - W - {]tZ-iw G-Xm-Wv˛- -]p-Xp-t®-cn 9582. I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se {]-[m-\ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛ aw-K-em-]p-cw 9583. A-em-hp-±o≥ _m-lv-a≥ jm Kp¬-_¿-K-sb ]p-\¿-\m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ A-lv-k-\m-_m-Zv 9584. hn-eyw tlm-°n≥-kv P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚ k-Z- n-se-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1608 9585. hn-f-°p-\m-S-bn¬ F-Æ I-b-dp-∂ X-Øzw-˛ tI-in-I-Xzw 9586. A-Sn-b-¥-c tlm¿-tam¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-{Un-\m-en≥ 9587. G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b tZ-io-b Km-\-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ {Ko-kv 9588. Hu-dw-K-ko-_n-s≥-d ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn--∂ ap-hm-kw- cm-P-Ip-am-c≥G-Xv- t]-cn-em-Wv- knw-lm-k\ - m-tcm-lW - w- \-SØ - n-bX - v.˛-_l - Z- q¿jm- H-∂m-a≥9589. A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-sb A-®-S-°-Øn-s‚ bp-K-∏n-d-hn F-∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ hn-t\m-_m-`m-sh 9590. B--sS ]-g-b-t]-cm-bn--∂p c-Xv-\m-I-c≥-˛ hm-ev-ao-In 9591. A-ta-cn-°-bv-°pw Iyq-_-bv-°pw C-S-bv-°p-≈ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ ^v-tfmdn-U I-S-en-Sp-°v 9592. B--sS _-lp-am-\m¿-Yw \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬ B-cw-`n-®-Xm-Wv anj≥ Hm-^v sse-^v ayq-kn-bw-˛-F.]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw

190 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

9593. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y G-Xv {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-emWv B-Zyw A-®-Sn-®-Xv-˛ \-h-Po-h≥ 9594. hn-b-∂, s_¬-t{K-Uv, _p-Um-s]-Ãv, {_m-´n-…m-h F-∂o X-eÿm-\ \-K-cn-I-sf _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ \-Zn-˛ Um-\yq-_v 9595. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS I-fn-ÿ-ew F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Im-en-t^m¿Wn-b 9596. hn-ip-≤ tk-hy-dn-s‚ Xn--i-co-cw kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂ t_mw Pok-kv _-k-en-° F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]-\m-Pn 9597. a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se {]-[m-\ D-’-hw-˛ K-tW-i N-Xp¿-Yn 9598. F-h-d-Ãn-s‚ D-b-cw I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛ tPm¿-Pv F-h-d-Ãv 9599. Hu-dw-K-ko-_v Cu-Ãn-¥ ym-°-º-\n-°v _w-Km-fn¬ I-®-h-S-Øn\v A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ 1667 9600. A-e-Iv-km-≠-dp-sS C-¥y≥ B-{I-a-W-Im-e-Øv X-£-in-e-bn-se `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ Aw-`n 9601. G-‰-hpw \-∂m-bn \o-¥p-∂ ]-£n-˛-s]≥-Kzn≥ 9602. a-e-bm-fn- sS-ºnƒ- kv-Yn-Xn- sN-øp-∂ kp-J-hm-k tI-{μw-˛-sb-dpIm-Sv9603. A-ta-cn-°-bv-°pw d-jy-°pw C-S-bv-°p-≈ I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛ s_-dn-Mv I-S-en-Sp-°v 9604. G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- kz-¥-am-°p-∂sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°≥- cm-Pyw- -˛-Nn-en9605. a-lm-cm-Pm c-RP v- n-Xv knw-Kn-s‚ k-am-[n F-hn-sS-bm-W˛v- e - m-tlm¿ 9606. Fw.Pn.k¿-hI - e - m-im-e ssh-kv Nm≥-ke - d - m-bn--∂ ⁄m-\] - oTtP-Xm-hv- ˛-bp.B¿.A-\-¥-aq¿-Øn 9607. aq-∂v `-c-W-L-S-I-ß-fp-sS B-ÿm-\-am-b G-I C-¥y≥ \-K-cw ˛ N-Wv-Un-K-Vv 9608. Hu-dw-Kk - o-_n-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-ba - p-hm-kw-cm-PI - p-am-c≥ G-Xp t]cn-em-Wv knw-lm-k-\m-tcm-l-Ww \-S-Øn-b-Xv ˛ _-l-Zq¿-jm H∂m-a≥ 9609. A-kw-ªn Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p-sN-bv-X B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ F.]n.sP. A-_v-Zpƒ I-emw9610. A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ Hm-W-d-dn ]u-c-Xzw \¬-In B-Zcn-® (1963) B-Zy hy-‡n ˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 9611. A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ ]p-jv-In≥ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv P-\n-®-Xv-˛ d-jy 9612. a-e-bm-fw A-®-Sn-°m≥ tI-c-f-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn {]- v ÿm-]n®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ tIm-´-bw 9613. A-an-Xm-`v _-®-s‚ ho-Sm-b {]-Xo-£ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-apw-ss_ 9614. F-√m-h¿-°pw sX-‰p ]-‰m-dp-≠v. F-∂m¬ _p-≤n-am≥-am¿ am-{Xw A-hc - p-sS sX-‰n¬-\n-∂v ]mTw ]Tn-°p-∂p-˛F - ∂ - p ]-d™ X - v˛- k - ¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 9615. a-e-bm-fw- G-Xp-`m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ {Zm-hn-Uw 9616. a-lm-ho-c≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ Ip-μ-{Km-aw(ssh-im-en-°-Sp-Øv) 9617. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-Jw (]oTn-I) X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 9618. hn-`-P-\-tØm-sS G-Xv Xp-d-ap-Jw ]m-In-kv-Xm-\p e-`n-®-Xn-\m-emWv Im-≠v-e Xp-d-ap-Jw C-¥y hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv-˛-I-dm-®n 9619. A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn-bp-sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂ I-hn-˛ A-ao¿ Jp{kp 9620. ap-{Zm-cm-£-k-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-P-hw-iw-˛ \-μ-hwiw 9621. bq-tdm-]y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ -{_- ¬-kv 9622. ap-Kƒ `-c-W-Øn-s‚ X-I¿-®-tbm-sS _w-Km-fn¬ kz-X-{¥ `-c-WIq-Sw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ ap¿-jn-Zv Ip-en Jm≥ 9623. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ A-d-°an¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ kzo-U≥ 9624. a--`q-J-Wv-Uw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-A‚m¿-´n-° 9625. ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Im-knw B-{I-an-°p-tºmƒ kn-‘n-se ln-μp cmPm-hv-˛ Zm-ln¿ 9626. bq-dm¬ ]¿-h-X-\n-c bq-tdm-∏n-s\ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn¬-\n-∂v th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛-G-jy 9627. A-em-hp-±o≥ _m-lv-a≥ jm X-s‚ cm-P-[m-\n-bm-bn Xn-c-s™Sp-Ø \-K-cw-˛ Kp¬-_¿-K 9628. a-e-_m¿ Iym≥-k¿ sk‚¿ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS sN-b¿-am≥-˛-apJy-a-{¥n

9629. A-eI - vk - m-{≠n-b \-Kc - w ÿm-]n-®X - m-cv˛- A - e - I - vk - m-≠¿ N-{I-h¿Øn 9630. A-gn-a-Xn B-tcm-]-W-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v cm-Pn-h-bv-t°-≠n-h-∂ Ata-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ dn-®m¿-Uv \n-Iv-k¨ 9631. A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS kzm-X-{¥y {]-Jym-]-\w A-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-˛ Zn s]¿-^yqw 9632. A-hm-an eo-Kv G-Xv cm-Py-sØ cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv-˛ _w-•mtZ-iv 9633. A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS tZ-io-b-Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ {^m≥kn-kv kv-tIm-´v Io 9634. B-{K-la - m-Wv k¿-hZ- px-Jß - ƒ-°pw tl-Xp F-∂p ]-d™ X - ˛v- {io_p-≤≥ 9635. A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn-bp-sS G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ ]-cn-jv-Im-cw-˛ I-tºm-f \n-b-{¥-Ww 9636. B-cy≥-am¿ C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b ÿ-ew-˛ ]-©m_v 9637. ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv U¬-ln-bn¬-\n-∂pw X-e-ÿm-\w F-hntS-°m-Wv1327˛¬ am-‰n-b-Xv-˛ Zu-e-Øm-_m-Zv (tZ-h-Kn-cn) 9638. B-cy≥-am¿ D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv B¿-Sn-Iv {]-tZ-i-Øm-sW-∂ hm-Zw ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®-Xv-˛ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-I≥ 9639. ap-Øp-I-fp-sS \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Xq-Øp-°p-Sn 9640. B--sS \n-cym-W-Øn¬ A-\p-tim-Nn-°m-\m-Wv ssh-‰v lu-kv Dƒ-s∏-sS A-ta-cn-°-bn-se F-√m ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se-bpw ho-SpI-fn-se-bpw sse-‰p-Iƒ A¬-]-t\-c-tØ-°v A-W-®-Xv ˛-F-Unk¨ 9641. ap-l-Ω-Zv _n≥ Xp-•-°n-s‚ 23˛-a-sØ {]-hn-iy-˛ Zu-e-Øm-_m-Zv 9642. bp-ssW-‰-Uv \yq-kv Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-U¬ln 9643. bp-ssW-‰-Uv t\-j≥-kv ssl-°-Ωo-j-W¿ t^m¿ lyp-a≥ ssd‰v-kn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-P-\o-h 9644. ap-l-Ω-Zv-_n≥ Xp-•-°n-s‚ Im-e-Øv 1333˛¬ C-¥y k-μ¿-in-®sam-tdm-t°m-°m-c-\m-b(B-{^n-°) k-©m-cn-˛ C-_v≥ _-ØqØ 9645. a-I-s‚ tcm-Kw X-\n-°v \¬-I-W-sa-∂pw ]-I-cw a-I≥ kp-Jw {]m-]n-°-W-sa-∂pw {]m¿-Yn-®-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn A-¥-cn-®p-sh-∂v I--X-s∏-Sp-∂ ap-Kƒ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn ˛-_m-_¿ 9646. A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS kzm-X-{¥y {]-Jym-]-\w X-ømdm-°n-b-Xv-˛ tXm-a-kv sP-t^-gv-k¨ 9647. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `-£y-[m-\y-߃ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv 9648. A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn-bp-sS `-c-W-Im-ew-˛ 1296˛1314 9649. bp-td-\n-bw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ am¿-´n≥ ¢m t{]m-Øv 9650. C-¥y≥ _-ln-cm-Im-ib - p-KØ - n-\p Xp-S° - w Ip-dn-® Xo-bX - n-˛ 1963 \-hw-_¿ 21 9651. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-I I-t‚m¨-sa‚ v-˛ I-Æq¿ 9652. Szn-¶nƒ Szn-¶nƒ en-‰n¬ Ãm¿ F-∂ \-gv-k-dn Km-\w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ B≥ sS-bv-e¿, sP-bv≥ sS-bv-e¿ 9653. `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS a-\x- m-£n- F-∂d-- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ 19 9654. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS bq-tdm-]y≥ B-ÿm-\w-˛ P-\o-h 9655. tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS/\n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS A-[y-£≥-˛-kv-]o-°¿ 9656. \m-kn-Iv G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 9657. sX-tßm-e-Iƒ a-™-fn-°m≥ Im-c-Ww G-Xp aq-e-I-Øn-s‚ A`m-h-am-Wv-˛ ss\-{S-P≥ 9658. [-h-f \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s_¬-t{K-Uv 9659. -\n-b-a-k-` tN-cm-Ø k-a-b-ß-fn¬ Hm¿-Un-\≥-kv ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn°m≥ B¿-°m-Wv A-[n-Im-cw-˛-K-h¿-W¿ 9660. [-\w Iq-Sp-t¥m-dpw a-\p-jy≥ Zp-jn-°p-∂p- F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛ Hfn-h¿ tKmƒ-Uv kv-an-Øv 9661. {]-Im-i-Øn-\v N-{μ-\pw `q-an-bv-°p-an-S-bn¬ k-©-cn-°m-\m-h-iyam-b k-a-bw-˛ 1.3 sk-°‚ v 9662. P-kn-b, Pm-Kn¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h \-S-∏m-°n-b U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥˛ ^n-tdm-kv jm Xp-•-Iv 9663. \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v t^m¿ bp-\m-\n sa-Un-kn≥ F-hn-sSbm-W ˛-_mw-•q¿

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 191

9664. a-lm-Xva - m-Km-\v[ - n- k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - p-sS B-kvY - m-\w-˛ A-Xn-cº - pg-bn-se {]n-b-Z¿-in-\n- ln¬-kv9665. a-l-Xz-Øn-\p \¬-tI-≠n-h--∂ hn-e I-\-Ø D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv ˛-F-∂p ]-d-™-Xv-˛-k¿ hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ 9666. `q-ap-J-Øv C-∂p-≈-Xn¬ G-‰-hpw {]m-No-\-am-b ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛ Bc-h-√n 9667. am-[h - m-Nm-cy¿(1199˛1278) F-¥n-s‚ hym-Jym-Xm-hm-bn--∂p-˛ ssZzX kn-≤m-¥w 9668. am-[y-an-I-kq-{Xw c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ \m-Km¿-Pp-\≥ 9669. A-©p-`m-j-I-fn¬ h-cn-I-fp-≈ tZ-io-b-Km-\-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛-Z-£nWm-{^n-° 9670. A-º-Xp h¿-jw ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-am-bn--∂ kzm-X-{¥y k-a-c tk\m-\n-˛ F≥.Pn.cw-K 9671. a-Kv-k-tk A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ, C-¥y≥ ]u-c-\m-b ae-bm-fn-˛ h¿-Ko-kv Ip-cy≥ 9672. A-Ω∂ - q¿ am-[h - N - m-Iym--am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ I-em-cq-]w-˛ Iq-Sn-bm´w 9673. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xp- h-Ip-∏v- A-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv- tI-{μ-k¿-°mcn-s≥-d \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cw- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bn¬- \n-£n-]v-X-am-°nbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ 53˛mw- h-Ip-∏v9674. _w-Kmƒ hn-`-P-\w d-±m-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1911 9675. `q-Kp--Xz-_-ew G-‰-hpw Ip-d-hp-≈-Xv-˛ `q-a-[y-tc-J-bn¬ 9676. \m-j-W¬ te-_¿ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v B--sS t]-cn¬ \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛ hn.hn.Kn-cn 9677. A-Jn-te-¥ym k¿-ho-kn-se D-tZym-K-ÿ-sc \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛ {]kn-U‚ v 9678. \m-f-μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e bp-sS ]p-\--≤m-c-W-Øn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-Im≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ A-a¿-Xy sk≥ 9679. am-e-Zzo-]v G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-C-¥y≥-a-lm-k-ap-{Zw 9680. am-kv-Ip-I-fp-sS \-K-cw-˛ sh-\o-kv 9681. am-©Ã - ¿ G-Xp hy-hk - m-bØ - n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ sS-Ivk - vs - s‰¬kv 9682. am¿-Øm-WvU - h - ¿-a h-S° - pw-Iq¿- Io-gS- ° - n-bX - v- G-Xv h¿-jØ - n¬˛ F.Un.1750 9683. a-\p-jy-s‚ lr-Z-b-an-Sn-∏p-\n-c-°v-˛72 {]-Xn an-\p-´v 9684. a-bn-en-s\ C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b-]-£n-bm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-® h¿jw-˛ 1963 9685. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ D-≠m-b B-Zy-sØ K-Zy-Ir-Xn-˛ `m-jm-Iu-Seo-bw 9686. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S km-£-c-Xm h¿-jw-˛ 1990 9687. am-thm ln¬ tÃ-j≥ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ a-Wn-∏q¿ 9688. am-thm-dn-kv tKm-{X-sØ F-hn-sS-°m-Wmw-˛ \yq-kn-e≥-Uv 9689. am-Xr-{K-l-hp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-]{K-lw-˛-N-{μ≥ 9690. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se P-e-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv-˛ 65 9691. an-I-® \-S-\p-≈ tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Un-\v B-Zy-am-bn A¿-l-\m-bXm-cv ˛ D-Øw-Ip-am¿ 9692. an-I-® \-Sn-°p-≈ Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ Pm-\-‰v sK-bv-\¿ 9693. a-bq-c-knw-lm-k-\w \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛ jm-P-lm≥ 9694. an-I-® ]m¿-e-sa-t‚-dn-b-\p-≈ tZ-io-b A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-am-bn e`n-®-Xv-˛ C-{μ-Pn-Xv Kp-]v-X 9695. B-\v-{[-{]-tZ-in-se-bpw- H-do-k-bn-se-bpw- ta-P¿- ss{S-_v- -˛ sN©p9696. am--X \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ jn-°m-tKm 9697. am--Xn D-tZym-Kv en-an-‰-Un-s‚ ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Kp¿-Kmhv 9698. B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in¬- tdm-°-‰v- hn-t£-]-W-tI-{μw- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp∂ kv-Y-ew-˛- {io-l-cn-t°m-´ 9699. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tIm-f-an-Ãv-˛ Un.kn.In-g-t°-ap-dn 9700. a-bq-cm-£n t{]m-P-Iv-Sv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øv-˛ ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ 9701. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tUmƒ-_n Ão-cn-tbm Nn-{Xw-˛ Imem-]m-\n 9702. A-Iv-_¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn I-eym-Ww I-gn-® cm-Pv-]p-{X cm-P-Ip-am-cn-˛ tPm-[m-`m-bn

9703. B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-s≥-d ap≥- X-e-kv-Ym-\w-˛- Ip¿-Wq¬9704. a-\p-jy-ic - o-cØ - n-se G-‰h - pw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b tIm-iw-˛ \m-Uo tImiw 9705. a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ A-®-Sn-® B-Zy-sØ ]p-kv-X-Iw-˛ kw-t£-]-thZm¿-Yw 9706. A-Iv-_-dp-sS `-c-W ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS ap≥-Km-an F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sj¿-jm 9707. A-Iv-_-dp-sS am-Xm-hv-˛ l-ao-Zm-_m-\p _o-Kw 9708. A-Iv-_-dp-sS B-cm-[y-]p--j-\m-bn--∂ sj-bv-Jv k-enw Nn-Ãnbp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ^-tØ-]q¿ kn-{In 9709. A-Jn-te-¥y t{S-Uv bq-Wn-b≥ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ B-Zy k-tΩf-\w \-S-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ apw-ss_ 9710. a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ss_-_nƒ- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv- F-hnsS-\n-∂m-Wv-˛ tIm-´-bw9711. A-Jn-te-¥ym kz-`m-h-ap-≈ B-Zy-sØ cm-jv-{So-b kw-L-S-\-bmb C-¥y≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛ kp-tc-{μ-\mYv _m-\¿-Pn 9712. A-jv-Smw-K-lr-Z-bw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ hm-Kv-`-S≥ 9713. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Un-Pn-‰¬ kn-\n-a-˛ aq-∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ 9714. A - e - m-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn-bp-sS tk-\m-\m-bI - ≥-˛ am-en-Iv Im^¿ 9715. a-g-ta-L-߃ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ta-L-ß-fp-sS t]-cv-˛ \nw-t_mkv-{Sm-‰-kv ta-L-߃ 9716. A-h-¥n-\m-Y≥ F-∂ _n--Zw kzo-I-cn-® Nm-eq-Iy-cm-Pm-hv-˛ Pb-knw-l-kn-≤-cm-P 9717. A-k-an-s‚ Zpx-Jw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ {_-lv-]p-{X 9718. B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-se {]-kn-≤-am-b h-{P-J-\n-˛- tKm¬-s°m-≠ 9719. B--sS t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv F-h-d-Ãn-\v B t]- In-´n-b-Xv-˛ k¿ tPm¿-Pv F-h-d-Ãv 9720. an-tkm-dn-˛ an-kn-kn-∏n G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Snb \-Zn-bm-Wv ˛-h-S-t° A-ta-cn-° 9721. {^-©v k¿-°m-cn-s‚ sj-h-en-b¿ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-ZysØ C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ in-hm-Pn K-tW-i≥ 9722. A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ C-¥y B-{I-an-® h¿-jw-˛ _n.kn.327˛326 9723. C-¥y≥ ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ I-Æn-Mv-lmw 9724. A-e-lm-_m-Zn-se, s\-{lp-hn-s‚ Ip-Spw-_-ho-Sn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ B-\μ-`-h-\w 9725. F-hn-sS-sh-®m-Wv- s\-t∏m-fn-b-s\- {^-©v- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn- hmgn-®-Xv-˛ t\m-{X-Zmw- I-Øo-{U-en¬9726. ap-K-f¿-s°-Xn-sc s]m--Xn-b Nm-μv _o-_n, A-_n-ko-\n-b≥ hwi-P-\m-b a-{¥n am-en-Iv Bw-_¿ F-∂n-h¿ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-cmbn--∂p-˛ A-l-Ω-Zv \-K¿ 9727. a-\p-jy-s‚ I-c-fn-s‚ `m-cw-˛ 1359˛1812 {Kmw 9728. ap-Kƒ X-e-ÿm-\w B-{K-bn¬-\n-∂v U¬-ln-bn-te-°v am-‰n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1646 9729. ]d-»n-\n-°Shv apØ-∏≥ t£{Xw GXv Pn√-bn-emWv ˛ IÆq¿ 9730. an-I® - I¿-jI - \ - v kw-ÿm-\k - ¿-°m¿ \¬-Ip-∂ A-hm¿-Uv˛- I¿j-tIm-Øa 9731. F-I-Zn-\-Øn¬ 10000 d¨-kv Xn-I-® B-Zy {In-°-‰¿-˛ k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ 9732. ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n P-\n-® sa-° G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-ku-Zn A-td_y 9733. A-k-an-s‚ Zp-Jw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛ {_-“-]p-{X 9734. hn-iz-`m-c-Xn k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bv-°p-≈n¬ Sm-tKm-dn-s‚ ho-Sn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ D-Ø-cm-b≥ 9735. F-h-d-Ãv Io-g-S-°n-b B-Zy-sØ Z-£n-W-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ ]n.F≥.KtW-jv 9736. A-eI - vk - m-≠d - p-sS ]-St- bm-´° - m-eØ - v a-K[ - `-cn-®n--∂X - v˛- a-lm]-fl-\-μ≥ 9737. hn-πh - {- ]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ A-hk - m-\n-∏n-®v A-ch - n-μt- Lm-jv k-∂ymk-Po-hn-Xw \-bn-®-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn 9738. B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-se {]-kn-≤-am-b _p-≤-a-X-tI-{μw-˛- \m-Km¿-Pp\-tIm-≠ 9739. hn-{K-l \n¿-am-WØ - n-\v G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂ temlw-˛-sN-ºv

192 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

9740. B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-se aq-∂p- `q-hn-`m-K-߃- -˛- sX-ep-¶m-\,- dm-b¬ko-a,- B-\v-{[ 9741. {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Im-e-Øv t_mw-s_ {]-hn-iy-bp-sS th-\¬-°me X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛ a-lm-_-te-iz¿ 9742. hn-ip-≤-\-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ P-dp-k-tew 9743. A-a¿-\m-Yv Xo¿-Ym-S-\-tI-{μw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ P-Ωp I-ia -v o¿ 9744. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- am-¿Ø - m-WvU - h - ¿-ab - p-sS kvY - m-\m-tcm-lW - w- GXv h¿-j-Øn¬-˛-F.Un.1729 9745. F-kv-In-tam-I-fp-sS ho-Sv-˛ C-•p 9746. a-\p-jy-s‚ i-co-tcm-jv-am-hv \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ {]-[m-\ A-h-b-hw-˛ Xz-°v 9747. F-S-bv-°¬ Kp-l G-Xp Pn-√-bn¬-˛ h-b-\m-Sv 9748. ap-…nw `-c-Ww-h--∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv U¬-ln- `-cn-® A-h-km-\-sØ ln-μp-cm-Pm-hv- ˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv- Nu-lm≥9749. F-X-t\m-bn-Iv B-kn-Uv F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ A-k-‰n-Iv B-kn-Uv 9750. F-Xv ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\m-Wv C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚ v G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬ Xp-I k-Ωm-\-am-bn \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ Km-‘n ]o-kv ss{]-kv 9751. Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-Iv X-cw-K-߃ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v C--´-Øv ]-d-°p∂ Po-hn-˛-h-Δm¬ 9752. A-‰-°m-a a--`q-an G-Xp `q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬-˛ sX-t° A-ta-cn-° 9753. A-a¿-Xym-sk-∂n-s‚ Nn-¥-I-sf G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm-[o-\n-® kw-`-hw-˛ _w-Kmƒ £m-aw 9754. a-\p-jy-s‚ sXm-en-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ h¿-W-h-kv-Xp-˛ saem-\n≥ 9755. B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-se G-Xv- kv-Y-e-Øp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- 821/2 Un-{Kn- Ing-°v- tc-Jmw-iw- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv- -˛- Im-°n-\m-U 9756. A-ar-Xv-k-dn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cv-˛ cmw-Zm-kv-]q¿ 9757. A-Iv-_¿ P-kn-b \n-dp-Ø-em-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1564 9758. B-\v-{[-t`m-P- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-X- v- Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿9759. B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y {]-Jym-]n-® C-¥y≥- {]-kn-U-≠v˛ ^-{Ip-Zo≥- A-en- A-l-Ω-Zv9760. B-{^n-°≥ `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b cm-Pyw-˛ sk-bvj¬-kv 9761. A-P-¥m Nn-{X-I-e-bn-se h¿-W-߃ F-¥p-sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-bh-bm-bn--∂p-˛ [m-Xp-°-fpw sN-Sn-I-fpw 9762. ap-¥n-cn-bn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ B-kn-Uv-˛ Sm¿-Sm-dn-Iv B-knUv 9763. A-Iv-_-dn-s‚ {]n-b-an-{X-hpw I-hn-bp-am-b s^-bv-kn A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1595 9764. B-[p-\n-I Xp¿-°n-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ap-kvX-^ I-am¬ A-‰m-Xp¿-°v 9765. B-[p-\n-I Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew `-cn-® cmPm-hv-˛-[¿-a-cm-Pm-hv 9766. B-{^n-°, A-ta-cn-° h≥-I-c-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Zw 9767. B-[p-\n-I Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se B-Zy-sØ cm-Pm-hv ˛-am¿-ØmWvU - h - ¿-a 9768. B-\-°q-Sn-\v {]-kn-≤-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ tIm-∂n 9769. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-{X-am-b cm-Py-k-am-Nm-cw F-hn-sS \n-∂p-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ X-e-t»-cn 9770. A-Iv-_¿ ÿm-]n-® a-Xw-˛ Zn≥ C-em-ln (1582) 9771. a-\p-jy-s‚ i-co-tcm-jv-am-hv \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ssl-t∏m-Ø-ema-kv 9772. B-\-I-fp-sS kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- F-en-^≥-dv- B-hn-jvI-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1992 9773. apw-ss_ ssl G-Xn-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w-˛ F-Æ J-\-\w 9774. B-\-bp-sS sIm-ºv F-¥v cq-]m-¥-cw {]m-]n-®p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv-˛ Dfn-∏-√v 9775. A-k-an-se {]-[m-\ D¬-k-hw-˛ _n-lp 9776. B-{^n-°≥- `q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-kw-Jy-bp≈- cm-Pyw- -˛ ss\-Po-cn-b9777. A-k-an-se B-Zy ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛ tKm-]n-\m-Yv t_m¿-tZm-fn 9778. ar-K-ß-fp-sS cm-Pm-hv-˛ knw-lw

9779. a-Rv-Po-c G-Xn-s‚ t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn 9780. A-Iv-_-dp-sS ]-cn-]m-e-I-\m-bn `-c-Ww \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ss_-dmwJm≥ 9781. a-e-bm-fn-bm-b kn._m-e-Ir-jv-W-\v 1965˛¬ A¿-Pp-\ A-hm¿Uv t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø Im-bn-I C-\w-˛ ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-Ww 9782. tZ-io-b l-cn-X ss{S-_yq-W¬ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛ 2010 H-Iv-tSm_¿ 9783. tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£ ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b c-≠m-a-sØ hn-tZ-ih-\n-X-˛ s\-√n sk≥-Kp-]v-X (1933) 9784. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-ap-≈ h-\w-˛ ssk-e‚ v hm-en 9785. I¿-j-I¿ a-Æn¬ Ip-Ωm-bw tN¿-°p-∂-Xv-˛ A-æ-Kp-Ww Ip-d-bv°m≥ 9786. hn-cn-∏q Ir-jn sIm-øp-∂-Xv G-Xv am-k-Øn-em-Wv-˛ I-∂n 9787. izm-k-tIm-i-ß-fpw _m-ly-i-Ip-e-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v iz-k-\w \-S-Øp-∂ P-¥p-˛ X-h-f 9788. G-Xv k-ky-Øn-s‚ ]q-hn-em-Wv A-∂-Pw kw-`-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tIm-fn-^v-f-h¿ 9789. k-ky-ß-fn¬ ssew-Kn-I {]-P-P-\w km-[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ ]q-hn-eqsS 9790. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ a-e-\m-Sv {]-tZ-i-ap-≈ Pn-√-˛ CSp-°n 9791. 1857-˛s - e I-em-]I - m-eØ - v e-Iv\ - u-hn¬ I-em-]w \-bn-®X - m-cv˛- _oKw l-{k-Øv a-l¬ 9792. hy-Xy-kv-X `q-]-S-ß-fp-sS k-am-lm-cw-˛ A-‰v-e-kv 9793. Sp-´≥-Jm-a-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 9794. tI-c-fw k-μ¿-in-® d-jy≥ k-©m-cn-˛ A-X-t\-jy-kv \n-In-Xn≥ 9795. h-c-bm-Sp-I-fp-sS ho-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se tZ-io-tbmZym-\w-˛ C-c-hn-Ip-fw 9796. G-‰-hpw th-Kw Iq-Sn-b D-c-Kw-˛ C-Kzm-\ 9797. kq-cy-\n¬ ]-Zm¿-Yw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ A-h-ÿ-˛ πm-kv-a 9798. I-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ H- _ƒ-_n-\p-Xm-sg C-cn-°p-∂ H-cmƒ°v _ƒ-_n¬-\n-∂p-≈ Nq-Sv e-`n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ hn-In-c-Ww h-gn 9799. kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Po-h-Iw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Po-h-Iw Un 9800. i-Iy-ap-\n F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ _p-≤≥ 9801. C-¥y-bn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n ÿm-]n-® BZy bq-tdm-]y≥-am¿-˛ Cw-Kv-fo-jp-Im¿ 9802. kw-ÿm-\ a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωo-j≥ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1998 9803. \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ s]-{Sm¿-°v 9804. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-I-fp-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ Z-£n-Wm{^n-° 9805. tKmƒ-U≥ t•m-_v ]p-c-kv-Im-cw F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p-˛ kn-\n-a 9806. hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-hc - K - p-Ws - ‚ im-k\ - Ø - n-s‚ t]-sc-¥v˛- ] - m-en-bw imk-\w 9807. cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v B¿-´n-°nƒ 80 {]-Im-cw \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sNø-s∏-´ B-Zy ap-gp-h≥-k-a-b Im-bn-I-Xm-cw-˛ k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬°¿ 9808. A-°u-Ãn-Iv-kv F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w-˛ i-_v-Zw 9809. G-Xv Im¿-jn-I-hn-f-bp-sS k-¶-c-bn-\w hn-Øm-Wv Im¿-Øn-I˛ s\-√v 9810. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn-√-bn-se hm-g-°p-fw {Km-aw F-¥v D¬-]m-Z-\Øn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ ssI-X-®-° 9811. F≥.F≥.]n-≈-bp-sS B-fl-I-Y-bp-sS t]-sc-¥v-˛ Rm≥ 9812. th-ep-Ø-ºn Z-f-h {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc \-bn-® hn-π-hw Fhn-sS h-®m-bn--∂p-˛ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ 9813. C-¥y-bn-se {_n-´o-jv `-c-Ww F-{X h¿-jw \o-≠p-\n-∂p-˛ 190 9814. Ip-a-c-Iw G-Xv Im-b-en-s‚ Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ th-º-\m-Sv 9815. tI-c-f-hpw X-an-gv-\m-Sp-am-bn X¿-°w \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv Uman-s\-s®m-√n-bm-Wv-˛-ap-√-s∏-cn-bm¿ 9816. F¬.]n.Pn.bn-se {]-[m-\-L-S-Iw-˛ _yq-t´≥ 9817. C-‘-\-߃ A-]q¿-W-am-bn Pz-en-°p-tºmƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛ Im¿-_¨ tam-tWm-Iv-ssk-Uv 9818. 1967˛¬ C-{k-tb-en¬ I-S-∂m-{I-a-Ww \-S-Øn kn-\m-bv Io-g-S°n-b cm-Pyw-˛ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 193

9819. tKmƒ-U≥ tKƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Im-bn-I-Xm-cw-˛ ]n.Sn.D-j 9820. tI-c-f-Øn¬ a-e-Iƒ C-√m-Ø Pn-√-˛ B-e-∏p-g 9821. am-b-∂q¿ ]m-ew tI-c-f-Øn-se G-sX-√mw Pn-√-I-sf-Ø-Ωn-emWv _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ Xr-»q-w ]m-e-°m-Spw 9822. tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-cn D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw˛ ssN-\ 9823. t]-cm¿ F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-˛ `m-c-X-∏p-g 9824. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv ˛ ]nw-K-en sh-¶-ø 9825. X-øm-dm-bn-cn-°p-I F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw G-Xv kw-L-S-\-bp-tS-XmWv-˛ `m-c-Xv kv-Iu-´v-kv B‚ v ssK-Uv-kv 9826. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS a-\x-km-£n-kq-£n-∏p-Im-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn 9827. X¿-°-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ A-cn-tÃm-´n¬ 9828. Km-‘n-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®v F-s‚ Kp--\m-Y≥ F-∂ I-hn-X c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ h-≈-tØmƒ 9829. h-tμ-am-X-cw F-∂ {]m¿-Y-\m Km-\w c-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂ `m-j-˛ kw-kv-Ir-Xw 9830. A-Iv-_-dp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ kn-°-{μ 9831. H- H-®n-\v F-{X Im-ep-I-fp-≠v-˛ H-∂v 9832. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew C-¥y≥ No-^v P-Ãn-km-bn Xp-S-cm≥ `m-Kyw-e-`n-® No-^v P-Ãn-kv-˛ ssh.hn.N-{μ-Nq-Uv 9833. tkm-Wn G-Xv cm-Py-sØ C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv D¬-]-∂ cw-K-sØ I-º-\n-bm-Wv-˛ P-∏m≥ 9834. X-]m¬ Ãm-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ B-Zy hy-‡n-˛ hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b cm-⁄n 9835. ]p-I-g-sb-¥n F-∂ t]-cn¬ kw-Ko-X-tem-I-Øv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛ th-e-∏≥ \m-b¿ 9836. tI-c-f s\-√p K-th-j-W tI-\v-{Zw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ ]´m-ºn 9837. s_¿-ap-U {S-bmw-Knƒ G-Xv k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-A-Xv-em‚n-Iv kap-{Zw 9838. G-Xv I-em-cq-]-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv I-Y-I-fn cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv-˛ cm-a\m-´w 9839. \-£-{X B-a-Iƒ-°v t]--tI-´ tI-c-f-Øn-se h-\-{]-tZ-iw-˛ Nn∂m¿ 9840. C-¥y≥ Im-em-h-ÿm im-kv-{X-im-J-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ tUm.]n.B¿.]n-jm-c-Sn 9841. {io-cm-aI - r-jvW - a - n-js - ‚ B-ÿm-\a - m-b t_-eq¿ G-Xp kw-ÿm\-Øm-Wv-˛ ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ 9842. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-es - a‚n¬ ]-Øp-Xh - W - _-UvP - ‰ - v A-hX - c - n-∏n-°m≥ `m-Kyw e-`n-® [-\-a-{¥n-˛ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn 9843. ssZ-h-ta ssI-sXm-gmw tIƒ-°p-am-dm-I-Ww F-∂ {]m¿-Y-\m KoX-Øn-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv-˛ ]-¥-fw tI-c-f-h¿-a 9844. ]-Wv-Un-‰v l-cn-{]-km-Zv Nu-c-ky-sb {]-i-kv-X-\m-°n-b-Xv-˛ ]p√m-¶p-g¬ 9845. `q-an-bp-sS Np-‰-f-hv B-Zy-am-bn I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛ C-dm-tØm-kvX-\o-kv 9846. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn-se B-Zy-sØ C‚¿-s\-‰v km-ln-Xy am-kn-I-˛ ]p-g tUm-´v tImw 9847. sX-∂m-en cm-a≥ B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p-˛ Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cmb¿ 9848. ho-´p-\n-Ip-Xn \-ev-Ip-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´ hn-`m-Kw-˛ hn-ap‡-`S- ≥ 9849. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m-fn-tbm hn-ap-‡ Pn-√-˛ ]-Ø-\w-Xn´ 9850. ]-fl-{io \n-c-kn-® a-e-bm-fn-˛ sI.tI-f-∏≥ 9851. tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-˛ tkmWn-bm Km-‘n 9852. C-μn-cm B-hm-kv tbm-P\ - G-Xp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ]m¿∏n-Sw 9853. A¿-Pp-\ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ kn._m-e-Ir-jvW≥ 9854. D-d-ßp-∂ H-cm-fp-sS c-‡ k-Ω¿-±w-˛ Ip-d-bp-∂p 9855. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tX-°p-tXm-´w 1842˛¬ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ \n-e-ºq¿

9856. 9857. 9858. 9859. 9860. 9861. 9862. 9863. 9864. 9865. 9866. 9867. 9868. 9869. 9870. 9871. 9872. 9873. 9874. 9875. 9876. 9877. 9878. 9879. 9880. 9881. 9882. 9883. 9884. 9885. 9886. 9887. 9888. 9889. 9890. 9891. 9892.

194 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

F≥-tUm-kƒ-^m≥ H- ............ B-Wv-˛ Io-S-\m-in-\n tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ C-t°m-Sq-dn-kw tI-{μw-˛ sX-∑-e F-h-d-Ãv sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bp-sS D-b-cw-˛ 8848 ao-‰¿ a-Iv-a-tlm≥ tc-J th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ cm-Py-߃-˛ C-¥y-bpw ssN\-bpw Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ssk-\yw U-®p-Im-sc tXm¬-]n-® bp-≤w-˛ Ip-f®¬ bp-≤w A-h-km-\-am-bn C-¥y hn-´p-t]m-b hn-tZ-io-b¿ B-cv ˛ t]m¿-®pKo-kp-Im¿ Xm-jv-sI‚ v I-cm¿ B-scm-s° X-Ωn-em-Wv H-∏n-´-Xv-˛ C-¥y-bpw ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e \-S-∂ \-K-cw-˛ A-ar-Xv-k¿ Kw-K-bpw b-ap-\-bpw kw-K-an-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v A-[n-Im-c-ta¬-°p-tºmƒ k-Xy-hm-N-Iw sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-kv hm-K¨ {Sm-P-Un \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1921 C-¥y-bn¬ G-sX-¶n-ep-sam- kw-ÿm-\-Øv K-h¿-W¿ ]-Z-hnbn-se-Øn-b B-Zy tI-c-fo-b h-\n-X-˛ P-Ãn-kv Fw.F-kv.^mØn-am-_o-hn C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ A-t‰m-an-Iv ]-h¿ tÃ-j≥-˛ Xm-cm-∏q¿ C-¥y B-Zy B-W-h-]-co-£-Ww \-S-Øn-b Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1974 sabv 18 km-aq-ln-I t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-\p-≈ a-Kv-k-tk A-hm¿-Uv C-¥y-bn¬\n-∂pw B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛ hn-t\m-_m-`m-sh(1958) `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-hp-am-bn tN¿-∂p-In-S-°p-∂ A-¥-co-£-]mfn-˛ t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^n-b¿ C-¥y≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-{Iw km-cm-`m-bn l-cn-X-Kr-l {]-`m-h-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b hm-X-Iw-˛-Im¿-_¨ Utbm-Iv-ssk-Uv 1930,- 1931,- 1932 h¿-j-ß-fn¬- \-S-∂ aq-∂v- h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\-ßfn-epw- A-[-xkv-Yn-X--sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn ]-s¶-Sp-Ø tZ-io-b t\-Xm-hv-˛-_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ tI-c-f kw-ÿm-\ a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-{¥-W t_m¿-Uv B-ÿm\w-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw P-hm-l¿ tdm-kv-Km¿ tbm-P-\ B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n tZ-io-b {Km-a-hn-I-k-\ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ssl-Z-cm_m-Zv H- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ \n-b-aw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ `c-W-L-S-\ {]- ` m- X im- ¥ - X - b p- s S \m- S v F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ cm- P yw- ˛ sIm-dn-b k-lym-{Zn-sb-∂ t]-cn-epw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ]-›n-a-L-´w G-Xp tc-J-bv-°-∏-dp-Øm-Wv a-™v D--Im-Ø-Xv-˛ kv-t\m-sse≥ Kn¿ h-\w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ Kp-P-dm-Øv `q-an-bp-sS D-≈n¬-\n-∂pw H- Zzm-c-Øn-eq-sS Nq-Sp-sh-≈w {]-hln-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ Ko-k¿ bq-Wn-th-gv-k¬ A-U¬-‰v {^m-ss©-kn-bn-eq-sS (km¿-h-{Xn-I {]m-b-]q¿-Øn thm-´-h-Im-iw) D-d-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ cm-jv-{So-b kzm-X-{¥yw C-¥y-bn¬ au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS c-£m-[n-Im-cn-˛ Pp-Uo-jydn C-¥y-bn¬ ]-©m-b-Øv cm-Pv kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿jw-˛ 1959 G-Xv k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬-s∏-´-h-sc-bm-Wv e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv Iu¨-knte-°v \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-øm≥ K-h¿-W¿-°v A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xv-˛ Bw-t•m C-¥y≥ F-∂m-Wv bp.F≥. P-\-d¬ A-kw-ªn B-tKm-f a-\p-jym-h-Imi {]-Jym-]-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xv ˛ 1948 Un-kw-_¿ 10 bp.]n.F-kv.kn.sN-b¿-am-s\ \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛ {]-kn-U‚ v C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn I¿-j¿-°m-bn tI-c-f k¿-°m¿ A-h-X-cn∏n-® s]≥-j≥ ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ In-km≥ A-`n-am≥ sF.B¿.Un.]n.bp-sS ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ C‚-t{K-‰-Uv dq-d¬ sU-he-]v-sa‚ v t{]m-{Kmw t]ƒ ^n-jnw-Kv Iq-Sp-X-em-bn sN-øp-∂-sX-hn-sS-˛ Kƒ-^v Hm-^v am-∂m¿

9893. tIym-t´m t{]m-t´m-t°mƒ F-¥p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ Imem-h-ÿm hy-Xn-bm-\w 9894. im-¥-am-b-Xv F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-ap-≈ k-ap-{Zw-˛ ]-k-^n-Iv 9895. tIm-i-Øn-se P-\-‰n-Iv sa-‰o-cn-b¬-˛ Un-F≥-F 9896. B-Zy-am-bn lr-Z-bw am-‰n-h-bv-°¬ i-kv-{X-{In-b \-S-Øn-b tUmIv-S¿-˛ {In-kv-Xy≥ s_¿-Wm-Uv 9897. c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ {]-ho-W-\m-bn--∂ ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-ta-Je-˛ tlm-an-tbm-∏-Xn 9898. tZ-io-tbm-Zv-{K-Y-\-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X-˛ sFIyw 9899. sk¿-h‚ v-kv Hm-^v C-¥y F-∂ kw-L-S-\ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tKm]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se 9900. ssh-°w ho-c¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ C.hn.cm-a-kzm-an \m-bv-°¿ 9901. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ F.H.lyqw 9902. kn-tbm-Wn-kw G-Xv a-X-°m--sS {]-ÿm-\-am-Wv-˛ Pq-X¿ 9903. sse-^v Un-ssh≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ A-c-hn-μ-tLm-jv 9904. F-√m Po-e-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Spw B-Z-cw ]p-e¿-Øp-I-bpw H-∂n-t\-bpw ap-dn-th¬-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ `m-c-Xo-b B-Nm-c-Øns‚ t]-cv-˛ A-lnw-k 9905. {In-kv-Xp-a-kv Zzo-]v G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ A-[o-\-X-bn-em-Wv-˛ Hmkv-t{S-en-b 9906. C-¥y-bn-se G-I k-Po-h A-·n ]¿-h-Xw-˛ _m-c≥ 9907. tI-c-f-Øn¬ aq-ey-h¿-[n-X \n-Ip-Xn \n-b-aw \-S-∏n¬-h-∂-Xv F∂v-˛ 2005 G-{]n¬ 1 9908. kv-t{Sm-_n-em-¥-kv Ip-¥n-bm-\ F-¥n-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv-˛ \o-e-°p-dn-™n) 9909. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS sN-b¿am-\m-b B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛ ]n.F≥.`-K-h-Xn 9910. tIm-\m¿ \-Zn D¬-`-hn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm≥ 9911. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn¬ sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-ho-im-Ø G-I {K-lw-˛ _p-[≥ 9912. X-hm-Mv _p-≤-hn-lm-cw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 9913. A¬ P-ko-d sS-en-hn-j≥ Nm-\-en-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ J-Ø¿ 9914. ]-flm-h-Xv B--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv-˛ am-en-Iv ap-l-Ω-Zv P-bv-kn 9915. tZ-io-b a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωn-j-s‚ {]-Y-a sN-b¿-am≥-˛-cw-K-\mYv an-{i 9916. hn-th-Im-\-μ km-ln-Xy k¿-h-kz-Øn-\v A-h-Xm-cn-I F-gp-Xn-bXv-˛ kn-ÿ \n-th-Zn-X 9917. hn-h-cm-h-Im-i \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠ A-t]-£-bn¬ ]Xn-t°-≠ tIm¿-´v ^o Ãm-ºv F-{X cq-]-bp-sS-Xm-Wv-˛ 10 cq-] 9918. {_n-´-Wn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ \o-Xn-]oTw-˛ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn 9919. tI-c-f {K-Ÿ-im-em kw-L-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]pcw 9920. tem-I km-ºØ - n-I t^m-dØ - n-s‚ ÿm-]I - ≥-˛ t¢m-kv Fw jzm_v 9921. G-‰-hpw kp-c-£n-X-hpw sN-e-hp Ip-d-™-Xp-am-b ]m-c-º-tcy-X-c Du¿-Pw-˛ ku-tcm¿-Pw 9922. C-¥y-bp-sS [m-\y-°-e-h-d-˛ ]-©m-_v 9923. G-jy-bn¬ l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® cm-Pyw-˛ ^n-enss∏≥-kv 9924. tem-Iv-k-`m kv-]o-°-dm-b B-Zy h-\n-X-˛ ao-cm-Ip-am¿ 9925. A-Iv-_¿ t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-®, Kzm-fn-tbm-dn-se kw-Ko-X-⁄≥-˛ Xm≥-sk≥ 9926. C-¥y-bp-sS c-Xv-\w F-∂v P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-{lp-hn-ti-jn-∏n-® kw-ÿm-\w-˛ a-Wn-∏q¿ 9927. Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e \-S-∂ Xo-b-Xn ˛ 1919 G-{]n¬ 13 9928. c-≠mw ]-©-h¬-k-c-]-≤-Xn F-¥n-\m-Wp {]m-[m-\yw \¬-In-bXv-˛ hy-h-km-bw 9929. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1950 P-\p-h-cn 26 9930. P-Ωp I-iv-ao-cn-\v {]-tXy-I ]-Z-hn \¬-Ip-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m h-Ip∏v-˛ 370 9931. Pnw tIm¿-_-‰v \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ DØ-cm-JW - vU - v 9932. lp-•n \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øv tI-{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂ {]-[m-\ hy-hkm-bw-˛ N-Ww

9933. Kp-P-dm-Øn-se tkm-a-\m-Y-t£-{Xw ap-l-Ω-Zv K-kv-\n B-{I-an-® h¿-jw ˛-F.Un.1025 9934. sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ ]m-´pw \r-Ø-hpw \n-tcm-[n-® ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn ˛-Hu-dw-K-ko-_v 9935. _p-≤n-am-\m-b hn-Uv-Vn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ ap-l-ΩZv _n≥ Xp-•-Iv 9936. C- ¥ y≥ `- c - W - L - S - \ - b p- s S in¬- ] n- ˛ tUm. _n.B¿. Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ 9937. B- k q- { X- W I- Ω n- j - s ‚ FIv k v H^ntjym- A[y£≥ ˛ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n 9938. G-Xp ar-K-Øn-s‚ kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-Wv C-c-hn-Ip-fw tZ-io-tbmZym-\w {]-kn-≤w-˛ \o-e-Kn-cn Xm¿ A-Y-hm h-c-bm-Sv 9939. \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS kw-tbm-P-\-Øn-\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ 9940. `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS G-Xv t`-ZK - X - n-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°v 33% kw-h-c-Ww {]m-tZ-in-I kz-bw-`-c-W ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-SpØn-b-Xv-˛ 73,74 9941. tZ-io-b ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn ]-´n-I h¿-K I-Ωo-j≥ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv˛ 1992 9942. sS-Ãv {In-°-‰n¬ B-Zy-am-bn 50 sk-©z-dn t\-Sn-b {In-°-‰¿-˛ k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ 9943. N-μ-\-a-c-ß-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se ÿ-ew˛ a-d-bq¿ 9944. dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛ 1935 9945. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ kw-ÿm-\ a-’yw-˛ I-cn-ao≥ 9946. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ hy-‡n-K-X kz¿-Ww t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y-°mc≥-˛ A-`n-\-hv `n-{μ 9947. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn N-W-an¬ ÿm-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛-dn-jv-d 9948. A-\m-Y-Xz-am-Wv G-‰-hpw am-c-I-am-b tcm-K-am-Wv F-∂v A-`n-{]mb-s∏-´-Xv-˛ a-Z¿ sX-tc-k 9949. ]m¿-Yn-t\m¨ t£-{Xw G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛ {Ko-kv 9950. Nq-Sp X-´p-tºmƒ H- ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-se H- X-∑m-{X-bn¬-\n-∂v as‰m- X-∑m-{X-bn-te-°v Xm-]w ssI-am-‰w-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ co-Xn-˛ Nm-e-\w 9951. Nn-°p≥ Kp-\n-b ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv-˛ Cu-Un-kv sIm-Xp-Ip-Iƒ 9952. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ H-fn-ºy≥-˛ kn.sI.e-£v-a-W≥ 9953. Hm-kv-I¿ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v \¬-Ip-∂ in¬-]-Øn-s‚ `m-cw ˛ F´-c ]u-≠v 9954. A-cn-bp-sS im-kv-{X-\m-aw-˛ H-ssd-k k-ss‰-h 9955. F-{X h¿-j-߃-°p ap-ºm-Wv a-\p-jy≥ kw-km-cn-°m≥ B-cw`n-®-Xv-˛ 60000 9956. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I `m-j-˛ {^-©v 9957. t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv `m-j kw-km-cn-°p-∂ B-fp-Iƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-Xep-≈ cm-Pyw-˛ {_-ko¬ 9958. tem-I-Øn-se F-√m `m-j-I-fn-te-°pw hn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-ø-s∏-´ hn-ip-≤ {K-Ÿw-˛ ss_-_nƒ 9959. ]n-F-®v-Un _n--Zw t\-Sn-b G-I A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ hpUv-tdm hn¬-k¨ 9960. A-¥¿-tZ-io-b `-£W - a - m-bn Aw-Ko-Ic - n-® `-£W - ] - Z- m¿-Yw-˛ Imt_-Pv 9961. tI-c-f-Øn¬ 1896˛¬ \-S-∂ Cu-g-h-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ {]-t£m-`Øn-s‚ \m-b-I-\m-cv-˛ tUm.]¬-]p 9962. e-th-gv-kv B-∏nƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ X-°m-fn 9963. H- C-∂n-Mv-kn¬ 400 d¨-kv t\-Sn-b I-fn-°m-c≥-˛ em-d 9964. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v kp-h¿-W Pq-_n-en B-tLm-jn-® h¿-jw ˛ 2002 9965. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b sd-bn¬-th tÃ-j≥-˛ \yq-tbm¿°v sk≥-{S¬ sS¿-an-\¬ 9966. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-Xw-˛ tX-°-Sn 9967. h-\-kv-]-Xn D-≠m-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ aq-e-Iw-˛ ssl-{U-P≥ 9968. G-Xv tcm-Kw _m-[n-®m-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ Ip-´n-Iƒ a-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ \yqtam-Wn-b 9969. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ So ayq-kn-bw-˛ aq-∂m¿ tI-c-f So ayq-knbw 9970. ln-‰v-e-dp-sS P-∑-Zn-\w ˛ 20.4.1889

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 195

9971. km-lm C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v \yq-¢n-b¿ ^n-kn-Iv-kn-s‚ B-ÿm\w-˛ I¬-°-´ 9972. tI-{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-sb \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛ e^v. K-h¿-W¿ 9973. tem-IØ - n¬ G-‰h - pw A-[n-Iw Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂ [m-Xp G-Xv˛- Izm¿Sv-kv 9974. C‚¿-s\-‰v h-gn B-Zy-am-bn Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-Ø-s∏-´ cm-Pyw-˛ F-tÃm-Wn-b 9975. C-¥y-bp-sS hn-kvX - o¿-WØ - n-s‚ F-{X i-Xa - m-\a - m-Wv tI-cf - Ø - n\p-≈-Xv-˛ 1.03 9976. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm tIm-tf-Pv ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv 9977. ]-´n-Wn In-S° - p-∂h - t- \m-Sv a-Xs - Ø-°p-dn-®v kw-km-cn-°p-∂X - v Ah-s\ A-]-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-a-am-Wv-˛ C-ß-s\ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´-Xv-˛ kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ 9978. Iym-_n-\-‰v kn-Ãw B--sS kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv-˛ tdm-_¿-´v hm¬t]mƒ 9979. ln-_m-°p-j F-∂ hm-°v G-Xv cm-Py-sØ P-\-X-bp-am-bn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ P-∏m≥ 9980. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ t]m-eo-kv ta-[m-hn(sF.Pn.)˛ N-{μti-J-c≥ \m-b¿ 9981. Pn-Ωn tPm¿-Pv C≥-tUm¿ tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp∂p-˛ Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw 9982. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ km-ln-Xy-ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p-˛ Xn-cq¿ 9983. D-dpw-_w-_ F-∂ t]-cv F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ \-Zn 9984. a-·o-jyw B-Zy-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Ø im-kv-{X-⁄≥-˛ lw{^n tU-hn 9985. sIm-Xp-Iv i-_Z- a v- p-≠m-°p-tºmƒ I-º\ - w sN-øp-∂ `m-Kw-˛ Nn-dI - v 9986. hr-Øm-Im-c-am-b ]m-X-bn-eq-sS-bp-≈ N-e-\w-˛ h¿-Øp-f N-e-\w 9987. C--´n-s\ i-]n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°m¬ \-√-Xv H- sa-gp-Ip-Xn-cn-sb¶n-epw sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv-˛ Cu k-tμ-iw B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-bn kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂ kw-L-S-\-˛ Bw-\-Ãn C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ 9988. ap-Jy Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p I-Ωn-j-W-dm-b a-e-bm-fn-˛ Sn.F≥.ti-j≥ 9989. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ en-an-‰-Uv I-º-\n-˛ ]p-\-eq¿ t]-∏¿ an¬ 9990. ap-Jy-a-{¥n ]-Zw h-ln-® B-Zy Z-fn-Xv h-\n-X-˛ am-bm-h-Xn 9991. tI- c - f - Ø n- s e B- Z y- s Ø h- \ n- X m K- h ¿- W ¿- ˛tPym- X n sh-¶n-Sm-N-ew 9992. ap-´-bn-Sp-∂ k-kv-X-\w-˛ πm-‰n-∏-kv 9993. hy-‡n k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®v B-Zy-am-bn A-d-Ãnem-b-Xv-˛ hn-t\m-_m-`m-sh 9994. ap-dn-bp-sS Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ {Zm-h-Im-h-ÿ-bn-en-cn-°p-∂ tem-lw˛ sa¿-°p-dn 9995. hym-h-km-bn-I hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sPbnw-kv hm-´v 9996. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm Nm≥-k-e¿-˛ tPym-Xn sh-¶nSm-N-ew 9997. tI-c-f-Øn-se (C-¥y-bn-se-bpw) B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm t]m-eokv tÃ-j≥-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 9998. sP-kn Hm-h≥-kv ]p-c-kv-Im-cw G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv \¬-Ip-∂Xv-˛ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv 9999. Po-h-Iw F-®v-˛-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw-˛ _-tbm-´n≥ 10000.tI-c-f k¿-°m-cn-s‚ {]-hm-kn Im-cy-h-Ip-∏n-s‚ t]-cv-˛ t\m¿-° 10001. tI-c-fw ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ kz-¥w \m-Sv F-∂ ]-c-ky-hm-Iy-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ hmƒ-´¿ sa≥-U-kv 10002. B-sc-bm-Wv P-\w _-lp-am-\-]q¿-hw kq-{]-≠v A-ø F-∂p hn-fn®-Xv-˛ ssX-°m-Sv A-ø 10003. 1924˛¬- sIm-¬-°-Ø tIm¿-∏-td-j-s≥-d B-Zy- ta-b-dm-b-Xm-cv ˛kn.B¿.Zm-kv 10004. \-μI - p-am¿ F-∏n-tkm-Up-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬-˛h - md≥ tl-Ãnw-Kvk - v

10005. 1916˛¬ Cu-ÿ I-em-]w \-S-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 10006. K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬ Hm-^v _w-Kmƒ F-∂X - n-\p ]-Ic - w K-h¿-W¿ P\-d¬ Hm-^v C-¥y F-∂ ]-Z-hn-t∏-tcm-sS C-¥y `-cn-® B-Zy `-cWm-[n-Im-cn-˛-hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv {]-`p 10007. tI-c-f-Øn-se C-…m-an-I \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ h-°w au-eh - n 10008. _-\m-dk - v ln-μp k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - p-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛h - m-cm-Wk - n 10009. sIm¬-°Ø - , t_mw-s_ ,a-{Zm-kv k¿-hI - e - m-im-eI - ƒ \n-eh - n¬h-∂ k-a-b-Øv ssh-t{km-bn-˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10010. hn-P-b-hm-U G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-W 10011. {_n-´o-jp-Im-w Sn-∏p-hpw X-Ωn¬ {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww D-S-º-Sn H-∏p-hbv-°p-tºmƒ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛-tIm¨-hm-en-kv {]-`p 10012. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ ]-c-º-cm-K-X hm-kv-Xp-ssi-en-˛ \m-ep-sI-´v 10013. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-°m-Wv c-≠mw Cu-g-h sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ k-a¿∏n-®X - v˛- I-gvk - ¨ 10014. am-bv-°m-\m-Im-Ø a-jn D-]-tbm-Kn-® B-Zy-sØ tem-Iv-k-`m Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v ˛1962 10015. ap-…nw sF-Iy-kw-Lw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ h-°w au-e-hn 10016. Ip-™n-°Æ - ≥ Kp--°ƒ-°v hm-Kv` - S- m-\μ - ≥ F-∂ t]- \¬-Inb-Xv- ˛ B-e-Øq¿ in-h-tbm-Kn 10017. sk‚ v ]m-{Sn-Iv hn-ip-≤-s‚ cm-Pyw-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 10018. Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s‚ tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-°m≥ \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-Ø ssht{km-bn-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 10019. ssN-\o-kv, kv-]m-\n-jv, Cw-Kv-fo-jv F-∂n-h I-gn-™m¬ tem-IsØ \m-em-a-sØ h-en-b `m-j ˛-ln-μn 10020. G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Z-am-Wv ]n-®v-˛-{In-°-‰v 10021. ssP-\a - X - Ø - n-se C--]Ø - n-aq-∂m-as - Ø Xo¿-Y¶ - c - \ - m-b ]m¿-iz\m-Y≥ F-hn-Sp-sØ cm-PI - p-am-c\ - m-bn--∂p-˛h - m-cm-Wk - n 10022. U¬-lu-kn- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b Z-Ø-h-Im-i \n-tcm-[-\-\n-b-aw- ]n≥h-en-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10023. an¬-°va - m≥ Hm-^v C-¥y F-∂ A-]c - \ - m-aØ - n¬ A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xm-c˛v- t- Um.h¿-Ko-kv Ip-cy≥ 10024. 1923--˛¬ sk≥-{S¬ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv A-kw-ªn-bn¬ {]-Xn-]-£-t\Xm-hm-b-Xm-cv-˛-tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 10025. \m-t‰m F-∂ kw-L-S-\-bn-se Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw sN-dpXv˛- s - F-ke v- m≥-Uv 10026. tIm¨-{K-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-hp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-{]m-b `n-∂X - I - m-cW - w- 1923 P-\p-h-cn- H-∂n-\v- tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp-hn-s\m-∏w kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-Sncq-]h - X - vI - c - n-® t\-Xm-hv˛- k - n.B¿.Zm-kv 10027. C-¥y-bp-sS X-e-ÿm-\w- I¬-°-´-bn¬-\n-∂v- U¬-ln-bn-te-°vam-‰n-b ssh-t{km-bn-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 10028. C-¥y≥ F-b¿-t^m-gv-kv ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 10029. kp-h¿-Wt- £-{X-Øn-s‚ ta¬-°q-c kz¿-Ww-sIm-≠v s]m-Xn-™ kn-Jv `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-˛c - R - vP - n-Xv knw-Kv 10030. `q-an-bp-sS sN-dp-]-Xn-∏v F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ `q-J-Wv-Uw -˛ G-jy 10031. kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ-s‚ in-jy-bm-b kn-ÿ \n-th-Zn-X P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 10032. a-∂Ø - v ]-Zva - \ - m-`s - \ tI-cf - Ø - n-se a-Z≥ tam-l≥ am-fh - y F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛- k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ 10033. Cw-Kv-f-≠n¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ cm-Pm-hv-˛ sl≥dn H-∂m-a≥ 10034. td-Un-tbm Zn-\w-˛ s^-{_p-h-cn 13 10035. tem-I k-t¥m-j-Zn-\w-˛ am¿-®v 20 10036. kn-hn¬- \n-b-a-ew-L-\w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- k-am-[m-\-Øns‚ H-- am¿-Kw- Xp-d-∂p-In-´pw- F-∂ B-{K-l-tØm-sS Km-‘n-PnG-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-°m-Wv ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- B-h-iy-߃ D-∂-bn-®v I-sØ-gp-Xn-bX - v˛- C - ¿-hn≥- {]-`p 10037. Ku-X-a-_p-≤≥ B-Zy a-X-{]-`m-j-Ww \-S-Øn-b km-c-\m-Yv G-Xv \-Kc - Ø - n-\v k-ao-]a - m-Wv˛- h - m-cm-Wk - n 10038. G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Z-am-Wv tbm¿-°¿-˛-{In-°-‰v 10039. H-∂mw Bw-Kv-tfm ssa-kq¿ bp-≤-k-a-b-Øv K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛hm-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kvk - v 10040. Cu-Ãv tIm-Ãv sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛-`p-h-t\-iz¿ 10041. B¿-°n-tbm-fP - n-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´t- ∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p

196 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

10042. tπ-t‰m-bp-sS dn-∏ª - n-Iv- X¿-Pa - sN-bX v- C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ ˛v- t- Um.k-°o¿- lp-ssk≥10043. 1881¬- ]m-km-°n-b ^m-Iv-S-dn- \n-b-a-Øn-eq-sS- _m-e-th-e-bv-°v\n-b-{¥-W-ta¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ssh-t{km-bn-˛-dn-∏¨ {]-`p 10044. kn.-B¿.- Zm-kn-s≥-d a-cW - t- i-jw- A-t±-lw- kz-cm-Pv] - m¿-Sn- {]-knU≥-dm-b-Xm-cv-˛-tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 10045. B-fl-k-a¿-∏-Ww F-∂ tbm-K {]-{In-b-bn-eq-sS a-c-Ww h-cn-® G-I cm-jv-{So-b t\-Xm-hv (1966)˛-hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿10046. sa-°m-sf-{]-`p- cq-]s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn--∂ in-£m-\S- ] - S- n-Iƒ- \n-ba - a - m°-s∏-´-Xv G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10047. _m-cn-kv‰ - ¿- ]-co-£b - v° - v- ]Tn-°m≥- kvt- Im-f¿-jn-t∏m-sS 1906˛¬Cw-•-≠n-te-°p-t]m-Ip-I-bpw "{^o- C-¥ym- skm-ssk-‰n' ÿm]n-°p-Ib - pw sN-bvX - X - m-cv˛- h - n.-Un.-kh - m¿-°¿10048. ssX-°m-Sv A-øm-kzm-an t£-{X-Øn-se B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛ inh≥ 10049. km-[p-P\ - ] - c - n-]m-e\ - k - w-Lw ÿm-]n-°m≥ A-ø¶ - m-fn-°v {]-tNmZ-\-am-b kw-L-S-\-˛ F-kv-F≥-Un-]n-tbm-Kw 10050. a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ s]--∂ 10051. Im-Sn-s‚-bpw sh-≈-Øn-s‚-bpw \m-Sv-˛ P-ssa-° 10052. C‚¿-s\-‰v kp-c-£m-Zn-\w-˛ s^-{_p-h-cn 6 10053. Nn-‰-tKm-Mn-se {_n-´o-jv- B-bp-[-∏p-c kq-cy-ssk-∂n-s‚ t\-XrXz-Øn-ep-≈ C-¥y≥- dn-∏-ªn-°≥- B¿-an- ssI-tb-dn-b-Xv G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 10054. \m-Yv-]m-˛-Q-{In A-W-s°-´v G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛-k-Xv-e-Pv 10055. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se Zn-hm≥ tI-i-h-]n-≈-bv-°v cm-Pm _-lp-a-Xn \¬-In-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ sh-√-…n {]-`p 10056. t\m¿-Øv sh-Ãv t{^m-≠n-b¿ {]-hn-iy cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-® k-a-b-Øv ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 10057. kp-{ip-X≥ Po-hn-®n--∂ ]-´W - w-˛h - m-cm-Wk - n 10058. km-[p-P\ - ] - c - n-]m-e\ - k - w-Lw t]--am-dn ]p-eb - a - l - m-k`- b - m-b h¿jw-˛ 1938 10059. C-…mw [¿-a-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-Lw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ h-°w au-e-hn 10060. s]-cn-\m-Sv e-l-f \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1915 10061. Szn-‰¿ B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ Pm-Iv tUm¿-kn 10062. j-Uvk - l - {- kn F-∂p-ad - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ Ir-Xn-˛ \m-Sy-im-kv{- Xw 10063. l-cn-hw-i] - p-cm-WØ - n-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv˛- P - n-\t- k-\≥ 10064. C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sXm-gn¬- \n-ba - ß - ƒ- D-≠m-bX - v G-Xv ssht{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-dn-∏¨ {]-`p 10065. B≥ A¨-^n-\n-jv-Uv {Uow B--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv ˛-tUm.h¿-Kokv Ip-cy≥ 10066. ap-t‡-iz-c t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- ` - p-ht- \-iz¿ 10067. tdm-b¬ G-jym-‰n-Iv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛-hm-d≥ tlÃnw-Kvk - v 10068. G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ cm-Py-ßf - p-sS tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛^ - p-Svt_mƒ 10069. I-d≥-kn Z-imw-i k-{º-Zm-bw A-Sn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bp-≈X - √ - m-Ø cmPyw-˛a - U - K - m-kI v- ¿ 10070. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy- Xo-h-≠n- \n¿-am-W-im-e 1950˛¬- sIm¬-°Ø-bv-°p- k-ao-]w- kv-Ym-]n-®-t∏mƒ B--sS kv-a-c-Wm¿-Y-am-Wv \m-aI - c - W - w sN-bvX - X - v ˛-kn.B¿.Zm-kv 10071. D-]c - m-j{-v S-]X - n ÿm-\w h-ln-s° `m-cX - c - X - \ -v w e-`n-® c-≠m-as - Ø hy-‡n (1963)˛-tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk≥10072. tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ e-£yw- ]q¿-W kzm-X-{¥y-am-sW-∂v- {]-Jym-]n°p-∂ {]-ta-bw- 1929 Un-kw-_¿- 31\v- em-tlm-dn¬- P-hm-l¿-em¬s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚ A-[y-£-X-bn¬-tN¿-∂ tIm¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w]m-km-°n-t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn B-cm-bn--∂p-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 10073. tem-I-Øv hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬ \m-emw ÿm-\-ap-≈ ({Ko≥-em≥Uv, \yq-Kn-\n-b, t_m¿-Wn-tbm F-∂n-h-b-°v ti-jw) Zzo-]v ˛-a-UKm-kI -v ¿ 10074. N-e-®n-{X-Km-\w Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ kn-\n-a-˛ `m-Ky-N{I(_w-Km-fn) 10075. A-¥m-cm-j{v- S N-e® - n-t{Xm-’h - Ø - n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø B-Zy C-¥y≥ kn-\n-a-˛ ko-X 10076. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b sXm-gn¬-Zm-Xm-hv-˛-A-ta-cn-°≥ {]Xn-tcm-[ h-Ip-∏v 10077. c-≠v Um-‰m sk‚-dp-Iƒ ÿm-]n-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛

tI-cf - w 10078. X-e-bv-°¬ N-¥p kv-am-c-Iw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ ]-\-a-cw 10079. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm Un-‰-Iv-So-hv t\m-h-en-Ãv-˛ `{Z F≥. ta-t\m≥ 10080. a-[y-{]-tZ-in-s‚-bpw a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bp-sS-bpw A-Xn¿-Øn-bn-eq-sS Hgp-Ip-∂ \-Zn-˛\ - ¿-aZ10081. C-¥y-bp-sS X-e-ÿm-\w- I¬-°-´-bn¬-\n-∂v- U¬-ln-bn-te-°vam-‰p-∂X - p-kw-_‘ - n-® {]-Jym-]\ - w \-S∂ - X - v (1911) G-Xv ssh-t{kmbn-b-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 10082. sF.]n.F¬ G-Xv a-’-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ {In-°-‰v 10083. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ tZ-i-c-£m-D-]-tZ-jv-Sm-hv-˛ {_-tP-jv an-{i 10084. Ipw-ssª-Jm≥ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c\ - m-bn--∂p-˛a - w-tKm-fn-b 10085. a-l¬-hm-cn d-h-\yq kw-hn-[m-\w hn-e-bn--Øm≥ A-e-l-_m-Zv k-μ¿-in-® K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛-hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv {]-`p 10086. Sm-tKm-dn-s‚ Ko-Xm-Rv-P-en-bp-sS Cw-Kv-fo-jv ]-cn-`m-j-bv-°v A-hXm-cn-I-sb-gp-Xn-b hn-eyw _¿-´¨ tb-‰v-kv G-Xv cm-Py-°m-c-\mbn--∂p-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 10087. kz-cm-Pv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ v ˛-kn.B¿.Zm-kv 10088. G-‰-hpw h-en-b C-t¥m-˛-B-cy≥ `m-j ˛-ln-μn 10089. Ko-k-dp-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-sF-kv-em≥-Uv 10090. C-¥y-bn¬ c-≠p {]m-h-iyw K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-em-b B-Zy hy-‡n˛-tIm¨-hm-en-kv {]-`p 10091. eo-Uvk - v G-Xv Im-bn-I a-’c - Ø - n-\m-Wv {]-kn-≤w-˛{- In-°‰ - v 10092. G-Xv \-Kc - Ø - n¬-h® - m-Wv Xp-fk - o-Zm-kv cm-aN - c - n-Xa - m-\k - w c-Nn-®Xv˛- h - m-cm-Wk - n 10093. C-¥y≥- Iu¨-kn¬- B-Iv-Sv- (1861)- \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-t∏mƒ ssht{km-bn-˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10094. 1949˛¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tZ-hk - zw t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-Zy {]-kn-U‚mb-Xv˛- a-∂Ø - v ]-Zva - \ - m-`≥ 10095. _m¿-tIm-Un-s‚ D-]⁄ m-Xm-hv ˛ t\m¿-a≥ tPm-k^ - v hp-Ue -v m≥Uv 10096. Xm-Pv-a-l¬ ]-Wn-Xn-cn-°p-∂ ÿ-ew G-Xv cm-Pm-hn¬-\n-∂m-Wv jm-P-lm≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn hm-ßn-b-Xv-˛ cm-Pm P-bv-knw-Kv 10097. G-‰-hpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b Po-hn-h¿-Kw-˛ sam-Wo-d 10098. A-e-am-´n ]-≤-Xn G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-W 10099. s]m-eo-kv em-Øn-®m¿-Pn¬ ]-cn-t°-‰-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v em-em ePv-]-Xv-dm-bn A-¥-cn-®-Xv G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 10100. ]p-cm-X\ - kva - m-cI - kw-c£ - W - \n-ba - w \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ ssht{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 10101. G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv am¿-_nƒ tdm-°v-kv-˛-\¿-a-Z 10102. B-Zy-sØ \n-ba - I-Ωn-js - \ \n-ba - n-® K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬-˛h - n-eyw s_‚n-Iv {]-`p 10103. ^n-tdm-kv jm tIm-Sv-e G-Xv I-fn-°m-Wv {]-i-kv-Xw ˛-{In-°-‰v 10104. C-¥y-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bn A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-X-e-Øn¬ hn-πh-{]-ÿm-\w sI-´n-∏S- p-Ø B-Zy `m-cX - o-b≥ (1906)˛-hn.-Un.-kh - m¿°¿10105. N-´º - n-kzm-an-If - p-sS sN-dp-∏Ø - n-se Hm-a\ - t- ∏-c˛-v Ip-™≥ (b-Ym¿Y t]-cv A-ø-∏≥) 10106. 1928˛¬ bp-‡n-hm-Zn am-kn-I-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-b-Xv-˛ k-tlm-Zc≥ A-ø-∏≥ 10107. G-‰-hpw km-{μ-X Iq-Sn-b A-tem-lw-˛ A-b-Un≥ 10108. B¿-an t]m-tÃm-^o-kv G-X-°-Øn-em-Wv B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv-˛9 10109. C-¥y-bn¬ sS-en-I-ayp-Wn-t°-j≥ cw-K-Øv ta¬-t\m-´w h-ln°p-∂ ÿm-]-\w-˛ sS-en-tImw sd-Kp-te-‰-dn A-tXm-cn-‰n Hm-^v C¥y 10110. kz-cm-Pv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn ˛-tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 10111. 1799-˛¬ sk≥-k¿-jn-∏v Hm-^v {]-kv B-Iv-Sv sIm-≠p-h-∂ K-h¿W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ sh-√-…n {]-`p 10112. thƒ-Uv ^p-Uv ss{]-kn-\¿-l-\m-b c-≠m-a-sØ `m-c-Xo-b≥-˛tUm.h¿-Ko-kv Ip-cy≥ 10113. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ B-Zy h-\n-Xm {]-kn-U‚m-Wv ta-cn tdm-_n≥k¨-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 10114. 1920˛-se tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ \n- -l-I-c-W {]-ÿm\w kw-_‘ - n-® {]-[m-\ {]-ta-bw ]m-km-°n-bX - v B-c˛-v k - n.B¿.Zm-

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 197

kv 10115. {]m-tZ-in-I ]-{X-\n-b-aw- d-Zv-sN-bv-X (1882)- ssh-t{km-bn-˛-dn-∏¨ {]-`p 10116. C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b Zzo-]v˛-aU - K - m-kI -v ¿ 10117. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬ ˛-tIm¨-hmen-kv {]-`p 10118. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-sØ hn-tZ-i-h-kv-{Xw- I-Øn-°-en-\v- 1905¬- ]q-s\ tIm-tf-Pn¬- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xm-cv-˛ hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿10119. {_-ko-en-s‚ tZ-io-b ]-Xm-I-bn-ep-≈ Nn-{Xw F-¥n-s‚-Xm-Wv-˛^p-Svt- _mƒ 10120. a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se kmw-•n \-K-cw G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ Ir-jW -v 10121. a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se A-a¿-Im-≠-Iv a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬ D¬-`-hn-°p-∂ \-Zn˛-\¿-aZ10122. G-‰h - pw X-Wp-∏p-Iq-Sn-b X-eÿ m-\w G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚-Xm-Wv ˛aw-tKm-fn-b 10123. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ tZ-io-b {]-ÿm-\-am-Wv kn≥ s^-bn≥-˛ Ab¿-e≥-Uv 10124. {]-i-kv-X-am-b hn-iz-\m-Y t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-hm-cm-W-kn 10125. aq-∂mw ssa-kq¿ bp-≤-°m-e-Øv K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬- ˛-tIm¨-hmen-kv {]-`p 10126. Kp-P-dm-Øn-se _¿-tZm-fn- Pn-√-bn¬- h-√-`-`m-bn- ]-t´-en-s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬- I¿-j-I-k-a-cw- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn B-cm-bn-∂p-˛C - ¿-hn≥- {]-`p 10127. kn-‘p-hn-s‚ t]m-jI - \ - Z- n-If - n¬ G-‰h - pw In-g° - v D¬-`h - n-°p-∂Xv ˛-kX - ve - P - v 10128. C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b B-Zy C-…mw a-X-ÿ≥(1967)- ˛-tUm.- k°o¿- lp-ssk≥10129. Izn-‰n-¥ym k-ac - Ø - n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°c - p-sX-∂v ln-μp-°t- fm-Sv B-lzm\w sN-bv-X ln-μp-a-lm-k-` t\-Xm-hv-˛-hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿10130. C-¥y-bn¬-\n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ Hm-bn¬ Sm-¶-dn-\v G-Xv t\-Xm-hns‚ kva - c - -Wm¿-Ya - m-Wv t]-cn-´X - v˛- t- am-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 10131. hn-Zym-t]m-jn-Wn F-∂ kw-LS- \ - ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- k-tlm-Zc - ≥ Aø-∏≥ 10132. {io-\m-cm-bW - -Kp- c-Nn-® \-ha - R - vP - c - n B¿-°m-Wv k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn°p-∂X - v˛- N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ-°v 10133. ln-μp-˛a - p-kvf - nw kmw-kvI - m-cn-Imw-iß - s - f Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ ¢m-kn°¬ \r-Ø-cq-]w-˛ I-Y-Iv 10134. G-Xv cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv tem-I_ - m-¶v {]-kn-U‚ v ]-Zw h-ln-°p-∂X - v˛ A-ta-cn-° 10135. `-c-X-\m-Sy-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ {K-Ÿw-˛-A-`n-\-b Z¿-∏-Ww 10136. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿ B‚ v Hm-Un-‰¿ P-\-d¬-˛ hn.\-cl - c - n-dm-hp 10137. sPw-Kn-jvJ - m≥ G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c\ - m-bn--∂p-˛a - w-tKm-fn-b 10138. t^m¿-´v hn-eyw tIm-tf-Pv (1800) ÿm-]n-® K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ sh-√-…n {]-`p 10139. enw-K-cm-P-t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-`p-h-t\-iz¿ 10140. ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ A-f-hn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\ bq-Wn-‰v-˛-tamƒ 10141. 1947˛-se ap-Xp-Ip-fw {]-kw-Kh - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ \-thm-∞m-\ \mb-I≥-˛ a-∂Ø - v ]-Zva - \ - m-`≥ 10142. {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv-˛ Im-cm-´v tKm-hn-μ≥Ip-´n-ta-t\m≥ 10143. ]-WvU - n-‰v I-dp-∏\ - v hn-Zzm≥ _-lp-aX - n \¬-In-bX - v˛- tI-cf - h - ¿-a hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ 10144. A-ø-¶m-fn A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1941 10145. kv-{Xo-[-\-hn--≤-Zn-\w-˛ \-hw-_¿ 26 10146. A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂h - b - n¬-h® - G v- ‰ - h - pw h-en-b \-£{- Xw-˛ hn.ssh. Im\n-kv ta-tPm-dn-kv 10147. \m-hn-I--sS Zzo-]p-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ k-tam-h 10148. Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥ A-£-c-am-e-bn-se A-£-c-ß-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 24 10149. ^-°o¿ C A-^v-Km≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 10150. ^m¬-t° c-Xv-\- G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ A-hm¿-Um-Wv- ˛-kn-\n-a 10151. ^n-en-ss∏≥-kn-se-bpw Cu-Ãv Xn-tam-dn-se-bpw a-Xw-˛-{In-kv-Xp-aXw

_w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\w- d-±m-°n-b (1911)- ssh-t{km-bn ˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 10152. \m-j-W¬ U-b-dn U-h-e-]v-sa‚ v t_m¿-Un-s‚ ÿm-]-I sNb¿-am≥-˛ tUm.h¿-Ko-kv Ip-cy≥ 10153. {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬ ˛-hm-d≥ tlÃnw-Kvk - v 10154. In-®v\ - ¿ {]-`p-hp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-{]m-b hy-Xym-ks - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂v cmPn-h-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 10155. sIm¬-°Ø - , t_mw-s_ ,a-{Zm-kv F-∂n-hn-Sß - f - n¬ Hm-tcm- sslt°m-S-Xn-ho-Xw- ÿm-]n-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10156. k-Xn \n-tcm-[n-® K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv {]-`p 10157. A-^K v- m-\n-ÿm-\n¬-\n-∂v- Cw-•o-jv- ssk-\y-sØ ]n≥-he - n-®v- B cm-Py-hp-am-bn- ku-lm¿-±-_-‘w- ]p-\x-ÿm-]n-® ssh-t{km-bn ˛dn-∏¨ {]-`p 10158. sam-t≠-Kp-˛ sNw-kvt- ^m¿-Uv- `-cW - ] - c - n-jvI - m-cß - s - f-°p-dn-®v- ]Tn®v- \n¿-tZ-iß - ƒ- k-a¿-∏n-°m-\m-bn- {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿ ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-js - \ \n-tbm-Kn-®t- ∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂X - v ˛-C¿-hn≥{]-`p 10159. "{io-\m-cm-b-W [¿-a-kw-Lw'- c-Pn-kv-‰¿- sN-ø-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛1928 10160. "A-¥m-cm-j{v- S k-am-[m-\w H- `o--hn-s‚ kz-]\ v- a - m-W'v- F-∂p ]d-™-Xm-cv-˛-s_-\n-t‰m ap-t m-fn-\n 10161. [¿-ac - m-P F-∂ t\m-he - n-s‚ I¿-Øm-hv˛- k - n.hn.cm-a≥-]n-≈ 10162. [¿-tam-kv-a-Xv Ip-e-ssZ-h-Xw F-∂ ap-J-hm-Iy-ap-≈ ]-{Xw-˛ a-ebm-f a-t\m-ca 10163. B-\-μ-a-Xw ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbm-Kn 10164. cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv sse-{_-dn ^u-t≠-j≥ F-hn-sS-bmWv˛- sIm¬-°Ø 10165. kw-Ko-X-°-t®-cn-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn sk-h-b-en≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-® C¥y≥ kw-Ko-X⁄ ≥-˛a - p-Øp-kzm-an Zo-£n-X¿ 10166. I¿-Wm-SI - k - w-Ko-XØ - n-se A-Sn-ÿm-\ cm-Kß - ƒ-˛72 10167. \-Ω sa-t{Sm F-∂p t]--≈ sa-t{Sm G-Xv \-KØ - n-em-Wv˛- _ - mw-Kvfq¿ 10168. \-h-i-‡n F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ sse-k≥-kv d-±m-°-s∏´-t∏mƒ {]-t_m-[n-\n F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W - w B-cw-`n-®X - m-c˛-v k - n.tIi-h≥ 10169. \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w (s]--∂)˛-Nß-\m-t»-cn 10170. \m-emw tI-cf - kw-ÿm-\ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f\ - w P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚ A-[y-£-X-bn¬ ]-ø-∂q-cn¬ \-S-∂-Xv G-Xv h¿j-am-Wv-˛1928 10171. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ A-hk - m-\s - Ø k-\ym-ki - n-jy≥-˛ B\-μX - o¿-Y kzm-an-Iƒ 10172. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø-sb sIm-´m-c-Øn-te-°v £-Wn-®p-h--Øn-b Xn-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-hv˛- kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 10173. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1873 10174. sk≥-{S¬ sk-{I-t´-dn-tb-‰v sse-{_-dn G-Xv t\-Xm-hn-s‚ t]cn¬ \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛ em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-{Xn 10175. h-w-Xe - a - p-dI - ƒ-°m-bn kq-£n-®p-hb - vt- °-≠ A-]q¿-ht- c-JI - f - psS ]-´n-I-bm-b Hm¿-a-]p-kv-X-Iw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ kw-L-S-\-˛ bp-s\-kv-tIm 10176. tI-c-f-Øn¬ K-P-Zn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 14 10177. \m-ep kp-hn-ti-jß - ƒ G-Xp a-Xh - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p ˛{In-kX -v p-aX - w 10178. \n-s∂-t∏m-se \n-s‚ A-b¬-°m-cs - \-bpw kvt- \-ln-°p-I F-∂p]-tZ-in-®X - m-c˛v- t- b-ip {In-kX v- p 10179. ]p-e F-∂ \m-W-bw G-Xv cm-Py-tØ-Xm-Wv-˛ sh-\n-kz-e 10180. ]p-Xn-b \n-b-aw G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-{In-kvXp-aX - w 10181. ]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-Øv tI-i-h-tZ-h t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \n¿-an-®Xv˛- a - Y - p-c 10182. ]p-c-Sv-Nn-X-sse-h¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv-˛-Fw-Pn-B¿ 10183. ]m¿-Yn-t\m¨ t£-{X-Øn-s‚ A-h-in-jv-S-߃ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛G-Y≥-kv 10184. {_n-´o-jv- km-{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚ A-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn- tPm¿-Pv- A-©ma≥- cm-Pm-hn-s‚ In-co-S-[m-c-Ww- 1911¬- U¬-ln-bn¬-\-S-∂-Xv GXv ssh-t{km-bn-b-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 10185. am-Xm-hn-s‚ hw-i] - c - º - c - b - n¬ ap-Kƒ hw-iÿ - m-]I - \ - m-b _m-_¿

198 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

G-Xp cm-Py-°m--sS ]n≥-Xe - a - p-d° - m-c\ - m-bn--∂p-˛a - w-tKm-fn-b 10186. kv-s]-bn≥ dn-∏-ªn-°m-b-Xv G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv-˛1931 10187. ]n-‰v-kv C-¥y B-Iv-Sv {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m-km-°p-tºmƒ Kh¿-W¿ P-\d - e - m-bn--∂X - v˛- h - m-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kvk - v 10188. G-Xv `m-j-bn-em-Wv C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ i-_v-Z-kn-\n-a-bm-b B-ew B-d \n¿-an-®-Xv ˛-ln-μn 10189. "I-ayq-W¬- A-hm¿-Uv'- F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´ {]-Jym-]-\w \-SØn-b-Xv G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨{]-`p 10190. "kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°p am-Xr-Xzw t]m-se-bm-Wv ]p--j≥-am¿-°p bp-≤w-' B--sS hm-°p-I-fm-Wv-˛-s_-\n-t‰m ap-t m-fn-\n 10191. "ssl-td-©n-te-°pw Ip-´\ - m-´n-te-°p-ap-≈ I-hm-Sw'- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏Sp-∂X - ˛-v N - ß - \ - m-t»-cn 10192. (1946 B-K-kv-Xv 16) \-S-Øn-b k-a-b-Øv ssh-t{km-bn B-cm-bn-∂p-˛t- h-h¬ {]-`p 10193. [-\z-¥-cn A-hm¿-Uv G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv ˛-- -ssh-Zyim-k{-v Xw 10194. _w-Km-ƒ- ]m-´-hy-h-ÿ \-S-∏n-em-°n-b ssh-t{km-bn-˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10195. ]m-e-°m-Sv Pn-√-bn-se Nn-‰q-cn¬ A-h-km-\-Im-ew I-gn-®p-Iq-´n-b a-eb - m-f I-hn-˛F - g - p-Ø— - ≥ 10196. ]m-e-°m-Sv Pn-√-bn-se Xn--hn-ezm-a-e-bv-°p k-ao-]-ap-≈ In-≈n°p-dn-»n-aw-K-e-Øv P-\n-® a-e-bm-f I-hn-˛-Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 10197. ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn-se Pn-]v-sa¿ G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn¬ D-∂-X hn-Zym-`ymkw \¬-Ip-∂ ÿm-]\ - a - m-W˛- v- s - sh-Zy-im-kv{- Xw 10198. ]p-cm-W {]-Im-cw G-Xv {K-Ÿa - m-Wv hym-k≥ ]-db - p-∂X - p-{]-Im-cw K-W] - X - n F-gp-Xn-bX - v ˛ a-lm-`m-cX - w 10199. a-∂Ø - v ]-Za v- \ - m-`\ - pw B¿.i-¶d - pw tN¿-∂v ÿm-]n-® kw-LS- \ - ˛ln-μp-al - m-aW - vU - e - w 10200. K-W] - X - n- im-kv{- Xn-Iƒ- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ]-Zva - \ - m-`] - p-cØ - n-\S- pØv ap-©n-db - p-≈ a-We - n-°c - aT-Øn¬-\n-∂v- `m-k≥- kw-kvI - r-XØn¬- c-Nn-® 11 \m-SI - ß - ƒ- H--an-®p- ]-I¿-Øn-h® - A-]q¿-h Xmfn-tbm-e-{K-\v-Yw- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv-˛1909 10201. ap-…nw F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww h-°w au-e-hn B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw˛ 1906 10202. A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ kzm-an-tØm-∏v 10203. B-{^n-°b - p-sS X-Sh - d - F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ C-Izn-t‰m-dn-b¬ Kn-\n-b 10204. ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se In-jv-In-‘ F-∂p hn-iz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ \-K-cw-˛lw-]n 10205. ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bp-sS `m-K-am-b a-ø-gn-bn-se `m-j-tb-Xv-˛-a-e-bm-fw 10206. _mw-•q-cn-epw sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-epw ]T-\w \-S-Øm≥ Ip-am-c-\mim-\v km-º-Øn-I k-lm-bw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ tUm.]¬-]p 10207. Kw-K F-hn-sS-h® - m-Wv k-aX - e - Ø - n¬ {]-th-in-°p-∂X - v ˛-lc - n-Zzm¿ 10208. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-\v Zn-hy-⁄m-\w e-`n-®X - v F-hn-sS-h® - v˛- a-Xzm-ae 10209. B-{^n-°-bn-se an-\n C-¥y F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ au-dn-jykv 10210. B-{^n-°-bp-sS a-\- m-£n kq-£n-∏p-Im-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ t\Xm-hv-˛ Pq-en-b-kv s\-tc-c 10211. ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bp-sS `m-K-am-b bm-\w G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv 10212. ]-Øp I-e] -v \ - I - ƒ G-Xp a-XØ - n-s‚ ÿm-]I - \ - m-Wv ssZ-hw \¬In-bX - v ˛-Pq-Xa - X - w 10213. ]-´m-`n ko-Xm-cm-a-ø c-Nn-® "C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kns‚ N-cn-{Xw' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-\v A-h-Xm-cn-I-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛-cmtP-{μ-{]-km-Zv 10214. 1942¬ sIm-®n-bn¬ bq-tdm-]y≥ ]-´m-f-°m¿ kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS t\¿°p-\S- Ø - n-b I-S∂ - m-{I-aW - s - Ø hn-a¿-in-®X - n-\m¬ a-{Zm-kv K-h¨sa‚n-s‚ \n-tcm-[-\w t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂ ]-{Xw-˛-am-Xr-`q-an 10215. 1943˛-se _w-Kmƒ £m-a-Im-e-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 10216. {]-Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-`-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ C-c-hn-t]-cq¿ 10217. A-ssZz-XN - n-¥m-]≤ - X - n c-Nn-®X - v˛- N - ´- º - n-kzm-an-Iƒ 10218. _m-em-It- eiw c-Nn-®X - v˛- ] - W - vU - n-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 10219. {io-`´- m-cI - ≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - v˛- N-´º - n-kzm-an-Iƒ 10220. Xn--˛-sIm-®n-bn¬ a-{¥n-bm-b \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ k-tlm-Z-

c≥ A-ø-∏≥ 10221. G-‰-hpw `q-I-º km-[y-X-bp-≈ cm-Py-am-bn I--X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ saIvk - n-t°m 10222. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tÃ-‰m-bn A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ sUem-h¿ 10223. 1966˛¬ hn-am-\m-]I - S- Ø - n¬ a-cn-® C-¥y≥ im-k{v- X-⁄≥-˛t- lman sP.`m-` 10224. ]p-Xn-b kw-ÿm-\ß - ƒ cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-°m≥ B¿-°m-W[ - n-Im-cw-˛]m¿-es - a‚ v 10225. ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-tZ-i-`m-j-˛-{^-©v 10226. ]-Jv-Xp¨ F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww B-cw-`n-®-Xm-cv ˛-Jm≥ A-_vZpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 10227. \q¿-P-lm-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-c-hn \-Zn 10228. \yq-¢n-b¿ ^yq-j-s‚ ^-e-am-bn kq-cy-\n¬ cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂ hmX-Iw-˛l - o-en-bw 10229. \yq-kn-bw F-¥m-Wv-˛ \yq-kv t]-∏¿ ayq-kn-bw 10230. 1996˛-se A-Xv-em‚ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ G-Xn-\-Øn-em-Wv C-¥y-°v 44 h¿-j-Øn-\p-ti-jw sa-U¬ e-`n-®-Xv-˛-sS-∂o-kv 10231. ]-´-S-°-en-se P-bn≥ \m-cm-b-W-t£-{Xw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-® cm-jv-{SIq-Sc - m-Pm-h˛v- A - t- am-Lh - ¿-j≥ 10232. ]-©] - m-WvU - h - c - n¬ B-cm-Wv C-{μ-s‚ a-I≥-˛A - ¿-Pp-\≥ 10233. \m-ep Zn-i-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ sse-\p-Iƒ Iq-´n-ap-´p-∂ (]m-e-°mSv,tIm-gn-t°m-S,v Xr-»q¿,\n-eº - q¿) tI-cf - Ø - n-se H-tc-sbm- sd-bn¬th Pw-Kj v- ≥-˛s - jm¿-Wq¿ 10234. \m-j-W¬ A-{Kn-Iƒ-®¿ I-Ωn-j-s‚ A-[y-£-\m-b {]-Y-a a-ebm-fn-˛F - w.F-kv.kzm-an-\m-Y≥ 10235. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- 1916˛¬ k-μ¿-in-® a-lm≥-˛ c-aW - a - l - ¿-jn 10236. A-ta-cn-°≥ ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚n-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I hn-am-\w-˛-Fb¿-t^m-gv-kv 2 10237. {]-tNm-Z-\-Øn-s‚ Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Sm-kv-am-\n-b 10238. G-Xv ]-´-W-Øn¬-h-®m-Wv 1848˛¬ am¿-Iv-kpw Fw-K¬-kpw-tN¿∂v I-ayp-Wn-Ãv am-\n-s^-tÃm ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv-˛ {_-k¬-kv 10239. Z U-b-dn Hm-^v F bw-Kv tKƒ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ B≥ {^m-¶v 10240. sI¬-‰n-Iv I-Sp-h F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 10241. \m-Km-em≥-Un-se {]-[m-\a - X - t- a-X˛v- {- In-kX v- p-aX - w 10242. \m-Kv-]q¿ tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚ Xo--am-\-a-\p-k-cn-®v sI.]n.kn.kn.°v Pn-√m-°Ω - n-‰n-Iƒ cq-]h - X - I -v r-Xa - m-b h¿-jw-˛1921 10243. \mw iz-kn-°p-∂ Hm-Iv-kn-P-s‚ 20 i-X-am-\-tØm-fw D-]-tbm-Kn°p-∂ A-hb - h - t- a-X˛v- a - k - X v- n-jI v- w 10244. \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-` ÿm-]n-® B-Zy-sØ \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛-ssa-kq¿ 10245. ]-©] - m-WvU - h - c - n¬ c-≠m-a≥-˛`- o-a≥ 10246. X-s‚ B-i-b-߃ {]-N-cn-∏n-°m≥ km-c-{Km-ln F-∂ {]-kn-≤oI-c-Ww B-cw-`n-® \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbmKn 10247. h-°w au-e-hn A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1932 10248. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ Po-hn-Xw B-k] -v Z- a - m-°n Kp- F-∂ t\mh¬ c-Nn-®X - v˛- sI.kp-tc-{μ≥ 10249. {_-“m-\-μ-in-h-tbm-Kn P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1852 10250. ]-√-h--am-bn bp-≤w sN-bv-Xv F.-Un. 611-˛¬ th-ßn ssI-h-i-s∏Sp-Øn-b Nm-eq-Iy-cm-Pm-hv˛- ] - p-et- I-in c-≠m-a≥ 10251. ]q-s\ I-cm-dn-s‚ k-a-b-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨- {]-`p 10252. ]-Xn-\m-en-\ t^m¿-ap-e-bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛-ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂ 10253. Hm-im-\s - ∏--\mƒ G-Xp a-X° - m--sS B-tLm-ja - m-W˛v- {- In-kX v- pa-Xw 10254. _-cm-_-Xn tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-I-´-Iv 10255. _-en-b, k-Øm-d Xp-S-ßn-b ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ k-am-¥-c k¿-°m¿ A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬-h∂ - X - v G-Xv k-ac - I - m-eØ - m-W˛v- I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 10256. _m-k-th-iz-c≥ G-Xv {]-tZ-i-Øv Po-hn-®n--∂ km-aq-ln-I ]-cnjvI - ¿-Øm-hm-W˛v- I¿-Wm-SI - w 10257. ]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn am¿-Iv-kn-Ãv k¿-°m¿ A-[n-Imc-Øn¬-h-∂ cm-Py-ta-Xv-˛-K-bm-\ 10258. ]-›n-tam-Z-bw (1847) F-∂ ]-{Xw B-cm-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛sl¿-a≥ Kp-≠¿-´v 10259. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy-sØ tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`m kv]o-°-dm-b ko-Xn lm-Pn G-Xv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS t\-Xm-hm-bn--∂p-˛-ap…nw eo-Kv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 199

10260. _m-Zj -v m-Jm≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v ˛-Jm≥ A-_Z-v pƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 10261. ]q-t°m-´q¿ F-∂ ÿ-eØ - p-h® - v am-∏n-f I-em-]I - m-cn-If - pw ]-´m-fhpw G-‰p-ap-´¬ \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛1921 10262. ]r-Yzn-cm-P-dm-tkm F-∂ ln-μn-bn-se C-Xn-lm-k Im-hy-Øn¬ B--sS ho-c-Ir-Xy-ß-fm-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nulm≥ 10263. ]-Sv-Im-bn ]¿-h-X \n-c C-¥y-sb G-Xv cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂v th¿-Xn-cn°p-∂p-˛ aym≥-a¿ 10264. ]u-c-h-Im-iw kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS \n-b-{¥n-°m≥ `-c-WL-S\ - B¿-°m-Wv A-[n-Im-cw \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- ] - m¿-es - a‚ v 10265. ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ hm-e-k-ap-Zm-b ]-cn-jv-I-c-Wn- k-`-bv-°v cq-]w\¬-In-b h¿-jw-˛1910 10266. sXm-Æq-dm-am-≠v e-l-f F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ Du-cq-´-º-ew e-l-f 10267. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø P-\n-® h¿-jw-˛1814 10268. se-‰¿ t_m-Iv-kv I-º-\n-I-fp-sS \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ en-Ivs - ‰≥-ssÃ≥ 10269. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw B-gw-Ip-d-™ I-S¬-˛ A-tkm-hv I-S¬ 10270. ]-©] - m-WvU - h - c - n¬ hm-bp-]p-{X-\m-cm-Wv˛- ` - o-a≥ 10271. ]-√h - cm-Pm-hm-b \-ck - nw-lh - ¿-a≥ hm-Xm-]n Io-gS- ° - n bp-≤Ø - n¬ sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b Nm-eq-Iy-cm-Pm-hv-˛-]p-e-tI-in c-≠m-a≥ 10272. _n.-kn.c-≠mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ {io-e¶ - Io-gS- ° - p-Ib - pw 50 h¿-jw Ahn-sS `-cn-°p-Ib - pw sN-bvX - - G-ec - F-∂ c - m-Pm-hv G-Xp hw-i° - mc-\m-bn--∂p 10273. _-tbm-Kym-kn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ hm-X-Iw-˛-ao-tY-bv≥ 10274. ssX-°m-Sv d-kn-U≥-kn-bp-sS am-t\-Pc - m-bn--∂ \-thm-∞m-\ \mb-I≥-˛ ssX-°m-Sv A-øm-Kp- 10275. tI-c-f Z-fn-X≥ F-∂ B-i-bw ap-t∂m-´p-h-® \-thm-∞m-\ \m-bI≥-˛-s]m-bv-I-bn¬ A-∏-®≥ 10276. Ip-am-c\ - m-im-s‚ \-fn-\n F-∂ Ir-Xn-°v A-hX - m-cn-I F-gp-Xn-bX - ˛v- F.B¿.cm-Pc - m-Ph - ¿-a 10277. I-√p-am-e k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ A-ø-¶m-fn 10278. bp-s\-ktv- Im-bp-sS Hm¿-a] - p-kX v- I - Ø - n¬ C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v B-Zyw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´ tc-J-˛-E-tKz-Zw 10279. s\¬-k¨ a-t≠-e-bv-°v P-bn-en¬-\¬-In-bn--∂ \-º¿-˛ 46664 10280. t]¿-jy≥ Dƒ-°-S-en-se ]-hn-gw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ _l-dn≥ 10281. a-t[y-jy-bn-se kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≠v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ In¿-KnkvX - m≥ 10282. \o-e-Im-i-Øn-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛ aw-tKm-fn-b 10283. ]m-›m-Xy ¢m-kn-°¬ kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hn-b-∂ 10284. i-Xh - ¿-jb - p-≤w F-{X-h¿-jw \o-≠p-\n-∂p-˛116 10285. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se-B-Zy-sØ sS-Ãv Syq-_v in-ip-˛ I-a-em-c-Xv-\w (1990) 10286. \-_m¿-Uv cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°≥ ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X I-Ωn-‰n-˛ in-h-cma≥ I-Ωn-‰n 10287. _-tdm-U F-Ik -v {-v ]-kv F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ {In-°‰- v Xm-cw-˛ C¿-^m≥ ]Tm≥ 10288. _u-≤{- K-Ÿß - f - n¬ \m-Z] - p-Ø F-∂v ]-cm-a¿-in-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - m-cv˛-al - m-ho-c≥ 10289. `-£y-tbm-Ky-am-b G-I-bn-\w Hm¿-°n-Uv-˛-hm-\n-e 10290. _p-°¿ k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂ ta-J-e-tb-Xv- ˛-km-ln-Xyw 10291. _p-≤-a-Xw t\-∏m-fn¬ {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ ]-Zv-a-kw-`-h≥ 10292. tIm-gn-t°m-´v {]o-Xn-t`m-P-\w kw-L-Sn-∏-®-Xv-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-μ≥ 10293. Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv F-kv-F≥-Un-]n tbm-Kw {]-knU‚m-b-Xv-˛ 1923 10294. Nm-hd - b - ® - s - ‚ `u-Xn-Im-hi - n-jvS- w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv kq-£n-®n-cn-°p∂-X˛v- am-∂m-\w 10295. {Z-ho-Un-b≥ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ Ip-∏w 10296. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw `m-cw Ip-d-™ F-√v-˛ tÃ-∏n-kv 10297. cm-Py-Øm-Zy-am-bn \n-ba - k - `- b - ° v- p-≈n¬ em-]tv- Sm-∏pw sF-]m-Upw D-]t- bm-Kn-°m≥ A-\p-aX - n \¬-In-bX - v G-Xv kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv˛tI-cf - w 10298. _r-l-Zo-iz-c t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-X-©m-hq¿ 10299. `¿-Xr-l-cn Kp-l-Iƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-D-÷-bn-\n

10300. 1921-˛¬ sh-bv¬-kv cm-P-Ip-am-c≥ C-¥y k-μ¿-in-®-t∏mƒ ssht{km-bn-bm-bn--∂X - v˛- d - o-Un-Mv- {]-`p10301. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-´mw sj-Uyp-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ar-X-`m-j˛-kw-kI v- r-Xw 10302. A-Jn-e Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ap-…nw a-lm-P-\-k-`-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ h-°w au-e-hn 10303. Ip-am-c\ - m-im-s\ hn-πh - Ø - n-s‚ I-hn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛- Xmbm-´v i-¶c - ≥ 10304. A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT--sS _m-ey-Im-e-\m-aw-˛ ap-Øp-°p-´n 10305. {]-Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k-`-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛-s]m-bv-I-bn¬ A-∏®≥ 10306. 2008˛-se apw-ss_ `o-I-cm-{I-a-W tI-kn¬ Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´ apJy-{]-Xn-˛ A-Pv-a¬ I-k-_ 10307. {_n-´o-jv Hm-kv-I¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ A-hm¿-Uv-˛ _m-^v-‰ 10308. `-Kh - X - vK - o-X G-Xv `m-jb - n¬ c-Nn-°s - ∏-´p-˛k - w-kvI - r-Xw 10309. `m-cX - o-b ]p-cm-Wß - f - n¬ tZ-h≥-am--sS cm-Pm-hv˛- C - {- μ≥ 10310. 1808˛¬ lw-{^n tU-hn I-≠p-]n-Sn-® tem-lw-˛-Im¬-kyw 10311. 1902˛¬ kzm-an {i-≤m-\-μ ÿm-]n-® Kp--Ip¬ Imw-{Kn k¿-h-Iem-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛-l-cn-Zzm¿ 10312. t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv sh-Ãv B-{^n-° F-∂v ap-ºv A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ cmPyw-˛-Aw-tKm-f 10313. ssP-\-]-Wv-Un-X-\m-bn--∂ Pn-\-tk-\≥ G-Xv cm-Pm-hn-s‚ D-]tZ-iI - \ - m-bn--∂p-˛A - t- am-Lh - ¿-j≥ 10314. t]m¿-hn-am-\-ß-fp-sS sa-° ˛ Pmw-\-K¿ 10315. t_-∏q¿ kp¬-Øm≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥ B-cm-Wv-˛ssh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 10316. tI-c-f-Øn-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ \o-f-Øn¬ aq-∂mw ÿm-\w G-Xv \-Zn°m-Wv˛- ] - º 10317. {Sm≥-kv-t^m¿-a-dn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\ X-Øzw-˛ aq-Nz¬ C≥-U-£≥ 10318. \¿-a-Zm _-®m-thm B-tμm-f≥ F-∂-Xn-s‚ t\-Xm-hv-˛ ta-[m ]-SvI¿ 10319. \m-Sv-]m-Iv F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ {Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v 10320. `-cW - L - S- \ - m \n¿-am-Wk - ` - cq-]w-sIm-≠t- ∏mƒ (1946 Un-kw-_¿ 6)ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 10321. `-K-hm≥ Ir-jv-W≥ _m-eyw sN-e-h-gn-® hr-μm-h-\w G-Xv Pn-√bn-em-Wv ˛-aY - p-c 10322. {In-an-\¬ s{]m-kn-Pn-b¿ tIm-Uv \n-eh - n¬ h--tºmƒ ssh-t{kmbn- ˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10323. Po-hI - m--Wy-\n-cq-]W - w c-Nn-®X - v˛- N-´º - n kzm-an-Iƒ 10324. aw-Kt- fm-Zb - Ø - n-s‚ {]q-^v do-Ud - m-bn--∂ \-thm-∞m-\ t\-Xm-hv˛ hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 10325. Pn-˛20 ¬ Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈ G-I sX-°-t\-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ C-¥y 10326. Cu-tdmw jm-\p j¿-an-f G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂p-≈ k-a-c-\mbn-I-bm-Wv-˛ a-Wn-∏q¿ 10327. C-μp-te-J F-∂ t\m-h-en-se \m-b-I≥-˛-am-[-h≥ 10328. sX-t° C-¥y-bn-se a-e-\n-c-I-fp-sS dm-Wn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛Du-´n 10329. t\-{¥≥, G-Ø≥ F-∂n-h G-Xv hn-f-bp-sS C-\-ß-fm-Wv ˛-hm-g 10330. t\¿-∏ F-∂ k-_a v- s - sd≥ C-¥y-°v \¬-In-bX - v d-jy-bm-Wv. t\¿∏-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b t]-cv-˛ sF-F≥-F-kv N-{I 10331. t\m¿-Øv t_mw-s_-bn¬-\n-∂v 1957˛¬ tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-am-b a-ebm-fn-˛h - n.sI. Ir-jvW - t- a-t\m≥ 10332. t]mƒ thmƒ-´n-se hn-kv-a-b-Xm-c-am-b sk¿-Pn _q-_v-I G-Xv cmPy-°m-c\ - m-Wv˛- D - {- I-bn≥ 10333. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- H-Sp-hn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø F-kvF - ≥-Un-]n tbm-Kw hm¿-jn-Im-tLm-jw \-S∂ - ÿ-ew-˛ ]-≈p--Øn 10334. Sm-tKm-dn-s‚ tI-cf - k-μ¿-i\ - t- h-fb - n¬ A-t±-ls - Ø {]-Io¿-Øn®v Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ c-Nn-® Zn-hy-tIm-In-ew B-e] - n-®X - m-cv˛- kn.tIi-h≥ 10335. tem-IØ - n-se B-Zy-sØ H-gp-Ip-∂ F.Sn.Fw. kvY - m-]n-®X - v˛- tÉv _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y 10336. F-√m-h¿-jh - pw tem-I hn-Ik - \ - dn-t∏m¿-´v {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v˛ tem-I-_m-¶v 10337. `m-jm-t]m-jn-Wn G-Xv {Kq-∏n-s‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-Wv-˛ a-e-bm-f a-t\m-ca 10338. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bv-°v A¿-l-\m-b B-Zy kn-\n-am-Xm-cw (1988)˛-Fw-Pn-

200 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

B¿ 10339. `q-a[ - y-tc-Jb - v° - v k-ao-]a - p-≈ tem {]-j¿ s_¬-‰p-If - p-sS t]-cv˛tUmƒ-{Uw-kv 10340. `-Kh - X - K v- o-X G-Xn-s‚ `m-Ka - m-W˛v- a-lm-`m-cX - w 10341. `m-c-Xo-b hn-Zym `-h≥ ayq-kn-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 10342. 1933˛¬ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-b h-\n-X˛- s\-√n- sk≥ Kp-]X v10343. B-sc k-μ¿-in-®-ti-j-am-Wv {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- ap-\n-N-cy-]-©Iw c-Nn-®X - v˛- c-aW - a-l¿-jn 10344. P-e-k-l-I-c-W h¿-j-am-bn B-N-cn-®-Xv-˛2013 10345. G-sXm-s° \-Zn-I-fn-se P-ew ]-¶p-h-bv-°m-\m-Wv C-¥y-bpw t\∏m-fpw X-Ωn¬ [m-c-W-bp-≈-Xv-˛ tIm-kn, K-‘-Iv 10346. ssN-\-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ _-ln-cm-Im-i k-©m-cn-˛ en-bp b-Mv 10347. a-e-bm-fw k¿-h-I-em-im-e B--sS t]-cn¬ \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bvXn-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- Xp-©Ø - v cm-am-\p-P≥ F-gp-Ø— - ≥ 10348. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ tk-h\ - A-hI - m-i\ - n-ba - w \n-eh - n¬ h-∂ Xo-bX - n-˛ 2012 \-hw-_¿ 1 10349. cm-Py-sØ B-Zy-sØ in¬-]-\-K-c-am-bn 2012 Pq-Wn¬ {]-Jym]n-°-s∏-´ \-K-cw-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 10350. `q-Im-WvTØ - n¬ B-lm-cw ti-Jc - n-®p-hb - ° v- p-∂ kp-K‘ - h - y-RP v- \w-˛a - ™ ƒ 10351. {]-[m-\ t\-Xm-°ƒ A-d-Ãn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ A--W A-k-^v Aen,P-b{- ]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨,A-Nyp-Xv ]-Sh v- ¿-[≥ Xp-Sß - n-bh - ¿ t\Xr-Xzw \¬-In-bX - v G-Xv k-ac - Ø - n-\m-Wv˛- I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 10352. {]-ik - vX - Im¿-´q-Wn-Ãv tb-ip-Zm-k≥ G-Xv ]-{X-Øn-em-Wv h-c® - n-∂X - v˛- a-eb - m-f a-t\m-ca 10353. `o-a≥ G-Xv Ir-Xn-bn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv˛- a-lm-`m-cX - w 10354. `m¿-K-ho-\n-e-bw F-∂ kn-\n-a-bv-°v B-[m-c-am-b \o-e-sh-fn-®w F-∂ I-Y F-gp-Xn-bX - m-cv˛- s - sh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 10355. {]-i-kv-X t\m-h-en-Ãv B¿-X¿ sI-Ãv-e¿ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv P\n-®X - ˛v- l - w-Kd - n 10356. {]m-No-\ C-¥y-bn-se G-Xv km-ln-Xy-Im-cs - ‚ kva - c - W - m¿-Ya - m-Wv a-[y-{]-tZ-iv k¿-°m¿ D-÷-bn-\n-bn¬ A-°m-Z-an ÿm-]n-®n-´p≈-Xv ˛ Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 10357. `-Kh - m≥ Ir-jvW - ≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛a - Y - p-c 10358. `m-cX - o-b P-\X - m-]m¿-´n-bp-sS Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏v Nn-”w-˛X - m-ac 10359. 1923-˛¬ a-®v-en-]-´-W-Øn¬ B-{‘ _m-¶v ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛-]-´m-`n ko-Xm-cm-aø 10360. 1935se C-¥ym- K-h¨-sa‚ v- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv-G-Xv ssht{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨- {]-`p 10361. `q-he - vI - Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw Ip-Sp-Xe - p-≈ B¬-°s - se≥ F¿-Øv sa‰¬-˛-Im¬-kyw 10362. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ bq-tdm-]y≥ in-jy≥-˛ G-WÃv In¿-Iv 10363. B--sS _m-ey-Im-e\ - m-aa - m-Wv Ip-am--˛ Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ 10364. G- X v \- t hm- ∞ m- \ \m- b - I - s ‚ a- I - \ m- W v \- S - c m- P - K p- c p˛ tUm.]¬-]p 10365. a-e_ - m-dn¬ I¿-jI - k - w-Lw cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-°p-∂X - n-\v {]-tNm-Z\ - w \¬-In-b \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-μ≥ 10366. 1929¬- ]m-km-°n-b im-cZ- m- B-ISv- {v- ]-Im-cw- s]¨-Ip-´n-If - p-sS-bpwB¨-Ip-´n-If - p-sS-bpw- hn-hm-l{- ]m-bw- b-Ym-{I-aw- 14B-bpw- 18 Bbpw- D-b¿-Øn-bX - v G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-eØ - m-W˛v- C - ¿-hn≥{]-`p 10367. 1924˛¬ {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- k¿-ha - X - k-tΩ-f\ - w hn-fn-®p-tN¿-ØXv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-B-ep-h 10368. `m-c-Xv sl-hn C-e-Iv-{Sn-°¬-kv en-an-‰-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-_mw-Kvfq¿ 10369. {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw I-gn-™m¬ tem-I-Øn-se h-en-b a-Xw-˛-C-…mw aXw 10370. {]m-No-\ Im-e-Øv amƒ-h ]oT-`q-an-bp-sS cm-jv-{So-b-˛-kmw-kv-Im-cnI X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂ \-K-cw ˛-- -D-÷-bn-\n 10371. 1945 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 24\v \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ kw-L-S-\-tb-X-˛v- -sF-Iy-cmjv-{S k-` 10372. P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp D-]m-[y-£-\m-bn(ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v) 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ c-≠n-\v C-S-°m-e k¿-°m¿ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬h-∂-k-a-b-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 10373. ss_-_nƒ B-Zy-am-bn hn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-ø-s∏-´ sX-∂n-¥y≥ `m-

j ˛-Xa - n-gv 10374. an¬-a B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛ 1980 10375. tI-cf - Ø - n-se `-cW - `- m-j G-Xm-Wv˛- a - e - b - m-fw 10376. ssSw am-K-kn-s‚ I-h-dn¬ Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ c-≠m-a-sØ C¥y≥ A-`n-t\-Xm-hv-˛ sF-iz-cy dm-bn 10377. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-I tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv cm-Py-ta-Xv ˛-Kbm-\ 10378. sU-dm-Uq-Wn-se C-¥y≥ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v dn-tam-´v sk≥-knwKv ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ k-l-I-c-W-tØm-sSbm-Wv˛- s\-X¿-e≥-Uvk - v 10379. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ {In-°-‰v ¢-∫v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n°-s∏-´X - v˛- X - e - t- »-cn 10380. 1946 Hm-K-kv-Xv 16\v {]-Xy-£ k-a-c-Zn-\w B-N-cn-°m≥ B-lzm\w sN-bv-X t\-Xm-hv-˛-ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂ 10381. {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv l-bm-Iv-ÿm≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛A¿-ta-\n-b 10382. {_-“{- io {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ Po-hN - c - n-{X-kw-{K-lw c-Nn-®Xv˛- Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ 10383. tIm-g-t©-cn {]-kw-K tI-kn¬ kn.tI-i-h-\p-th-≠n hm-Zn-® A`n-`m-jI - ≥-˛ Sn.Fw.h¿-Ko-kv 10384. B-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ lT-tbm-Kw kzm-b-Ø-am-°nb-Xv-˛ ssX-°m-Sv A-ø 10385. k-μo-]-\n a-l¿-jn-bp-sS-Io-gn¬ {io-Ir-jv-W≥ hn-Zy A-`y-kn-® ÿ-ew-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 10386. N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS \n-cym-W-Øn¬ A-\p-tim-Nn-®p-sIm-≠v kam-[n k-¶¬-]w c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 10387. ln-μp-cm-PI - p-am-cn-bp-am-bn hn-hm-l_ - ‘ - Ø - n-te¿-s∏-´ B-Zy-sØ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥-˛ A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn 10388. A-h-b-hw am-‰n-h-bv-°¬ i-kv-{X-{In-b-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-˛ tPm-k-^v a-td 10389. C-¥y≥ thym-a-bm-cw-Kw tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-® h¿-jw-˛ 1953 10390. {]-Im-ik - w-t«-jW - Ø - n¬ t\-cn-´v ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛h - n-‰man≥ sI 10391. tZ-io-b N-e-®n-{X A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv G-Xv h¿-jam-Wv ˛1954 10392. Uo-tKm a-d-tUm-W-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛-A¿-P‚o-\ 10393. hn-tZ-iv k-©m¿ \n-Kw en-an-‰-Uv ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛1986 10394. ssZ-h-I-Ww F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ ln-Kv-kv t_m-tkm¨ 10395. t{Im-an-b-Øn-s‚ A-Wp-kw-Jy-˛24 10396. t{K am-‰¿ G-Xv A-hb - h - Ø - n-s‚ `m-Ka - m-Wv˛- a - k - vX - n-jvI - w 10397. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Xq-°p-]m-ew \n¿-an-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛]p-\e - q¿ 10398. ta-cn A-t‚m-Wn-‰v h-[n-°s - ∏-´X - v G-Xp hn-πh - s - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv˛-{^-©p-hn-πh - w 10399. ta-Lm-eb - b - n-se {]-[m-\a - X - t- a-Xv ˛-{In-kvX - p-aX - w 10400. {]-Ir-Xn H-cn-°-epw A-Xn-s\ kv-t\-ln-°p-∂ lr-Z-b-sØ N-Xn°p-I-bn-√ F-∂p ]-d-™-Xm-cv ˛-hn-eyw th-Uv-kv-h¿-Øv 10401. {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS tSm-Wn-Iv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v G-Xn-s‚ ]-ga - m-Wv˛- hm-g 10402. {]m-W-\m-Y-s\-\n-°p \¬-In-b ]-c-am-\-μ-c-k-sØ... F-∂p Xp-Sßp-∂ irw-Km-cK - m-\w F-gp-Xn-bX - m-cv˛- C-cb - n-Ω≥ X-ºn 10403. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-- B-ep-h-bn¬- A-ssZz-Xm-{i-aw- ÿm-]n-® h¿j-ta-X˛- v- 1914 10404. {]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS kp-K-a-am-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-b hn-‰m-an-t\-Xm-Wv- ˛-hn-‰m-an≥ C 10405. {^-©v Hm-∏¨ G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-sS-∂okv 10406. {_-ko-en-se {]-[m-\ a-Xw-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw 10407. G-Xv sXm-gn-en-em-Wv a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ Hu-tZym-Kn-I Po-hn-Xw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ A-[ym-]-\w 10408. k¿ tam-dn-kv Kz-b¿ X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv G-Xv \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ I-c-SmWv-˛1935˛-se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 10409. Xp-h-b¬-]-¥n ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ 10410. Hm-tcm ]-≈n-s°m-∏-hpw H- ]-≈n-°q-Sw F-∂ B-i-bw-ap-t∂m´p-h® - km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jvI - ¿-Øm-hv˛- Nm-hd - b - ® - ≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 201

10411. Ip-am-cK - p--tZ-h≥ F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-´ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jI -v ¿-Øm-h˛-v s]mbv-I-bn¬ A-∏-®≥ 10412. H-c-º-ew \-in-®m¬ A-{X-bpw A-‘-hn-izm-kw \-in-°pw F-∂ hn-hm-Z-{]-kv-Xm-h-\ \-S-Øn-b t\-Xm-hv-˛ kn.tI-i-h≥ 10413. C-\n \-ap-°v A-ºe - ß - ƒ-°p Xo sIm-fp-Ømw F-∂ e-Lp-te-Jbp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛ hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn∏m-Sv 10414. tZ-io-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn-am-\-k¿-ho-kv B-cw-`n-® B-Zy kzIm-cy I-º-\n-˛ Cu-Ãv sh-Ãv F-b¿-sse≥-kv 10415. ss]-e‰ - v sse-k≥-kv e-`n-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ h-\n-X˛- D - u¿-an-f sI.]co-Jv 10416. sIm-®n≥ t]m¿-´v {S-Ãn-s‚ B-Zy sN-b¿-am≥-˛ ]n.B¿.kp-{_-aWy≥ 10417. {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se {]-hn-iy-I-fn¬ 1937˛¬ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-SØn-b-Xv G-Xp \n-b-aw {]-Im-c-am-Wv-˛1935˛-se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 10418. {_n-´o-jv `-cW - I - m-eØ - v a-{Zm-kv K-h¿-Wd - p-sS th-\¬-°m-e h-kXn F-hn-sS-bm-bn--∂p-˛-Du-´n 10419. {^m≥-kn-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-˛-{^-©v 10420. 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ c-≠n-\v A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ C-S-°m-e k¿°m-cn-s‚ A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂-Xv ˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 10421. 1951˛¬ Xn--sIm-®n ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xm-cv-˛-kn.tI-i-h≥ 10422. {In-an-b G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn∂p-˛-D-{I-bn≥ 10423. {In-kX v- p-aX - w Hu-tZym-Kn-I a-Xa - m-bn kzo-Ic - n-® tem-IØ - n-se BZy-sØ cm-Pyw-˛-A¿-ta-\n-b 10424. {_n-´W - n¬ I¨-k¿-th-‰o-hv ]m¿-´n t\-Xm-hv N¿-®n-en-s‚ `-cW - w A-h-km-\n-°p-I-bpw Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ `q-cn-]-£w t\-Sn te-_¿ ]m¿-´n t\-Xm-hv ¢-a‚ v B-‰ve - n {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-Ip-Ib - pw sN-bvX - t∏mƒ C-¥y-bn¬ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv ˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 10425. {In-]v-kv an-j≥ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v tIm¨-{K-kv Bhn-jvI - c - n-® k-ac - w-˛I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 10426. {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bn-se {]-hn-iy-I-fn¬ Zzn-`-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-∏n-® \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-ta-Xv-˛1935˛-se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 10427. {_n-´o-jv km-{am-Py k¿-°m-cn-s‚ ssI-k¿ C ln-μv _-lp-a-Xn t\-Sn-b B-Zy Nn-{X-Im-c≥-˛-cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 10428. 1906˛-se tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn-bpsS sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn--∂-Xm-cv-˛-ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂ 10429. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw sX-t°-b-‰-sØ Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛-hn-gn-™w 10430. th-Z-߃ c-Nn-°-s∏-´ `m-j-˛-kw-kv-Ir-Xw 10431. tem-I-hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bp-sS cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\v \n-Zm-\-amb a-c-t°-jv D-S-º-Sn G-Xp cm-Py-Øp-h-®m-Wv H-∏n-´-Xv-˛-sam-tdmt°m 10432. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ k-Ωm-\-Øp-I-bp-≈ km-ln-Xy]p-ck - vI - m-cß - f - n-sem-∂v G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-{X-ta-Xm-Wv˛- am-Xr-`q-an 10433. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ k¨-t_-Wn-\v Im-c-W-am-b In-c-W-߃-˛ Aƒ-{Sm h-b-e-‰v 10434. C-¥y-bn¬ hn-F-kv-F≥-F¬ h-gn C‚¿-s\-‰v kw-hn-[m-\w \n-ehn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛1995 10435. \-Iv-k¬ {]-ÿm-\-sØ A-a¿-® sN-øm≥ C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚ v B-cw-`n-® ssk-\n-I \-S-]-Sn-˛-Hm-∏-td-j≥ {Ko≥ l-≠v 10436. hn-Zy-bp-sS D-]-{K-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ F-Uyp-km-‰v 10437. 1959˛¬ C-¥y cm-j{v- So-bm-`b - w \¬-In-b Sn-_‰ - ≥ t\-Xm-h˛v- Z- s - seem-a 10438. {^m≥-kn-s‚ tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛-sS-∂o-kv 10439. {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bn¬ {]-hn-iym kz-bw-`-c-Ww hn-`m-h-\w sN-bv-X \n-ba - \n¿-am-Wt- a-Xv ˛1935˛-se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-IvS- v 10440. 1919˛-se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sn-s‚ Ip-d-hv ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ {_n´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v 1935˛¬ ]m-km-°n-b \n-b-a-ta-Xv-˛1935˛-se Kh¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 10441. {In-]v-kv an-j≥ C-¥y-bn¬ h-∂-t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-en-≥-en-XvtKm- {]-`p10442. {In-kX v- p-aX - w ÿm-]n-®X - m-c˛v- t- b-ip {In-kX v- p 10443. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv A-ssZz-Xm-{i-aw ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- B-ep-h 10444. {]-_p-≤-tI-c-fw F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ B-K-am-\-

μ≥ 10445. B--sS h-kX - n-bm-bn--∂p km-ln-Xy-Ip-So-cw-˛ ]-WU v- n-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 10446. C-¥y≥ Ãm-ºn-epw \m-W-b-Øn-epw ap-{Z-Ww sN-ø-s∏-´ B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\n-X-˛ kn-ÿ A¬-t^m≥-k 10447. t]m-ì sse-^v C≥-jp-d≥-kv Xp-S-ßn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1884 10448. Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s‚ kw-c-£-W Np-a-X-e-bp-≈ kp-c-£m G-P≥-kn-˛kn-sF-Fk - F v- ^ - v 10449. \n-cW - w I-hn-If - p-sS a-s‰m- t]-cv˛- I-Æ» - ]-Wn-°¿-am¿ 10450. 1936se H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ H- \o-t{Km kz¿-Ww t\-Sn-b-tºmƒ ImgvN - ° - m-c\ - m-bn--∂ ln-‰ve - ¿ tIm-]t- Øm-sS tÃ-Un-bw hn-´p-t]mbn. B-cm-Wv B \o-t{Km- -˛-sP-kn Hm-h≥-kv 10451. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-- h¿-°-e-bn¬ k-am-[n-bm-b-Xv G-Xv h¿-j-amWv-˛1928 10452. {io-e¶ - ≥ A-`b - m¿-Yn-{]-i\ v- w ]-cn-lc - n-°p-∂X - n-se `-cW - {- ]m-Ke - v`yw ]-cn-K-Wn-®v `m-c-X-c-Xv-\ \¬-I-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv- ˛-Fw-Pn-B¿ 10453. 1843 ap-X¬ 1850h-sc Cw-•-≠n-s‚ B-ÿm-\ I-hn-bm-bn--∂-Xv ˛-hn-eyw th-Uv-kv-h¿-Øv 10454. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- H-Sp-hn¬ ÿm-]n-® t£-{Xw-˛ I-fh - ≥-tIm-Sv 10455. amw-k-\n-_-≤-a-√ cm-Kw F-∂p-Zv-tLm-jn-°p-∂ Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚ c-N\ - ˛- eo-e 10456. Kƒ-^v cm-Py-ßf - n¬ G-‰h - pw hn-kX v- o¿-Ww Ip-d™ X - ˛v- _ - l - d v- n≥ 10457. j¨-ap-J-Zm-k≥ F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-´ \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ N-´ºn kzm-an-Iƒ 10458. G-Xv `m-jb - n-em-Wv {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- B-tflm-]t- Z-ii - X - I - w cNn-®-Xv-˛ a-e-bm-fw 10459. B-en-eb - p-sS B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈ ]p-ck - vI - m-cw-˛ `m-cX - c - X - v\ - w 10460. Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e-bp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]-d™-Xv-˛ a-lm-flm Km-‘n 10461. \n- -l-I-c-W {]-ÿm-\w A-h-km-\n-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1922 s^-{_ph-cn 12 10462. A-\p-io-e≥ k-an-Xn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv {]-h¿-Øn-®n--∂X - ˛-v _w-Kmƒ 10463. A-h-km-\-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-b au-≠v-_m-‰¨ {]-`p A-[nIm-ct- a-‰ Xo-bX - n-˛ 1947 am¿-®v 24 10464. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b P-e-Po-hn-˛-tUmƒ-^n≥ 10465. bp-ssW-‰-Uv \yq-kv Hm-^v C-¥y ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛1959 10466. B-Zm-bw h¿-[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Im¿-jn-I-cw-K-Øv A-h-ew-_n-°m-hp∂ G-‰-hpw \-√ Ir-jn-co-Xn-˛ kw-tbm-Pn-X Ir-jn 10467. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ C≥-U-kv-{Sn-b¬ F-∏n-sk‚¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Kc - w-˛B - e - p-h 10468. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ aƒ-´n \m-j-W¬ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂, 1602˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b U-®v Cu-Ãv C¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-Bw-ÿ-Umw 10469. tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v F-hn-sSbm-Wv˛- B - w-ÿ-Umw 10470. tZ-h`- m-j F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛- k - w-kvI - r-Xw 10471. tZ-hn A-l-eym-_m-bv tlmƒ-°¿ hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hn-sS-bmWv˛- C - ≥-tUm¿ 10472. 1773˛¬ C-k¿-Zm-cn kw-hn-[m-\w A-hX - c - n-∏n-®X - ˛v- hm-d≥ tl-ÃnwKvk - v 10473. l-am-kv G-Xv {]-tZ-i-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ ]-e-kv-Xo≥ 10474. ]-ip-hn-s‚ K¿-`-Im-e-b-f-hv-˛ 9 am-kw 10475. 1931 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- H-º-Xn-\v- C-¥y≥- thym-a-tk-\ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨- {]-`p 10476. Xn-anw-Kn-e-Øn-s‚ ]-√p-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ ]-√n-√ 10477. Uyq-tπ G-Xv bq-tdm-]y≥ i-‡n-bp-sS K-h¿-W-dm-bn--∂p-˛ {^©v 10478. sh-≈-s∏m-∂v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tem-lw-˛ πm-‰n-\w 10479. πm-Ãn-Iv tKƒ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ Im-bn-IX - m-cw-˛ \-Zn-b sIm-at- \®n 10480. 1935se K-h. Hm-^v C-¥y \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw 1937˛¬ _¿-a-sb C¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bm-Wv `-cn-®n--∂X - ˛v- e - n-≥e - n-Xtv- Km- {]-`p10481. 1935se K-h.- Hm-^v- C-¥y- \n-b-aw- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ B-cm-bn-∂p ssh-t{km-bn-˛-en-≥-en-Xv-tKm- {]-`p10482. ]-ca - m-[n-Im-ca - p-≈ cm-j{v- S-ßf - n¬ P-\k - m-{μ-Xb - n¬ \m-emw ÿm\w G-Xn-\m-Wv˛- _ - l - vd - n≥

202 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

10483. ]-g° - Ø - n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ c-≠mw ÿm-\Ø - p-≈ a-eb - m-f ]-{Xw˛ a-eb - m-f a-t\m-ca 10484. ]m-fb - w-tIm-S≥ G-Xn-s‚ C-\a - m-Wv˛- h - m-g 10485. ]m-Wv-U-h--sS A-⁄m-X-hm-k-°m-e-Øv h-e-e≥ F-∂ ]m-NI-°m-c\ - m-bn th-jw am-dn-bX - m-cv˛- ` - o-a≥ 10486. k¿- ° p- t e- j - \ n¬ c- ≠ mw ÿm- \ - Ø p- ≈ a- e - b m- f - ] - { Xw˛-am-Xr-`q-an 10487. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- B-sc-bm-Wv 1925˛¬ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn \n¿-t±in-®-Xv-˛ t_m-[m-\-μ 10488. B--sS A-¥y-hn-{i-a ÿ-ea - m-Wv Ip-am-ct- Im-Sn-˛ Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ 10489. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ Z¿-i\ - h - pw B-ib - ß - f - pw ]m-›m-Xy-temI-Øv {]-Nc - n-∏n-®X - v˛- \-Sc - m-PK - p- 10490. {In-°‰ - v am-®v \-S° - p-tºmƒ ^o¬-Un¬ F-{X A-ºb - ¿-am¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw-˛ 2 10491. tem-I-dm-¶nw-Kn¬ H-∂mw ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ B¿®¿: Zo-]n-I Ip-am-cn 10492. tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ A-\u-tZym-Kn-I {]-Xn-]-£ t\-Xmhv ˛ F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ 10493. tem-Mv am¿-®v \-bn-®X - m-cv˛- a - m-thm tk-Xp-Mv 10494. thƒ-Uv ^p-Uv ss{]-kv t\-Sn-b C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛-Fw.F-kv.kzm-an\m-Y≥ 10495. th-e-I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ t£-{Xw G-Xm-Wv ˛-A-º-e-∏p-g 10496. k-ap-{Z-]T-\-߃-°m-bn C-¥y hn-t£-]n-® D-]-{K-lw-˛ Hm-jy≥km-‰v 10497. Xm-Pv-a-l¬ tem-I-ss]-Xr-I-∏-´n-I-bn-en-Sw ]n-Sn-® h¿-jw-˛1983 10498. \n-cR - vP - \ - b - p-sS Nn-ck - va - c - W - G-Xv k-ac - s - Ø B-kv] - Z- a - m-°n-bp≈ t\m-h-em-Wv-˛ I-øq¿ k-a-cw 10499. A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc \-S-∂ t]m-cm-´-Øn¬ k-a-c-tk\m-\n F.Pn.th-em-bp-[≥ c-‡-km-£n-bm-b-Xv GXv k-Xym-{Kl-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv ˛ ]m-enbw 10500. Hm-´a - ’ - c - a - m-b am-ct- Øm-Wn-\v Hu-tZym-Kn-Ia - m-bn Aw-Ko-Ic - n-® Zqcw-˛26 ssa¬ 385 hm-c 10501. A-ar-Xc - m-Pv k-tlm-Zc - ≥-am¿ G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p-˛ sS-∂o-kv 10502. H-´n-∏n-Sn-°m-Ø ]m-{X-ß-fn¬ ]q-in-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛ sS-^vtfm¨ 10503. sF.Sn.hn-πh - w \-S∏ - m-°m≥ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n-sb k-lm-bn-® sS-Ivt\m-{Im-‰v-˛ kmw ]n-t{Sm-U 10504. ]n-F≥ \m-cm-bW - ] - n-≈ c-Nn-® Nn-{X-sa-gp-Øv tIm-bn-غ - p-cm≥ B--sS Po-hN - c - n-{X-am-Wv ˛-cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 10505. ]o-∏nƒ-kv dn-∏-ªn-Iv Hm-^v ssN-\-bp-sS B-Zy sN-b¿-am≥-˛-amthm tk-Xp-Mv 10506. ]p-\--≤-cn-°-s∏-´ \m-f-μ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS {]-Y-a Nm≥-ke¿-˛A - a - ¿-Xym sk≥ 10507. ]q¿-h th-Z-Im-e-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ G-I th-Zw-˛-E-tKz-Zw 10508. ]p-cm-Wß - f - n-se iq-ct- k-\ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ X-eÿ m-\w-˛a - Y - p-c 10509. 1937 B-Kk - X v- v 29\v C.hn.Ir-jW v- ] - n-≈b - p-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]X - y-Øn¬ B-cw-`n-® hm-cn-I-˛ a-e-bm-f a-t\m-c-a 10510. _o-P-kw-tbm-Kw \-S-°m-sX A-Wv-Uw h-f¿-∂v Po-hn-bm-bn am-dp∂ {]-Xn-`m-kw-˛ A-\n-tj-I P-\-\w 10511. h-\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ G-jy≥ cm-Pyw-˛ ssN-\ 10512. ssl-sS-Iv hy-hk - m-bß - f - p-sS tem-I X-eÿ m-\w-˛ km≥-{^m≥kn-kvt- Im 10513. ]m-WU v- y-cm-Ph - w-iØ - n-s‚ X-eÿ - m-\a - m-bn--∂X - ˛v- a - [ - p-c 10514. ]n-∂m-° hn-`m-K-Øn¬-\n-∂v ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b BZy a-e-bm-fn (Xn--sIm-®n-bn¬)˛-kn.tI-i-h≥ 10515. ]n¬-°m-e-Øv A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-°v Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b, ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_n-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b F-tUz¿-Uv sS-√¿ (1908˛2003) G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv P-\n-®-Xv ˛-lw-K-dn 10516. 1940 am¿-®v- 23\v- em-tlm-dn¬-tN¿-∂ ap-…nw-eo-Kv- hm¿-jn-Ik - t- Ωf-\w {]-tXy-I ap-…nw- cm-jv{- Sw- D-∂b - n-®v- {]-ta-bw- ]m- m-°n-bX - v G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv ˛-en-≥-en-Xv-tKm- {]-`p10517. a-[y-{]-tZ-in¬ Ipw-`-ta-f \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 10518. \o-eK - n-cn-bn¬ \m-cm-bW - K - p--Ip-ew ÿm-]n-®X - m-c˛v- \-Sc - m-PK - p- 10519. G-Xv tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f\ - Ø - n-em-Wv Sn.sI.am-[h - ≥ h-°w kXym-{K-lw kw-_-‘n-® {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ Im-°n-\-U

10520. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s\ c-≠mw _p-≤≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛ Pn.i-¶c - ° - p-dp-∏v 10521. a-∂Ø - v ]-Zva - \ - m-`s - ‚ B-flI - Y - ˛- F - s - ‚ Po-hn-X kva - c - W - I - ƒ 10522. in-h-Kn-cn Xo¿-Ym-S-\-Øn-\v t]m-Ip-∂-h¿-°v a-™ h-kv-{Xw \n¿t±-in-®X - ˛v- {- io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- 10523. 1833˛-se Nm¿-´¿ B-IvS- v {]-Im-cw cq-]h - X - vI - r-Xa - m-b tem I-Ωn-js‚ A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ sa-°m-sf 10524. tbm-K¿-´v \n¿-am-WØ - n-\v k-lm-bI - a - m-b kq-£va - P - o-hn-˛_ - m-IvS- ocn-b 10525. te-Iv F-∂p t]--≈ I-d≥-kn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ cm-Pyw-˛-A¬t_-\n-b 10526. tI-c-f-Øn¬ U-®p-sIm-´m-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-a-´m-t©-cn 10527. tem-IØ - v G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-izm-kn-If - p-≈ a-Xt- a-Xv˛- {- In-kvX - pa-Xw 10528. I¬-∏m-Øn-˛-ip-No-{μw k-a-c-߃ F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p-˛-A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\w 10529. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn I-Æm-Sn {]-Xn-jvT \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ssh-Ip-WvTk - zm-an-Iƒ 10530. tI-cf - Ø - n-se {]m-No-\ Xp-da - p-Ja - m-b ]-¥e - m-b\ - n G-Xv Pn-√b - n¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p-˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 10531. tIm-∏¿ sF-e‚ v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-ssk-{]-kv 10532. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b Im-b¬-˛-th-º-\m-Sv 10533. tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚-bpw- tlmw-dq-ƒ- eo-Kn-s‚-bpw- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- ae-_m-dn-se B-Zy-sØ cm-jv-{So-b k-tΩ-f-\w- ]m-e-°m-´v- \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛1916 10534. ImTva - W - vTp G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-cØ - m-Wv˛- _m-Kva - X - n 10535. ]n-Un-F^ - n-s‚ ]q¿-Wc - q-]w-˛ t]m¿-´_ - nƒ tUm-Iyp-sa‚ v t^m¿am-‰v 10536. sF-_n-F-Ωn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ _n-kn-\-kv sajo≥ 10537. a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛-C≥-tUm¿ 10538. a-[y-bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b X-Sm-I-am-b _-em-tSm¨ G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv˛- l - w-Kd - n 10539. G-Xv K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-en-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv s]m-eo-kv A-[n-Im-c߃ sk-an-μm¿-am-cn¬-\n-∂v am-‰n Pn-√m X-e-Øn¬ s]m-en-kv kq-{]-≠n-\v ssI-am-dn-b-Xv-˛ tIm¨-hm-en-kv 10540. tZ-io-b {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ Pn-lz-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬ tZ-im-`n-am-\nIƒ tN¿-∂v 1923˛¬ B-cw-`n-® ]-{Xw-˛a - m-Xr-`q-an 10541. _w-Km-fn-se, ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ A-h-km-\-sØ \-hm-_v-˛ kn-dmPv D-Zv Zu-f 10542. tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-bn--∂ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 1929 Unkw-_¿ 31\v C-¥y-bp-sS ]-Xm-I D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-cØ - m-bn--∂p-˛c - h - n \-Zn 10543. C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xv [-\-Im-cy ÿm-]-\-am-Wv hm-bv-]-˛-]-Ww {]-Zm\-sØ \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ dn-k¿-hv _m-¶v 10544. \n¿-`-b ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS e-£yw-˛ kv-{Xo-kp-c-£n-X-Xzw 10545. X-]m¬ h-Ip-∏v t{]m-P-Iv-Sv B-tcm \-S-∏n-em-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 2008 10546. tZ-io-b A-t\z-j-W G-P≥-kn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 10547. 1976˛¬ A-¥-cn-® ssN-\o-kv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-am-thm tk-Xp-Mv 10548. A-ap¬ F-∂X - v F-¥n-s‚ Np--°c - q-]a - m-Wv˛- B-\μ - v an¬-°v bqWn-b≥ en-an-‰-Uv 10549. A¬-Pn-tb-gv-kv G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv-˛-A¬-Po-cnb 10550. A-‰v-em‚n-kv Nm¿-´¿ G-Xv kw-L-S-\-bp-sS cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p--˛-sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S k-` 10551. a-bp¿-J≠ - n-bn¬-\n-∂v am-\y-tJ-XØ - n-te-°v cm-jv{- S-Iq-Sc - p-sS Bÿm-\w am-‰n-b cm-Pm-hv˛- A - t- am-Lh - ¿-j≥ 10552. a-\p-jy-s‚ h≥-Ip-S-en¬ A-[n-h-kn-®v hn-‰m-an≥ _n \n¿-am-WØn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-∂ C tIm-fn F-∂ kq-£v-a-Po-hn G-Xv hn-`mK-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛-_m-Iv-So-cn-b 10553. A-°n-tdm Ip-d-tkm-h G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤n t\-Sn-b-Xv ˛-kn-\n-a 10554. a-\p-jy-s‚ D-Z-c-Øn-ep-≈ G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv tIm¿-´Iv-kv ˛-hr-° 10555. A-®≥-tIm-hn-em¿ G-Xn-s‚ t]m-jI - \ - Z- n-bm-Wv˛- ] - º 10556. A-ø≥-Im-fn- {io-aq-ew- {]-Pm-k-`-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn Aw-K-am-b-Xv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 203

G-Xv h¿-ja - m-Wv˛- 1910 10557. a-cm-a¨ I¨-sh≥-j≥ \-S° - p-∂X - v G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-cØ - m-Wv˛-]-º 10558. A-d-Ãv sN-ø-s∏-´ hy-‡n-sb F-{X a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ A-SpØp-≈ a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰n-\p-ap-∂n¬ lm-P-cm-°-Ww-˛24 10559. a-dmTn t\m-h-en-Ãv c-Rv-Pn-Xv tZ-im-bn G-Xv tI-c-fo-b Nn-{X-Im-cs‚ Po-hn-Xw B-[m-c-am-°n-bm-Wv t\m-h¬ c-Nn-®n-´p-≈-Xv-˛-cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 10560. A-dt- ßm-´v kz-cq-]w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂ \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛h - ≈ - p-h\ - mSv 10561. a-eb - m-f a-t\m-ca - Zn-\] - {- X-am-bX - v G-Xv h¿-jw ap-Xe - m-Wv˛- 1928 10562. 1979˛80 Im-e-b-f-hn¬ tI-{μ Ir-jn-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-Fw.Fkv.kzm-an-\m-Y≥ 10563. a-≠≥ ap-Ø-∏ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xw B--sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv-˛-ssh°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 10564. A-an-X sIm-f-kv-t{Smƒ G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-bmWv _m-[n-°p-∂X - v˛- l - r-Zb - w 10565. A-an-Xm-`v _-®≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°v Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ a-Wv-Uew-˛ A-e-l-_m-Zv 10566. a-[y-{]-tZ-iv tÃm-°v F-Iv-kv-tN-©n-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-C≥-tUm¿ 10567. a-e_ - m¿ I-em-]w ]-›m-Øe - a - m-°n Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ c-Nn-® Ir-Xn˛ Zp-ch - ÿ 10568. am-‰-dn-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn-te-°v I-gv-k¿ N-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Io-˛ tlmw 10569. Io-t_m¿-Un-s‚ C-S-Xp-h-i-sØ B-Zy-sØ Io-˛ F-kv-tI-∏v 10570. hn≥-tUm-kv hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø I-º-\n-˛ ssa-t{Im-tkm-^v-‰v 10571. H- In-tem ss_-‰v F-{X ss_-‰m-Wv-˛ 1024 10572. B-Zy-sØ tam-Uw hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ s_¬ I-º-\n 10573. a-eb - m-f` - m-jb - n-se B-Zy-sØ im-kv{- Xo-b \n-L≠ - p X-øm-dm-°nb-Xm-cv(1872)-˛s - l¿-a≥ Kp-≠¿-´v 10574. A-In-tbm sam-dn-Ø Xp-S-ßn-b P-∏m-\o-kv I-º-\n-˛ tkm-Wn 10575. A-Iv-_¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn 1575˛¬ C-_-Z-Øv Jm-\ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-^-tØ-]q¿ kn-{In 10576. A-Izm-tkmƒ F F-∂ hym-]m-c-\m-a-Øn¬ e-`n-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv hn-‰m-an-\m-Wv ˛-hn-‰m-an≥ F 10577. a-Kk -v t- k A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b c-≠m-as - Ø a-eb - m-fn-˛F - w.F-k.v kzman-\m-Y≥ 10578. a-eb - m-fØ - n-s‚ kvt- Im-´v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - m-cv˛- k - n.hn.cm-a≥-]n≈ 10579. a-lm-`m-cX - Ø - n-s‚ B-flm-hv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v ˛-`K - h - X - vK - o-X 10580. B-Zy-sØ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-em-b hm-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kn-\v ti-jw 20am-kw B-Iv-Snw-Kv K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-em-b-Xv B-cv-˛ tPm¨ a-Ivt^-gvk - ¨ 10581. 1765˛¬ A-e-l-_m-Zv D-S-º-Sn-bn¬ tdm-_¿-´v ss¢-hn-s\m-∏w H∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛ jm B-ew c-≠m-a≥ 10582. C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ 1757 Pq¨ 23˛-s‚ {]m-[m-\yw-˛ πm-kn bp≤w 10583. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-c-£-W-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ssk-e‚ v kv-{]nw-Kv F-∂ ]p-kvX - I - w c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- sd-bv® - ¬ Im-gvk - ¨ 10584. jn-]v-In-e Np-cw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv 10585. G-Xv h¿-j-sØ hn-Zym-`ym-k I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv 10+2+3 ]m-t‰¨ in]m¿-i sN-bvX - X - v˛- 1968 10586. tem-I e-l-cn hn--≤ Zn-\w-˛ Pq¨ 26 10587. sb-te-\ C-kn≥-_-tb-h G-Xv Im-bn-I C-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ t]mƒ-hmƒ-´v 10588. \-tc-{μ-a-Wv-U-ew Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-ø-s∏-´ h¿jw-˛1921 10589. {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v 1858˛-se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv ]m-km°n-bt- ∏mƒ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn--∂X - ˛-v F-tUz¿-Uv kva - n-Øv Ãm≥en 10590. K-±¿ ]m¿-´n-bp-sS ÿm-]-I {]-kn-U‚ v-˛ tkm-l≥-knw-Kv `-Iv-\ 10591. a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se `o-jv-a ]¿-h-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿta-X˛-v `- K - h - X - K -v o-X 10592. a-lm-cm-jv{- S-bn-se ]q-s\-bn¬ tKm-]m-eI - r-jvW - tKm-Js - e-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tlmw dqƒ {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1916 10593. a-lm-I-hn D-≈p¿ F-kv.]-c-ta-iz-c-ø¿ P-\n-® (1877) ÿ-ew-˛-N-

ß-\m-t»-cn 10594. a-lm-Im-te-iz-c t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 10595. A-ta-cn-°≥ km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂v hn-eyw t^m-Iv-\¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - m-sc-bm-Wv˛- a - m¿-°v Sz-bn≥ 10596. A-ta-cn-°≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv K-h¿-W-dm-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ hw-i-P˛ \n-°n lm-en 10597. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n t\-Xm-hm-bn-cn-s° \-S∂ - k-ac - ß - f - n¬ G-‰h - pw A-{I-am-k‡ - a - m-bX - v G-Xm-bn--∂p-˛I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 10598. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS "b-Mv C-¥y'bp-sS am-Xr-I-bn¬ B-cw-`n® ]-{Xw-˛a - m-Xr-`q-an 10599. a-eb - m-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ \n-i-_v-Z N-e-®n-{X-am-b "hn-K-X-Ip-amc≥'- Xn--h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØ - v- Iym-]n-‰¬ Xn-tb-‰d - n¬ {]-Z¿-i\ - Ø - n-s\Øn-b-Xv G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv-˛1928 10600. a-Kv-Z-e-\ a-dn-b-sØ I-s√-dn-bm≥ Xp-\n-™-h-tcm-Sv, ]m-]w sNøm-Ø-h¿ B-Zyw I-s√-dn-bp-I F-∂p \n¿-t±-in-®-Xm-cv ˛-tb-ip {In-kX -v p 10601. A-l¶ - m-ca - p-≈n-SØ - v ssZ-ha - n-√, ssZ-ha - p-≈n-SØ - v A-l¶ - m-ca - n-√ F-∂p ]-d™ X - ˛v- I - _ - o¿ 10602. a-e-bm-f-cm-Pyw (1869) B--sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv-˛-sl¿-a≥ Kp-≠¿-´v 10603. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS \m-j-W¬ lyp-am-\n-‰o-kv sa-U-en-\v A¿-l-\mb A-ta-cn-°-°m-c-\-√m-Ø B-Zy hy-‡n-˛-A-a¿-Xym sk≥ 10604. tem-I-k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚ {]-Xo-I-am-bn ]m-tªm ]n-°m-tkm h-c® ]-£n-˛-{]m-hv 10605. tI-cf - Iu-ap-Zn ÿm-]I - ≥ kn.hn.Ip-™p-cm-as - ‚ Pm-am-Xm-hm-bn-∂ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jI v- ¿-Øm-h˛v- k - n.tI-ih - ≥ 10606. C-¥y-bn¬ {^-©p-Im--sS G-‰-hpw h-en-b sk-‰n¬-sa‚m-bn-∂-Xv-˛ t]m-≠n-t®-cn 10607. 1915˛¬ C-¥y≥ hn-a≥-kv A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- tUmtdm-Øn Zn-\-cm-P-Zm-k 10608. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn h-Ip-∏p kw-hn-[m-\w B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 10609. {]-km¿ `m-c-Xn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛1997 10610. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ `q-J-Wv-Um-¥-c _m-en-kv-‰n-Iv an-ssk¬˛ A-·n-˛5 10611. hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ip-{I-\-£-{Xw F-∂v Ip-am-c-\m-im-s\ hn-e-bn-Øn-b km-ln-Xy \n-cq-]-I≥-˛ tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn 10612. A-ta-cn-°b - p-sS cm-jv{- S-]n-Xm-hv˛- t- Pm¿-Pv hm-jnw-KvS- ¨ 10613. ]-Xn-t\-gmw-hb -   - n-\p-ti-jw hn-Zym-`ym-kw-t\-Sm-\m-cw-`n-® \-thm∞m-\ \m-bI - ≥-˛h - n.Sn.`-´X - n-cn-∏m-Sv 10614. G-Xv h¿-ja - m-bn--∂p hn.Sn.`-´X - n-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚ bm-N\ - m-bm-{X-˛ 1931 10615. km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\ kw-L-Øn-s‚ ap-J-]-{X-am-bn 1913˛¬ Bcw-`n-®-Xv-˛ km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-en-\n 10616. kn.Un.bp-sS ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ tImw-]m-Iv-Sv Un-kv-Iv 10617. I-W° - p-Iq-´p-∂X - n-\p-≈ G-‰h - pw ]-g° - a - p-≈ D-]I - c - W - w-˛ A-_m°-kv 10618. bp.]n.F-kn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ A¨-C‚-d-]v-‰-Uv ]-h¿ k-ssπ 10619. G-‰h - pw km-[m-cW - a - m-b C≥-]p-´v D-]I - c - W - w-˛ Io-t_m¿-Uv 10620. A-ta-cn-°b - p-sS X-eÿ - m-\w B--sS kva - c - W - m¿-Yw \m-aI - c - W - w sN-bvX - n-cn-°p-∂p-˛t- Pm¿-Pv hm-jnw-KvS- ¨ 10621. am¿-´n-\ lnw-Kn-kv G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛s - S-∂okv 10622. amƒ-h ]oT-`q-an-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \-K-cw-˛-C≥-tUm¿ 10623. am¿-Kw I-fn G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-em-cq-]-am-Wv-˛-{In-kvXp-aX - w 10624. am-am-¶-k-a-b-Øv km-aq-Xn-cn-sb h-[n-°m≥ Nm-th-dp-I-sf A-b®n--∂X - v F-hn-Sp-sØ cm-Pm-hm-Wv˛- h - ≈ - p-h\ - m-Sv 10625. am-en-Iv _n≥ Zn-\m¿ tI-cf - ° - c - b - n¬ {]-Nc - n-∏n-® a-Xt- a-X˛v- C - … - mw a-Xw 10626. 1983˛¬ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv `m-c-Xv am-Xm t£-{Xw D-ZvLm-S-\w sN-bv-X-Xv-˛-l-cn-Zzm¿ 10627. a-[y-Im-e bq-tdm-∏n¬ C-¥y≥ Ip-¶p-aw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂ kpK-‘h - y-RvP - \ - w-˛a - ™ ƒ 10628. A-[ym-flc - m-am-bW - w c-Nn-®X - m-c˛v- F - g - p-Ø— - ≥ 10629. a-\p-jy-ic - o-cØ - n¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv em-‰d - ¬ sh≥-{Sn-°nƒ-kv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- a - k - X v- n-jI v- w 10630. a-\p-jy-s‚ ]n-Xm-hm-Wv in-ip F-∂p ]-d™ X - m-cv ˛-hn-eyw th-Uv-

204 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

kvh - ¿-Øv 10631. a-°ƒ Xn-e-Iw F-∂v A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xm-cv-˛-Fw-Pn-B¿ 10632. 1971˛¬ a-Kk v- t- k A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛F - w.F-kv.kzman-\m-Y≥ 10633. tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬ kz-¥w _-Uv-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂ G-I s]mXp-ta-J-em ÿm-]-\w-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kv 10634. th-Z-ß-fn¬ a-g-bp-sS-bpw C-Sn-an-∂-en-s‚-bpw tZ-h≥-˛-C-{μ≥ 10635. tI-{μ {]-Xn-tcm-[-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛-hn.sI. Ir-jv-W-tat\m≥ 10636. tI-cf - I-em-aW - vU - e - w G-Xv I-em-cq-]Ø - n-s‚ ]-cn-t]m-jW - h - p-ambn-´m-Wv ap-Jy-am-bpw _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- I - Y - I - f - n 10637. d-kq¬ ]q-°p-´n-°v Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø Nn-{Xw-˛ …w-tUm-Kv an-ey-W¿ 10638. Hm-kv-I¿ t\-Sn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn-˛ d-kq¬ ]q-°p-´n 10639. ]-®° - d - n-Iƒ ap-dn-®X - n-\p-ti-jw I-gp-Ic - p-Xv F-∂p ]-db - p-∂X - v F¥p-sIm-≠v˛- Po-hI - w \-jvS- s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v H-gn-hm-°m≥ 10640. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv Ãm-‰n-Ãn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛ ta-tbm 10641. tI-{μ-a-{¥n-bm-b c-≠m-a-sØ a-e-bm-fn (1957˛62)˛-hn.sI. Ir-jvW-ta-t\m≥ 10642. tI-c-f-Øn-se sa-° F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s]m-∂m-\n 10643. hn-h-c ssI-am-‰-Øn¬ Pn-]n-B¿-F-kv F-∂-Xv-˛ P-\-d¬ ]m-°-‰v td-Un-tbm k¿-ho-kv 10644. ta-cn tImw G-Xv Im-bn-I C-\h - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ t_mIvk - nw-Kv 10645. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w _-lp-a-Xn G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b h¿-j-ta-Xv ˛1954 10646. D-c-K-ß-fp-sS hn-k¿-Py h-kv-Xp-˛ bq-dn-Iv B-kn-Uv 10647. 1975-˛¬ t]m¿-®p-K-en¬-\n-∂v kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b B-{^n-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛A - w-tKm-f 10648. B-\-μ-Pm-Xn F-∂ B-i-b-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ {_-“m-\-μin-h-tbm-Kn 10649. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ B-tflm-]t- Z-ii - X - I - w Cw-Kf v- o-jn-te-°v ]-cn-`m-js - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v˛- \-Sc - m-PK - p- 10650. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ \-I-e-]p-cw 10651. au-kv I-≠p-]n-Sn-®X - m-cv˛- U-•k - v F-©¬-_¿-´v 10652. Io-t_m¿-Un-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b Io-˛ kv-t]-kv _m¿ 10653. Iw-]yq-´¿ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ A-©mw X-e-ap-d B-cw-`n-®-sX-∂v-˛ 1980 10654. Fw- F - k v th- U v hn- I - k n- ∏ n- s ®- S p- Ø I- º - \ n- ˛ ssa- t {Im tkm-^‰ v- v 10655. te-k¿ {]n‚¿ B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ sF-_n-Fw 10656. 1986˛¬ B-W-h-Zp-c-¥w \-S-∂ sN¿-tWm-_n¬ G-Xv cm-Py-ØmWv-˛-D-{I-bn≥ 10657. A-©p-sX-ßn¬ tIm-´ \n¿-an-°m≥ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In-b-Xv F-hn-Sp-sØ dm-Wn-bm-Wv- ˛-B-‰n-߬ 10658. A-ºe - ∏ - p-g cm-Pm-hn-s‚ B-{in-X\ - m-bn-cn-°p-Ib - pw ]n¬-°m-eØ - v am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-bp-sS-bpw [¿-a-cm-Pm-hn-s‚-bpw k-Z-ky-\m-IpI-bpw sN-bv-X I-hn-˛-Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 10659. A-h-¥n cm-Py-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 10660. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS Po-hN - c - n-{Xw C-¥y-bn-se {]m-tZ-in-I` - m-jI-fn¬ G-Xn-em-Wv B-Zyw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛-a-e-bm-fw 10661. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-sb-°p-dn-®v a-eb - m-fØ - n¬ B-Zy-am-bn H- {K-Ÿw "tam-l≥-Zm-kv Km-‘n'- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n cm-aI - r-jW v- ] - n-≈ c-Nn-® h¿-jw-˛1913 10662. A-ep-an-\n-bh - pw C--ºpw I-gn-™m¬ `q-he - I v- Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw IpSp-X-ep-≈ tem-lw-˛-Im¬-kyw 10663. A-Ω F-∂ kw-L-S-\ G-Xp ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p ˛-kn-\n-a 10664. am-en-Zzo-]n-se a-X-ta-Xv-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 10665. 2012 \-hw-_-dn¬ \n¿-a¬ tÃ-‰v ]-Z-hn e-`n-® B-Zy ta-P¿ kwÿm-\w ˛ tI-c-fw (BZy-sØ- ssa-\¿ kw-ÿm\w kn°nw) 10666. 2013˛¬ G-Xv sX∂n-¥y≥ `m-j-bv-°m-Wv t{i-jvT-`m-jm ]-Z-hn e-`n-®X - v˛- a - e - b - m-fw 10667. A-ÿn-I-fp-sS B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\v A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-b hn-‰m-ant\-Xv-˛-hn-‰m-an≥ Un 10668. ‚p-∏p-∏m-b° -v v H-cm-t\-≠m¿-∂p F-∂ I-Y F-gp-Xn-bX - m-c˛-v s - sh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿

10669. ap≥ a-[y-`m-cX - v kw-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚ io-XI - m-e X-eÿ m-\w-˛K - zm-fntbm¿ 10670. ap≥- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn- {]-kn-U≥-dm-b G-Ihy-Iv-Xn-˛-{]-Xn-`m ]m-´o¬ 10671. tb-ip-{In-kvX - p G-Xv a-XØ - n-em-Wv P-\n-®X - v ˛-Pq-Xa - X - w 10672. 1870˛¬ C-¥y≥ dn-t^mw A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tIi-h N-{μ sk≥ 10673. ]vf - m-kn {_n-´o-jv km-{am-Py-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´p. A-ar-’¿ AXv C-f-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p-˛ F-∂v Pmen-b≥ hm-em-_m-Kv Zpc-¥-Øns‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]-d-™-Xm-cv ˛ Km-‘nPn 10674. C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈ hm-Wn-Py-km-[y-XI - ƒ I-s≠-Øn ]m-›m-Xytem-I-Øv {i-t≤-b-\m-b k-©m-cn-˛ en≥-tjm-´≥ 10675. Nm-WI - w, P-¥p-hn-k¿-Py-߃,]-®° - d - n-If - p-sS A-hi - n-jvS- ß - ƒ F-∂n-h-bn¬-\n-∂v \n¿-an-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ C-‘-\w-˛ _-tbmKym-kv 10676. sS-en-tImw sd-Kp-te-‰-dn A-tXm-cn-‰n Hm-^v C-¥y \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛1997 10677. tIm¨-{K-kv- c-≠m-w- \n-b-a-ew-L-\ {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ (1932) ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨- {]-`p 10678. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv am¿-Øm-WvU - h - ¿-a∏ - m-ew-˛B - e - p-h 10679. tKm-h-bn-se {]-i-kv-X ]m-\o-b-am-b s^-∂n G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v ˛-Ii - p-h≠ - n 10680. ap≥-Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Py-sØ G-‰-hpw \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b \-Zn˛-s]cn-bm¿ 10681. ap-√∏ - q Nq-Sn-b \m-b¿ h-\n-X F-∂ s]-bn‚nw-Kv h-c® - X - m-cv˛- c - m-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 10682. am-∏n-f I-em-] k-a-b-sØ (1921) ssh-t{km-bn ˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p10683. 2006˛¬ G-Xv Nn-{X-Im-c-s‚ \q-dmw N-c-a hm¿-jn-I-am-Wv B-N-cn®-Xv ˛-cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 10684. \m-b¿ `r-Xy-P-\-kw-Lw F-∂ t]- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-˛ sI.I-Æ≥ ta-t\m≥ 10685. Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ a∂-Øv ]-Zva - \ - m-`≥ 10686. Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ `u-Xn-I D-]-I-c-W-߃-°pw A-\p-_-‘ km-a-{KnIƒ-°pw s]m-Xp-hm-bp-≈ t]-cv-˛ lm¿-Uv-sh-b¿ 10687. Iw-]yq-´-dn¬ ssS-∏v sN-øp-tºmƒ A-Sp-Ø A-£-cw F-hn-sS-bmWv ]-Xn-bm≥-t]m-Ip-∂s - X-∂v kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ am¿-°¿-˛ I-gvk - ¿ 10688. kv-t]-kv Io-bp-sS t\-tc hn-]-co-X-am-b Io-˛ _m-°v kv-t]-kv 10689. {Km-^n-Ik -v pw hn-hc - ß - f - pw e-`y-am-°p-∂ ho-Un-tbm kv{- Io≥-˛ tamWn-´¿ 10690. 26 cm-Py-߃ H-∏p-sh-® sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S {]-Jym-]\ - w G-Xv kw-LS-\b - p-sS cq-]h - X - I -v c - W - h - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p--˛s - F-Iy-cm-j-v {S k-` 10691. am¿-Øm-WU v- h - ¿-a A-a¿-® sN-bX v- F-´p-ho-´n¬ ]n-≈a - m--sS Bflm-°s - f B-hm-ln-®v _-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cm-Pm-°≥-am¿ ({io-aq-ew Xn--\mƒ-hs - c) Im-ep-Ip-Øm-Ø ÿ-eam-bn--∂X - ˛v- N - ß - \ - m-t»-cn 10692. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se {]-[m-\ a-Xw-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw 10693. A-t‚m-Wn-tbm {Kmw-jn-sb D-t±-in-®v "Cu X-e-t®m-dn-s\ C--]Xp-h¿-j-tØ-°v {]-h¿-Øn-°m-Xm-°-Ww' F-∂p ]-d-™-Xm-cv-˛-˛s_-\n-t‰m ap-t m-fn-\n 10694. A-t‚m-Wn-tbm A-K-Ãn-t™m s\-t‰m G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv kzmX-{¥y {]-ÿm-\w \-bn-®-Xv-˛-Aw-tKm-f 10695. am¿-´n-\ \-h-c-Øn-tem-h G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p˛-sS-∂o-kv 10696. B¿.H.Fw. F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ do-Uv H¨-en sa-Ω-dn 10697. a-eb - m-fØ - n-se c-≠m-as - Ø N-e® - n-{X-am-b am¿-Øm-WU v- h - ¿-a ]pd-Øp-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛1931 10698. ap-√∏ - q-sºm-Sn G-‰p-In-S° - pw I-√n-\p-ap-≠m-sam- ku-c`- yw F-∂p ]m-Sn-b-Xv 10699. C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ 20 h¿-j-Øn\p-≈n¬ aq-∂p {]m-h-iyw {]-kn-U‚m-b t\-Xm-hv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \h-tdm-Pn 10700. tI-cf - tÃ-‰v ^m-anw-Kv tIm¿-∏t- d-js - ‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛] - p-\e - q¿ 10701. sIm-®n ]p-e-b a-lm-P-\-k-` D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-ø-s∏-´ h¿-jw-˛1913 10702. tI-c-f N-cn-{X-Øn¬ sX-°pw-Iq¿ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ {]-tZ-iw-˛-

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 205

N-ß\ - m-t»-cn 10703. ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se \n-kmw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS kz-Im-cy tk\-bp-sS t]-sc-¥m-bn--∂p-˛ d-km-°¿ 10704. tI-c-f tÃ-‰v sse-{_-dn Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® ]n.sI. sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ {K-Ÿ-im-e- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-A-º-e-∏p-g 10705. tKm-h-bp-sS hn-tam-N-\-sØ s]m-eo-kv B-£≥ F-∂p hn-tijn-∏n-®X - m-c˛v- h - n.sI. Ir-jW v- t- a-t\m≥ 10706. tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn jo-˛-Sm-Iv-kn kw-hn-[m-\w G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b \-Kc - w-˛ Xn--h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw 10707. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b cm-Pym-¥-c kw-L-S-\˛-- -sF-Iy-cmjv-{S k-` 10708. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n cm-aI - r-jvW - ] - n-≈b - p-sS i-hI - p-So-cw F-hn-sS-bmWv-˛ ]-øm-º-ew 10709. C≥-tUm-˛-Sn-_-‰≥ t_m¿-U¿ t]m-eo-kv cq-]w sIm-≠ h¿-jw˛1962 10710. \-Iv-k-sse-‰p-I-sf t\-cn-Sm≥ cq-]w \¬-In-b tIm-{_ t^m-gv-kns‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 10711. Po-hn-X∏ - m-X B--sS B-flI - Y - b - m-Wv˛- s - N-dp-Im-Sv 10712. Im-I-Zr-jv-Sn F-∂ Im¿-´q¨ ]w-‡n-bp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-hv-˛ tKm-]oIr-jW -v ≥ 10713. cm-km-bp-[ \n-tcm-[-\ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ tl-Kv 10714. ^m-‰v Sm-Iv-kv G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-Zy-sØ cm-Pyw-˛ sU≥-am¿-°v 10715. tKm-hn-μ≥ aq-∂m-a-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰ cm-jv-{S-Iq-S-cm-Pmhv˛- A - t- am-Lh - ¿-j≥ 10716. tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-s‚ B-ÿm-\wv-˛- -tam-kv-tIm 10717. tI-cf - Ø - n-se G-‰h - pw h-en-b sd-bn¬-th Pw-Kvj - ≥-˛s - jm¿-Wq¿ 10718. Xm≥-sk≥ kw-Ko-Xv k-am-tcm-lv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv \-S° - p-∂X - v˛- K - zmfn-tbm¿ 10719. t{K-‰v eo-]v t^m¿-th-Uv ]-≤-Xn \-bn-®-Xm-cv-˛-am-thm tk-Xp-Mv 10720. t{Smw-s_ A-t‰m-an-Iv dn-k¿-®v F-Ãm-ªn-jv-sa‚ v B--sS kv-a-cWm¿-Yw \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-tlm-an sP.`m-` 10721. tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-s‚ eq-W Zu-Xy-Øn¬ F-{X hm-l-\-ß-fmWv hn-t£-]n-®-Xv-˛24 10722. kv-s]-jy¬ s{]m-´-£≥ {Kq-∏v cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛1985 10723. _n-Øm-cn in-em-im-k-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛ kvI-μK - p-]X -v ≥ 10724. t_m¿-U¿ sk-Iyq-cn-‰n t^m-gv-kv cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛1965 10725. B-\-sb C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b ss]-Xr-I ar-K-am-bn {]-Jym-]n-® h¿-jw ˛2010 10726. Ku-Uc - m-Pm-hm-b i-im-¶s - \ ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏-Sp-Øn-b ]q-jy-`q-Xn hwi-Øn-se cm-Pm-hv-˛ l¿-j≥ 10727. C-¥y≥ B-W-thm¿-P-h-Ip-∏v \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw ˛1954 10728. -{Zmw-_ G-Xv hw-i-Øn-se cm-⁄n-bm-bn--∂p-˛ Im-I-Xo-b 10729. Un-^≥-kv dn-k¿-®v B‚ v sU-h-e-]v-sa‚ v Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j≥ ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛1958 10730. tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv cm-Py-ß-fn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-g-°-ap-≈ Pq-X-∏-≈n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-a-´m-t©-cn 10731. tKm-hn-μv km-K¿ dn-k¿-thm-b¿ G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv cq-]w-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂X - ˛v- k - X - e v- P - v 10732. tIm¨-{K-kv t\-Xr-Xz-tØm-Sv B-tem-Nn-°m-sX c-≠mw tem-I-alm-bp-≤Ø - n¬ C-¥y-sb-bpw k-Jy-I£ - n-bm-bn {]-Jym-]n-®X - n¬ {]-Xn-tj-[n-®v {]-hn-iy a-{¥n-k` - I - ƒ cm-Pn-h® - t- ∏mƒ ssh-t{kmbn-bm-bn--∂-Xv ˛-en-≥-en-Xv-tKm- {]-`p10733. tIm¨-Sm-IvS- v {]-{In-bb - n-eq-sS D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ B-kn-Uv˛- k - ¬^yq-cn-Iv B-kn-Uv 10734. tKm-fZ- o-]n-I G-Xv hn-jb - Ø - n-se ]p-kvX - I - a - m-Wv˛- K - W - n-Xw 10735. tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£\ - m-b c-≠m-as - Ø hn-tZ-in-˛B - ¬-{^-Uv sh_v (1889) 10736. tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ sF-k-Iv \yq-´¨ ]Tn-∏n-®n-∂ hn-jb - w-˛K - W - n-Xw 10737. tj-hnw-Kv an-d¿ G-Xv X-cw Z¿-∏W - a - m-Wv ˛-tIm¨-tI-hv an-d¿ 10738. tKmƒ-U≥ kvs - s]-kv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- a - ™ ƒ 10739. ap-…n-ß-sf-°q-Sm-sX tN-em-I¿-aw (kp-∂-Øv I¿-aw) \n¿-h-ln°p-∂ a-Xh - n-`m-Kw-˛P - q-Xa - X - w 10740. ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy kn-\n-am-Xm-cw-˛-Fw-Pn-B¿ 10741. ap-K¬ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn A-h-tcm-[n-X-\m-Im≥ _-lm-Zq¿-jm H-

∂m-a-s\ k-lm-bn-® kn-Jp-Kp--˛-tKm-_n-μv kn-Mv 10742. ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n ÿm-]n-® a-Xw-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 10743. am-tam-Zo-k ap-°p-∂X - v G-Xp a-X° - m--sS B-Nm-ca - m-W˛v- {- In-kX v- pa-Xw 10744. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se A-cn-∏ (^n¬-´¿) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-hr° 10745. \n¿-hr-Xn ]-©I - w c-Nn-®X - ˛v- {- io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- 10746. \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS B-Zy kvI - qƒ ÿm-]n-® ÿew-˛ I-dp-I® - m¬ 10747. \n-h¿-Ø\ - {- ]-t£m-`Ø - n-s‚ ap-J] - {- X-am-bn--∂X - ˛v- tI-cf - tI-kcn 10748. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-{X-am-b cm-Py-k-am-Nm-cw (1847) {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®X - m-c˛v- s - l¿-a≥ Kp-≠¿-´v 10749. tKm-h-sb C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚ `m-K-am-°n-b-t∏mƒ tI-{μ {]-Xntcm-[ a-{¥n-˛h - n.sI. Ir-jvW - t- a-t\m≥ 10750. tem-I-Øv F-{X k-a-b-ta-J-e-I-fp-≠v-˛24 10751. tKm-Zv-sd-Pns‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ B-Zn tKm-Zv-sd-Pv 10752. tIm-{_ t^m-gv-kv G-Xv kp-c-£m G-P≥-kn-bp-sS Io-gn-em-Wv-˛ ˛ kn.B¿.]n.F-^v. 10753. `m-cX - c-Xv\ - w e-`n-® kn-F≥-B¿ dm-hp G-Xp ta-Je - b - p-am-bn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ im-kv{- Xw 10754. ]--Øn-Ir-jn-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b I-dp-Ø a-Æv G-Xp t]-cn-ed - nb-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛ dn-K¿ 10755. ]o-‰¿ ln-Kvk - v G-Xp ta-Je - b - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ im-kv{- X-⁄\ - mWv˛- `u-Xn-Ii - m-k{v- Xw 10756. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ \m-hn-tK-j≥ km-‰-sse-‰v-˛-sF-B¿-F≥F-kvF - k - v˛- 1F 10757. cm-Py-Øn-s‚ G-IX - ,]-ca - m-[n-Im-cw,kp-c£ - C-hb - s -v °-Xn-sc ssk_¿ k-t¶-X-ß-fn-eq-sS \-S-Øp-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\w-˛ ssk-_¿ sS-ddn-kw 10758. tI-cf - Ø - n-se sd-bn¬-th kn-‰n F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ \-Kc - w-˛s - jm¿Wq¿ 10759. tUm-U-s_-´ sIm-Sp-ap-Sn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Du-´n 10760. Xm≥-sk≥ kv-am-c-Iw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ Kzm-fn-tbm¿ 10761. hn-tam-N-\ k-a-c-Im-e-Øv Po-h-in-Jm-Pm-Y \-bn-®-Xv-˛-a-∂-Øv ]-Zva-\m-`≥ 10762. A-®n-∏p-S-h k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ B-dm-´p-]p-g th-em-bp-[ ]-Wn-°¿ 10763. Pm-Xn-\n¿-Wb - w c-Nn-®X - ˛v- {- io-\m-cm-bW - K - p- 10764. F-¥m-Wv sN-tø-≠-Xv F-∂-Xp kw-_-‘n-® \n¿-t±-iw Iw-]yq-´dn-\p \¬-Ip-∂ t{]m-{Kmw-˛ tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b¿ 10765. B¿.F.Fw. F-∂X - n-s‚ ]q¿-Wc - q-]w-˛ dm≥-Uw A-Ivk - k - v sa-Ωdn 10766. \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n F-∂ t]- \n¿-t±-in-®X - v˛- sI.]c-ap-]n-≈ 10767. Ip-cym-t°m-kv G-en-bm-kv Nm-h-d P-\n-® h¿-jw ˛1805 10768. \o-eI - W - vTX - o¿-Y] - m-Zc - p-sS Kp--˛ N-´º - n-kzm-an-Iƒ 10769. B-Zy-sØ t]-gv-k-\¬ Iw-]yq-´¿-˛ Aƒ-´-b¿ 10770. Un.H.F-kv. F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ Un-kv-Iv Hm-∏-td-‰nw-Kv knÃw 10771. ^v-tfm-∏n Un-kv-Iv G-Xv ss{U-hn-em-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ F 10772. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-Xv `m-K-Øm-Wv ln-t∏m-Im-º-kv Im-Wps∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- a - k - X v- n-jI v- w 10773. Xm-Pva - l - e - n-s‚ \n-dw-am-‰Ø - n-\v Im-cW - a - m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂v B-tcm-]n°-s∏-´X - v G-Xv F-Æi - p-≤o-Ic - W - i - m-eb - n-se ]p-Ib - m-Wv˛- a - Y - p-c 10774. `-KX - vk - nw-Kn-s‚ ar-Xt- Z-lw C-¥y-bv° - pw Cw-•≠ - n-\p-an-Sb - v° - v F°m-eh - pw Xq-ßn-\n¬-°pw F-∂p {]-kX v- m-hn-®X - ˛v- P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp 10775. k-ap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬-\n-∂v Xm-sg-bm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ X-eÿ - m-\ \K-cw-˛B - w-ÿ-Umw 10776. kn._n.sF. (sk≥-{S¬ _yq-tdm Hm-^v C≥-sh-Ãn-tK-j≥) \ne-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw ˛-- 1963 10777. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS t{]-c-W-bm¬ ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-l Iym-ºv kμ¿-in-® tZ-io-b t\-Xm-hv-˛-B-Nm-cy hn-t\m-_m `m-sh 10778. dn-k¿-®v B‚ v A-\m-en-kn-kv hn-Mv (tdm) \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw˛-1968 10779. A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\w tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ ]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-

206 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

® k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ Im-°n-\m-U k-tΩ-f-\w 10780. hn-jp-hw F-∂X - p-sIm-≠v A¿-Ya - m-°p-∂X - v˛- `q-an-bn¬ cm-{Xn-bpw ]-I-epw Xp-ey-am-bn h--∂ Zn-h-kw 10781. 1905˛¬ ]-¥-fw tI-c-f-h¿-a-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ B-cw-`n-® {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W - w-˛ I-h\ - I - u-ap-Zn 10782. 1935se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥y \n-b-aw {]-Im-cw s^-U-d¬ tIm-S-Xn {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1937 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 1 10783. ]-©m-_n-s‚ c-£-I≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´ ssh-t{km-bn˛ tPm¨ tem-d≥-kv 10784. `-KX - v knw-Kn-s\-bpw Iq-´s - c-bpw Xq-°n-te-‰c - p-sX-∂ Km-‘n-Pn-bpsS A-`y¿-Y-\ \n-cm-I-cn-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛ C¿-hn≥ {]-`p 10785. 1908˛¬ cm-Py-t{Zm-l-t°-kn¬ _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-I-\p-th-≠n hm-Zn-®A - `- n-`m-jI - ≥-˛ Fw.F.Pn-∂ 10786. a-\p-jy-s\ a-b-°p-∂ I-dp-∏m-Wv a-Xw F-∂p ]-d-™-Xm-cv-˛-Imƒ am¿-Ik -v v 10787. am-thm tk-Xp-Mv ssN-\o-kv I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n ÿm-]n-® h¿-jw˛1921 10788. an-\-d¬ Hm-bn¬ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-s]-t{Sm-fn-bw 10789. ap-l-Ω-Zv A-en Pn-∂ G-Xv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS A-\n-tj-[y t\-Xm-hmbn--∂p-˛a - p-…nw eo-Kv 10790. A-Pv-ao¿ D-dq-kv \-S-°p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ cm-P-ÿm≥ 10791. A-Pv-ao¿, U¬-ln F-∂o c-≠p X-e-ÿm-\-ß-tfm-sS `-c-Ww \-SØn-b Nu-lm≥ cm-Pm-hv-˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 10792. apw-ss_-bn-se S-h¿ Hm-^v ssk-e≥-kv G-Xp a-Xh - p-am-bn _-‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛] - m-gvk - n a-Xw 10793. B¬-_¿-´v sF≥-Ão≥ G-Xp-aX - ° - m-c\ - m-bn--∂p-˛P - q-Xa - X - w 10794. B¿-°m-Wv {io-Ir-jW v- ≥ `-Kh - X - K v- o-X D-]t- Z-in-®X - v- ˛-A¿-Pp-\≥ 10795. G-Xv B-kn-Un-s‚ D¬-]m-Z-\-am-Wv H- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hym-h-kmbn-I I--Øn-s‚ A-S-bm-f-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-k¬-^yq-cnIv B-kn-Uv 10796. G-Xv cm-jv-{So-b I-£n-bp-sS Nn-”-am-Wv G-Wn-˛-ap-…nw eo-Kv 10797. C-¥y≥- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn-te-°v- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn\v- C-¥y-bn-epw- Cw-•-≠n-epw- H-tc-k-a-bw- ]-co-£ \-S-Øp-∂ k{º-Zm-bw- \-S-∏m-°n-b (1923) ssh-t{km-bn-˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p10798. G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv Im-kª - m-¶ \-Kc - w-˛s - am-tdm-t°m 10799. B¿-°p-ti-ja - m-Wv _m-μm _-lm-Zq¿ kn-Jp-Im-sc \-bn-®X - ˛v- t- Km_n-μv kn-Mv 10800. D-Zym-\h - n--∂v c-Nn-®X - v˛- ]-WvU - n-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 10801. ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-l-k-a-b-Øv k-h¿-W-Pm-Y kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥ D-]t- Z-in-®X - v˛- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 10802. s]-cn-\m-Sv k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ A-ø-¶m-fn 10803. 1910˛¬ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿-°m¿ I-≠p-sI-´n-b {]-kv h-°w-aue-hn-bp-sS A-\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-Iƒ-°v Xn-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xo--am\n-® tI-cf - ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-˛ C.Fw.F-kv. 10804. tIm¨-{K-kn-s\ F-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn 1888˛¬ bp-sW-‰-Uv C¥y≥ ]m-{Sn-tbm-´n-Iv A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- k-øZ- v Al-ΩZ- v Jm≥ 10805. G-Xv k-ky-Øn-s‚ C-e-I-sf-bm-Wv \mw ]m-\o-b-am-bn D-]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv-˛ tX-bn-e 10806. Np--ßn-b k-ab - w-sIm-≠v H- k-ky-Øn-s‚ A-t\-Iw ]-I¿-∏pIƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy˛ Sn-jyp Iƒ-®¿ 10807. `m-c-Xv k-©m¿ \n-Kw en-an-‰-Uv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 2000 10808. H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-k-a-b-Øv Cw-Kv-f-≠v P¿-a-\n-bv-s°-Xn-sc bp-≤w {]-Jym-]n-®-t∏mƒ Cw-Kv-≠n-s‚ B-h-iyw C-¥y-bp-sS Ah k-c-am-Wv F-∂p {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv-˛ B-\n _-k‚ v 10809. h-°w au-e-hn-bp-sS P-∑-ÿ-ew G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ Xn--h-\¥-]p-cw 10810. G-Xv kw-LS- \ - b - p-sS ap-J] - {- X-am-Wv tbm-K\ - m-Zw-˛ F-kvF - ≥-Un]n tbm-Kw 10811. tImw-]m-Iv-Sv Un-kv-Iv I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛ sP-bnw-kv Sn.d- ¬ 10812. bp.B¿.F¬. F-∂X - n-s‚ ]q¿-Wc - q-]w-˛ bq-Wn-th-gvk - ¬ dn-tkmgv-kv sem-t°-‰¿ 10813. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-sØ Iw-]yq-´¿ ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-sX-hn-sS-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se C-¥y≥ Ãm-‰n-Ãn-°¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v 10814. B¿-°p-ti-ja - m-Wv U¬-ln-bn-se {]-`p-°≥-am¿ -Iv\ - p-±o≥ ^n-

tdm-kn-s\ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn A-h-tcm-[n-®-Xv-˛-C¬-Øp-an-jv 10815. B¿-°v cm-jv-{So-bm-`-bw \¬-In-b P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp-hn-s‚ \-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv C-¥ym-˛-ssN-\ _-‘w tam-i-am-Im-\pw 1962¬ bp≤-Øn-te-°v-\-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-S-bm-°n-b-Xv-˛-Z-sse-em-a 10816. B¿-°v kzo-I-c-Ww \¬-Im≥ B-e-∏p-g-bn¬ kw-L-Sn-∏n-® Kw`o-c-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp \-S-Øn-b {]-kw-K-Øn-s‚ t]-cnem-Wv Sn.Fw.h¿-Ko-kn-\v {io-aq-ew A-kw-ªn-bn-se U-]yq-´n {]kn-U‚ v ÿm-\w \-jvS- a - m-bX - v˛- k - n.tI-ih - ≥ 10817. B¿-®v _n-j-∏v a-°m-cn-tbm-kv aq-∂m-a-≥ tZ-io-b {]-ÿm-\w \bn-® cm-Pyw-˛-ssk-{]-kv 10818. aq-∂v h≥-Ic - I - f - p-sS kw-Ka - ÿ - m-\Ø - v (G-jy, B-{^n-°, bq-tdm∏v) ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-ssk-{]-kv 10819. B-{^n-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b c-≠m-a-sØ sIm-Sp-ap-Sn (au-≠v sI-\n-b) G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-sI-\n-b 10820. B-{‘ C≥-jp-d≥-kv I-º\ - n-bp-sS ÿm-]I - ≥-˛] - ´- m-`n ko-Xm-cma-ø 10821. B-´° - Y - F-¥n-s‚ K-Zy-cq-]a - m-Wv˛- I - Y - I - f - n 10822. B‚n-˛s - Ã-dn-en-‰n hn-‰m-an≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v G-Xm-Wv˛- ˛- h - n-‰man≥ C 10823. B-a-tkm¨ I-gn-™m¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-e-k-º-∂-am-b \Zn-˛-tImw-tKm 10824. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Ip-Sn-°m-cn k-{º-Zm-bw A-Yh - m tZ-hZ- m-kn hyh-ÿ \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ tk-Xp-e-£v-an-`m-bn 10825. {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ {]-Xn-a B-Zy-am-bn ÿm-]n-® ÿ-ew-˛ X-et- »-cn 10826. hn-tam-N\ - k - a - c - I - m-eØ - v a-∂Ø - v ]-Za v- \ - m-`s - ‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Poh-in-Jm-Pm-Y B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ X-e-t»-cn 10827. Du-gn-b th-e-bv-s°-Xn-sc k-a-cw \-bn-®-Xv-˛ A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ 10828. kzm-X{- ¥y-Km-Y c-Nn-®X - ˛v- Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ 10829. s^-en-tU F-∂-Xv Po-hn-I-fp-sS h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Øn¬ F-¥n-s‚ t]-cm-Wv-˛ ^m-an-en 10830. tI-c-f-Øn-se Pn-√-I-fn¬ C¬-a-ss\-‰n-s‚-bpw tam-tWm-ssk-‰ns‚-bpw \n-t£-]w G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ Pn-√-˛ sIm-√w 10831. G-W-Ãv sl-an-Mv-th km-ln-Xy s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b h¿-jw ˛1954 10832. 1910˛¬ A-e-l-_m-Zn¬ `m-c-Xv kv-{Xo a-lm-a-Wv-U¬ ÿm-]n-®Xv-˛ k-c-fm-tZ-hn Nu-[p-dm-Wn 10833. tUm.l¿-tKm-hn-μv Jp-cm-\b - ° -v v G-Xv hn-jb - Ø - n-em-Wv s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-®X - ˛- v- s - sh-Zy-im-kv{- Xw 10834. tI-cf - N - c - n-{X-Øn¬ C-fb - n-SØ - p-kz-cq-]w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v Fhn-Sp-sØ cm-Ph - w-ia - m-Wv˛- sIm-´m-c° - c 10835. tl-ap-hn-\v ap-ºv U¬-ln `-cn-® ln-μp-cm-Pm-h˛-v ] - r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 10836. tNm-f≥-am--sS X-eÿ m-\w-˛X - © - m-hq¿ 10837. tSm¿-®n¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Z¿-∏-Ww-˛-tIm¨-tI-hv an-d¿ 10838. A-≤ym-flb - p-≤w c-Nn-®X - v˛- hm-Kv` - S- m-\μ - ≥ 10839. hn-hm-Z-am-b hn-√p-h-≠n-bm-{X \-S-Øn-b \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ A-ø-¶m-fn 10840. Fw.F-kv. th-Un¬ e-`y-am-b Un-t^mƒ-´v t^m-≠v˛- ssSw-kv \yq tdm-a≥ 10841. Iw-]yq-´¿ kv-{Io-\n¬ an-∂n-b-W-™v Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ A-S-bm-fw-˛ I-gk -v ¿ 10842. Iw-]yq-´d - n-te-°v sIm-Sp-°p-∂ hn-hc - ß - ƒ-°p ]-db - p-∂ t]-c˛-v C≥]p-´v 10843. B-bp¿-th-Zw F-¥p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ D-]t- h-Za - m-W˛- v- s - sh-Zy-im-kv{Xw 10844. C-¥y-bn¬- ssh-th-km-bn-bm-b G-I Pq-X≥ ˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p10845. C-¥y-bn-se {]m-tZ-in-I `m-j-I-fn¬ G-Xn-em-Wv Im-d¬ am¿-Ivkn-s‚ Po-h-N-cn-{Xw B-Zy-am-bn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛-a-e-bm-fw 10846. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm- k¿-h-I-em-im-e cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛1916 10847. C-kX v- m≥-_pƒ F-∂ ]p-kX v- I - w c-Nn-®X - ˛v- H - m¿-l≥ ]m-ap-Iv 10848. X-an-gv-\m-´n-se Ipw-`-tIm-W-Øp P-\n-® tem-I {]-i-kv-X Ir-jn im-k{v- X-⁄≥-˛F - w.F-kv.kzm-an-\m-Y≥ 10849. tUmw Hm-^v Z tdm-°v G-Xv a-X° - m--sS B-cm-[\ - m tI-{μ-am-Wv˛- C-…mw a-Xw

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 207

10850. tZ-io-b Nn-”-Øn-se A-tim-I N-{I-Øn¬ F-{X B-c-°m-ep-Ifp-≠v˛- 24 10851. X-©m-hq¿ \m¬-h¿ G-Xv cw-K-Øm-Wv {]-kn-≤n t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛-kwKo-Xw 10852. 1986˛-se hn-Zym-`ym-k \-b-{]-Im-cw ÿm-]n-X-am-b {]-tXy-I hnZym-e-b-߃-˛-\-thm-Z-b hn-Zym-e-b-߃ 10853. Un.]n.C.]n. \-S-∏n-em-°n-b h¿-jw ˛1994 10854. tZm-e-\ N-e-\-Øn-\v D-Zm-l-c-Ww-˛ Du-™m¬ B-Sp-∂-Xv 10855. lo-tam-t•m-_n-\n-s‚ \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v B-h-iy-ap-≈ tem-lw-˛ C-ºv 10856. C-kvX - m≥-_p-fn-se l-Kn-b tkm-^n-b G-Xv a-Xh - n-izm-kn-If - p-sS B-cm-[\ - m tI-{μ-am-Wv˛- C - … - mw a-Xw 10857. F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv A-cm-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-˛-Nn-e-¥n 10858. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm- P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n F-∂ hn-ti-jWw kz-¥-am-b ta-cn- ]p-∂≥- eq-t°m-kn-s\ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ePn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu¨-kn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-tZ-iw- sN-bv-X h¿-jw-˛1921 10859. F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-Wv Im¿-Un-tbm-f-Pn-˛-lr-Z-bw 10860. F-´p-Im-en a-Ωq-™v F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛-ssh°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 10861. G-Xp a-X° - m--sS ]p-Xp-h¿-jZ- n-\a - m-Wv \u-tdm-kv˛- ] - m-gvk - n a-Xw 10862. B-{^n-°≥ h≥-I-c-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ tX-bn-e D¬-]m-Zn∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-sI-\n-b 10863. G-Xv kw-LS- \ - b - m-Wv D-Æn \-ºq-Xn-cn F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W - w ]pd-Øn-d° - n-bX - v˛- t- bm-Kt- £-ak - ` 10864. \m-b¿ k¿-ho-kv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ a-∂-Øv ]-Za v- \ - m-`≥ 10865. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS \n¿-t±-i{- ]-Im-cw ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-lk - a - b - Ø - v \n-co-£-I-\m-bn F-Øn-b-Xv-˛ hn-t\m-_m `m-sh 10866. Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ {]-[m-\ kn-Ãw t_m¿-Un-s‚ t]-cv-˛ a-Z¿ t_m¿Uv 10867. Iw-]yq-´-dn-s\ \n-b-{¥n-°p-I-bpw C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ t{]m-k-kv sNøp- I - b pw sN- ø p- ∂ H- c p Iq- ´ w t{]m- { Km- a p- I - f p- s S t]- c v ˛ Hm-∏-td-‰nw-Kv kn-Ãw 10868. sk≥-{S¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v C-¥y≥ emw-tKz-P-kn-s‚ Bÿm\w- ˛-ssa-kq¿ 10869. _-ln-cm-Im-i Zu-Xy-ß-sf \n-b-{¥n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Xcw Iw-]yq-´¿-˛ kq-∏¿ Iw-]yq-´¿ 10870. H-]v‰ - n-°¬ Un-kvI - p-If - n¬ sd-t°m¿-Uv sN-øm-\pw Um-‰ ho-s≠Sp-°m-\pw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ sse-d-dv _ow-˛ te-k¿ sse-‰v 10871. B--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv Im-e-\n-√m-Ø Im-ew-˛-Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 10872. B--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv Zn {]n-eq-Uv-˛-hn-eyw th-Uv-kv-h¿-Øv 10873. G-Xv a-X-Øn-s‚ hn-ip-≤ {K-Ÿ-am-Wv sk-¥v A-sh-kv-X-˛-]m-gvkn a-Xw 10874. tI-cf - ∏ - g - a - (1868)c-Nn-®X - m-c˛v- s - l¿-a≥ Kp-≠¿-´v 10875. tPm¿-Pv s_¿-Wm-Uv jm-bv-°v s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® h¿jw-˛1925 10876. tPm-k-^v ]p-en-‰v-k¿ P-\n-®-Xv (]n¬-°m-e-Øv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se°v t]m-bn )G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-bn--∂p-˛-lw-K-dn 10877. cm-Py-k-` B t]-cv kzo-I-cn-®-Xv G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv ˛1954 10878. C-¥y-bn-se 29˛-a-sØ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ sX-e-¶m-\ 10879. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ Xo-c-tZ-i t]m-eo-kv tÃ-j≥ B-cw-`n®-Xv F-hn-sS-˛\ - o-≠I - c 10880. tZ-io-tIm-Ø-a A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛ hn-iz-`m-c-Xn k¿-h-I-emim-e 10881. U¬-ln-bn¬ sN-t¶m-´-bn-se sF.F≥.F. {S-b¬ (1945) \-S∂-t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 10882. ⁄m-\-]oT tP-Xm-hv hn.F-kv.J-Wv-tU-°-dp-sS b-bm-Xn F-∂ t\m-h-en-s‚ aq-e-I-Y kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv ˛ a-lm-`m-cX - w 10883. Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ `m-K-ß-sf Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ t_m-Iv-kv-˛ kn-Ãw bq-Wn-‰v 10884. B-{^n-°≥ bq-Wn-b-\n¬ Aw-K-a-√m-Ø {]-ap-J B-{^n-°≥ cmPyw-˛-sam-tdm-t°m 10885. B--sS h-k-Xn-bm-bn--∂p I-e-°-Øv `-h-\w-˛-Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 10886. aq-hm-‰p-]p-g-bp-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ sa-bn≥ Cu-tè sslth-bp-sS Xp-S-°w F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-]p-\-eq¿

10887. A-s{Im-s]m-fn-kv a-e-\n-c-Iƒ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-G-Y≥-kv 10888. B--sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cm-Wv sS≥-kn≥ Kym-Sv-tkm-˛-Z-sse-em-a 10889. G-Xp \m-´p-cm-Py-sØ k¿-°m¿ k¿-ho-kn-em-Wv tUm.]¬-]p tkh-\a - \ - p-jvTn-®X - v˛- ssa-kq¿ 10890. in-h-Kn-cn Xo¿-Ym-S-\w B-cw-`n-°p-∂ am-kw-˛ Un-kw-_¿ 10891. G-Xv kw-LS- \ - b - p-sS ap-J] - {- X-am-Wv k¿-ho-kv˛- F≥-Fk - vF - k - v 10892. \n-h¿-Ø\ - {- ]-t£m-` I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS sk-{I-´d- n-bm-bn--∂X - ˛-v kn.tIi-h≥ 10893. A-Xn¿-Øn {]-hn-iy-bn¬ D-∏p-kX - ym-{K-lØ - n-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬In-bX - v˛- J - m≥ A-_vZ- pƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 10894. A-Xv-em‚n-Iv k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥ I-S-ep-am-bpw AXn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ H-tc-sbm- B-{^n-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛-sam-tdm-t°m 10895. B-\-hm-cn cm-a≥ \m-b¿ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛ssh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 10896. Un-^≥-kv ^p-Uv dn-k¿-®v e-t_m-d-´-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-ssa-kq¿ 10897. X-©m-hq-cn-\-Sp-Øv sh-Æn-bn¬-h-®v tN-c-˛-]m-Wv-Uy cm-Pm-°≥am-sc tXm¬-]n-® cm-Ph - w-iw-˛t- Nm-f≥-am¿ 10898. km-ap-Zm-bn-I kw-L¿-ja - p-≠m-Ip-∂ k-ab - Ø - v A-\y-aX - ° - m--sStbm A-\y-Pm-Xn-°m--tS-tbm Po-h-t\m kz-tØm kw-c-£n-°p∂-Xn-\v {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂ [o-c-X-bv-°v tI-{μ k¿-°m¿ \¬-Ip-∂ _-lp-a-Xn-°v B--sS kv-a-c-Wm¿-Y-am-Wv t]-cn-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv˛ I-_o¿ 10899. Xn-cq¿ B--sS P-\-\w-sIm-≠v {]-kn-≤w-˛-F-gp-Ø-—≥ 10900. Pmw-_h - X - n I-eym-Ww c-Nn-®X - v˛- Ir-jvW - t- Z-hc - m-b¿ 10901. B-sc ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv lp-a-bq¨ U¬-ln knw-lm-k\w ho-s≠-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛ C-…mw jm 10902. I¿-Wm-´n-Iv bp-≤ß - ƒ B-scm-s°-ØΩ - n-em-bn--∂p-˛ Cw-Kf v- o-jpIm-w {^-©p-Im-w 10903. tZ-io-b hn-⁄m-\ I-Ωo-j≥ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛2005 10904. C-¥y≥ dn-∏ª - n-Iv h-{P-Pq-_n-en B-tLm-jn-®t- ∏mƒ {]-kn-U‚mbn--∂X - v˛- -{]-Xn-`m ]m-´o¬ 10905. B-[p-\n-I tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Ømhv˛- ssh-Ip-WvTk - zm-an 10906. tUm.]¬-]p P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛ t]-´ (Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw) 10907. C‚¿-s\-‰n¬-\n-∂v D-]-tbm-‡m-hn-s‚ Iw-]yq-´-dn-te-°v ^-b¬ {Sm≥-kv-^¿ sN-øp-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ Uu¨-tem-Unw-Kv 10908. F-Iv-k¬ F-∂ t{]m-{Km-an¬ Um-‰ tN¿-°p-∂ A-Sn-ÿm-\ bqWn-‰v-˛ sk¬ 10909. Un-kvI - n-s\ {Sm-°p-If - m-bpw sk-IvS- d - p-If - m-bpw Xn-cn-°p-∂ {]-{Inb-˛ t^m¿-am-‰nw-Kv 10910. H- \n-_nƒ F-{X _n-‰m-Wv-˛ 4 10911. {]-h¿-Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w s]-s´∂v \n-e-bv-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ t]-cv-˛ lmw-Kn-Mv 10912. C-¥y≥- I-ct- k-\ \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ B-cm-bn--∂p ssh-t{kmbn ˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p10913. B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y ]n≥-h-en-® h¿-jw ˛1977 10914. bp-Iv-fn-Uv G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤≥-˛-K-Wn-Xw 10915. bp-ssW-‰-Uv t\-j≥-kv F≥-h-tbm¨-sa‚ v t{]m-{Km-an-s‚ Bÿm-\w G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-sI-\n-b 10916. bp-tKm-…m-hn-b-bn-se kv-tIm-]v-sP F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv P-\n-® a-Z¿ sX-tc-k-bp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ G-Xv cm-Py-sØ hw-i-P-cm-bn-∂p-˛-A¬-t_-\n-b 10917. bq-tdm-]y≥ tc-JI - f - n¬ am¿-Ø F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂ \m-´p-cm-Pyw˛-Ic - p-\m-K∏ - ≈ - n 10918. bq-tdm-]y≥ tIm-f-\n `-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v tam-Nn-X-am-b B-Zy-sØ B-{^n-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛-F-tXym-]y 10919. \-c-knw-l-dm-hp.B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in-se \-μym-en¬ A-t±-lw B-scbm-Wv ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ s_-¶m- e-£v-a-Wn-s\ 10920. Xo-°-S¬-I-S-™v Xn--a-[p-cw F-∂ Ir-Xn-bp-sS {]-ta-bw B-sS Po-hn-Xa - m-Wv˛- F - g - p-Ø— - ≥ 10921. Xp-©≥-Zn-\a - m-bn (Un-kw-_¿ 31) tI-cf - k¿-°m¿ B-Nc - n-°p-∂Xv B--sS P-∑Z- n-\a - m-Wv˛- F - g - p-Ø— - ≥ 10922. _m-¶nw-Kv sd-Kp-te-j≥ B-Iv-Sv \-S-∏n-em-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1949 10923. Xn-Wk - ¶ - ¬-]w \n-e\ - n-∂n--∂ tI-cf - Ø - n¬ ]¿-hX - {]-tZ-iß - ƒ A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ t]-cv-˛ Ip-dn-©n 10924. F-{X cq-] t\m-´n-em-Wv C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-

208 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

∂-Xv-˛ 50 10925. bq-tdm-∏n¬(sa-bn≥-em≥-Uv)am-{X-am-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ G-‰h - pw h-en-b cm-Pyw-˛-D-{I-bn≥ 10926. B-t_¬ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv ˛-KWn-Xw 10927. Bw-ì \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-sØ cm-Py-X-e-ÿm-\w-˛-Bw-ÿ-Umw 10928. B-Zy-sØ th-Zw-˛-E-tKz-Zw 10929. C-^v F-∂ ]p-kvX - I - w F-gp-Xn-bX - m-cm-Wv˛- d - p-Uvb - m¿-Uv In-πnw-Kv 10930. C-¥y kz-X{- ¥-am-b ti-jw G-Xv hn-jb - Ø - n-em-Wv H- C-¥y≥ hw-i-P-\v B-Zy-am-bn s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-®-Xv ˛-- -ssh-Zy-imkv{- Xw 10931. C-¥y≥ \m-jW - ¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I N-cn-{X-Im-c≥˛-]´- m-`n ko-Xm-cm-aø 10932. tUm.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿, hn.Un.k-hm¿-°¿, ap-l-Ω-Zv A-en Pn-∂ F∂n-h¿ \n- l - I-cn-® k-ac - t- a-Xv˛- I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 10933. tUm.F-kv N-{μ-ti-J¿ tPym-Xn-im-k{-v X-kw-_‘ - a - m-b sh-≈° - p≈≥ kn-≤m-¥w (N-{μ-ti-J¿ ]-cn-[n) A-hX - c - n-∏n-® h¿-jw)˛1931 10934. X-an-gv\ - m-Sv K-h¿-Wd - p-sS th-\¬-°m-e cm-Pv` - h - ≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- Du-´n 10935. k-Rv-Po-h-\n F-∂ hm-cn-I {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®v kz-tZ-in {]-ÿm-\sØ t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-®X - m-cv˛- Ir-jvW - I - p-am¿ an-{X 10936. I¬-∏m-°w B-h-W K-th-j-W tI-{μw ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw--˛ 1971 10937. Izn-‰n-¥y F-∂ {]-tbm-Kw Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°v k-a¿∏n-®-Xv-˛ bq-k-^v sa-lv-d-en 10938. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ {Km-a] - © - m-bØ - p-Iƒ \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - h¿-jw˛1925 10939. X-an-gv a-ln-f-bp-sS kw-Ko-Xm-em-]w F-∂ Nn-{Xw h-c-®-Xm-cv ˛-cmPm c-hn-h¿-a 10940. Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `q-cn-]-£w t\-Sn tem-Iv-k`mw-K-am-b tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-Wv -˛]n.hn. \cknw-l-dmhp 10941. 1964-˛66 se hn-Zym-`ym-k I-Ωo-j-s‚ sN-b¿-am≥ B-cm-bn--∂p-˛ tUm.Un.F-kv.tIm-Øm-cn 10942. kn¬-h¿ ^n-jv F-∂ Po-hn G-Xv hn-`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p˛ j-Uv-]-Zw 10943. D-Ø-c sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ \yq-U¬-ln 10944. Hm-Un-‰v _yq-tdm Hm-^v k¿-°p-te-j≥ ÿm-]n-Xa - m-b h¿-jw-˛1948 10945. Z {_-tZ-gk v- v Im-ca - t- km-hv F-∂ Ir-Xn B-cm-sW-gp-Xn-bX - ˛v- t- ^ymZ¿ Z-kv-X-tb-hv-kv-In 10946. Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°b - n-se, Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS {]-hm-kP - o-hn-XØ - n-\v Xnc-»o-e ho-W h¿-jw ˛1914 10947. Zp-tcym-[\ - s - \ h-[n-®X - m-cv˛- ` - o-a≥ 10948. Z sU-k¿-´-Uv hn-t√-Pv B--sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv ˛-H-fn-h¿ tKmƒ-Uvkva - n-Øv 10949. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se A-tim-I≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xm-cv ˛-A-tam-Lh¿-j≥ 10950. X-\n-°v-ti-jw B-Zn-{K-Ÿ-sØ Kp--hm-bn I-W-°m-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-®X - m-cv˛- t- Km-_n-μv kn-Mv 10951. Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ aq-I N-e-®n-{X-am-b Io-N-I-h-[w (1918) G-Xv `m-j-bn-se B-Zy Nn-{X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛X-an-gv 10952. Z-£n-tW-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b sXm-gn¬-Zm-Xm-hv-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kv 10953. Zo-]m-h-en {]-Jym-]-\-ap-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-C¿-hn≥{]-`p 10954. Pm¿-J-Wv-Un-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-b dm-©n G-Xv \-Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ kp-h¿-Wt- c-J 10955. ]p-gp-°p-tØ-‰ ]m-In-kvX - m≥ ˛-CX - p-]d - ™ X - m-cv˛- P - n-∂ 10956. H-cmƒ F-ßs - \ a-cn-°W - s - a-∂v a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v Xo--am-\n-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø tem-Iw D-≠m-I-Ww-˛-C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-™-Xm-cv-˛ am¿-´n≥ eq-X¿ In-Mv 10957. X-ß-fp-sS cm-Py-sØ tNm-tkm≥ F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv cmPy-°m-cm-Wv ˛-D-Ø-c sIm-dn-b 10958. X-an-gv k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - p-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛X - © - m-hq¿ 10959. C-¥y≥ ]u-c-\m-b H-cmƒ-°v G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv B-Zy-am-bn s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-®-Xv-˛-km-ln-Xyw

10960. 1940˛¬ em-tlm¿ k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ {]-ta-bw ]mkm-°n-b ]m¿-´n-˛-ap-…nw eo-Kv 10961. `u-a-kq-N-I ]-Z-hn e-`n-® tI-c-f-Øn-se s\-√n-\w-˛ \-h-c 10962. Nn-∂-°-\m¬ G-Xv Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛ C-Sp-°n 10963. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kv-ss]-k-kv ]m¿-°v-˛ ]p-‰-Sn 10964. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw Zq-c-Z¿-i≥ tI-{μ-Øn-s‚ B-Zy U-b-d-Iv-S¿-˛ sI.Ip-™n-Ir-jW -v ≥ 10965. B-{^n-°≥ h≥-I-c-bn-se {]-[m-\ a-X-ta-Xv-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 10966. B--sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv G-jy-bn-se B-Zy-sØ B-W-h dnbm-Iv-S¿ t{Smw-s_-bn¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛-tlm-an sP.`m-` 10967. B-d∑ - p-f ]m¿-Yk - m-cY - n t£-{Xw G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-cØ - m-Wv˛- ] - º 10968. bp-\m-\n G-Xv im-kv-{X-im-J-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p--˛-sshZy-im-kv{- Xw 10969. tbm-Kt- £-ak - ` - cq-]w-sIm-≠X - v G-Xv k-ap-Zm-bØ - n-s‚ ]p-tcm-KXn e-£y-an-´m-Wv-˛ {_m-“-W-k-ap-Zm-bw 10970. ssX-°m-Sv A-ø-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛ kp-∫-cm-b≥ 10971. A-`n-\-h tI-c-fw F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ hm-Kv-`-Sm\-μ≥ 10972. km-£c - X - b - p-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-´ tI-cf - Ø - n-se \-thm-∞m-\ \m-b-I≥-˛ Nm-h-d Ip-cym-t°m-kv G-en-bm-kv 10973. Iw-]yq-´-dn-\p a-\- n-em-Ip-∂ `m-j-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ sa-jo≥ emw-tKzPv 10974. C-˛-sa-bn-en-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv sa-bn¬ 10975. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ti-jn-bp-≈ Iw-]yq-´¿-˛ kq-∏¿ Iw-]yq-´¿ 10976. 1942 B-K-Ãv F-´n-\v apw-ss_-bn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv Izn-‰n-¥ym {]ta-bw ]m-km-°n-bt- ∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂X - ˛-v e - n-≥e - n-Xt-v Km{]-`p10977. 1998se km-º-Øn-I s\m-t_-en-\v A¿-l-\m-b-Xm-cv-˛-A-a¿-Xym sk≥ 10978. X-©m-hq¿ Nn-{X-Ie - m co-Xn-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛X - © - m-hq¿ 10979. Z A-Uz-t©-gv-kv Hm-^v tSmw kzm-b¿ B--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv-˛-am¿°v Sz-bn≥ 10980. C-¥y-bn-se ssk-_¿ tÃ-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛-B{‘ {]-tZ-iv 10981. …o-∏nw-Kv kn-°v-s\- v H- tlm-Ãn¬-\n-∂v a-s‰m- tlm-Ãn-te°v I-S∂ - p-t]m-Ip-∂X - v G-Xv sh-ISv- d - n-eq-sS-bm-W˛v- {Sn-∏m-t\m-tkma 10982. Cu-Pn-]v-Xv {]-iv-\-Øn¬ cm-Pn-h-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-dn-∏¨ {]-`p 10983. ssN-\b - ° v- pw d-jy-b° v- p-an-Sb - n¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛a - w-tKmfn-b 10984. 1915¬- Un-^≥-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-IvS- v- ]m-km-°n-bX - v G-Xv ssht{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 10985. P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv ˛-tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 10986. 1999˛¬ `m-c-X c-Xv-\-Øn-\v A¿-l-\m-b s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hv-˛-Aa¿-Xym sk≥ 10987. tI-c-f-Øn-se sh-‰n-\-dn B‚ v A-\n-a¬ k-b≥-kv k¿-h-I-emim-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ ]q-t°m-Sv 10988. _n.Sn.h-gp-X\ - b - n-se _n.Sn-bp-sS ]q¿-Wc - q-]w-˛ _m-kn-√k - v Xp-dn©n-b≥-kv 10989. \-μ≥ Im-\≥ ar-Ki - m-e F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- ` - p-ht- \-iz¿ 10990. ]-g-»n cm-P-bv-s°-Xn-sc ssk-\n-I \o-°-Øn-\v B¿-X¿ sh-√…n \n-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´X - v G-Xv K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - e - n-s‚ Im-eØ - m-Wv˛ sh-√-…n {]-`p 10991. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ ]u-ck - a - X - z-hm-Z {]-t£m-`W - w B-cw-`n-® h¿jw-˛1919 10992. Z-£n-W Kp--hm-bq¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v F-hn-Sp-sØ {io-Ir-jvW t£-{X-am-Wv˛- A - º - e - ∏ - p-g 10993. 2003˛¬ 150˛-˛mw hm¿-jn-Iw B-tLm-jn-® C-¥y≥ kw-c-`-ta-Xv-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kv 10994. H- _o-°-dn-se P-e-Øn¬ H- I-j-Ww sF-kv s]m-ßn-°n-S°p-∂p. Cu sF-kv ap-gp-h\ - m-bpw D--In-bm¬-˛_ - o-°d - n-se P-e\n-c-∏n¬ am-‰-an-√ 10995. hn-hn-[v `m-cX - n-bp-sS {]-t£-]W - w B-Im-ih - m-Wn B-cw-`n-® h¿jw-˛1957

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 209

10996. G-Xv A-f° - m-\m-Wv kv{- ]nw-Kv _m-e≥-kv D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v˛- amkv 10997. k-ky-߃ t{]m-´o≥ X-∑m-{X-Iƒ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v G-Xv aq-eI-Øn-s‚ k-lm-b-Øm-em-Wv-˛-ss\-{S-P≥ 10998. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b {^-©v K-h¿-W¿-˛ Uv-fq-tπ 10999. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bn-eq-sS {]-Nm-cw t\-Sn-b Z-cn-{Z-\m-cm-b-W≥ F∂ {]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚ B-hn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛ kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ 11000. B--am-bn-´m-Wv {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ dm-h¬-]n-≠n D-S-º-Sn H-∏p-sh-®Xv-˛ A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-\n-se A-ao¿ 11001. B-\n _-k‚n-s‚ am-Xr-cm-Pyw-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 11002. 2004˛¬ k-am-[m-\ s\m-t_-en-\¿-lb - m-b hmw-Km-cn am-Xm-bn B _-lp-a-Xn t\-Sn-b B-Zy-sØ B-{^n-°≥ h-\n-X-bm-Wv. A-h-sS cm-Py-ta-Xv-˛-sI-\n-b 11003. a-[y-`m-c-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ th-\¬-°m-e X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-∂-Xv (1948˛1956)˛-C≥-tUm¿ 11004. 1888˛¬ B-cw-`n-® tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ tPm-bn‚ v tÃm-°v I-º-\n-˛ a-e-bm-f a-t\m-c-a 11005. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sS-en-hn-j≥ ]-c-º-c-˛ Xo-kv-c cm-kv-X 11006. Iu-≠v Hm-^v tam-≠n-{In-tÃm F-∂ t\m-h-en-s\ A-h-ew-_n-®v \n¿-an-® a-e-bm-f kn-\n-a-˛ ]-S-tbm-´w 11007. t_-∏q-cn¬-h-®v A-d-_n-°-S-en¬ tN--∂ \-Zn-˛ Nm-en-bm¿ 11008. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t]¿ I-≠ C-¥y≥ sS-en-hn-j≥ ]-c-º-c-˛ alm-`m-cX - w 11009. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b tdm-Uv Xp-c-¶w-˛ P-h-l¿ Xp-c¶w 11010. 1893˛¬ Nn-°m-tKm-bn¬-\-S-∂ tem-I I-em-{]-Z¿-i-\-Øn¬ kΩm-\w e-`n-® tI-c-fo-b Nn-{X-Im-c≥-˛-cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 11011. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ kw-_-‘n-® hyh-ÿ-Iƒ-°v I-S-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂ {_n-´o-jv \n-b-a-ta-Xv-˛1935˛-se Kh¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 11012. C-¥y≥ -{]-kn-U‚ v ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b B-Zy- h-\n-X-˛-{]-Xn-`m ]m-´o¬ 11013. G-Im-¥-ho-Yn-bn-se A-h-[q-X≥ F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥-˛s - sh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 11014. G-Xp a-e-bm-f-]-{X-am-Wv D-∏p-k-Xym-{K-l-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®m-Wv Zn-\∏ - {- X-am-bn am-dn-bX - v˛- a - m-Xr-`q-an 11015. A-t\z-jn-∏n≥ I-s≠-Øpw, ap-´p-hn≥ Xp-d° - s - ∏-Spw-˛B - c - p-sS hm°p-If - m-Wv˛- t- b-ip {In-kvX - p 11016. A-t∏m-kv-X-e≥-am¿ G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-{InkvX - p-aX - w 11017. A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-b _-cm-Iv H-_m-a B ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Ønb B-Zy B-t{^m-˛-A-ta-cn-°≥ hw-i-P-\m-Wv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv G-Xv cm-Py-°m-c\ - m-bn--∂p-˛s - I-\n-b 11018. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Nq-Sp-Iq-Sn-b am-k-߃-˛ G-{]n¬,sa-bv 11019. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sS-en-^n-enw-˛-k-Zv-K-Xn 11020. I-eym-W-Zm-bn-\n-k-`-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 11021. B-eØ - q¿ kn-≤m-{i-aØ - n-s‚ ÿm-]I - ≥-˛ {_-“m-\μ - in-ht- bmKn 11022. \m-cm-b-W-Kp--hn-s‚ c-≠mw {io-e-¶ k-μ¿-i-\w G-Xv h¿-j-ambn--∂p-˛ 1926 11023. G-Xv _-´-Wn-em-Wv sl¬-]v sa-\p-˛ Ãm¿-´v 11024. C≥-^¿-ta-js - \ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ G-‰h - pw e-Lp-hm-b LS-Iw-˛ _n-‰v 11025. tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øn-s‚ cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\p Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® s_¬-t^m¿ {]-Jym-]-\w G-Xv h¿-j-am-bn--∂p-˛1926 11026. bp-\n-sk-^n-s\ sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS ÿn-cw G-P≥-kn-bmbn Aw-Ko-I-cn-® h¿-jw-˛1953 11027. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S in-ip-t£-a k-an-Xn (bp-Wn-sk-^v) cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-Xam-b h¿-jw-˛1946 11028. Z hn-Im¿ Hm-^v th-Iv^ - o¬-Uv F-∂ t\m-h¬ c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- H - f - n-h¿ tKmƒ-Uk v- a v- n-Øv 11029. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-jm I-Ωn-j≥ cq-]-h-XvI-cn-® h¿-jw-˛1955 11030. tem-Ivk - ` - m kv] - o-°d - m-b c-≠m-aØ h-\n-X˛- kp-an-{Xm a-lm-P≥ 11031. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ P-\n-®v {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛\-tc-{μ tam-Zn

11032. ap-Jy-hn-hc - m-hI - m-i I-Ωo-jW - d - m-b B-Zy h-\n-X˛- Zo-]I - v k-‘p 11033. Zm-Zm-km-tl-_v ^m¬-s° A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p ˛-kn-\n-a 11034. Zo-]k - vX - w-`w a-lm-›c - yw \-ap-°pw In-´W - w ]-Ww F-∂p ]m-Sn-bXv˛- I - p-©≥ \-ºym¿ 11035. Zp-J:sh-≈n-bm-gvN - G-Xp a-Xh - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛{- In-kvXp-aX - w 11036. Z-£n-W `m-Ko-c-Yn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zn-tb-Xv-˛-]-º 11037. H-t∂-Im¬ tIm-Sn a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ C.Fw.F-k.v 11038. tI-cf - e-fn-XI - e - m A-°m-Za - n-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ sN-b¿-am≥-˛F - w.cma-h¿-ac - m-P 11039. C-Sn-an-∂-ep-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ P-\¬-°-ºn-Iƒ hn-d-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv GXv {]-Xn-`m-kw aq-ea - m-Wv˛- A - \ - p-cW - \ - w 11040. ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ Xn--˛s - Im-®n-bn¬ ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-b h¿-jw ˛1954 11041. im-c-Z B-Iv-Sv G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ \n-b-a-am-Wv-˛ _m-ey-hn-hmlw 11042. sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\w kw-_-‘n-®v \n¿-t±-i-߃ k-a¿∏n-°m≥ tXm-a-kv tdm-_¿-´v-k¨ I-Ωn-j-s\ \n-tbm-Kn-® ssht{km-bn-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 11043. Km-‘n-Pn kn-hn¬ B-⁄m-ew-L\ - {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®t- ∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 11044. Km-kn-∏q-cn¬ A-¥c - n-°p-Ib - pw Kw-Km-Xo-cØ - v A-¥y-hn-{i-aw-sIm≈p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛-tIm¨-hm-en-kv {]-`p-˛ 11045. ]-\n-bpw X-e-th-Z-\-bp-am-bn B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se-Øn-b \m-ep h-b p-≈ an-\n-°v Ip-d® - p-Zn-hk - ß - ƒ-°p-ti-jw ssI-Im-ep-Iƒ-°v Xf¿-®-bpw Xp-S¿-∂v Im-ep-Iƒ-°v ssh-I-ey-hpw kw-`-hn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. an-\n-°v ]n-Sn-s]-´ tcm-Kw F-¥m-Wv-˛ t]m-fn-tbm 11046. tZ-io-b A-t\z-j-W G-P≥-kn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿-jw-˛-2009 11047. tdm-dnw-Kv t^m¿-´o-kv, ^yq-dn-b-kv ^n-^v-‰o-kv, kv-{Io-anw-Kv kn-IvÃo-kv ˛-\m-hn-I¿ Cu co-Xn-bn¬ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈ hm-XI - ß - ƒ G-Xv-˛ ]-›n-a hm-Xw 11048. Iw-]yq-´¿ a-Z¿ t_m¿-Un-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ kn-Ãw t_m¿-Uv 11049. Xq-hm-\Ø - p-ºn-Iƒ F-∂ kn-\n-a G-Xv t\m-he - n-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv-˛ D-Z-I-t∏m-f 11050. Xn--h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw Pn-√b - n¬ kn-hn¬ tÃ-j≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- IpS-∏\ - ° - p-∂v 11051. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy h-\n-X ta-b¿-˛ tl-a-h-Xn Xm-bm-´v 11052. k¿-∏-∏m-´n-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv-˛ ]p-≈p-h≥-]m-´v 11053. tI-cf - bp-‡n-hm-Zn kw-LØ - n-s‚ B-Zy {]-kn-U‚ ˛-v Fw.kn.tPmk-^v 11054. tUm-Iyp-sa‚n-s‚ {]n‚u-´v F-Sp-°pw-ap-ºv A-Xv kv-{Io-\n¬ ImWp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-]m-[n-˛ {]n‚ v {]n-hyp 11055. ]n.Un.F. F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ t]-gv-k-W¬ Un-Pn-‰¬ Akn- v 11056. G-Xv a-X-am-Wv e-£-Zzo-]n¬ D-ss_-Zp-≈ {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xv-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 11057. G-Xn-s‚ iz-k-\m-h-b-h-am-Wv _p-°v e-Mv-kv-˛-Nn-e-¥n 11058. G-Xv C-Xn-lm-ka - m-Wv ap-Kƒ N-{I-h¿-Øn A-Iv_ - d - p-sS \n¿-t±-i{]-Im-cw t]¿-jy-\n-te-°v X¿-Pa - sN-bvX - X - v˛- a-lm-`m-cX - w 11059. G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv B¬-_¿-´v sF≥-Ão≥ P-\-d¬ Xn-b-dn Hm-^v dn-te-‰n-hn-‰n {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛1915 11060. G-Xv hn-{ip-X kw-kvI - r-X km-ln-Xy-Im-cs - ‚ t]-cn-em-Wv a-[y-{]tZ-iv k¿-°m¿ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv ˛ Im-fn-Zmk≥ 11061. tam-£{- ]-Zo-]J - W - vU - \ - w c-Nn-®X - v˛- N-´º - n-kzm-an-Iƒ 11062. C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-b U-_nƒ U-°¿ tIm-®v L-Sn-∏n-® {S-bn≥˛ knw-l-K-Uv F-Iv-kv-{]-kv 11063. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw X-Wp-∏p-Iq-Sn-b am-k-߃-˛ Un-kw-_-dpw P-\p-h-cn-bpw 11064. B¿-°p-ti-j-am-Wv tkm-Wn-bm-Km-‘n 1998˛¬ tIm¨-{K-kv A[y-£-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ko-Xm-dmw tI-k-cn 11065. G-Xv Ir-Xn-°v Km-‘n-Pn c-Nn-® hym-Jym-\a - m-Wv A-\m-k‡ - n-tbmKw-˛`- K - h - X - K -v o-X 11066. G-Xp a-X-°m-cm-Wv tem-I-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-`m-K-tØ-°v Ip-Sn-tb-dpI-bpw 1948˛¬ kz-¥w cm-Pyw \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ `q-cn-]-£-

210 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

hpw A-hn-tS-°v a-Sß - p-Ib - pw sN-bvX - X - v˛- P - q-Xa - X - w 11067. B-kq-{X-W I-Ωo-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛-tbm-P-\m `-h≥ 11068. Ip-´-\m-´n¬ B-cw-`n-® tXm-´-∏-≈n kv-]n¬-th-bp-sS ]-Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-b h¿-jw-˛ 1955 11069. Z-im-hX - m-cß - s - f-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ ]p-cm-Ww-˛ a-’y-]p-cmWw 11070. sIm-¶¨ sd-bn¬-th-bn¬ B-Zy bm-{Xm-Xo-h-≠n Hm-Sn-Øp-S-ßnb h¿-jw-˛1998 11071. Cw-•o-jv Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im--sS-ta¬ hn-Pbw t\-Sn-b kzm-en bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1612 11072. G-Xv Xo-b-Xn-bn-em-Wv ap-…nw eo-Kv C-S-°m-e k¿-°m-cn¬ tN¿∂-Xv-˛ 1946 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 26 11073. am-∏n-f-°-em-]-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-b I-em-]-ß-fp-sS ]-c-º-c-bp-sS HSp-hn-e-tØ-Xv \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛ 1921 11074. 1772˛¬ lq-•n Pn-√-bn-se cm-[m-\-K-dn¬ P-\n-® a-lm≥-˛ cm-Pmdmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 11075. G-Xv t\-Xm-hn-s‚ cw-K-{]-th-i-am-Wv C-¥y≥ tZ-io-b {]-ÿm-\Øn¬ h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ P-\I - o-b ]-¶m-fn-ØØ - n-\v A-hk - c - s - am-°n-bX - v˛- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 11076. G-Xv a-X° - m-cm-Wv ar-Xi - c - o-cw I-gp-I\ - v Xn-∂m≥ sIm-Sp-°p-∂X - ˛v- ]m-gvk - n a-Xw 11077. B-\n _-k‚ v A-U-bm-dn¬ tlmw dqƒ {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1916 11078. a-lm-`m-cX - b - p-≤Ø - n¬ t{Zm-Ws - c h-[n-®X - m-cv˛- A - ¿-Pp-\≥ 11079. G-Xv Ir-Xn-bp-sS `m-Kß - f - m-Wv ]¿-hw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- a-lm`m-cX - w 11080. tI-cf - `m-jm C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ B-ÿm-\ a-μn-cØ - n-s‚ t]-cv˛- \mf-μ 11081. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Xp-c-¶-ß-fp-≈ sd-bn¬-∏m-X-˛ I¬-°-˛-jnw-e 11082. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b _p-≤-a-X kv-Xq-]w-˛ km-©n 11083. tI-c-f kw-Ko-X \m-S-I A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS ap-J-]-{Xw-˛ tI-fn 11084. B¿-°p-ti-ja - m-Wv Kp- Aw-KZ- v kn-Jp-Kp--hm-bX - ˛v- ˛- K - p- \m-\m°v 11085. G-Xv Ir-Xn-bp-sS A-[ym-b-ß-fm-Wv tbm-Kw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv˛-`K - h - X - K -v o-X 11086. G-Xv k-a-c-Øn-s‚ Hm¿-a-bv-°m-bn-´m-Wv apw-ss_-bn-se tKm-hmen-b Sm-¶n-\v Hm-K-kv-Xv {Im-¥n ssa-Xm-\w F-∂p t]-cn-´-Xv-˛-Izn-‰n¥ym-ka - c - w 11087. G-Xv k-a-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv A--W A-k-^v A-en 1942 B-K-kv-Xv 9\v apw-ss_-bn¬ ]-Xm-I D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv-˛-Izn-‰n-¥ym-ka-cw 11088. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ {]-[m-\ Xp-da - p-Ja - m-bn--∂p ]p-lm¿-]´- W - w-˛t- Nmf≥-am¿ 11089. Xp-©≥ kv-am-c-I-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ sN-b¿-am≥-˛ sI.]n.tI-ih-ta-t\m≥ 11090. X-an-gv\ - m-Sn-s‚ A-cn-°n-Æw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ ÿ-ew-˛X - © - m-hq¿ 11091. Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]p-jv-]w-˛-sN-º-c-Øn 11092. Zzm-cI - m-[o-it- £-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-aY - p-c 11093. tem-Iv-k-`-bv-°v B t]- h-∂-Xv G-Xp h¿-jw ap-X-em-Wv ˛1954 11094. am¿-°v kp-°¿-_¿-Kv G-Xp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛ t^-kv _p°v 11095. 1857˛-se hn-π-h-k-a-b-Øv sIm-√-s∏-´ e-Iv-\u-hn-se {_n-´o-jv dkn-U‚ v-˛-sl≥-dn tem-d≥-kv 11096. kz-tZ-in {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ ]-S-b-Wn-Km-\w-˛ h-tμ-am-X-cw 11097. F-hn-sS-bm-Wv _n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ Un-{]-kv-Uv ¢m-k-kv C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ apw-ss_ 11098. B-[p-\n-I C-¥y-bn-se km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jvI - c - W - {]-ÿm-\ß - f - psS {]-`m-X \-£{- Xw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - v˛- cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv 11099. kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c - N - c - n-{X-Øn-se G-‰h - pw hn-Pb - I - c - a - m-b hn-πh - {- ]h¿-Ø-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛ kq-cy-sk≥ 11100. Z-bm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn P-\n-® ÿ-e-am-b tam¿-_n C-t∏mƒ G-Xv kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv˛- Kp-Pd - m-Øv 11101. G-Xv cm-Py-°m--sS tIm-f-\n-bm-bn--∂p Zn-bp-˛ t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv 11102. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ kz-Im-cy _m-¶m-b s\-Sp-ßm-Sn _m-¶v ]n-∂o-Sv G-Xv _m-¶n-em-Wv e-bn-∏n-®X - ˛v- ]-©m-_v \m-jW - ¬ _m¶v

11103. k-ºZ- vL - S- \ - b - p-sS G-Xv ta-Je - b - n-em-Wv C≥-jp-d≥-kv Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂-X˛-v X - r-Xo-b 11104. C-¥y-bpw ssN-\b - pw ]-©i - o-e I-cm-dn¬ H-∏p-sh-® h¿-jw ˛1954 11105. sh¿-an-Iƒ-®¿ G-Xp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛a - Æ - n-c 11106. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-°v am-{X-am-bn X-]m¬ h-Ip-∏v ]n≥-tIm-Uv A\p-h-Zn-® h¿-jw-˛2013 11107. C-¥y-bn¬ B-cm-[\ - m-eb - ß - f - p-sS kw-c£ - W - ® - p-aX - e - h-ln-°p∂ G-P≥-kn ˛ kn.B¿.]n.F-^v. 11108. Km-‘n-Pn t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b A-h-km-\-sØ P-\-Io-b k-a-cw Izn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 11109. G-Xv tI-kn-em-Wv cm-tP-{μ em-ln-cn-sb Xq-°n-te-‰n-bX - ˛-v Im-t°mdn tI-kv 11110. em-em e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn ÿm-]n-® Cw-•o-jv ]-{Xw-˛ Z ]o-∏nƒ 11111. th-Z-Im-e-L-´-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\ sXm-gn¬ ˛-Im-en h-f¿Ø¬ 11112. Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy-Øn¬ G-‰h - pw Xm-g∂ v- ÿm-\w B¿-°m-bn--∂p-˛iq-{Z¿ 11113. {]-kv {S-Ãv Hm-^v C-¥y ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛1947 11114. {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-bn-se {]-Xn-jvT-˛ _m-lp-_-en 11115. kn.cm-Pt- Km-]m-em-Nm-cn-°v B-Zy `m-cX - c - X - \ v- w e-`n-® h¿-jw ˛1954 11116. hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy k-Z  - n-se \-hc - X - \ v- ß - f - n-sem-cm-fm-bn--∂ i-¶p GXv \n-e-bn¬ \n-]p-W-\m-bn--∂p-˛ in¬-]n 11117. G-Xv k-ac - h - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´m-Wv t\-Xm-°s - f P-bn-en-eS- b - ° -v m≥ {_n-´o-jv k¿-°m¿ Hm-∏-td-j≥ X-≠¿-t_mƒ-´v \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv-˛Izn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 11118. C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\Ø - v ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-b H-cmƒ P-\n-®X - v {io-e¶ - bn-se Im≥-Un-bn-em-Wv. B-cv?˛-Fw-Pn-B¿ 11119. {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p--hn-s‚ B-Zy-in-jy≥-˛ in-he - nw-KZ- m-kk - zm-an-Iƒ 11120. I-hn-Xn-e-I≥ F-∂ _-lp-a-Xn ]-Wv-Un-‰v I-dp-∏-\v \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ sIm-®n-cm-Pm-hv 11121. B-sc {]-Io¿-Øn-®m-Wv Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ Zn-hy-tIm-In-ew c-Nn-®X - v˛ a-lm-I-hn Sm-tKm¿ 11122. ssh-tZ-in-I-k-lm-bw-Iq-Sm-sX A-®p-Iq-Sw ÿm-]n-® B-Zy a-ebm-fn-˛ Nm-h-d-b-®≥ 11123. Ir-{Xn-tam-]-{K-l-Øn-te-°v Um-‰ A-b-bv-°p-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ A-]ven-¶v 11124. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Iw-]yq-´-dp-I-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ X-cw Io t_m¿-Uv-˛ sIz¿-´n 11125. t]-gv-k-W¬ Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛ sl≥-dn F-tUz¿-Uv tdm_¿-Sk v- v 11126. G-Xv hn-π-h-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv eq-bn ]-Xn-\m-dm-a≥ h-[n-°-s∏-´Xv˛- {- ^-©p-hn-πh - w 11127. G-Xv im-kv{- X-im-Jb - p-sS ]n-Xm-hm-Wv ss]-Yt- Km-dk - v˛- K - W - n-Xw 11128. G-Xv Ir-jn-°v G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ `o-jW - n-bm-b Io-Sa - m-Wv tX-bne sIm-Xp-I˛v- I - i - p-h≠ - n 11129. C-¥y≥ t£-{X-in¬-]-hn-Zy-bp-sS sa-°-˛-J-Pp-cm-tlm 11130. B-cm-Wv Z A-Uz-t©-gv-kv Hm-^v l-°nƒ-s_-dn ^n≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛am¿-°v Sz-bn≥ 11131. B-cm-Wv Zp-»m-k-\-s\ h-[n-®v ]m-©m-en-bp-sS {]-Xn-Pv-R \n-dth-‰n-bX - v˛- `- o-a≥ 11132. sh-_v t]-Pp-I-fp-sS cq-]-I-ev-]-\-bv-°v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ `m-j˛ F-®v-Sn-Fw-F¬ 11133. kn-≤m-¥i - n-tcm-aW - n c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- `m-kvI - c - m-Nm-cy 11134. a-ø-gn-sb {^-©p-`-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v tam-Nn-∏n-® h¿-jw ˛1954 11135. \n-jm-ZN - c - n-Xw c-Nn-®X - m-c˛v- {io-l¿-j≥ 11136. ln-μp-tZ-hX - b - p-sS Nn-{Xw B-te-J\ - w sN-bvX - \m-Wb - w ]p-dØ - nd-°n-b B-Zy `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv tKm-dn 11137. G-Xv cm-Py-sØ cm-⁄n-bm-bn--∂p dm-Wn ]-Zv-an-\n-˛ Nn-t‰m¿ 11138. Izn-‰n-¥ym {]-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°c - p-sX-∂v P-\ß - s - f B-lzm\w sN-bv-X ln-μp-a-lm-k-` t\-Xm-hv-˛-hn.Un.k-hm¿-°¿ 11139. 1902˛¬ I-gv-k¨ {]-`p \n-b-an-® C-¥y≥ s]m-eo-kv I-Ωn-j-s‚ sN-b¿-am-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ B≥-{Uq t{^-k¿ 11140. bp.F-kv._n.bp-sS ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛-bp-Wn-th-gv-k¬ ko-cn-b¬ _kv 11141. B--sS a-I\ - m-Wv L-tSm¬-°N - ≥-˛` - o-a≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 211

11142. B--sS B-\-bm-Wv sF-cm-h-Xw-˛-C-{μ≥ 11143. C-¥y≥ tIm-^n lu-kv ÿm-]n-°m≥ ap≥-ssI-sb-Sp-Ø t\Xm-h˛v- F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ 11144. ap-ßn-ac - n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºv Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ k-©c - n-®n--∂ t_m-´˛vsd-Uo-a¿ 11145. tIm-gn-t°m-Sv X-Øz-{]-Im-in-I B-{i-aw ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- hm-Kv` - S- m-\μ≥ 11146. B¿-°m-Wv am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ ap-Sn-Nq-Spw-s]--amƒ F-∂p t]-cn-´X - v˛ A-øm ssh-Ip-WvT¿ 11147. Pm-Xn Ip-Ωn c-Nn-®X - v˛- ]-WvU - n-‰v I-dp-∏≥ 11148. B-Zy-sØ Iw-]yq-´¿ ssh-d-kv-˛ F¬-Iv t¢m-W¿ 11149. B-Zy-sØ sam-ss_¬ t^m¨ ssh-d-kv-˛ Im-_n¿ 11150. C-¥y-bn¬ ap-Jy-a-{¥n ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn h-\nX-bm-Wv `¿-Øm-hn-s‚ a-cW - s - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂v X-an-g\ v- m-´n¬ ap-Jy-a{¥n-bm-b ssh-°w kz-tZ-in-\n Pm-\-In cm-a-N-{μ≥. B--sS `mcy-bm-bn--∂p A-h¿?˛-Fw-Pn-B¿ 11151. {io-hn-Pb - k - m-{am-Pyw ]n-Sn-®S- ° - n-b tNm-fc - m-Pm-hv˛- cm-tP-{μ tNmf≥ 11152. Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈ ]m-Wv-Uy-cm-Pm-hv-˛ s\-Spt©-gn-b≥ 11153. cm-hW - h - [ - w c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- `-´n 11154. F-b¿-t]m¿-´v A-tXm-cn-‰n Hm-^v C-¥y cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛1995 11155. 1901˛¬ ]-©m-_n¬-\n-∂v t\m¿-Øv sh-Ãv t{^m-≠n-b¿ s{]mhn≥-kv cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 11156. cm-jv-{So-b kz-bw tk-h-Iv kw-L-Øn-s‚ B-Zy im-J B-cw-`n-® ÿ-ew-˛ \m-Kv] - q¿ 11157. F-¥p-Ip-‰-am-tcm-]n-®m-Wv _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-I-s\ 1908˛¬ Ad-Ãv sN-bv-X-Xv-˛ cm-Py-t{Zm-lw 11158. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv 11 {_n-´o-jv {]-hn-iy-I-fnte-°v B-Zy-am-bn Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v \-S-∂-Xv-˛ en≥-en-Xv-tKm 11159. B-[m¿ ]-≤-Xn D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-ø-s∏-´ h¿-jw ˛2010 11160. Xm≥ B-Wv J-eo-^ F-∂h - I - m-is - ∏-´ G-I U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥˛ ap-_m-d-Iv Jn¬-Pn 11161. tUmƒ-^n-s\ C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b P-e-Po-hn-bm-bn {]-Jym-]n-® h¿-jw ˛2010 11162. G-Xv h¿-js - Ø sk≥-kk - v A-Sn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bm-Wv \m-jW - ¬ t]m-∏p-te-j≥ c-Pn-ÿ (F≥-]n-B¿) X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛ 2011 11163. C-¥y-bn¬ Cw-Kf v- o-jp-Im--sS `-cW - \ - n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-\p-sh-fn-bn¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b B-Zy k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛-ssa-kq¿ 11164. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ km-£-c-X-bp-≈ a-X-hn-`m-K-ta-Xv-˛]m-gvk - n a-Xw 11165. B--sS io-XI - m-eh - k - X - n-bm-Wv Sn-_‰ - n-se (em-k) s]m-´m-e sIm´m-cw-˛-Z-sse-em-a 11166. bq-tdm-∏n-se {]-[m-\ a-Xw-˛{- In-kvX - p-aX - w 11167. C≥-Izn-kn-j≥ G-Xp a-Xh - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛{- In-kvX - pa-Xw 11168. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Pnw-\m-Ãn-Iv ]-cn-io-e-\-tI-{μw F-hn-sSbm-Wv B-cw-`n-®X - v˛- X - e - t- »-cn 11169. em-]v tSm-∏v Iw-]yq-´¿ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ knw-¢-b¿ 11170. H- sh-_v-ssk-‰n-s‚ B-Zy t]-Pv-˛ tlmw t]-Pv 11171. C-¥y≥ tlm-°n-bp-sS sa-°-˛-k≥-km¿-]q¿ 11172. C-¥y≥-`c - W - k - w-hn-[m-\Ø - n¬ ]-tcm-£a - m-bn B-hn-jI -v c - n-°s - ∏´n-´p-≈ s^-U-d¬ kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ B-i-b-߃-°v I-S-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂ {_n-´o-jv \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-ta-Xv v-˛1935˛-se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 11173. B--sS B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv {^o-Uw C≥ F-Iv-ssk¬-˛-Z-sse-em-a 11174. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ sa-Un-°¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-j≥ B-b Inw-Kv F-tUz¿-Uv sa-Un-°¬ kv-Iqƒ 1848˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b \-K-cw-˛C≥-tUm¿ 11175. bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b kn-\-tKm-Kv G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv ˛lw-Kd - n 11176. B--sS kv-am-c-I-am-Wv a-ø-\m-´v ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv ˛-kn.tI-ih≥ 11177. 1865˛¬ apw-ss_-bn¬ P-\n-® s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hv-˛-dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv In-πnw-Kv

11178. ªm-°v hn-tUm F-∂-Xv G-Xn-\w Po-hn-bm-Wv ˛-Nn-e-¥n 11179. ¢-_v F-^v-Fw F-∂ td-Un-tbm Nm-\¬ B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛-am-Xr-`q-an 11180. ¢m-kn-°¬ ]-Z-hn e-`n-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ `m-j-˛-X-an-gv 11181. 1469˛¬ (C-t∏m-g-sØ ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se) \m-\m-Im-\m km-ln∫n¬ P-\n-® a-lm≥-˛-Kp- \m-\m-°v 11182. {Sm-h≥-Iq¿ ssπ-hp-Uv en-an-‰-Uv (C-t∏mƒ In≥-{^ C≥-U-kv-{Snb¬ ]m¿-°v) F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-]p-\-eq¿ 11183. {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™-Xv-˛-a-e-bm-fw 11184. 1904˛¬ I-gv-k¨ G-Xv Nn-{X-Im-c-\m-Wv ssI-k¿ C ln-μv kz¿W-sa-U¬ k-Ωm-\n-®-Xv-˛-cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 11185. kmw a-t\-£m-bv-°v ^o¬-Uv am¿-j¬ ]-Z-hn \¬-In-b h¿-jw˛1973 11186. C-¥y X-t±-io-b-am-bn \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ B-W-h A-¥¿-hmln-\n-˛ sF-F≥-F-kv A-cn-l-¥v 11187. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ B-W-h dn-bm-Iv-S-dm-b A-]v-k-c {]-h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1956 11188. C-¥y-bn¬ hy-h-km-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS kw-c-£-W-®p-a-X-e hln-°p-∂ kp-c£ - m G-P≥-kn-˛k - n.sF.F-kv.F-^v. 11189. F≥.F-®˛-v 7 (I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-˛h - m-cm-Wk - n) s‚ ]p-Xn-b t]-c˛-v F≥.F®v.˛44 11190. H-∂mw-h-´ ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\w- (1930)- e-≠-\n¬- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ ssht{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 11191. a-lm-cm-jv{- S-bn¬ a-lm-_t- e-iz-dn-\p k-ao-]w B-cw-`n-°p-∂ \-Zn˛ Ir-jW v11192. 1921˛¬ ssN-\o-kv I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n ÿm-]n-®X - m-cv ˛-am-thm tkXp-Mv 11193. B--sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn--∂p N-{μ-h-c-Zm-bn-˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 11194. C-¥y-bn¬ sS-en-{Kmw tk-h-\w A-h-km-\n-∏n-® h¿-jw-˛2013 11195. 14e-£w t]¿ tPm-en sN-øp-∂ C-¥y-bn-se ÿm-]-\-ta-Xv ˛ C¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kv 11196. {io-Ir-jW v- P-∑`- q-an F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- a - Y - p-c 11197. {Ko-°v A-£-c-am-e-bn-se A-£-c-ß-fp-sS F-Æw-˛24 11198. C-¥y≥ ]u-c-s‚ au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ bp-‡-am-b \n-b-{¥Ww G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw B¿-°m-W v-˛-]m¿-esa‚ v 11199. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-S-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂ {_n-´ojv \n-b-a-ta-Xv-˛1935˛-se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 11200. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\, Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v kw-_-‘n-® hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ I-Sw-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v G-Xv {_n-´o-jv \n-ba - Ø - n¬-\n-∂m-W˛-v 1935˛se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 11201. t_mw-s_-bn-se \m-hn-I I-em-]w (1946) \-S∂ - t- ∏mƒ ssh-t{kmbn-˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 11202. t`m-K-ß-sf-√mw £-W-{]-`m-N-©-ew/th-tK-\ \-jv-S-am-am-bp- ptam¿-° \o-˛ F-∂p ]m-Sn-bX - v˛- F - g - p-Ø— - ≥ 11203. t{]-am-ar-Xw B-sc-gp-Xn-b G-I km-aq-ln-I t\m-he - m-W˛-v k - n.hn.cma≥-]n-≈ 11204. ]-d-bn-s]-‰ ]-¥o--Ip-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ {K-Ÿw-˛ sF-Xn-ly-ame 11205. dm-∏n-Uv B-£≥ t^m-gv-kv cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw- ˛ 1992 11206. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ A-_v-Im-cn tIm-S-Xn ÿm-]n-®-sX-hnsS-bm-Wv˛- s - Im-´m-c° - c 11207. sX-t° C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈ kp-J-hm-k-tI-{μw-˛Du-´n 11208. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S Sq-dn-kw s]m-eo-kv tÃj≥ ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-a-´m-t©-cn 11209. tam-£i - m-k{v- Xw F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- `- K - h - X - K v- o-X 11210. tam-kk - v ÿm-]n-® a-Xt- a-Xv˛- P - q-Xa - X - w 11211. tI-cf - k¿-°m¿ N-e® - n-{X A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ \¬-In-Øp-Sß - n-b h¿jw-˛ 1969 11212. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ i-_v-Z-Nn-{X-am-b B-ew B-d dn-eo-kmb-Xv G-Xv h¿-ja - m-Wv˛- 1931 11213. Un-Pn-‰¬ kn-·-en-s\ A-\-tem-Kv kn-·-e-°m-°p-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ tam-Up-te-j≥ 11214. B-Zy-sØ t]-gv-k-W¬ Iw-]yq-´¿ ssh-d-kv-˛ {_-bn≥ 11215. Z-bm-\-μv Bw-t•m th-Zn-Iv kv-Iqƒ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ em-e l≥-kv-cmPv

212 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

11216. a-ln-fm cm-jv{- So-b kw-Lv F-∂ kw-LS- \ - b - p-sS ÿm-]I - ˛- e-XnIm tLm-jv 11217. cm-a\ - m-Y≥ Ir-jvW - ≥, c-ta-jv Ir-jvW - ≥ F-∂n-h¿ G-Xv I-fn-bpam-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-sS-∂o-kv 11218. cm-a-\pw d-ln-apw H-tc ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ hy-Xy-kv-X t]--I-fm-Wv ˛ F-∂p ]-d™ X - m-c˛v- I-_o¿ 11219. cm-am-b-W-Øn-se _m-en-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv ˛-C-{μ≥ 11220. c-≠m-as - Ø-bpw- aq-∂m-as - Ø-bp-w- h-´t- a-i k-tΩ-f\ - k - a - b - Ø - v ssht{km-bn-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨- {]-`p 11221. ta-P¿ [ym≥-N-μn-s‚ P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ tZ-io-b Im-bn-IZn-\-am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A-t±-lw G-Xv Im-bn-I C-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-tlm-°n 11222. ⁄m-\-]oTw ]p-c-kv-Im-cw G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-se an-I-hn-s\ B-Z-cn°m-\m-Wv \¬-Ip-∂X - v˛- k - m-ln-Xyw 11223. Xn-ca - m-eb - n¬-\n-∂v ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-∂ ]-≤X - n tI-cf - Ø - n¬ B-Zy-am-bn ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-W-v˛-hn-gn-™w 11224. Xn--h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw Pn-√b - n-se c-≠m-as - Ø h-en-b \-Kc - w-˛B - ‰ - n-߬ 11225. \-h-c-Xv-\-ß-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn--∂ th-Xm-f-`-´n G-Xp \n-e-bn-em-bn-∂p {]-Ke - v` - ≥-˛ am-{¥n-I≥ 11226. kq-cy-kn-≤m-¥w c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- B-cy-`S- ≥ 11227. {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bp-sS-bpw Ip-Spw-_mw-Kß - f - p-sS-bpw kw-c£ - W - ® - p-aX-e-bp-≈ {]-tXy-I G-P≥-kn-bm-b 11228. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS ]n≥-tIm-Uv-˛ 110201 11229. G-Xv \-Zn-°m-Wv t]-cn-\v, k-t¥m-jw \¬-Ip-∂X - v F-∂¿-Ya - p-≈Xv ˛-\¿-aZ11230. 1905˛¬- "kz-tZ-in- a-Wv-U-en'- F-∂ kw-L-S-\ B-cw-`n-® t\-Xmhv ˛-kn.B¿.Zm-kv 11231. bqƒ dn-sa t{Sm-^n-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ a-’-cw-˛-{In-°-‰v 11232. {Km-a-ß-fn¬ ssh-Zy-k-lm-bw F-Øn-°m-\m-bn sse-^v sse≥ F-Iv-kv-{]-kv B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1991 11233. ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ Dƒ-s∏-´ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se Aw-K-߃ ]n≥-am-dn-bt∏mƒ tIm¨-Ãn-‰yp-h‚ v A-kw-ªn-bn-se Aw-K-_-ew-˛ 299 11234. ta-Lm-e-b, {Xn-]p-c, a-Wn-∏q¿ ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ \n-e-hn¬ h∂ h¿-jw-˛2013 11235. ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-lw F-{X Zn-h-kw \o-≠p-\n-∂p-˛603 11236. C-f-bn-S-Øp-kz-cq-]-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\w G-Xm-bn--∂p-˛ sIm-´m-c°-c 11237. kn.B¿.Sn. F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ Im-tXm-Uv td Syq-_v 11238. A-\-tem-Kv kn-·-en-s\ Un-Pn-‰¬ kn-·-e-°m-°p-∂ {]-{In-b-˛ Uo-tam-Up-te-j≥ 11239. Km-‘n-Pn- \n- l - I - c - W - {]-ÿm-\w- ]n≥-he - n-®X - v G-Xv ssh-t{kmbn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p11240. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b {]-[m-\y-hpw ]-g-°-hpw Im-c-Ww In-g-°n-s‚ GY≥-kv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ \-Kc - w-˛a - [ - p-c 11241. ko-Uv F-∂ ]-cn-ÿn-X kw-c-£-W ]-≤-Xn B-cw-`n-® a-e-bm-f ]-{Xw-˛a - m-Xr-`q-an 11242. kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv P-\n-® ÿ-ew--˛I - ´- I - v 11243. km-º-Øn-I s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-® B-Zy C-¥y-°m-c≥-˛A-a¿-Xym sk≥ 11244. km-aq-ln-Ia - m-bpw a-X] - c - a - m-bpw G-‰h - pw {]-[m-\s - ∏-´ th-Zw-˛E - t- KzZw 11245. kw-ÿm-\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\ kw-_-‘n-® sP.hn.]n I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp, h-√-`v `m-bn ]-t´¬ F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w Aw-Ka - m-bX - v˛- ] - ´- m-`n ko-Xm-cm-aø 11246. kw-LI - m-e km-ln-Xyw G-Xv `m-jb - n-em-Wv c-Nn-°s - ∏-´X - v˛- X - a - n-gv 11247. kz-¥-am-bn k¿-h-I-em-im-e ÿm-]n-® C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ \m-´p-cm-Pyw (1916)˛-ssa-kq¿ 11248. lm≥ \-Zn H-gp-Ip-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b 11249. ln-μp-a-lm-k-` cq-]w-sIm-≠-t∏mƒ B-ÿm-\w F-hn-sS-bm-bn-∂p-˛l - c - n-Zzm¿ 11250. ln-μp-al - m-k` - b - pw I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n-bpw \n- l - I - c - n-® P-\I - ob k-ac - t- a-Xv˛- I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 11251. \yq-U¬-ln \-K-cw D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-bv-X ssh-t{km-bn-˛-C¿-hn≥{]-`p 11252. km-aq-ln-I t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-\p-≈ c-≠m-aX - v a-Kvk - s - k A-hm¿-Un-\v (1959)A¿-l-\m-b-Xv ˛-Z-sse-em-a

11253. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ _-Uv-P-‰v A-h-X-cn-∏n-® h¿-jw˛1947 11254. 1922˛-se K-b tIm¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X-h-ln-® t\-Xm-h˛v- k - n.B¿.Zm-kv 11255. sN-t∏m-Iv tÃ-Un-b-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-fn-˛-{In-°-‰v 11256. cm-Py-k`- b - n-te-°v \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw sN-øs - ∏-´ B-Zy hy-‡n (1952)˛tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk≥11257. Nmƒ-kv Un-°≥-kn-s‚ sS-bn¬ Hm-^v Sp kn-‰o-kv F-∂ t\m-hen-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew-˛-{^-©p-hn-π-hw 11258. ln-μp-ÿm≥ t^m-t´m ^n-enw-kv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Du-´n 11259. ln-t∏m-{Im-‰k - v G-Xv im-kv{- X-im-Jb - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw 11260. B-Zy-sØ ssa-t{Im-Iw-]yq-´¿-˛ Aƒ-´-b¿ 8800 11261. {]-_p-≤` - m-cX - w F-∂ ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®X - v˛- kzm-an hn-th-Im-\μ - ≥ 11262. dm-Un-°¬ sU-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv ]m¿-´n ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Fw-F≥ tdm-bv 11263. ]-Øp X-Øz-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ kw-L-S-\-˛ B-cy-k-am-Pw 11264. ap-Kf - c - p-sS ]-X\ - I - m-eØ - v Pm-´p-Is - f H- cm-jv{- So-b i-‡n-bm-bn kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ kp-c-Pv-a¬ 11265. C-¥y≥ •m-Uv-è F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 11266. ln-μp-a-lm-k-` cq-]w-sIm-≠ k-a-b-Øv ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂Xm-cv˛- l - m¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 11267. G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b c-≠m-a-sØ `m-j (ssN-\o-kv I-gn™m¬) ˛-ln-μn 11268. kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬ h-√-`-t£m-Wn F-∂p ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-´n--∂ \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛h - ≈ - p-h\ - m-Sv 11269. kz-¥-am-bn tZ-io-b Km-\-an-√m-Ø cm-Py-ta-Xv ˛-ssk-{]-kv 11270. kw-LI - m-eØ - v km-ln-Xy-kw-Ka - w \-S∂ - ÿ-ew-˛a - [ - p-c 11271. ln-μp-aX - Ø - n-s‚ G-‰h - pw hn-ip-≤{- K-Ÿt- a-X˛v- `- K - h - X - K v- o-X 11272. kp-{ip-X-kw-ln-X G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-se {K-Ÿ-am-Wv ˛-- -ssh-Zy-imkv{- Xw 11273. ln-μp-ÿm≥ dn-∏ª - n-°≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-js - ‚ t]-cv ln-μp-ÿm≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv dn-∏ª - n-°≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ F-∂p am-‰n-b h¿jw-˛1928 11274. kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-sb ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v \o-°m≥ B¿-°mW-[n-Im-cw-˛] - m¿-es - a‚ v 11275. N-cn-{Xw F-\n-°p-am-∏p-X-w-˛-F-∂ {]-kn-≤-am-b {]-kw-Kw B-tS-Xm-Wv-˛-^n-U¬ Im-kv-t{Sm 11276. N-hn-´p-\m-S-Iw G-Xp a-X-°m--am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ I-em-cq-]-am-Wv-˛{In-kX -v p-aX - w 11277. C-¥y-bp-sS k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-] ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b B-Zy h-\nX-˛-{]-Xn-`m ]m-´o¬ 11278. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\a - m-b sl-be v- n- \m-jW - ¬]m¿-°v- B-cw-`n-®-Xv (1936) G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-ØmWv-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨- {]-`p 11279. C-¥y-bn-se F-{Xm-a-sØ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZiv˛- 24 11280. I-ayp-Wn-Ãv C‚¿-\m-jW - e - n-s‚ t\-Xr-ÿm-\t- Ø-°v Xn-cs - ™Sp-°-s∏-´ B-Zy `m-c-Xo-b≥-˛-Fw-F≥ tdm-bv 11281. A-e-l-_m-Zv B-ÿm-\-am-bn \yq-an-kv-am-‰n-Iv skm-ssk-‰n Hm-^v C-¥y ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1910 11282. C-hn-sS ln-μp-thm ap-k¬-am-t\m C-√. a-\p-jy≥ am-{X-ta D-≈q-˛F-∂p ]-d™ X - v˛- K - p- \m-\m-°v 11283. Fw-]n.4 s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ Fw-s]-Kv se-b¿ 4 11284. hn≥-tUm-kv F-Iv-kv.]n.bn¬ G-‰-hpw Xm-sg-bp-≈ _m¿-˛ Sm-kvIv _m¿ 11285. C-Un-b‰ - v F-∂ Ir-Xn c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- t- ^ym-Z¿ Z-kvX - t- b-hv-kvI - n 11286. cm-jv{- S-Iq-Sh - w-iØ - n-se G-‰h - pw {]-Ke - v` - \ - m-b cm-Pm-hv˛- A - t- am-Lh¿-j≥ 11287. cm-k-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ B-kn-Uv-˛-k¬-^yq-cn-Iv B-kn-Uv 11288. c-≠mw tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤Ø - n-\v Xn-c» - o-e ho-Wt- ∏mƒ ssh-t{kmbn B-cm-bn--∂p-˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 11289. C-¥y-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-am-b B-K-kv-‰v 15 kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-amb Kƒ-^v cm-Pyw-˛-_-lv-dn≥ 11290. F-Ik v- e - n-s‚ H- sk-√n¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ Im-cI - Sv- d - p-Iƒ-˛ 65536 11291. {^o tkm-^v‰ - vs - h-b¿ ^u-t≠-j≥ ÿm-]n-Xa - m-b h¿-jw-˛ 1985

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 213

11292. a-{Zm-kn¬ d-b-´v-hm-cn kw-hn-[m-\w \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xm-cv-˛ tXm-a-kv a¨-tdm 11293. B--sS k-a-b-Øm-Wv kmw-_m-Pn h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Hu-dw-K-ko_v 11294. sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬ t_-Xp¨ tIm-tf-Pv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ Cu-iz-c-N{μ hn-Zym-km-K¿ 11295. Nm¿-fn Nm-πn≥ I-gn-hp-sX-fn-bn-® ta-J-e-tb-Xv ˛-kn-\n-a 11296. kp¬-Øm-\ d-kn-b-bp-sS hn-iz-kv-X-\m-bn--∂ P-em-ep-±o≥ bm°p-Zv G-Xv cm-Py-°m-c\ - m-bn--∂p-˛F - t- Xym-]y 11297. Kp- tX-Pv _-lm-Zq¿ h-[n-°s - ∏-´X - n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v kn-Jv Kp--hmb-Xm-cv˛- t- Km-_n-μv kn-Mv 11298. kp-K‘ - \ - y-RP v- \ - ß - f - n¬ cm-PI - p-am-cn F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- h - m-\ne 11299. l-÷v G-Xp a-X-°m--sS ]p-Wy-bm-{X-bm-Wv-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 11300. kn.B¿.Zm-kn-s\m-∏w kz-cm-Pv ]m¿-´n (1923)ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛-tamØn-em¬ s\-{lp 11301. A-ta-cn-°≥ kz-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv {_n-´o-jv P-\-d-em-bn--∂ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛-tIm¨-hm-en-kv {]-`p 11302. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw P-\-{]n-b-am-b Im-bn-I-hn-t\m-Zw-˛ ^p-Svt_mƒ 11303. {io-ssi-ew ]-≤-Xn G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-W 11304. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-b P-\-K-W-a-\ c-Nn-°-s∏-´ `m-j˛-_w-Km-fn 11305. cm-jv-{So-b kz-bw tk-h-Iv kw-Lw ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv G-Xv h¿-jam-Wv-˛1925 11306. C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\-sØ F-Xn¿-Ø A-Xn¿-Øn {]-hn-iy-bn-se t\Xm-hv˛- J - m≥ A-_vZ- pƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 11307. c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ ln-‰v-e-dp-sS k-Jy-I-£n-bm-bn-∂ C-‰m-en-b≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-˛-s_-\n-t‰m ap-t m-fn-\n 11308. c-≠mw tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤Ø - n-s\m-Sp-hn¬ F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn sXm-en-bp-cn-®v sIm-es - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - m-sc-bm-W˛v- ˛- s - _-\n-t‰m ap-t mfn-\n 11309. c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-s‚ A-h-km-\-tØm-sS \n-e-hn¬-h∂ kw-LS- \ - ˛-- s - F-Iy-cm-jv{- S k-` 11310. c-‡w I-´-]n-Sn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛-hn-‰m-an≥ sI 11311. c-t≠m A-[n-e[ - n-It- am kw-ÿm-\ß - ƒ-°m-bn s]m-Xp ssl-t°mS-Xn ÿm-]n-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw B¿-°m-Wv-˛-]m¿-e-sa‚ v 11312. C-Xn-lm-kw c-Nn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ `m-j-˛-kw-kv-Ir-Xw 11313. c-Xv\ - a - m-en-I F-∂ kw-kvI - r-XI - r-Xn-bp-sS I¿-Øm-hv ˛-At- am-Lh¿-j≥ 11314. D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-sS D-]-\n-j-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-`-K-h-Xv-KoX 11315. G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Iq-Sn-b {]m-b-Øn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£-\mb-Xv-˛ Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn(81) 11316. C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ tIm¨-{K-kv A-[y-£-\m-b B-Zy hn-tZin-˛-k¿ sl≥-dn tIm-´¨ (1904) 11317. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv U-ªn≥-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 11318. D-Øt- c-¥y-sb-bpw Z-£n-tW-¥y-sb-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ \-Zn-sb∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v ˛-\¿-aZ11319. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b hƒ-°m-\n-Iv (A-·n-]¿-h-X-P-\y) Zzo-]v-˛-sF-kv-em≥-Uv 11320. N-cI - k - w-ln-X G-Xv hn-jb - Ø - n-se {K-Ÿa - m-W˛- v- s - sh-Zy-im-k{v- Xw 11321. kp-sse-am≥ F-∂ A-d-_n hym-]m-cn Z-£n-tW-¥y k-μ¿-in-®t∏mƒ cm-j{v- S-Iq-Sc - m-Pm-h˛v- A - t- am-Lh - ¿-j≥ 11322. kq-cy-\n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈ c-≠m-as - Ø hm-XI - w-˛l - o-en-bw 11323. ku-tcm¿-P A-Sp-∏p-If - n¬ {]-Im-iw tI-{μo-Ic - n-°m≥ G-Xp X-cw Z¿-∏W - a - m-Wv D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v˛- t- Im¨-tI-hv an-d¿ 11324. kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°pw `-cW - m-[n-Im-ca - p-≠m-bn--∂ tI-cf - o-b cm-Ph - w-iw ˛-A-d-bv-°¬ 11325. Nn-{X-I-e-bn¬ C≥-tUm-˛-bq-tdm-]y≥ ssi-en-°v Xp-S-°-an-´-Xm-cv 11326. kp-h¿-W N-tIm-cw- G-Xp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ A-hm¿-Um-Wv- ˛-kn-\na 11327. Nu-cn-˛-Nu-c kw-`-hw \-S-°p-tºmƒ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p11328. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn \n¿-a¬ tÃ-‰v ]-Z-hn t\-Sn-b kw-ÿm-\w: kn-°nw 11329. dm-°v sd-bn¬ kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS C-¥y-bp-sS C-X-c-`m-K-ß-fp-

am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂ G-I kp-J-hm-k-tI-{μw-˛-Du-´n 11330. dn-£m-°m-c≥ F-∂ kn-\n-a-bn-se A-`n-\-b-Øn-\v tZ-io-b Ahm¿-Un-\v A¿-l\ - m-bX - m-cv˛- F - w-Pn-B¿ 11331. Un.hn.Un-bp-sS ti-jn-˛ 4.7 Pn._n. 11332. t^m-≠v ssk-kv A-f-°p-∂-Xv F-¥n-em-Wv-˛ t]m-bn‚ v 11333. B--sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv 1882˛¬ C-¥y≥ F-Uyp-t°-j≥ IΩn-j≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ U-_v-fp. U-_v-fp.l-≠¿ 11334. Uyp-tπ-bp-sS kz-Im-cy bp-≤w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ c-≠mw I¿-Wm´n-Iv bp-≤w-˛ 11335. a-Z≥-em¬ Zn≥-{K B-sc-bm-Wv h-[n-®-Xv-˛ I-gv-k¨ ssh-en 11336. X-§p-Is - f A-a¿-® sN-bvX - X - v˛- tI-W¬ …o-am≥ 11337. C-¥y-bp-sS `-cW - w hn-Itv- Sm-dn-b a-lm-dm-Wn G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂X - n-t\mS-\p-_-‘n-®v A-e-lm-_m-Zn¬ Z¿-_m¿ {]-Jym-]n-® K-h¿-W¿ P\-d¬ ˛ Im-\nw-Kv 11338. dp-_n-Iv Iyq-_n-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b F¿-tWm dp-_n-Iv P-\n-® cm-Pyw-˛l - w-Kd - n 11339. D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h--sS F-Æw Ip-d-hm-sW-¶n-epw kmw-kv-Im-cnI-am-b Im-cW - ß - f - m¬ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS F-´mw sj-Uyp-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b `m-j-˛-kw-kv-Ir-Xw 11340. du-e-‰v- \n-b-aw- ]n≥-h-en-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p11341. C-˛-sS≥-U¿ \-S-∏m-°n-b tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ \-K-c-k-`-˛-Xn-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw 11342. G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b A-ta-cn-°≥ lyp-a-dn-Ãm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏Sp-∂ km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥-˛a - m¿-°v Sz-bn≥ 11343. C-¥y-bn-se G-Xv ÿm-]-\-am-Wv 1951˛¬ tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xv-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kv 11344. sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬ 1817˛¬ ln-μp tIm-tf-Pv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ tUhn-Uv l-tc 11345. Izn-‰n-¥ym k-ac - I - m-eØ - v Xm-{a-en-]vX - Pm-Xn-b k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]nX-am-b-sX-hn-sS-˛ _w-Kmƒ 11346. _-lp-hn-hm-lv F-∂ ]p-kv-X-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv-˛ Cu-iz-c-N-{μ hn-Zymkm-K¿ 11347. C-¥y-bp-sS `-c-W-Øn-\m-bn {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \-S-Øn-b G‰-hpw h-en-b \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-ta-Xv -˛1935˛-se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 11348. C-¥y-bp-sS `-c-Ww {_n-´o-jv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn t\-cn-t´-s‰-Sp-°m≥ Im-c-W-am-b kw-`-h-ta-Xv -˛1857˛-se I-em-]w 11349. C-˛-sa-bn-en-se tÃm-td-Pv-G-cn-b-bp-sS t]-cv-˛ sa-bn¬ t_m-Iv-kv 11350. ssa-t{Im-tkm-^v-‰v th-Un¬ ]-®-h-c kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛ hym-I-cW-∏n-iI - v 11351. tKm-hn-μv knw-Kn-\p-ti-jw kn-Jp-Im-sc \-bn-®X - v˛- _m-μm _-lmZq¿ 11352. _-lZ- q¿-jm H-∂m-as - ‚ b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv˛- ap-hm-kw cm-PI - p-am-c≥ 11353. 1857 se in-]m-bn e-l-f H- tZ-io-b I-em-]-am-bn--∂p F-∂v hn-e-bn--Øn-b {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa-t‚-dn-b≥-˛ s_-©-an≥ Zn-kvd-tb-en 11354. C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b ]-{¥-≠m-a-sØ hy-‡n-˛-{]-Xn-`m ]m-´o¬ 11355. G-‰h - pw a-lm-\m-b C-¥y≥ \m-SI - I - r-sØ-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏Sp-∂X - v˛- Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 11356. A-Sn-ae - c - n-W X-s∂ Ir-jvW - ...F-∂ Km-\w c-Nn-®X - v˛- C-cb - n-Ω≥ X-ºn 11357. A-ta-cn-°≥ kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c - Ø - n-\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-bX - v- ˛-tPm¿Pv hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ 11358. A-td-_y≥ D-]-Zzo-]n-se {]-[m-\-a-Xw-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 11359. a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se A¿-Pp-\-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-˛-C-{μ≥ 11360. s_¿-°n-en k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - n¬ kw-kvI - r-X s{]m-^k - d - m-bn-∂ C-¥y≥ hn-π-h-Im-cn-˛ em-em l¿-Z-bm¬ 11361. _-Iv-k¿ bp-≤-Øn¬ {_n-´o-jv tk-\-sb \-bn-®-Xv-˛ sl-Iv-S¿ a¨-tdm 11362. G-Xv \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm≥ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ a-cw \-´X - ˛v- {io-cw-K] - ´- W - w 11363. sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se C--´-d Zp-c-¥w (ªm-°v tlmƒ {Sm-P-Un) \S-∂ h¿-jw ˛ 1756 11364. a-lm-`m-cX - b - p-≤Ø - n¬ B-cm-Wv I¿-Ws - \ h-[n-®X - v˛- A - ¿-Pp-\≥ 11365. a-te-jy-bp-sS tZ-io-b ]p-jv-]w-˛-sN-º-c-Øn

214 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

11366. A-tem-∏X - n G-Xv im-kv{- X-Øn-s‚ im-Jb - m-W˛- v- s - sh-Zy-im-kv{- Xw 11367. au-Kv-fn F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xw B--sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv-˛-dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv In-πnw-Kv 11368. Nu-lm≥-am--sS B-ÿm-\a - m-bn--∂ Xm-cm-KV - v tIm-´ F-hn-sSbm-W˛v- A - P - a v- o¿ 11369. P-\X - m-]m¿-´n cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-® h¿-jw ˛1977 11370. Pm¿-hn-Iv-˛7 F-∂-Xv Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn \n¿-an-® G-Xv a-\p-jym-h-b-hØn-s‚ t]-cm-Wv-˛-lr-Z-bw 11371. s\-{lp t{Sm-^n h-≈w-I-fn \-S-°p-∂ ]p-∂-a-S-°m-b¬ G-Xv Imb-en-s‚ `m-Ka - m-Wv˛- t- h-º\ - m-Sv 11372. ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS `-c-W-k-an-Xn-bn¬- H-- km-º-Øn-I Im-cymwK-sØ-°q-Sn- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v B--sS Im-eØ - m-W˛v- I - m-\nw-Kv {]`p 11373. s_m-te-tdm \r-Øw G-Xv cm-Py-tØ-Xm-Wv-˛ kv-s]-bn≥ 11374. s{]m-´Ã - m‚n-kw G-Xv a-XØ - n-s‚ hn-`m-Ka - m-Wv˛- {- In-kvX - p-aX - w 11375. s{^-U-dn-Iv Fw-K¬-kp-am-bn-t®¿-∂v I-ayp-Wn-Ãv am-\n-s^-tÃm F-∂ ]p-kX v- I - w F-gp-Xn-bX - m-c˛v- I - mƒ am¿-Ik v- v 11376. Pw-Knƒ _p-°v B--sS c-N-\-bm-Wv-˛-dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv In-πnw-Kv 11377. Qm≥-kn-dm-Wn sIm-√-s∏-´-Xv (1858 Pq¨ 18) F-hn-sS h-®m-Wv˛-Kzm-fn-tbm¿ 11378. Rm≥ 1835˛¬ lm-en-tbm-sSm-∏w h-∂p, A-Sp-Ø-h¿-jw A-Xv h-tºmƒ Rm≥ H-∏w t]m-Ipw. A-√m-Ø-]-£w F-s‚ Po-hn-XØn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \n-cm-i A-Xm-bn-cn-°pw-˛ F-∂v ]-d-™ km-ln-Xy-Im-c\ - m-cv˛- a - m¿-°v Sz-bn≥ 11379. a-Wn-ae - b - m¿ G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv sN-∂p-tN--∂X - v˛- ] - º 11380. a-X] - c - a - m-b {]-[m-\y-ap-≈ F-SX - z G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-cØ - m-Wv˛- ] - º 11381. G-Xh - b - h - Ø - n-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø\ - s - sh-Ie - y-Øn-\p ]-cn-lm-ca - m-bn-´mWv U-bm-en-kn-kv \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛-hr-° 11382. C-¥y-bn-se _p-≤-a-X-°m--sS sa-°-˛-t_m-[v-K-b 11383. hn-°n-]o-Un-b-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ Pn-Ωn sh-bv¬-kv 11384. 1940I-fn¬ \m-\m-km-tl-_v cm-a-N-{μ ]m-´o¬, {]-Xn k¿-°m¿ F-∂ t]-cn¬ k-am-¥c - k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]n-®X - v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- alm-cm-j{v- S 11385. t]m¿-t´m t\m-thm bp-Zv-[-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-® {_n-´o-jv P-\-d¬-˛ A-b¿ Iyq-´v 11386. 1719˛¬ a-dm-Ø--sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS ^-dp-Jv-kn-bm-sd h-[n-®Xv-˛ k-øn-Zv k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿ 11387. k-∂ym-kn hn-]v-f-h-Øn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew-˛ _w-Kmƒ 11388. cm-kv-Xv tKm-^v-X¿ G-Xv a-X-°m--sS D-∂-a-\-Øn-\m-bn-´m-Wv {]h¿-Øn-®-Xv-˛ ]m-gv-kn 11389. l-kv-X-e-£-W-Zo-]n-I G-Xv I-em-cq-]-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ B-[nIm-cn-I {K-Ÿa - m-Wv ˛-IY - I - f - n 11390. Cu-ÿ G-Xp a-X° - m--sS B-tLm-ja - m-Wv˛- {- In-kvX - p-aX - w 11391. C‚¿-\m-jW - ¬ ssd-kv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ X-eh - \ - m-b BZy C-¥ym-°m-c≥-˛-Fw.F-kv.kzm-an-\m-Y≥ 11392. c-am-Im-¥v A-Nvt- c-°¿ G-Xv {]-ik - vX - {In-°‰ - d - p-sS tIm-®m-bn-∂p-˛ k-®n≥ sS≥-Up¬-°¿ 11393. Cu-Pn-]vX - n-s‚ tZ-io-b ]p-jv] - w-˛X - m-ac 11394. Cw-•o-jv Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j-bm-b G-I sX-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ cmPy-ta-Xv˛- K - b - m-\ 11395. C-W-sb Xn-∂p-∂ Po-hn-˛-Nn-e-¥n 11396. e-£-Zzo-]v \n-b-{¥-W-Øn¬ h-®n--∂ tI-c-f-Øn-se cm-P-hw-ita-Xv˛- A - d - b - v° - ¬ 11397. G-Xh - b - h - Ø - n-s‚ B-hc - W - a - m-Wv sa-\n-©k - v˛- a - k - vX - n-jvI - w 11398. D-]-am-e-¶m-c {]-tbm-K-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-K-ev-`-s\-∂p hn-e-bn-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 11399. D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un¬ Ipw-`-ta-f \-S-°p-∂ ÿ-ew-˛-l-cn-Zzm¿ 11400. d-jy≥ \n-ba - \ - n¿-am W-k` - b - m-b s^-Ud - ¬ A-kw-ªn-bp-sS Bÿm-\wv- ˛-tam-ktv- Im 11401. e-√ G-Xv {]-tZ-iØ - v Po-hn-®n--∂ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jvI - ¿-Øm-hmWv˛- P-Ωp I-iva - o¿ 11402. _n-‰v F-∂-Xv F-¥n-s‚ Np--°-cq-]-am-Wv-˛ ss_-\-dn Un-Pn-‰v 11403. lm-^v ss_-‰v A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ a-s‰m--t]-cv \n-_nƒ 11404. thƒ-Uv ssh-Uv sh-_n¬ hn-h-cw Xn-c-bm≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv˛ sk¿-®v F-©n≥

11405. sª-bn-kv ]m-kv-I¬ G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv {]-K-ev-`≥-˛-K-Wn-Xw 11406. s\-t{^m-f-Pn-Ãv G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s‚ tcm-K-am-Wv Nn-In-’n-°p-∂Xv˛- h - r-° 11407. P-∑` - q-an F-∂ ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®X - m-cv˛- ] - ´- m-`n ko-Xm-cm-aø 11408. s\-X¿-e≥-Uvk - n-s‚ X-eÿ m-\w-˛B - w-ÿ-Umw 11409. s]-Øn-Iv tem-d≥-kn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Iym-_n-\-‰v an-j≥ 1946˛¬-C-¥y k-μ¿-in-®-t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-th-h¬ {]-`p 11410. s]-Æpw kw-Ko-X-hpw H-cn-°-hpw ]-g-b-Xm-Ip-∂n-√ ˛-F-∂p ]-d™-Xv ˛-Hf - n-h¿ tKmƒ-Uvk - va - n-Øv 11411. s]--t¥-h-\m¿ X-an-gn-te-°v ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv G-Xv C-Xnlm-ka - m-W˛- a-lm-`m-cX - wv 11412. s]m-bvI - b - n¬ tbm-l∂ - m≥ "{]-Xy-£c - £ - m-ssZ-hk - ` - '- (]n B¿Un-Fk - v) F-∂ {In-kvX - p-aX - kw-LS- \ - ÿm-]n-®X - v G-Xp h¿-jam-Wv-˛1909 11413. s_¿-_¿ P-\-hn-`m-Kw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂ cmPyw-˛-sam-tdm-t°m 11414. ]-c-kv-]-c B-{I-a-W km-[y-X-bp-≈ c-≠p cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xp-h-gn A-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ kw-L¿-jw Ip-d-bv-°p∂ cm-Py-ß-sf-bm-Wv _-^¿ tÃ-‰p-Iƒ F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. temI-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b _-^¿ tÃ-‰m-bn hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ cm-Pyw-˛-aw-tKm-fn-b 11415. tX-`m-K hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew-˛ _wKmƒ 11416. c-≠mw Bw-t•m ssa-kq¿ bp-≤k - a - b - Ø - v K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬-˛ hmd≥ tl-Ãnw-Kvk - v 11417. em≥-Uv Hm-^v au-≠≥ Cu-Knƒ F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛A¬-t_-\n-b 11418. em-em e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-bp-sS a-c-W-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b em-Øn-®m¿Pn-\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b A-kn- v s]m-eo-kv kq-{]-≠v km≥tU-gk -v n-s\ em-tlm-dn¬-h® - v `-KX - k -v nw-Kpw Iq-´c - pw sh-Sn-h® - p-sIm∂ h¿-jw-˛1928 11419. E-tKz-ZØ - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ a-{¥-߃ k-a¿-∏n-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂ tZ-h≥-˛C - {- μ≥ 11420. Iw-]yq-´¿ ^-be - n-s‚ t]-cn-s‚ F-Ià v- ≥-j\ - v F-{X A-£c - ß - ƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww-˛ 3 11421. A-Jn-te-¥ym In-km≥-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p th-Znbm-b-Xv-˛ e-Iv-\u 11422. cw-Kn-e F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ ap-Kƒ cm-Pm-hv-˛ ap-l-Ω-Zv jm 11423. a-l¿ {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew-˛ a-lm-cm-jv-{S 11424. F.Un. 1000˛¬ tI-cf - w B-{I-an-®X - m-cv˛- t- Nm-f≥-am¿ 11425. F-{X ]q¿-W N-{μ≥-am-sc Im-Wp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv i-Xm-`n-tj-Iw F∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv-˛1000 11426. E-tKz-ZØ - n-se tZ-hX - I - f - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈X - v˛-C{- μ≥ 11427. F-{X an-√o-en-‰-dm-Wv H- en-‰¿-˛1000 11428. F≥.B¿.\m-cm-bW - a - q¿-Øn-bpw Iq-´p-Im-w Xp-Sß - n-b hy-hk - mb ÿm-]-\w-˛ C≥-t^m-kn-kv 11429. F-b¿-jn-∏p-I-fn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hm-X-Iw-˛-lo-en-bw 11430. c-≠mw _p-≤≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- ] - Z- va - k - w-`h 11431. cm-P-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-߃-°v hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\m-bn 1875˛¬ ta-tbm {]-`p ÿm-]n-® ta-tbm tIm-tf-Pv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A-Pv-ao¿ 11432. cm-Pm-hm-Ip-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºv A-tim-I≥ F-hn-Sp-sØ {]-Xn-]p--j\ - mbn--∂p-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 11433. Cw-Kv-fo-jn-s\m-∏w sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS h¿-°nw-Kv emw-tKz-Pv˛-{^-©v 11434. E-tKz-Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ a-{¥-߃ k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv B¿-°m-Wv˛- C - {- μ≥ 11435. F.B¿.d-“m≥ I-gn-hv sX-fn-bn-® ta-J-e-tb-Xv-˛ kw-Ko-Xw 11436. bq Syq-_v F-∂ ho-Un-tbm k¿-ho-kv G-Xv ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚-XmWv˛- Kq-Knƒ 11437. G-Xv X-e-ap-d Iw-]yq-´-dp-I-fn-em-Wv {Sm≥-kn-Ã-dp-Iƒ B-Zy-am-bn D-]t- bm-Kn-®X - v˛- c-≠mw X-ea - p-d 11438. c-≠mw hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-kzm-an cw-K-\m-Ym-\μ 11439. H- sa-Km-ss_-‰v F-{X ss_-‰n-\p k-a-am-Wv-˛ ]-Øp-e-£w 11440. kn.B¿.Sn.F-∂-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛ Im-tXm-Uv td Syq-_v 11441. 1905˛¬ `-hm-\n a-μn¿ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛ _-co-{μ-Ip-am¿ tLm-jv

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 215

11442. {]-hn-iym tIm¨-{K-kv I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]p-\ w-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Xo--am-\n-® tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\w-˛ 1920˛se \m-Kv-]q¿ k-tΩ-f-\w 11443. ]-©m-_v \u-P-hm≥ k-`-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ `-K-Xv knw-Kv 11444. 1915˛¬ ln-μp a-lm-k`- cq-]w-sIm-≠t- ∏mƒ {]-kn-U‚m-bX - ˛v- Imknw-_-km-dn-se a-lm-cm-Pm-hv 11445. cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ Nn-{X-Im-c≥, Nn-{X-Im-c≥-am-cn¬ cm-Pm-hv F-∂dn-bs - ∏-´X - m-cv˛- c - m-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 11446. c-≠mw Im-in F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- c - Ø - ≥-KV - v (cm-Pÿ m≥) 11447. eo-em {Kq-∏v Hm-^v tlm-´¬-kv ÿm-]I - ≥-˛ Iym-]v‰ - ≥ Ir-jvW - ≥ \m-b¿ 11448. F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv s]-cn-bm¿ aw-K-e-∏p-g, am¿-Øm-Wv-U-∏p-g F-∂nß-s\ c-≠m-bn ]n-cn-bp-∂-Xv-˛-B-ep-h 11449. Iw-]yq-´-dn-se ^-Mv-j≥ Io-I-fp-sS F-Æw-˛ 12 11450. Un-_n-Fw-Fk - v F-∂X - n-s‚ ]q¿-Wc - q-]w-˛ Um-‰m t_-kv am-t\-Pvsa‚ v kn-Ãw 11451. tImw-]m-Iv-Sv Un-kv-In-s‚ ]-c-am-h-[n kw-`-c-W-ti-jn-˛ 700 sa-Kmss_-‰v 11452. B¿-Fk - vF - k - n-s‚ B-ib - {]-Nm-cW - Ø - n-\m-bn \-Ωƒ F-∂ eLp-te-J {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-®X - v˛- Fw.F-kv.tKm¬-h¬-°¿ 11453. C-¥y≥ en-_-d¬ s^-U-td-j-s‚ B-Zy {]-kn-U‚m-bn (1918) Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn 11454. Cu-Pn-]v-Xv {]-iv-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ cm-Pn-h-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛ dn∏¨ 11455. 1857˛-se _-td-en I-em-]Ø - n-\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-bX - v˛- Jm≥ _lm-Zq¿ 11456. _m-_m cmw knw-Kn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ip-°m I-em-]w \-S-∂sX-hn-sS ˛ ]-©m-_v 11457. F-gp-Ø— - ≥ ]p-ck - I -v m-ch - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ cw-Kt- a-X˛-v k - m-ln-Xyw 11458. em-tlm-dn-se \-Zn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-c-hn \-Zn 11459. H-∂mw- tem-I a-lm-bp-≤w- (1914˛18)- Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ ssh-t{kmbn-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 11460. {_n-´o-jp-Im-w- Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw- X-Ωn¬- 1805se k-_vk - n-Ud - nD-Sº - S- n H-∏p-h® - X - v G-Xv K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - e - n-s‚ Im-eØ - m-Wv˛- sh√-…n {]-`p 11461. s\-øm-dn-s‚ D-Zv-`-hw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ A-K-kv-Xy-a-e 11462. s]-k-l hym-gw G-Xp a-X-°m--sS B-tLm-j-am-Wv-˛-{In-kv-Xp-aXw 11463. sª-bvk - v ]m-kvI - ¬ G-Xv cm-Py-°m-c\ - m-b K-Wn-X im-kv{- X-⁄\m-Wv˛- {^m≥-kv 11464. s]≥-j≥ ^-≠v _n¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m-km-°n-b h¿-jw-˛2013 11465. P-\-Io-b hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-´ Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥ {]-knU≥-Uv-˛ tlm-kv-\n ap-_m-d-Iv 11466. s]-cn-bm¿ Xo-c-sØ in-h-cm-{Xn-bm-tLm-j-Øn-s‚ th-Zn-˛-B-eph 11467. s]--ºS- h - w {io-[c - ≥ c-Nn-® H- k-¶o¿-Ø\ - w-t]m-se F-∂ t\mh-en¬ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-b d-jy≥ t\m-h-en-Ãv ˛-t^ym-Z¿ Z-kv-X-tbhvk - I v- n 11468. sa-{Sn-Iv kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ In-tem F-∂ hm-°v kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv F-{X-sIm-≠v Kp-Wn-°W - w F-∂m-Wv˛- 1000 11469. sd-Uv kvI - z-b¿ G-Xv \-Kc - Ø - n-em-W˛- v- t- am-kvt- Im 11470. eo-Kv Hm-^v t\-j≥-kn-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]-ÿm-\w--˛s - F-Iy-cm-jv{- S k-` 11471. E-tKz-ZØ - n¬ bp-≤t- Z-h\ - m-bn ]-cm-a¿-in-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v B-c˛-v C - {- μ≥ 11472. F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv G-‰-hpw Xm-gv-N-bn¬ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv \-S-∂-Xv-˛-Bwÿ-Umw 11473. kp-[m-c-Iv F-∂ ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ tKm-]m-e Ir-jv-W tKm-Jse 11474. F-k] -v m-\ F-s∂-gp-Xn-b Ãm-ºv G-Xv cm-Py-tØ-Xm-W˛-v k - s -v ]-bn≥ 11475. G-‰h - pw h-en-b Kp--Zzm-c F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- A - a - r-Xvk - ¿ 11476. G-Xv a-X-°m-cm-Wv A-·n-t£-{X-Øn¬ B-cm-[-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛]m-gvk - n a-Xw 11477. C-f-b-cm-P G-Xv cw-K-Øm-Wv {]-kn-≤≥-˛ kw-Ko-Xw 11478. F-hn-Sp-sØ `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn--∂p sh-≈m-´n-cn-˛h - ≈ - p-h\ - m-Sv 11479. C-¥ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn-se {]-ap-J cm-Pm-°≥-am-cn¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬Im-ew `-cW - w \-SØ - n-bX - v ˛-At- am-Lh - ¿-j≥ -

11480. F-hn-Sp-sØ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv tZ-h-\m-cm-b-W≥ F-∂m-W-dnb-s∏-´n--∂X - v˛- A - º - e - ∏ - p-g 11481. ^v-tfm-∏n Un-kv-In-s‚ hym-kw-˛ 90 an-√n-ao-‰¿ 11482. sN-°v kv-s]-√nw-Kn-\p-≈ tjm¿-´v-I-´v Io-˛ F-^v 7 11483. Ip-Sn A-c-iv F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww 1929˛¬ B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ cm-akzm-an \m-bv° - ¿ 11484. I-gv-k¨ {]-`p-hn-s\ {_n-´n-jn-¥y-bn-se Hu-dw-K-ko-s_-∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛- tKm-]m-e Ir-jvW - tKm-Js - e 11485. tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ t]-cn-t\m-Sv \m-jW - ¬ F-∂p-Iq-Sn tN¿-°s - ∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1891 (\m-Kv-]q¿ k-tΩ-f-\w) 11486. 1934˛¬ ]m-‰v-\-bn¬ \-S-∂ tkm-jy-en-Ãv tIm¨-^-d≥-kn¬ A[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ B-Nm-cy \-tc-{μ-tZ-hv 11487. Cw-Kv-fo-jp-Im-w t]-jz-bpw X-Ωn¬ ]p-c-‘¿ k-‘n H-∏n-´ h¿jw-˛ 1776 11488. tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚n-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ \n-th-Z-I kwL-Øn-\v k-μ¿-i\ - m-\p-aX - n \n-tj-[n-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛ I-gvk - ¨ 11489. F-hn-Sp-sØ dm-Wn-bm-Wv U-®p-Im--sS k-lm-bt- Øm-sS am¿-ØmWvU - h - ¿-as - b F-Xn¿-ØX - v˛- sIm-´m-c° - c 11490. F-hn-sS k-º-Øv Ip-an-™p-Iq-Sp-∂p-thm A-hn-sS a-\p-jy≥ Zpjn-°p-∂p ˛-F∂ - p ]-d™ X - v ˛-Hf - n-h¿ tKmƒ-Uvk - va - n-Øv 11491. F-hn-sS-bm-Wv 1193˛¬ Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-I,v A-[m-bn Zn≥ Im tPm≥-]v-Z a-kv-Pn-Zv \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛-A-Pv-ao¿ 11492. em-em e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bv A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw-˛1928 11493. F-hn-Sp-sØ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bn-bm--∂p ssl-Z-c-en ˛-ssa-kq¿ 11494. se-\n≥ cm-tP-{μ≥ kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bv-X a-I-c-a-™v F-∂ N-e®n-{X-Øn-s‚ {]-ta-bw B--sS Po-hn-X-am-Wv-˛-cm-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 11495. [zm-‘¿ sh-≈-®m-´w G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv ˛-\¿-a-Z 11496. t_m¿-Uv Hm-^v d-h\ - yq ÿm-]n-® K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬-˛h - m-d≥ tlÃnw-Kvk - v 11497. _-\m-dk - v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´n--∂ ÿ-ew-˛h - m-cm-Wk - n 11498. sF-cm-h-Xn F-∂ ]u-cm-Wn-I \m-a-Øn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ \-Zn˛-c-hn \-Zn 11499. ssSw am-K-kn-s‚ I-h-dn¬ Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ A-`n-t\-Xm-hv-˛ ]¿-ho¨ _m-_n (1976) 11500. sF-F-kv-F 14001 k¿-´n-^n-t°-j≥ e-`n-® G-jy-bn-se B-ZysØ F-Æi - p-≤o-Ic - W - i - m-e˛- a - Y - p-c 11501. sh¬-s^-b¿ C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kn-se kw-`m-h-\-bv-°v s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-b-Xm-cv-˛-A-a¿-Xym sk≥ 11502. X-]m¬ kw-hn-[m-\w s]m-Xp-P\ - ß - ƒ-°pw D-]t- bm-Kn-°m≥ kuI-cyw sN-bv-X K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛-hm-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kv 11503. K-h¿-W¿-]-Zw (1957˛62) h-ln-®-ti-jw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn ÿm-\-sØØn-b B-Zy hy-‡n-˛-tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk≥11504. hn-j-∏m-ºp-I-fn-√m-Ø B-{^n-°≥ Zzo-]v-˛-a-U-Km-kv-I¿ 11505. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew {_n-´o-jn-¥y `-cn-® ssh-t{km-bn ˛-en≥-en-Xvt- Km- {]-`p11506. em-k-bn-se t\m¿-_p-enw-Kv-I sIm-´m-cw B--sS th-\¬-°m-e h-k-Xn-bm-Wv-˛-Z-sse-em-a 11507. c-≠mw- tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤w- B-cw-`n-®t- ∏mƒ C-¥y-bn-se ssh-t{kmbn-bm-bn--∂X - v˛- e - n-≥e - n-Xvt- Km- {]-`p11508. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b \yq-\-]-£ a-X-hn-`m-Kw-˛-C-…mw aXw 11509. Im-ac - m-Pn-s‚ cm-jv{- So-bK - p--˛ k-Xy-aq¿-Øn 11510. C-¥y-bp-sS kp¬-Øm-\m-bn J-eo-^-bp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-Sn-b B-Zy `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-˛C - ¬-Øp-an-jv 11511. c-≠mw tem-I a-lm-bp-Zv-[-k-a-b-Øv C-¥y-bn¬ A-c-tß-dn-b P\-Io-b k-ac - w-˛I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 11512. C-¥ym-Kh - ¨-sa‚n-s‚ sN-eh - p-Iƒ \n-b{- ¥n-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Imcw B-cn¬ \n-£n-]v-X-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p-˛-]m¿-e-sa‚ v 11513. kzm-an hn-th-Im-\μ - \ - v Nn-°m-tKm k-μ¿-i\ - Ø - n-\v km-ºØ - n-Ik-lm-bw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ tJ-{Xn-bn-se a-lm-cm-Pm-hv 11514. tZ-hv k-am-P-Øn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv-˛ em-tlm¿ 11515. 1857 ˛-se I-em-]I - m-eØ - v {_n-´o-jp-Im-sc k-lm-bn-°p-Ib - pw {]Xn-^-e-am-bn {]-Xn-am-kw 200 cq-] s]≥-j≥ ssI-∏-‰p-I-bpw sNbv-X t\-Xm-hv-˛ k-ø-Zv A-l-Ω-Zv Jm≥ 11516. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b tdm-kv Km¿-U≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Du´n

216 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

11517. c-≠mw Xm-t\-iz¿ ( bp-≤Ø - n¬ (1192) ap-lΩ - Z- v tKm-dn B-sc-bmWv tXm¬-]n-®-Xv ˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 11518. G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X-Iq-Sn-b Kƒ-^v cm-Pyw-˛-_-lv-dn≥ 11519. c-≠p I-S-ep-I-fp-sS cm-Pyw F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈ cm-Pyw-˛-_-lvdn≥ 11520. C-S-°m-e a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬ [-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂ en-bm-J-Øv A-enJm-s‚ ]m¿-´n-˛-ap-…nw eo-Kv 11521. G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b B-{^n-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛-A¬-Po-cn-b 11522. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ {]m-b-Øn¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v A¿l-\m-b hn-eyw {_m-Kv (25 h-b- v) B t\-´w kz-¥-am-°n-b h¿jw ˛1915 11523. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b {]m-b-Øn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚m-b h-\n-X -˛-B-\n _-k‚ v (70) 11524. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ F-Un-j-\p-I-fp-≈ a-e-bm-f-]-{Xw-˛ a-e-bm-f at\m-ca 11525. km¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS X-eÿ m-\a - m-bn--∂X - - v- ˛-tam-kvt- Im 11526. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-™ sa¬-‰nw-Kv t]m-bn‚ v D-≈ aq-e-Iw-˛-lo-en-bw 11527. D-Z-bw-t]-cq¿ kp-∂-l-tZm-kv (1599) G-Xp a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛{- In-kX v- p-aX - w 11528. G-Xv hn-‰m-an-s‚ cm-k\ - m-aa - m-Wv tImƒ-Im¬-kn-s^-tdmƒ ˛-hn-‰man≥ Un 11529. D-Zvt- _m-[\ - F-∂ _w-Km-fn ]-{Xw B-cw-`n-®X - v˛- kzm-an hn-th-Im\-μ≥ 11530. sk≥-{S¬ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv A-kw-ªn-bn¬ t_mw-s_-dn-bm≥ `-KXv knw-Kn-s\ A-\p-K-an-®-Xv-˛-_-Sp-tI-iz¿ Z-Øv 11531. \mw-[-cn {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ _-e-Iv knw-Kv 11532. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b sXm-gn¬-Zm-Xm-hv-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬th-bv-kv 11533. c-≠mw Um¿-hn≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- G - W - à - v sa-b¿ 11534. A-en-K-Vv k-b‚n-^n-Iv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛ k-ø-Zv A-l-Ω-Zv Jm≥ 11535. \n-c-¶m-cn {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ Zm-b¬ Zm-kv 11536. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-eØ - m-Wv `-KX - vk - nw-Kv Xq-°n-te-‰s - ∏´-Xv-˛ C¿-hn≥ {]-`p 11537. {_n-´o-jv C-¥y-bp-sS hn-`P - \ - Ø - n-\m-bn cq-]h - X - I v- c - n-® ]m¿-´n-j≥ Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ au-≠v-_m-‰¨ {]-`p 11538. ap-…n-ß-fp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-k ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°m-bn sIm¬-°-Ø a-{Zk ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1780 11539. G-Xn-\-Øn-em-Wv C-¥y H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kz¿W-sa-U¬ t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈-Xv ˛-tlm-°n 11540. D-ZI - a - W - vU - e - w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- D - u-´n 11541. G-‰-hpw h-en-b Hm-j-[n-˛-hm-g 11542. e-£-Zzo-]n-se `m-j-tb-Xv-˛-a-e-bm-fw 11543. G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥ cm-jv-{Sw-˛-A¬Po-cn-b 11544. G-Xp `m-j-bn-se km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv kp-an-{Xm-\-μ≥ ]-¥v ˛ln-μn 11545. {]-hm-k Po-hn-XØ - n-\v- Xn-ci - o-eb - n-´v- Z-£n-Wm-{^ - n-°b - n¬-\n-∂pwKm-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn¬- a-S-ßn-sb-Øn-b-Xv (1915 P-\p-h-cn- 9) G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 11546. A-e-l-_m-Zn-se B-\-μ-`-h≥- F-∂ kz-¥w-ho-Sv- tIm¨-{K-kn-\vhn-´p-sIm-Sp-Ø t\-Xm-hv-˛-tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 11547. sh-fp-Ø kz¿-Ww F-∂p hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂ \m-Wy-hn-f˛- I - i - p-h≠ - n 11548. {In-kv-Xy≥ ssh-t{km-bn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 11549. ]p-cm-X\ - I-enw-K km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚ X-eÿ m-\w-˛` - p-ht- \-iz¿ 11550. sd-bn¬-th t_m¿-Uv cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-eØ - m-Wv˛- I - g - vk - ¨ {]-`p 11551. bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw P-\-km-{μ-X Ip-d-™ cm-Pyw-˛-sF-kv-em≥Uv 11552. ssh-kv-do-K¬ ]m-e-kn-se (C-t∏mƒ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn `-h≥) Xm-a-k°m-c-\m-b B-Zy ssh-t{km-bn-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 11553. se-Uv-˛-B-kn-Uv _m-‰-dn-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ B-kn-Uv-˛-k¬^yq-cn-Iv B-kn-Uv 11554. G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Iq-Sn-b I-c-_-≤-cm-Pyw-˛-F-tXym-]y 11555. G-‰-hpw sN-dn-b \m-e-° kw-Jy-˛1000

11556. Sn.Fw.\m-b-w Xym-K-cm-P-sN-´n-bpw tN¿-∂v 1917˛¬ ÿm-]n-® ]m¿-´n-˛ P-Ãn-kv ]m¿-´n 11557. ]-sØm≥-]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-se G-‰-hpw a-lm-\m-b ]m-gv-kn km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛ s_-lv-dmw-Pn a-e-_m-dn 11558. 1915˛-se C-¥y≥ C≥-U-kv-{Sn-b¬ I-Ωn-j-\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-Inb-Xv˛- k¿ tXm-ak - v tlm-f≠ - v 11559. C-¥y≥ s]m-eo-kv B-Iv-Sv ]m-km-°n-b h¿-jw-˛ 1861 11560. G-Ie - h - y A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ I¿-Wm-SI - w 11561. G-Xv km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥ c-Nn-® H-tc-sbm- \m-S-I-am-Wv I-Ym-_oPw-˛-ssh-°w ap-l-Ω-Zv _-jo¿ 11562. G-Xv kw-`h - s - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv hn-Itv- Sm-dn-b a-lm-dm-Wn 1858˛-se hn-fw-_-cw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xv ˛ -˛1857˛-se I-em-]w 11563. G-Xv P-\I - o-b k-ac - I - m-eØ - m-Wv c-lk - y-am-bn D-j ta-Øb - p-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv td-Un-tbm F-∂ kw-hn-[m-\w {]h¿-Øn-®X - v˛- I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 11564. G-Xh - b - h - s - Ø-bm-Wv t{I-\n-bw kw-c£ - n-°p-∂X - v˛- a - k - vX - n-jvI - w 11565. G-Xv Po-hn-bm-Wv ss\-{S-P≥ ^n-Ivt- k-j\ - v ]-bd - p-h¿-Kk - k - y-ßsf k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xv ˛-_m-Iv-So-cn-b 11566. Fw-Sn hm-kp-tZ-h≥-\m-b¿ c-Nn-® c-≠m-aq-g-Øn-se tI-{μ I-Ym]m-{X-am-cm-W˛-v `- o-a≥ 11567. ssa-kq¿, P-bv-]q¿, ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv F-∂o \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Znhm-\m-b hy-‡n-˛ an¿-k C-kv-a-bn¬ 11568. Km-‘n-Pn ÿm-]n-® l-cn-P≥ tk-h-Iv kw-Ln-s‚ B-Zy {]-knU‚m-b-Xv-˛ Pn.Un._n¿-f 11569. G-Xv \-Kc - Ø - n-em-Wv ap-…nw-eo-Kv cq-]w-sIm-≠X - v˛- [m-° 11570. B--sS/G-Xn-s‚ in-]m¿-i {]-Im-c-am-Wv h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\w kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-j≥ 11571. sk-{I-´d - n Hm-^v tÃ-‰v F-∂ ]-Zh - n kr-jvS- n-°s - ∏-´ h¿-jw-˛ 1858 11572. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ sk-{I-´-dn Hm-^v tÃ-‰v ˛ tem¿-Uv Ãm≥en 11573. F-Xn-cn-√m-sX Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´ G-I A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v˛-tPm¿-Pv hm-jnw-Kv-S¨ 11574. G-‰-hpw hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww Iq-Sn-b A-d-_v cm-Pyw-˛-A¬-Po-cn-b 11575. \o-e-Z¿-∏¨ F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛ Zn-\-_-‘p an-{X 11576. sIm¬-°-Øn-bn-se t_-Xq¨ tIm-tf-Pv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ 1849 11577. 1937˛¬ a-{Zm-kn¬ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ tIm¨-{K-kv k¿-°m-cn\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv-˛ kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn 11578. sh-√-…n {]-`p t^m¿-´v hn-eyw tIm-tf-Pv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ 1800 11579. B-Zy-sØ \m-´p-cm-Py {]-Pm k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛1927 11580. C-e-Iv-t{Sm¨ ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-∏v G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv I-≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv ˛1931 11581. G-Xp a-X-Øn-s‚ H- hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ ta-e-[y-£-\m-Wv t]m-∏v (am¿-∏m-∏)˛-{In-kX v- p-aX - w 11582. G-Xp a-X-sØ-bm-Wv tIm¨-Ã-ss‚≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn tdm-am km{am-Py-Øn-se Hu-tZym-Kn-I a-Xa - m-bn Aw-Ko-Ic - n-®X - ˛v- {- In-kX v- p-aX - w 11583. G-‰h - pw ]-g° - a - p-≈ {Zm-hn-U `m-j˛- X - a - n-gv 11584. G-‰-hpw ]-Sn-™m-dm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ D-Ø-c-B-{^n-°≥ cmPyw-˛-sam-tdm-t°m 11585. C-¥y-bp-sS N-{I-h¿-Øn F-∂ ]-Zw {_n-´o-jv cm-Pm-hm-b tPm¿Pv B-dm-as - ‚ ÿm-\t- ∏-cn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-hm-°p-∂ {]-Jym-]\ - w \-SØn-b Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1948 Pq¨ 22 11586. G-Xv \n-ba - {]-Im-ca - m-Wv sk≥-{S¬ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv A-kw-ªn ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛ 1919 se K-h.Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 11587. {_n-´n-jv k¿-°m-cn-s‚ h-Ip-s∏-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C-¥ym Hm-^o-kv ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛ 1858 11588. G-Xp \m-´p-cm-Py-Øm-Wv Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn Zn-hm-\m-bn tk-h\-a\ - p-jvTn-®X - v˛- _-tdm-U 11589. B--sS Im-e-Øm-Wv a-dm-Ø--sS A-[o-\ {]-tZ-i-Øn-\v G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-≠m-bn--∂-Xv-˛ _m-em-Pn _m-Pn dmhp 11590. C-¥y-bp-sS kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c - Ø - n-\m-bp-≈ km-bp-[ k-ac - Ø - n-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ hm-kp-tZ-hv _¬-h-¥v ^m-Uv-tI 11591. I-em-]-Im-cn-I-fn-se G-‰-hpw an-I-®-Xpw [o-c-bp-am-b t\-Xm-hv F∂v l-Kv tdm-kv F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛ dm-Wn e-£v-an-`m-bv 11592. G-Xp `m-jb - n-em-Wv cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv an-dm-Øv D¬ A-Jv-

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 217

X¿ {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-®X - v˛- t]¿-jy≥ 11593. 1875˛¬ B-Zy-sØ B-cy-k-am-Pw ÿm-]n-X-am-b ÿ-ew-˛ t_mws_ 11594. ]-›n-ta-¥y-bn-se kmw-kv-Im-cn-I \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛ Fw.Pn.dm-\-tU 11595. 1857se hn-]v-f-h-sØ ]-cn-jv-Ir-X-w A-]-cn-jv-Ir-X-w X-Ωn-ep≈ kw-L¿-jw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-cv-˛ Sn.F-®v. tlmw-kv 11596. G-Xn-s‚ {^m-£W - ¬ Un-Ãn-te-js - ‚ ^-ea - m-bn-´m-Wv s]-t{Smƒ, Uo-k¬ F-∂n-h e-`n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-s]-t{Sm-fn-bw 11597. sh-tè k-lm-d-bp-sS X¿-°-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS `q-cn-`m-K-hpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-sam-tdm-t°m 11598. sk‚ v ]o-t‰-gv-kv-_¿-Kn-se hn-π-h-k-Jy-Øn¬ tN¿-∂-Xn-\p a-cW-in-£ hn-[n-°s - ∏-s´-¶n-epw A-hk - m-\\ - n-an-jw in-£b - n¬ Cf-hv e-`n-®v ssk-_o-cn-b-bn-te-°v \m-Sp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´ d-jy≥ kmln-Xy-Im-c≥-˛t- ^ym-Z¿ Z-kvX - t- b-hvk - vI - n 11599. sIm-®n \m-´p-cm-Py-sØ `-cW - k - w-hn-[m-\w {I-ao-Ir-Xa - m-°n-b cmPm-hv˛- i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ 11600. sF.sF.Sn-bpw sF.sF.F-Ωpw ÿm-]n-X-am-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ \-Kc - w-˛C - ≥-tUm¿ 11601. sIm-√w Pn-√-bn¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv {]-i-kv-X-am-b a-lm-K-W-]-Xn t£-{Xw-˛ sIm-´m-c-°-c 11602. sIm-tdm-W-dn t{Xmw-t_m-kn-kv G-Xv A-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m[n-°p-∂X - v˛- l - r-Zb - w 11603. sk≥-{S¬ ^p-Uv sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-°¬ dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hnsS-bm-Wv-˛-ssa-kq¿ 11604. sI.tI-f-∏≥ G-Xv ]-{X-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn--∂p-˛-amXr-`q-an 11605. C-¥y≥ s^-Ut- d-j≥ Hm-^v te-_¿ ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- Fw.F≥.tdmbv 11606. sk¿-h‚ v-kv Hm-^v tKm-Uv ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 11607. G-Xp `m-jb - n-se hym-Ic - W - {- K-Ÿa - m-Wv tI-cf - ]m-Wn-\o-bw-˛a - e - bm-fw 11608. G-Xv s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\-tP-Xm-hn-s\ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kzm-[o\n-® kw-`-h-am-Wv _w-Kmƒ £m-aw-˛-A-a¿-Xym sk≥ 11609. G-Xv s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hn-\m-Wv c-_o-{μ-\m-Y Sm-tKm¿ t]- \¬In-bX - v˛- A - a - ¿-Xym sk≥ 11610. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv kz-cm-Pv-]m¿-Sn- ÿm-]n-Xam-bX - v˛- d - o-Un-Mv- {]-`p11611. h-≠¿ \-´v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- I - i - p-h≠ - n 11612. G-Xv hn-‰m-an-s‚ A-]c - ym-]v-X-X aq-e-am-Wv Hm-Ãn-tbm-a-te-ky F∂-tcm-Ka - p-≠m-Ip-∂X - ˛v- h - n-‰m-an≥ Un 11613. h¿-t°-gv-kv ]m¿-´n G-Xv cm-Py-sØ cm-jv-{So-b I-£n-bm-Wv ˛-DØ-c sIm-dn-b 11614. G-Xn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-am-Wv sd-bn¬ `-h≥-˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bvkv 11615. h-be - m¿ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b, ]n.sI._m-eI - r-jW v- s - ‚ C-\n Rm≥ D-d-ß-s´ F-∂ t\m-h-en-s‚ aq-e-I-Y kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv GXn¬-\n-∂m-Wv˛- a-lm-`m-cX - w 11616. G-Xv \-Kc - Ø - n-em-Wv ln-μp a-lm-k` - ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´X - v ˛-Aa - r-Xvk¿ 11617. H- \-Zn-bp-sS C--I-c-I-fn¬ A-`n-ap-J-am-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ Xe-ÿm-\ \-K-cß - f - m-Wv In≥-jm-k-bpw {_m-kh - n-√b - pw. \-Zn-tbXv˛- t- Imw-tKm 11618. H- bq-Wn-‰n¬-\n-∂v a-s‰m- bq-Wn-‰n-te-°v t]-Pp-Iƒ {Sm≥-kva - n‰v sN-bv-Xv A-®-Sn-°p-∂ kw-hn-[m-\-am-b ^m-Iv-kn-an-en a-e-bm-f]-{X-cw-K-Øv B-Zy-am-bn \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv ˛ a-e-bm-f a-t\m-c-a 11619. 1857˛-se I-em-]-k-a-b-Øv _-lm-Zq¿-jm-sb i-{Xp-°ƒ F-hn-sS\n-∂m-Wv ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛ lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚ i-h-Ip-So-cw 11620. hn-[-h-Iƒ-°m-bn apw-ss_-bn¬ im-c-Zm k-Z-\w ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ ]WvU - n-X c-am-`m-bn 11621. G-Xn-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv sIm-fw-_ en-hn-b-˛-{]m-hv 11622. H- I-cW - Ø - S- n-°p-∂h - \ - v a-dp-Ic - W - w-Iq-Sn Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I F-∂p ]-d™ X - m-c˛v- t- b-ip {In-kX v- p 11623. G-jy-bn-se B-Zy-sØ tkm-fm¿ ]m¿-°v \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv G-Xv kw-ÿm-\Ø - v˛- Kp-Pd - m-Øv

11624. G-X-b-h-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-k-am-Wv-]-cn-Wm-a-t{i-Wn-bn¬ G-‰-hpw D∂-X-am-b ÿm-\-Øn-\v a-\p-jy-s\ A¿-l-\m-°n-b-Xv-˛-a-kv-Xn-jvIw 11625. G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ km-ln-Xy s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hv- ˛- d- p-U-v bm¿-Uv In-πnw-Kv 11626. G-Xv hn-‰m-an-\m-Wv 1929˛¬ Um-\n-jv im-kv{- X-⁄\ - m-b sl≥-dnIv Umw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛-hn-‰m-an≥ sI 11627. H- In-tem-ao-‰¿ F-{X ao-‰d - m-Wv ˛1000 11628. U¬-lu-kn {]-`p G-Xv \m-´p-cm-Py-Øv Z-Øm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw {]tbm-Kn-®X - m-Wv tIm¿-´v Hm-^v U-bd - I - vt- S-gvk - v Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°m-Xn-∂-X˛v- I-cu-en 11629. G-Xv K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-en-s‚ Im-e-Øm-Wv Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n DtZym-Kÿ - c - p-sS F-Ik -v n-Iyp-´o-h,v Pp-Uo-jy¬ A-[n-Im-cß - ƒ th¿Xn-cn-®X - v˛- tIm¨-hm-en-kv {]-`p 11630. F-{X ap-…nw-eo-Kv Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv 1946 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬ C-S-°m-e k¿-°m-cn¬ tN¿-∂X - v˛- 5 11631. 1946˛-se \m-hn-I I-em-]w B-cw-`n-® Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1946 s^-{_p-h-cn 18 11632. 1781 ¬ t]m¿-t´m t\m-thm-bn¬-h-®v P-\-d¬ A-b¿ Iyq-´v B-scbm-Wv ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛ ssl-Z¿ A-en 11633. C-¥y-bp-sS `-cW - t- a¬-t\m-´Ø - n-\m-bn t_m¿-Uv Hm-^v I¨-t{Smfn-s\ \n-b-an-®-Xv G-Xv \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-am-Wv-˛ 1784˛-se ]n-‰v-kv C¥y B-Iv-Sv 11634. C--]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ B-cw-`-Øn¬ Cw-•o-jv A-£-c-am-em-{Ia-Øn¬ B-Zy cm-Py-am-bn--∂-Xv ˛-F-tXym-]y 11635. G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv A-gp-X-bm¿-˛-]-º 11636. ]-Wv-Un-X c-am-`m-bn hn-[-h-Iƒ-°m-bn ]q-s\-bn¬ ÿm-]n-® kvIq-fn-s‚ t]-cv˛- ap-‡n 11637. B--sS a-I-sf Ip-®v-_n-lm-dn-se cm-Pm-hn-\v hn-hm-lw I-gn-®psIm-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv {_-“-k-am-P-Øn¬ ]n-f¿-∏n-\v h-gn-sX-fn-®-Xv-˛ tI-i-h N-{μ sk≥ 11638. 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ c-≠n-\v A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ C-S-°m-e k¿°m-cn¬ hn-Zym-`ym-k h-Ip-∏v a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛ kn.cm-P-tKm]m-em-Nm-cn 11639. C--h¿ F-∂ kn-\n-a-bn¬ tam-l≥-em¬ A-\p-I-cn-® th-jw-˛Fw-Pn-B¿ 11640. sk≥-{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ h¿-jw-˛1921 11641. ssSw am-K-kn-s‚ I-h-dn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ `m-c-Xo-b≥-˛ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (6) 11642. sIm-√-Øp-\n-∂v- Sn.sI. am-[-h≥ "tZ-im-`n-am-\n'- hm-cn-I B-cw-`n®-Xv G-Xv h¿-j-am-Wv ˛1915 11643. sk≥-{S¬ ssd-kv dn-k¿-®v C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-I-´-Iv 11644. sk-dn-{_w, sk-dn-_-√w F-∂n-h G-Xv A-h-b-h-Øn-s‚ `m-K-ßfm-W˛v- a - k - X v- n-jI v- w 11645. sk-Iyp-cn-‰o-kv B‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©v t_m¿-Uv Hm-^v C-¥y {]h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1988 11646. skm-cm-jv{- S-aX - w F-∂pw A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ a-Xw-˛] - m-gvk - n a-Xw 11647. sl-bv-en sk-em-kn N-{I-h¿-Øn `-cn-®n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛-F-tXym-]y 11648. Sm-‰ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v ^-≠s - a‚¬ dn-k¿-®n-s‚ ÿm-]I - U-bd-IvS- ¿-˛t- lm-an sP.`m-` 11649. sk‚ v t_-kn¬ I-Øo-{U¬ F-hn-sS-bm-W-˛v- -tam-kv-tIm 11650. sk‚ v tXm-ak - v G-Xp a-Xa - m-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ {]-Nc - n-∏n-®X - v˛- {- In-kvXp-aX - w 11651. G-Xh - b - h - Ø - n-s‚ `m-Ka - m-Wv ssl-t∏m-Xe - m-ak - v˛- a - k - vX - n-jvI - w 11652. C-t∏m-g-sØ I-Æq¿ \-K-cw G-Xv cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s‚ \n-b-{¥-WØn-em-bn--∂p-˛-A-d-bv-°¬ 11653. H- k-l-{km-_v-Zw (an-t√-\n-bw) F-{X h¿-j-am-Wv-˛1000 11654. {_-“-k-`-bp-sS B-Zy sk-{I-´-dn-˛ Xm-cm-N-μv N-{I-h¿-Øn 11655. 1857˛-se hn-]v-f-h-ti-jw A-h-[n-se _o-Kw F-hn-sS-°m-Wv c-£s∏-´-Xv-˛ t\-∏mƒ 11656. {_n-´o-jv `-cW - I - m-eØ - v a-{Zm-kv, t_mw-s_, I¬-°´- {]-kn-U≥kn-If - n¬ K-h¿-W¿-am-sc \n-ba - n-°p-∂X - m-cm-bn--∂p-˛ Cw-Kf v- ≠ - nse cm-Pm-hv 11657. kz-tZ-in {]-ÿm-\-Im-e-Øv sIm¬-°-Ø \m-j-W¬ tIm-tf-Pns‚ {]n≥-kn-∏m-em-b-Xv-˛ A-c-hn-μ-tLm-jv 11658. h-ko¿-Jm-s‚ A-\p-Nc - ≥-am--sS B-{I-aW - s - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂v 1708˛¬

218 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

A-¥-cn-® kn-Jv Kp--˛-tKm-_n-μv kn-Mv 11659. G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ ^v-sf-anw-Kv s]-\n-sk-en≥ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛1928 11660. F-Un-k¨ A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw ˛ 1931 11661. Fw-Sn hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \m-b--sS c-≠m-aq-gw F-∂ t\m-h-en-s‚ aqe-IY - kzo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv˛- a-lm-`m-cX - w 11662. Zm-Zm-`m-bn \-h-tdm-Pn tNm¿-®m kn-≤m-¥w {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b h¿-jw-˛ 1867 11663. ss^-k] v- q-cn¬-h® - p-\S- ∂ - Bƒ C-¥y In-km≥ k-`b - p-sS c-≠mw k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ F≥.Pn. cw-K 11664. Izn-‰n-¥ym k-ac - I - m-eØ - v tIm¨-{K-kv td-Un-tbm F-hn-sS-bm-Wv {]-h¿-Øn-®X - v˛- a - pw-ss_ 11665. Im-\-U-bn-se hm≥-Ip-h-dn¬ {^o ln-μp-ÿm≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛ Xm-cI - m-\m-Yv Zm-kv 11666. in-tcm-a-Wn Kp--Zzm-c {]-_-‘-Iv I-Ωn-‰n cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛ 1920 11667. _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xn-e-I-s\ C-¥y≥ A-im-¥n-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v˛- hm-es - s‚≥ jn-tcmƒ 11668. Hmƒ C-¥ym hn-a≥-kv s^-U-td-j≥ 1926˛¬ te-Un C¿-hn≥ tIm-tf-Pv ÿm-]n-®-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛ U¬-ln 11669. kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn-\p-ti-jw G-Xv X-cw tÃ-‰p-If - n-em-Wv cm-P{- ]-ap-J≥am¿ `-cW - Ø - e - h - ≥-am-cm-bX - v˛- ]m¿-´v _n 11670. an-{X-ta-fb - p-sS ÿm-]I - ¿-˛ k-hm¿-°¿ k-tlm-Zc - ≥-am¿ 11671. H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv \-S-∂ c-≠m-a-sØ G-jy≥ cm-Pyw (tkmƒ,1988)˛-Z£n-W sIm-dn-b 11672. jnw-e k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ tIm¨-{K-kv kw-L-sØ \-bn-®-Xv-˛ auem-\m B-km-Zv 11673. G-Xv I-∏-en-se k-a-c-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv 1946˛¬ \m-hn-I-I-em]w B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛ sF-F≥-kv X¬-hm¿ 11674. G-Xp hn-πh - s - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv s\-t∏m-fn-b≥, {^m≥-kn-s‚ {]Y-a tIm¨-kp¬ B-b-Xv-˛-{^-©p-hn-π-hw 11675. Hmƒ C-¥y A-Æm {Zm-hn-U ap-t∂-‰ I-g-I-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛Fw-Pn-B¿ 11676. Fw.F-kv.kzm-an-\m-Y≥ dn-k¿-®v ^u-t≠-j-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛Fw.F-kv.kzm-an-\m-Y≥ 11677. Hm-bn¬ Hm-^v hn-{Sn-tbmƒ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- k - ¬-^yq-cn-Iv Bkn-Uv 11678. Hm-Ãn-tbm-t]m-tdm-kn-kn-\p Im-cW - a - m-Ip-∂X - v G-Xv hn-‰m-an-s‚ Ipd-hm-Wv˛- h - n-‰m-an≥ Un 11679. G-Xv `m-jb - n-se I-hn-bm-Wv B-Zy ⁄m-\] - oT ]p-ck - vI - m-cw t\Sn-b-Xv-˛-a-e-bm-fw 11680. G- X v a- e - b m- f km- l n- X y- I m- c - s ‚ A- \ p- ` - h - ß - f m- W v tUm.Fw.F≥.hn-Pb - ≥ ]T-\w \-SØ - n-bX - ˛- s - sh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _jo¿v 11681. G-Xv a-e-bm-f km-ln-Xy-Im-c-s‚ Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv tUm.B-j¿ Cw•o-jn-te-°v ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ {i-t≤-b-am°n-bX - v- ˛-ssh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 11682. G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm\w t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛-km-ln-Xyw 11683. hm-K¨ {Sm-P-Un-bp-sS k-a-b-Øv ssh-t{km-bn-˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p11684. G-Xv X-cw Z¿-∏-W-am-Wv Z-¥-tUm-Iv-S¿-am¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛tIm¨-tI-hv an-d¿ 11685. h-\n-X G-Xv {Kq-∏n-s‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-Wv ˛ a-e-bm-f a-t\m-c-a 11686. Hm-K-Ãv Hm-^¿ ap-t∂m-´p-h-® ssh-t{km-bn ˛-en-≥-en-Xv-tKm- {]-`p11687. G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv ^o¬-Uv-kv sa-U¬ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-˛-K-WnXw 11688. G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ ^v-sf-anw-Kn-\v s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n-®X - ˛- v- s - sh-Zy-im-kv{- Xw 11689. tUm¨ {_m-Uva - m≥ G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛{- In°-‰v 11690. "Rm≥- ap-´p-Ip-Øn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v- A-ßt- bm-Sv- A-∏w- tNm-Zn-®p.- F∂m¬- I-√m-Wv- A-ßv- F-dn-™p-X-∂-Xv'-˛ G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-sb D-t±-in-®m-Wv Km-‘n-Pn C-Xp ]-d-™-Xv-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 11691. hm-Kv` - S- m-\μ - K - p--tZ-h≥- B-flh - n-Zym-kw-Lw- F-∂ kw-LS- \ - b - v°v- cq-]w-\¬-In-b h¿-jw-˛1915 11692. Hm-kvI - ¿ A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-Je - b - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p ˛-

kn-\n-a 11693. hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS sl-Uv-sse-‰n¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv X-cw an-dd - m-Wv˛- t- Im¨-tI-hv an-d¿ 11694. G-Xv tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv Im¬-ssk-‰v ˛-Im¬-kyw 11695. Hm-tcm--Ø¿-°pw A-hc - p-sS B-hi - y-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n-®v Hm-tcm--Ø¿°pw A-hc - p-sS I-gn-hn-\\ - p-kc - n-®˛-v F - ∂ - B-ib - Ø - n-s‚ D-]⁄ mXm-hm-c˛-v I - mƒ am¿-Ik -v v 11696. hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy k-Z- n-se \-h-c-Xv-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-K-ev-`-\m-cv ˛ Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 11697. hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-Kw Iq-Sp-X¬- ^-e{- ]-Za - m-°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n 1882¬l-≠¿- I-ao-j-s\ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ssh-t{km-bn-˛-dn-∏¨ {]-`p 11698. C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ tam¿-Wnw-Kv-S¨ {]-`p F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬-˛ sh-√-…n {]-`p 11699. I≥-l \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xv \-Zn-°v k-ao-]-am-Wv ˛-\¿-a-Z 11700. I-hn, t\m-he - n-Ãv , D-]\ - ym-kI - m-c≥ F-∂o \n-eI - f - n-epw {]-Ke - v` - \m-bn--∂ ssh-t{km-bn-˛ en-´¨ 11701. ssk-a¨ I-Ωn-j≥ C-¥y-bn¬-h∂ - X - ˛v- Zzn-`c - W - k - w-hn-[m-\s - Ø hn-eb - n--Øm≥ 11702. sX-t° C-¥y-bp-sS knw-lw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hv-˛ kn.ho-ccm-Lh - m-Nm-cy¿ 11703. e-£v-an-Im-¥v t_-kv _-dp-h G-Xv `m-j-bn-se F-gp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn--∂p-˛ B-km-ao-kv 11704. a-{Zm-kv te-_¿ bp-Wn-b-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛ _n.]n.hm-Un-b 11705. Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°º - \ - n cq-]w-sIm-≈p-tºmƒ Cw-•≠ - v `-cn-®n--∂ cmP-hw-iw-˛ Ãp-h¿-´v 11706. 1877--˛¬, kn-hn¬ k¿-ho-kv ]-co-£ F-gp-Xm-\p-≈ {]m-bw 21˛¬\n-∂v F-{X h-b  - m-bn-´m-Wv Ip-d® - X - ˛-v C-¥y≥ \m-jW - ¬ tIm¨{K-kn-s‚ {_n-´o-jv I-Ωn-‰n cq-]w-sIm-≠ h¿-jw-˛ 1889 11707. C-¥ym hn-`-P-\w H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v Pn-∂-bv-°v {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Zw hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-øm≥ au-≠v-_m-‰≥ {]-`p-hn-s\ t{]-cn-∏n-® t\-Xmhv-˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n 11708. sI-F-kv-F ap-{Z-bp-≈ Ãm-ºv G-Xv cm-Py-tØ-Xm-Wv-˛ ku-Zn Atd-_y 11709. hn-{ip-X kw-Ko-X-⁄≥ Aw-P-Zv A-en-Jm≥ P-\n-® ÿ-ew-˛-Kzmfn-tbm¿ 11710. G-Xv P-\-Io-b k-a-c-am-Wv 1942˛¬ \-S-∂-Xv-˛-Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-cw 11711. hn-cq-]m-£ t£-{Xw F-hn-sS-bm-W-˛v- -lw-]n 11712. kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c - Ø - n-\m-bn t]m-cm-Sn-b Im-cW - Ø - m¬ C-¥y≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e _n--Zw Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Ø B-Zy `m-c-Xo-b≥ (1911)hn.Un.-kh - m¿-°¿11713. s]-se G-Xp Im-bn-I-hn-t\m-Z-Øn-se {]-i-kv-X-\m-Wv ˛ ^p-Svt_mƒ 11714. 1928se sIm¬-°-Ø tIm¨-{K-kv- k-Ω-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£≥-˛tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 11715. tÃ-‰v t{K-‰v Jp-d¬ G-Xv cm-Py-sØ \n-ba - \ - n¿-am-Wk - `- b - m-W˛v- a - wtKm-fn-b 11716. hn-iz-`m-c-Xn k¿-h-I-em-im-e ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw-˛1921 11717. G-Xp hw-i-Øn-se `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv B-en cm-P F-∂-dn-bs∏-´n--∂X - v˛- A - d - b - v° - ¬ 11718. C-¥y-bp-sS a-X-]-c-am-b X-e-ÿm-\w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-hm-cmW-kn 11719. Hm-h¬ G-Xv Im-bn-I a-’-c-Øn-\m-Wv {]-kn-≤w-˛-{In-°-‰v 11720. I¬-°-´-bn¬ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn ÿm-]n-°p-tºmƒ K-h¿-W¿ P\-de - m-bn--∂X - v˛- h - m-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kvk - v 11721. tPm¿-Pv s_¿-Wm-Uv jm G-Xv cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 11722. {Km-ºp-hn-s‚ Zzo-]v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛a - U - K - m-kvI - ¿ 11723. G-Xv a-eb - m-f km-ln-Xy-Im-cs - ‚ P-∑i - X - m-_Zv- n-bm-Wv 2008˛¬ BtLm-jn-®-Xv-˛-ssh-°w ap-l-Ω-Zv _-jo¿ 11724. Hm-∏t- d-j≥ ªq-Ãm¿ (1984) G-Xv \-Kc - Ø - n-em-Wv \-S∂ - X - v ˛-Aa - rXvk - ¿ 11725. hn-iz-hn-Jym-X-am-b aq-°v F-∂ I-Y F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv-˛-ssh-°w apl-ΩZ- v _-jo¿ 11726. B≥-U-am≥- P-bn¬- Po-hn-X-sØ A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-°n- "Im-em-]m\n' F-∂ t\m-h¬ c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛ hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿11727. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS Z-WU v- n-bm-{X k-ab - Ø - v B-cm-bn--∂p ssh-t{kmbn-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 219

11728. \m-t‰m F-∂ kw-L-S-\-bn-se Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ ÿn-cw ssk\yw C-√m-Ø G-I cm-Pyw-˛-sF-kv-em≥-Uv 11729. _o-lm-dpw- H-do-k-bpw- _w-Km-fn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-s∏-Sp-Øn- {]-tXy-I kw-ÿm-\-am-°n-b ssh-t{km-bn-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 11730. hn-t√-Pv `-c-W kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\v {]-kn-≤-am-b sX-t° C-¥y≥ cm-Ph - w-iw-˛t- Nm-f≥-am¿ 11731. G-Xp kz-cq-]Ø - n-s‚ B-ÿm-\a - m-bn--∂p a--Xq¿-Ip-fß - c - ˛- I - c - p\m-K∏ - ≈ - n 11732. I-\I - w-aq-ew Im-an-\n-aq-ew..... F-∂ h-cn-Iƒ B--tS-Xm-W˛-v I - p-©≥ \-ºym¿ 11733. G-Xn-s‚ k-ky-im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv ln-_n-kv-I-kv tdm-km ssk\≥-kn-kv ˛-sN-º-c-Øn 11734. Sn-_-‰≥ _p-≤n-k-Øn-s‚ {]-ap-J B-flo-b t\-Xm-hv-˛-Z-sse-em-a 11735. P-\K - W - a - \ - s - b C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b Km-\a - m-bn Aw-Ko-Ic - n-® h¿jw-˛1950 11736. Sn-∏p kp¬-Øm-s‚ ]-S-tbm-´-°m-e-Øv Kp--hm-bq¿ t£-{X-Ønse hn-{K-lw kq-£n-®n--∂-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-bn--∂p 11737. sN-ºI - t- »-cn cm-Py-Øn-s‚ X-eÿ m-\a - m-bn--∂X - v˛- A - º - e - ∏ - p-g 11738. sN-dp-∏-Im-e-Øv Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ G-Xv cm-Pm-hn-s‚ B-{in-X-\mbn--∂p ˛-A-º-e-∏p-g 11739. Pm-en-b≥-hm-em-_m-Kv Iq-´-s°m-e (1919 G-{]n¬ 13)\-S-∂ \-Kcw-˛A - a - r-Xk -v ¿ 11740. Pn-\≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - m-cv˛- a - l - m-ho-c≥ 11741. sN-dp-∏I - m-eß - f - n-ep-≈i - o-ew a-d° - p-tam am-\p-j\ - p-≈ Im-ew F∂p ]m-Sn-b-Xv-˛-Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 11742. sN-dp-tIm¬-∏p-g ln-μp-a-X k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-°p-∂-Xv G-Xv \-Zn-bpsS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-]-º 11743. So t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 11744. G-Xn-s‚ tXm-Sn-em-Wv A-\m-Im¿-Un-Iv B-kn-Uv A-Sß - n-bn-cn-°p∂-X˛-v I - i - p-h≠ - n 11745. hn-b‰ - v\ - m-an-s‚ tZ-io-b ]p-jv] - w-˛X - m-ac 11746. G-Xv N-cn-{X-hy-‡n-Xz-sØ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xn-\m-Wv sa-dn¬ kv-{So∏n-\v Hm-kvI - ¿ e-`n-®X - v˛- am¿-Kc - ‰ - v Xm-®¿ 11747. G-Xv ÿm-]\ - a - m-Wv sse-^v sse≥ F-Ivk - v{- ]-kv B-hn-jvI - c - n-®Xv ˛ C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kv 11748. G-Xv P-\I - o-b k-ac - Ø - n-\p ap-t∂m-Sn-bm-bn-´m-Wv {_n-´o-jv C-¥ybn-se k¿-°m¿, {]-[m-\ tIm¨-{K-kv t\-Xm-°-sf ap≥-I--Xse-t∂m-fw X-S-hn-em-°n-b-Xv-˛-Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-cw 11749. G-Xv B-gv-N-∏-Xn-∏n-em-Wv {]-i-kv-X-am-b, t_m-_-\pw tam-fn-bpw F-∂ Im¿-´q¨ kvS- n-∏v \m-ep ]-Xn-‰m-t≠m-fw {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-®X - v˛a-eb - m-f a-t\m-ca 11750. G-Xv B-gvN - ∏ - X - n-∏n-s‚ ]-{Xm-[n-]c - m-bn-´m-Wv Fw-Sn hm-kp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿ Zo¿-LI - m-ew tk-h\ - a - \ - p-jvTn-®X - v˛- a - m-Xr-`q-an 11751. G-Xv B-IvS- v {]-Im-ca - m-Wv G-U≥ F-∂ {]-tZ-iØ - n-s‚ `-cW - \ - nb-{¥-Ww {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-bn¬-\n-∂v am-‰n-b-Xv-˛1935˛se K-h¨-sa‚ v Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-Sv 11752. I-\n-jvI - s - ‚, X-eb - n-√m-Ø {]-Xn-a kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v G-Xv ayqkn-bØ - n-em-Wv˛- a - Y - p-c 11753. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ \m-W-b-am-Wv Izm≥-k-˛-Aw-tKm-f 11754. I¬-°-´ a-{Z-k-bp-sS ÿm-]-I≥-˛-hm-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kv 11755. I-∏ F-∂ t]-cn¬ hn-t\m-Z Nm-\¬ B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛-am-Xr-`q-an 11756. I-Æ-In-bp-sS tIm-]m-·n-bn¬ F-cn-™-S-ßn-b \-K-cw-˛-a-[p-c 11757. G-Xv ]-{X-Øn-s‚ B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn-em-Wv A-Jn-e tI-c-f _m-e-P\-kJ - yw cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-®X - v˛- a-eb - m-f a-t\m-ca 11758. I-Æn-s‚ B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\v A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-Xa - m-b hn-‰m-an-t\-XmWv˛- h - n-‰m-an≥ F 11759. I-Æq¿ Pn-√b - n-se G-Xv Xm-eq-°n-em-Wv ]-g» - n k-ac - ß - f - p-sS thZn-bm-bn--∂ ]p-cf - n-ae - ˛- X - e - t- »-cn 11760. G-Xv cm-Py-Øm-Wv samw-_m-k Xp-da - p-Jw-˛s - I-\n-b 11761. I-∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, Ip-Xn-c Xp-Sß - n-b k-ky-`p-°p-If - p-sS D-Zc - Ø - n¬ h-kn-®v sk-√p-tem-kn-s\ Z-ln-∏n-°m≥ k-lm-b-I-am-b kq-£va-Po-hn ˛-_m-Iv-So-cn-b 11762. {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bp-sS \n-b-{¥-Ww Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bn¬-\n-∂v {_n-´o-jv sam-Wm¿-°v G-s‰-Sp-ØX - v G-Xv `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS Ime-Øm-Wv ˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 11763. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS sXm-gn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ kn-e-_kv- X-øm-dm-°m-\p-≈ k-an-Xn-bp-sS A-≤y-£-\m-bn- \n-tbm-Kn-°-

s∏-´ (1937) t\-Xm-hv-˛-tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk≥ 11764. hn-Ivt- Sm-dn-b a-lm-dm-Wn A-¥c - n-®t- ∏mƒ (1901) ssh-t{km-bn-bmbn--∂X - v˛- I - g - vk - ¨ {]-`p 11765. I-ºc - m-am-bW - w c-Nn-°s - ∏-´ `m-j˛- X - a - n-gv 11766. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-Xm-Ib - n-em-Wv A-dm-dØ - v ]¿-hX - w Nn-{Xo-Icn-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- A - ¿-ta-\n-b 11767. sam-kw-_n-Iv Nm-\¬ B-{^n-°≥ sa-bn≥-em≥-Un-s\ G-Xp cmPy-Ø\ v- n-∂v th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛a - U - K - m-kI v- ¿ 11768. Uo-tKm a-dt- Um-Ws - b {]-ik - X v- \ - m-°n-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛ ^pSvt- _mƒ 11769. K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-en-s‚ G-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv Iu¨-kn-en¬ \n-b-a-Imcy Aw-K-sØ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv G-Xv K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-en-s‚ Ime-Øm-Wv ˛-hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv {]-`p 11770. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b c-≠m-a-sØ I-c-_-≤-cm-Pyw-˛-awtKm-fn-b 11771. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ X-t±-io-b \m-aa - m-Wv jvI - n-s]-dn-˛A - ¬-t_-\n-b 11772. \n- I - c - W - {]-ÿm-\h - p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´v A-dà - n-em-b B-Zy t\Xm-h˛v- k - n.B¿.Zm-kv 11773. "C¬-_¿-´v- _n¬'- (1883) hn-hm-Z-Im-e-sØ ssh-t{km-bn-˛-dn-∏¨ {]-`p 11774. C¿-a(C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v dq-d¬ am-t\-Pvs - a‚ v B-\μ - v)bp-sS ÿm]-I≥-˛t- Um.h¿-Ko-kv Ip-cy≥ 11775. Xpw-K-`-{Z G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv ˛ Ir-jv-W 11776. G-Xv cm-Py-sØ \n-ba - \ - n¿-am-W k-` bp-sS D-]c - n-k`- b - m-Wv Iu¨kn¬ Hm-^v Z t\-j≥-˛-A¬-Po-cn-b 11777. I¿-jI - {- io A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂ ]-{Xw-˛ a-eb - m-f a-t\m-ca 11778. Im-fn-Zm-k A-°m-Z-an F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 11779. I¿-Wm-S-I k¿-°m¿ hn-P-b-\-K¿ s^-Ãn-h¬ kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-lw-]n 11780. I-ayq-Wn-k‰ -v -v ]m¿-Sn- Hm-^-v C-¥y ÿm-]n-Xa - m-bX - v G-Xv ssh-t{kmbn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p11781. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv 1937 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- H-∂n-\vC-¥y-bn¬- "s^-U-d¬- tIm-S-Xn'- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛-en-≥-en-Xv-tKm{]-`p11782. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv cm-jv-{So-b kz-bw-tk-h-Ivkw-Lw- ÿm-]n-Xa - m-bX - v˛- d - o-Un-Mv- {]-`p11783. _n-Pp ]-Sv-\m-bn-Iv hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-`p-h-t\-iz¿ 11784. Im≥ s^-Ãn-h¬ F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p ˛-kn-\n-a 11785. G-Xv ]-{X-Øn-s‚ sse-k≥-km-Wv kn.]n.cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿ I≠p-sI-´n-b-Xv-˛ a-e-bm-f a-t\m-c-a 11786. G-Xv `m-jb - n-em-Wv _-¶nw-N{- μ-Nm-‰¿-Pn Zp¿-tK-i\ - μ - n-\n c-Nn-®X - v˛-_w-Km-fn 11787. Im¬-]\ - n-I\ - m-b t]m-cm-fn F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-´X - m-c˛v- ] - r-Yzncm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 11788. I-cn-Im-e≥ G-Xp hw-iØ - n-se cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p-˛t- Nm-f≥-am¿ 11789. G-Xv cm-Py-sØ \m-W-b-am-Wv _n¿-˛-F-tXym-]y 11790. I-co-_n-b≥ I-ayp-Wn-‰n F-∂ kw-LS- \ - b - p-sS sk-{I-t´-dn-b‰ - v GXv cm-Py-Øm-Wv˛- K - b - m-\ 11791. i-co-c-Øn-se ]n-F-®v aq-eyw {I-ao-I-cn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ Ah-b-hw-˛-hr-° 11792. I--W sN-bv-hm-s\-¥p-Xm-a-kw Ir-jv-W F-∂ `-‡n-Km-\w c-Nn®-Xm-cv˛- C-cb - n-Ω≥ X-ºn 11793. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv 1935 G-{]n¬- H-∂n-\v- dnk¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S¨- {]-`p 11794. I-e-°-Øp Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ sN-dp-∏-Im-ew sN-e-h-gn-®-sX-hn-sSbm-Wv˛- A - º - e - ∏ - p-g 11795. a-[y-{]-tZ-in-s‚-bpw Kp-P-dm-Øn-s‚-bpw A-Xn¿-Øn-bn-eq-sS H-gpIp-∂ \-Zn-˛\ - ¿-aZ11796. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-{X-߃ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ `mj ˛-ln-μn 11797. {_o-´n-jn-¥y-bn-se cm-Pn-h® - B-Zy K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬-˛h - m-d≥ tlÃnw-Kvk - v 11798. 1919se A-ar-Xv-k¿- tIm¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£≥-˛tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 11799. C--]X - mw \q-‰m-≠n-se G-‰h - pw a-lm≥-am-cm-b km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥am-cn¬ H-cm-fm-b sP-bnw-kv tPm-bv-kn-s‚ cm-Pyw-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 11800. G-Xp a-X-Øn-s‚ hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿ-am-Wv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ `m-j-I-

220 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

fn¬ A-®S- n-°s - ∏-´n-´p-≈X - v˛- {- In-kvX - p-aX - w 11801. I-gp-I-s‚ \m-Sv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛-A¬-t_-\n-b 11802. I-hn-cm-Pa - m¿-Kw c-Nn-®X - m-c˛v- A - t- am-Lh - ¿-j≥ 11803. G-Xp a-X° - m--sS hn-ip-≤ {K-Ÿa - m-Wv Jp-dm≥-˛C - … - mw a-Xw 11804. Im-fn-Zm-ks - ‚ A-`n-⁄m-\ im-Ip-¥f - Ø - n-s‚ aq-eI - Y - kzo-Ic - n®n-cn-°p-∂X - v G-Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv˛- a-lm-`m-cX - w 11805. G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-Nm-ca - p-≈ a-eb - m-f ]-{Xw-˛ a-eb - m-f a-t\m-ca 11806. G-Xp a-XØ - n-s‚ hn-ip-≤{- K-Ÿa - m-Wv ss_-_nƒ-˛{- In-kvX - p-aX - w 11807. Im-∏n-bp-sS P-∑-tZ-iw-˛-F-tXym-]y 11808. Im-em-h-ÿm hy-Xn-bm-\ h-Ip-∏v \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ Kp-Pd - m-Øv 11809. Im-fn-Zm-k s^-Ãn-h¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv-˛-D-÷-bn-\n 11810. H- tI-{μ-`-c-W {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-\n¿-h-l-Ww F-{]-Im-c-ambn-cn-°W - w F-∂p Xo--am-\n-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw B¿-°m-Wv˛- ]m¿-es - a‚ v 11811. I-cI - m-´w F-∂ D-’h - w \-S° - p-∂ kw-ÿm-\w-˛ X-an-gv\ - m-Sv 11812. I-em-˛k - mw-kI v- m-cn-I cw-Ks - Ø {i-t≤-ba - m-b an-Ih - n-\v tI-cf - k¿°m¿ \¬-Ip-∂ ]p-ck - vI - m-cØ - n-\v B--sS t]-cm-Wv \¬-In-bn-cn°p-∂X - ˛v- c - m-Pm c-hn-h¿-a 11813. I-eym-Wk - u-K‘ - n-Iw c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- I - p-©≥ \-ºym¿ 11814. G-Xp a-XØ - n-s‚ hn-`m-Ka - m-Wv tdm-a≥ I-tØm-en-°¿-˛{- In-kvX - p-aXw 11815. sP.kn. Um-\n-tb¬ A-hm¿-Uv G-Xp ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛k - n-\n-a 11816. {_n-´-s‚ I-jv-S-Im-ew C-¥y-bp-sS A-h-k-cw F-∂ {]-kv-Xm-h-\ G-Xv t\-Xm-hn-s‚-Xm-Wv˛- kp-`m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv 11817. `-cW - L - S- \ - m-\n¿-am-Wk - ` - b - p-sS Aw-Kß - ƒ `-cW - L - S- b - n¬ H-∏n´ Xo-b-Xn-˛ 1950 P-\p-h-cn 24 11818. ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS A-[y-£≥-˛ Pn∂ 11819. πm-kn bp-≤-Øn¬ kn-dm-Pv D-Zv Zu-f-bv-°v ]n-¥p-W \¬-In-b bqtdm-]y≥ i-‡n-˛ {^-©v 11820. _w-Km-fn-se Zzn-`-c-W kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛ tdm_¿-´v Iv-ssf-hv 11821. tk-e-sØ am-º-gw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛ kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-e-Nm-cn 11822. 1923 ¬ a-{Zm-kn¬ te-_¿ In-km≥ ]m¿-´n Hm-^v ln-μp-ÿm≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛ in-¶m-c-th-ep sN-´n-bm¿ 11823. C-¥y-bn¬ Cw-Kv-fo-jp-Im¿-°v ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw e-`n-®-B-Zy {]-tZiw-˛ t_mw-s_ Zzo-]v 11824. 1929˛¬ _n-lm¿ s{]m-hn≥-jy¬ In-km≥ k-` ÿm-]n-®X - ˛v- kzman k-l-Pm-\-μv k-c-kz-Xn 11825. Sm-tKm-dn-\v s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv In-´n-bXv˛- k - m-ln-Xyw 11826. C-¥y-bn¬ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-em-bn \n-b-an-X-\m-b B-Zy {]-`p-IpSpw-_mw-Kw-˛ tIm¨-hm-en-kv 11827. 1764 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 22˛-\v C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se {]-[m-\yw-˛ _-Ivk¿ bp-≤w 11828. sN-dn-b sa-° F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛ s]m-∂m-\n 11829. ss\¬ I-gn-™m-¬ B-{^n-°-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b \-Zn ˛-tImw-tKm 11830. Pn-{_mƒ-´¿ I-Se - n-Sp-°n-\v k-ao-]w ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ B-{^n-°≥ cm-Pyw-˛-sam-tdm-t°m 11831. Po-h-im-kv-{X-ta-J-e-bn¬ an-I-hp sX-fn-bn-®-h-sc Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p∂-Xn-\v s]m-Xp-th s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂X - v G-Xv hn-jb-Øn-em-Wv ˛-- -ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw 11832. ss]-d-\o-kv ]¿-h-X \n-c-Iƒ G-Xv h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛ bq-tdm-∏v 11833. P-Ωp I-iv-ao-cn-se {]-[m-\ a-Xw-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 11834. P-\-Io-b ssN-\m dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥-˛-am-thm tk-Xp-Mv 11835. P-e-Zu¿-e-`yw-Im-c-Ww 1585˛¬ A-Iv-_¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn D-t]-£n® X-e-ÿm-\ \-K-cw-˛-^-tØ-]q¿ kn-{In 11836. 1790˛¬ Sn-∏p-hn-s\-Xn-sc cq-]w-sIm-≠ {Xn-I£ - n-kJ - y-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´h - ¿-˛ Cw-Kvf - o-jp-Im¿, a-dm-Ø¿,\n-kmw 11837. A-ta-cn-°b - n-se G-Xv k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - n¬-\n-∂m-Wv _n.B¿.Awt_-Zv-I¿ ]n.F-®v.Un. _n--Zw k-ºm-Zn-®-Xv-˛ sIm-fw-_n-b 11838. G-Xp a-XØ - n-s‚ hn-`m-Ka - m-Wv Bw-•n-°m-\n-kw-˛{- In-kvX - p-aX - w 11839. H-do-k-bp-sS \o-Xn-\ym-b X-e-ÿm-\w-˛-I-´-Iv 11840. G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-se ]p-c-kv-Im-c-am-Wv Hm-d-©v ss{]-kv-˛-km-ln-

Xyw 11841. G-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ X-eÿ m-\a - m-Wv sd-bvI - vP - m-hn-Iv˛- s - F-kve - m≥Uv 11842. C-¥y-bp-sS B-flo-b X-eÿ m-\w F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- h - m-cm-Wkn 11843. G-Xp I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ]-Z-am-Wv kn-√n t]m-bn‚ v-˛-{In-°‰v 11844. 1857˛-se I-em-]-sØ C-¥y-bp-sS H-∂mw kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-sa-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-® `m-c-Xo-b t\-Xm-hv ˛-hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿11845. G-Xv hn-j-b-Øn-se B-Zy s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-hm-Wv F-an¬ sP∂nw-Kvk - ˛- v- s - sh-Zy-im-kv{- Xw 11846. G-Xv I-em-cq-]-sØ-bm-Wv h-≈-tØmƒ \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ ]p\--≤c - n-®X - ˛v- I - Y - I - f - n 11847. Im-th-cn-X-S-hpw A-Xn-\-Sp-Øp-≈ {]-tZ-i-ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-´- cm-Pyw `-cn-® cm-Ph - w-iw-˛t- Nm-f≥-am¿ 11848. Im-Xd - n≥ kvt- Im-´v _n-j∏ - v, sl¿-_¿-´v Fw.C-hm≥-kv F-∂n-h¿ I-s≠-Øn-b hn-‰m-an≥ G-Xm-Wv-˛-hn-‰m-an≥ C 11849. Hmw-Im-tc-iz¿ Zo-]v G-Xv \-Zn-bn-em-Wv ˛-\¿-aZ11850. s\-t∏m-fn-b-s\ hm-´¿-eq bp-≤-Øn¬ tXm¬-]n-® B¿-X¿ sh√-…n-bp-sS k-tlm-Zc - \ - m-bn--∂ K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬-˛ sh-√… - n {]`p 11851. F-´m-as - Ø h≥-Ic - F-∂v hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw-˛a - U - K - m-kvI - ¿ 11852. 1858˛-se hn-It-v Sm-dn-b a-lm-dm-Wn-bp-sS hn-fw-_c - k-ab - s - Ø ssht{km-bn ˛-Im-\nw-Kv {]-`p 11853. C-¥y-bp-sS `m-hn-`c - W - L - S- \ - s - b kw-_\ - [ v- n-®v- v- "s\-ld v- p- dn-t∏m¿´v'- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xm-cv-˛-tam-Øn-em¬ s\-{lp 11854. Im-X-dn≥ Z t{K-‰v `-cn-®n--∂ cm-Pyw-˛ d-jy 11855. In-co-S-[m-c-W-Øn-\p-ap-ºv F-tc-b F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ Nm-eq-Iycm-Pm-hv˛- ] - p-et- I-in c-≠m-a≥ 11856. H-do-k-bp-sS an-t√-\n-bw \-K-cw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-I-´-Iv 11857. H-fn-ºn-Ik v- n-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ H-cn-\Ø - n¬ G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ kz¿W-sa-U¬ t\-Sn-b Sow C-¥y-bm-Wv. G-Xm-Wm C-\w-˛-tlm-°n 11858. Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚ ta-L-Zq-X-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-X-am-b \-K-cw-˛-D-÷-bn\n 11859. im-kv{- X-⁄\ - m-b em-thm-kn-b¿ h-[n-°s - ∏-´X - v G-Xv hn-πh - I - me-Øm-Wv˛- {- ^-©p-hn-πh - w 11860. in-em-ssX-ew F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛-s]-t{Sm-fn-bw 11861. in-e-sb B-cm-[n-®m¬ ssZ-h-sØ Im-Wm-sa-¶n¬ Rm≥ ]¿-hX-sØ B-cm-[n-°pw-˛ F-∂p ]-d-™-Xm-cv-˛ I-_o¿ 11862. in-tcm-aW - n Kp--Zzm-c {]-_‘ - I - v I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛A - a - rXvk - ¿ 11863. Inw F-∂ Ir-Xn c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- d - p-Uvb - m¿-Uv In-πnw-Kv 11864. Io-NI - s - \ sIm-∂X - m-c˛v- `- o-a≥ 11865. Ip-¶p-aw I-gn-™m¬ G-‰-hpw hn-e ]n-Sn-∏p-≈ kp-K-‘ hy-Rv-P\w-˛-hm-\n-e 11866. G-Xv cm-Py-sØ I-º-\n-bm-Wv F¬-Pn-˛-Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b 11867. I-\-U-bn-se {]-hn-iy-bm-b Iyp-_-°n-se `m-j-˛-{^-©v 11868. G-Xp `m-j-bn-se km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv P-b-i-¶¿ {]-km-Zv ˛-ln-μn 11869. i-¶c - t- Z-h≥ G-Xv {]-tZ-iØ - v Po-hn-®n--∂ km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jI v- ¿Øm-hm-Wv˛- B - k - mw 11870. Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ D-]t- bm-Kn-®n--∂ an-gm-hv G-Xp t£-{X-Øn-emWv kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- A - º - e - ∏ - p-g 11871. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ hn-am-\ k¿-ho-km-Wv am-se-hv-˛ lw-K-dn 11872. I-hn-Ip-eK - p- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - m-cv ˛ Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 11873. sd-\n≥ F-∂ tlm¿-tam¨ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-hr-° 11874. F-¥n-s\-Xn-sc {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-\m-Wv `-KX - v knw-Kpw _n.sI.Z-Øpw sk≥-{S¬ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv A-kw-_v-fn-bn¬ 1929 G-{]n¬ F-´n-\v t_mw-s_-dn-™-Xv-˛ ]-ªn-Iv tk-^v-‰n _n¬ ]m-km-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-Xn-sc {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m≥ 11875. sd-Uv j¿-´k v- v F-∂ {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®X - ˛v- J - m≥ A-_Zv- pƒ Km^¿ Jm≥ 11876. ssl-μ-h C-Xn-lm-k-߃ c-Nn-°-s∏-´ `m-j-˛-kw-kv-Ir-Xw 11877. sS-∂o-kv tIm¿-´v {]-Xn-⁄ G-Xp hn-π-h-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛{- ^-©p-hn-πh - w 11878. ssa em≥-Uv B‚ v ssa ]o-∏nƒ F-∂ ]p-kv-X-Iw c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛-Zsse-em-a

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 221

11879. Iq¿-Kn-s\ {_n-´o-j C-¥y-tbm-Sv tN¿-°p-tºmƒ K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - em-bn--∂-Xv-˛ hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv 11880. 1925˛¬ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-´n cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-°m≥ tN¿-∂ Im¨-]q¿ k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv-˛ in-¶m-c-th-ep sN-´n-bm¿ 11881. kn.B¿.Zm-kv G-Xv \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv ta-b-dm-b-Xv-˛ sIm¬-°-Ø 11882. C-¥y≥ ap-…nw-eo-Kn-s‚ ap-J-]-{Xw-˛ Ãm¿ Hm-^v C-¥y 11883. ssh-°-Øn-\-Sp-Øv X-e-tbm-e-∏-d-ºn¬ P-\n-® a-e-bm-f km-lnXy-Im-c≥-˛ ˛-ssh-°w ap-lΩ - Z- v _-jo¿ 11884. ssN-\m tdm-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-sN-º-c-Øn 11885. I-\u-Pn-se P-b-N-{μ-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ a-Iƒ k-t\ym-Kn-X-sb ]-cn-Wbn-® Nu-lm≥ cm-Pm-hv-˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv Nu-lm≥ 11886. Iq-\≥-Ip-cn-»p-Ie - m-]Ø - n-s‚ {]-[m-\t- h-Zn-˛a - ´- m-t©-cn 11887. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ πm-‰v-t^m-ap-I-fp-≈ tI-c-f-Øn-se sd-bn¬-th tÃ-j≥-˛s - jm¿-Wq¿ 11888. G-Xp cm-Pyw am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a Io-g-S-°n-b-s∏m-gm-Wv Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿, am¿-Øm-WvU - h - ¿-ab - p-sS B-{in-X\ - m-bX - v˛- A - º - e - ∏ - p-g 11889. Ip¿-°p-an≥ F-∂ cm-k] - Z- m¿-Yw \n-dw \¬-Ip-∂ kp-K‘ - h - y-RvP-\w-˛a - ™ ƒ 11890. Ip--t£-{X-bp-≤w Xp-Sß - p-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºv A¿-Pp-\\ - v {io-Ir-jW -v ≥ \¬-Ip-∂ D-]t- Z-iw A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv˛- ` - K - h - X - vK - o-X 11891. C-¥y-bn-se s]m-eo-kv tk-\-bv-°v A-Sn-ÿm-\-an-´ K-h¿-W¿ P\-d¬-˛-tIm¨-hm-en-kv {]-`p 11892. 1921-˛¬ ssN-\-bn¬-\n-∂v kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b cm-Pyw-˛-aw-tKm-fnb 11893. D-∏p-k-Xy-{K-l- -k-a-cw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Km-‘n-Pn-bpw G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-am-Wv I-cm-dn-te¿-s∏-´-Xv-˛-C¿-hn≥- {]-`p 11894. F-tUz¿-Uv G-gm-a≥ C-¥y-bp-sS N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn {]-Jym-]n°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 11895. hn-tZ-in-Iƒ I¿-\m-s∏m-fn F-∂p hn-fn-®n--∂ \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛-I-\m-K∏ - ≈ - n 11896. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ I-º-\n-bm-Wv kmw-k-Mv-˛-Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b 11897. hnw-_nƒ-U¨ G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛s - S-∂o-kv 11898. G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ C--ºv A-Sß - n-b kp-K‘ - \ - y-RP -v \ - w ˛-a™ ƒ 11899. I-hn-If - n¬ cm-PI - p-am-c≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - m-cv˛- Im-fn-Zm-k≥ 11900. i-_-cn-a-e G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS k-ao-]-Øm-Wv-˛-]-º 11901. h-S-°≥ tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ A-®p-Iq-Sw ÿm-]n-® ÿ-eta-X˛v- X - e - t- »-cn 11902. h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ h≥-I-c-bn-se F-√m cm-Py-ß-fn-se-bpw aXw G-Xm-W˛- {- In-kX v- p-aX - wv 11903. Iq-\≥ Ip-cn-ip {]-Xn-⁄-bp-am-bn (1653) _-‘-s∏-´ a-Xw ˛-{InkvX - p-aX - w 11904. ho-™v \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v k-lm-b-I-am-b kq-£v-a-Po-hn-˛-_m-Iv-Socn-b 11905. i-Ip-¥f - b - p-sS t{]-ah - o-£W - w F-∂ s]-bn‚nw-Kv h-c® - X - m-cv˛- c - mPm c-hn-h¿-a 11906. Iq-º-S-∏v tcm-Kw G-Xv hn-f-sb-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-hm-g 11907. I-t°m-dn {S-bn≥ sIm-≈ (1925 B-Kk - X -v v 9)bp-sS hm¿-jn-IØ - n¬ B-cw-`n-® _-lp-P\ - k - a - c - t- a-Xv˛- I - zn-‰n-¥ym-ka - c - w 11908. I-tcm-´n-\p-I-fn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈ hn-‰m-an≥ G-Xm-Wv-˛-hn-‰m-an≥ F 11909. Iw-]yq-´¿ t{]m-{Km-anw-Kn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-sa-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏Sp-∂ C-¥y≥ `m-j-˛-kw-kv-Ir-Xw 11910. Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-cw B-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn--∂-Xv-˛-en≥-en-Xvt- Km- {]-`p11911. J-μ-Kn-cn Xo¿-Ym-S-\ tI-{μw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛ H-do-k 11912. jm-Pn F≥ I-¨ kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bvX - A-Xn-Po-h\ - Ø - n-s‚ I\¬-hg - n-Iƒ F-∂ kn-\n-a B--sS Po-hn-Xw {]-ta-ba - m-°n-bp-≈Xm-W˛v- F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ 11913. Kw-Km-Zzm-c F-∂v {]m-No-\I - m-eØ - v A-dn-bs - ∏-´n--∂ \-Kc - w-˛l - c - nZzm¿ 11914. km-º-Øn-I s\m-t_¬ e-`n-® B-Zy G-jy-°m-c≥-˛-A-a¿-Xym sk≥ 11915. 1948˛¬ Km-\v-[n-h-[-Øn¬ ]-¶p-s≠-∂ kw-i-b-Øn¬ A-d-ÃpsN-bv-Xv P-bn-en-e-S-s®-¶n-epw hn-Nm-c-W-bv-s°m-Sp-hn¬ Ip-‰-°m-c\-s√-∂p-I≠ - v sh-dp-sX hn-´X - m-sc-bm-Wv˛- h - n.-Un.-kh - m¿-°¿11916. sF.Fw.hn-P-b-s\ {i-t≤-b-\m-°n-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Zw-˛ ^p-Sv-

t_mƒ 11917. 1912¬- U¬-ln-bn-se Nm-μv-\n- Nu-°n¬-h-®v- \-S-∂ h-[-{i-aw AXn-Po-hn-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p 11918. 1923˛¬- C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ]m¿-´n ]-{X-am-b "t^m¿-th-Uv'Zn-\] - {- Xw- B-cw-`n-®X - m-cv˛- k - n.B¿.Zm-kv 11919. bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b aq-∂m-a-sØ Zzo-]v-˛ A-b¿-e≥-Uv 11920. Hmƒ-Uv {S-t^m¿-Uv G-Xv Im-bn-I a-’c - Ø - n-\m-Wv {]-kn-≤w-˛{- In°-‰v 11921. k-Øm-d \-K-cw G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛ Ir-jv-W 11922. km-aq-Xn-cn Xn--\m-hm-b ]n-Sn-®-S-°pw-h-sc am-am-¶-Øn-s‚ A-[y£≥ F-hn-Sp-sØ cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p-˛-h-≈p-h-\m-Sv 11923. Km-‘m-cn G-Xv Ir-Xn-bn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv ˛ a-lm-`m-cX - w 11924. k-Xyw, k-aX - zw, kzm-X{- ¥yw F-∂ ap-Jh - m-Iy-ap-≈ ]-{Xw-˛a - m-Xr`q-an 11925. jn-b, kp-∂n F-∂n-h G-Xp a-X-Øn-s‚ hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv-˛-C-…mw a-Xw 11926. Jp-Zm-bn Jn-Xv-a-Xv-Km¿ F-∂ kw-L-S-\ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-Jm≥ A-_vZpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥v 11927. jq ^vf - h - ¿ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- s - N-ºc - Ø - n 11928. k-]v-X¿-jn B-{i-aw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-l-cn-Zzm¿ 11929. ssP-\-a-X ÿm-]-I-\m-b B-Zn-\m-Y-s‚ P-∑-ÿ-e-am-b Xo¿-YmS-\ tI-{μw-˛ A-tbm-[y 11930. ssSw am-K-kn-s‚ I-h-dn¬ Nn-{Xw A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ t\-Xm-hv-˛ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n (1930) 11931. sX-bn≥ Umw A-Yh - m c-RvP - n-Xv km-K¿ A-Ws - °-´v G-Xv \-Zn-bnem-Wv-˛-c-hn \-Zn 11932. tI-c-f-Øn¬ B-Zy-am-bn Xp-≈¬ A-c-tß-dn-b-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛-A-º-e-∏p-g 11933. sIm-®n sa-t{Sm-bp-sS h-S-°p-`m-K-sØ B-Zy tÃ-j≥-˛-B-ep-h 11934. ssN-\o-kv B-{I-a-W-Øn-s‚ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ cm-Pn-h-® tI{μ {]-Xn-tcm-[ a-{¥n-˛-hn.sI. Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m≥ 11935. Pm-\-‰v P-K≥ G-Xv cm-Py-sØ B-Zy-h-\n-Xm {]-kn-U‚m-Wv (1997)˛-K-bm-\ 11936. ss^-t‰m-sa-\m-Un-tbm¨ F-∂ cm-k-\m-a-Øn-epw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hn-‰m-an≥-˛-hn-‰m-an≥ sI 11937. t_m-fn-hp-Uv F-¥n-\m-Wv {]-kn-≤w ˛-kn-\n-a 11938. C-¥y-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bn Un-°n t_-Uv πm≥ X-øm-dm°n-b-Xv-˛ au-≠v-_m-‰¨ {]-`p 11939. s_¿-en-\n¬ {^o C-¥y sk‚¿ ÿm-]n-®X - ˛v- k - p-`m-jv N-{μ-t_mkv 11940. kz-¥-am-bn \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-` C-√m-Ø tI-{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ßfn-se \n-b-a-߃-°v Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv B-cm-Wv-˛-]m¿-esa‚ v 11941. kz-¥-am-bn h-e-hn-cn-®v C-c-sb ]n-Sn-°p-∂ Po-hn-˛-Nn-e-¥n 11942. kz-bw ]-cm-K-Ww km-[y-a-√m-Ø kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\w-˛-hm-\n-e 11943. Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS c-‡w-]p-c-≠ a-Æv tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-Xv ]-{X-Øns‚ Hm-^o-kn-em-Wv kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- a - m-Xr-`q-an 11944. kp¬-Øm≥ A-…m≥ jm I-∏v G-Xv I-fn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn°p-∂p-˛t- lm-°n 11945. kp-cn-\mw I-gn-™m¬ G-‰-hpw P-\-kw-Jy Ip-d-™ sX-t° Ata-cn-°≥ cm-jv{- S-ta-X- ˛-Kb - m-\ 11946. k-Xy-ta-h P-b-tX G-Xp `m-j-bn-se hm-Iy-am-Wv-˛-kw-kv-Ir-Xw 11947. kzm-X{- ¥-e_ - v[ - n-°p-ti-jw \-S∂ - tIm¨-{K-kv {]-kn-U‚ v Xn-cs™-Sp-∏n¬ P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp-hn-s‚ ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS Xn-cs™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xm-cv ˛-]-´m-`n ko-Xm-cm-a-ø 11948. kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-c C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw i-‡-\m-b c-≠m-a-Ø hy-‡n-bm-bn ssSw am-K-kn≥ Xn-c-™-Sp-Ø a-e-bm-fn-˛-hn.sI. Ir-jW -v t- a-t\m≥ 11949. kn-≤m-¥ in-tcm-aW - n G-Xv hn-jb - Ø - n-se ]p-kvX - I - a - m-Wv˛- K - W - nXw 11950. Kw-Km I-\m¬ irw-J-e B-cw-`n-°p-∂-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv ˛-l-cn-Zzm¿ 11951. k-c-kz-Xn a-l¬ sse-{_-dn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-X-©m-hq¿ 11952. Kn¿-\m¿ Xo¿-Ym-S\ - tI-{μw G-Xv kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv˛- Kp-Pd - m-Øv 11953. kn-‰n Hm-^v Ãp-U‚ vk - v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛- v- t- am-kvt- Im 11954. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS Z-WU v- n-bm-{X-sb {io-cm-as - ‚ e-¶b - n-te-°p≈ {]-bm-Wt- Øm-Sv Xm-cX - a - y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - m-cv˛- t- am-Øn-em¬ s\-

222 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

{lp 11955. I-enw-K tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-`p-h-t\-iz¿ 11956. C-¥y-bn-se c-≠m-as - Ø {_n-´o-jv K-h¿-W¿ P-\d - ¬-˛t- Im¨-hmen-kv {]-`p 11957. 1772˛¬ Pn-√m I-fI - vS- d - p-sS ]-Zh - n kr-jvS- n-®X - m-cv˛- h - m-d≥ tl-ÃnwKvk - v 11958. ssl-μ-h--sS G-gv ]p-Wy-\-K-c-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-ap-Jw-˛-hm-cmW-kn 11959. Z-£n-tW-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b `m-j ˛-ln-μn 11960. a-e-Km-kn dn-∏-ªn-°v G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv ˛-a-U-KmkvI - ¿ 11961. kn- hn- Ip-™p-cm-a-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- aq-eq¿- F-kv- ]-Xv-a-\m-`-∏Wn-°¿- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn- sIm-√-Øn-\-Sp-Øv a-ø-\m-´p-\n-∂pw- "tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn'- hm-cn-I-bm-bn- B-cw-`n-® h¿-jw-˛1911 11962. k¨-ssj≥ hn-‰m-an≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xm-Wv-˛-hn-‰m-an≥ Un 11963. kn-.hn.- cm-a≥-]n-≈b - p-sS "[¿-ac - m-Pm'- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-® h¿-jw-˛1913 11964. Im-fn-Zm-k≥ c-N\ - \-SØ - n-bn--∂ `m-j˛- k - w-kvI - r-Xw 11965. kn-\n-ab - n¬ H- sk-°‚n¬ F-{X s{^-bn-ap-If - m-Wv I-S∂ - p-t]mIp-∂X - ˛v- 24 11966. kn-cn-am-thm-˛i - m-kv{- Xn D-Sº - S- n (1964) {]-Im-cw {io-e¶ - b - n¬-\n-∂v a-Sß - n-h∂ - sXm-gn-em-fn-Is - f ]p-\c - [ - n-hk - n-∏n-°m≥ do-lm-_n-ent‰-j≥ πm-t‚-j≥ en-an-‰-Uv ÿm-]n-X-am-b ÿ-ew-˛-]p-\-eq¿ 11967. kn-Jp-aX - Ø - n-s‚ B-flo-b˛- k - mw-kvI - m-cn-I tI-{μw F-∂p hn-tijn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂ \-Kc - w-˛A - a - r-Xvk - ¿ 11968. kn-‘p-hn-s‚ {]-[m-\ t]m-jI - \ - Z- n-If - n¬ ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-in-se Nw-_m Pn-√-bn¬ D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xm-Wv-˛-c-hn \-Zn 11969. knw-l-f knw-lw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´ t\-Xm-hm-cv-˛-kn.tIi-h≥ 11970. Ko-tXm-]\ - n-jØ - v F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂ {K-Ÿt- a-X˛v- `- K - h - X - K v- o-X 11971. kp-{_-aW - y-`m-cX - n G-Xv `m-jb - n-se I-hn-bm-bn--∂p-˛X - a - n-gv 11972. Iw-{]-kv-Uv \m-®p-d¬ Kym-kn-se {]-[m-\ L-S-Iw-˛-ao-tY-bv≥ 11973. I-YI - f - n-bp-sS P-∑t- Z-iw F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- sIm-´mc-°c 11974. kw-kvI - m-cØ - n-s‚ {]-Xo-Ia - m-bn I--Xs - ∏-Sp-∂ ]p-jv] - w-˛X - m-ac 11975. kw-ÿm-\ kz-bw-`-c-Ww- \n-e-hn¬- h--Øp-∂-Xn-\v- 1937 P-\p-hcn-˛-s^-{_p-h-cn- am-k-ß-fn¬- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-\-S-∂-t∏mƒ B-cmbn--∂p ssh-t{km-bn-˛-en-≥-en-Xv-tKm- {]-`p11976. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ I-Æq-cn¬ A-¥-cn-® h¿jw-˛1916 11977. kz-tZ-in {]-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚ {]-Xo-Ia - m-bn--∂X - v˛- N¿-° 11978. ssk-\n-I kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ F-∂ B-i-b-Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b {]-Xn-tcm-[ a-{¥n-˛h - n.sI. Ir-jvW - t- a-t\m≥ 11979. ssl-{U-P≥ I-gn-™m¬ G-‰-hpw `m-cw Ip-d-™ aq-e-Iw-˛-lo-enbw 11980. sa-°-bpw a-Zo-\-bpw G-Xv a-X-°m--sS hn-ip-≤-ÿ-e-ß-fm-Wv ˛C-…mw a-Xw 11981. sa-Up-√ H-_vf - mw-tK-‰ G-Xh - b - h - Ø - n-s‚ `m-Ka - m-Wv˛- a - k - vX - n-jvI - w 11982. sIm-®n-bn-se am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv˛- i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ 11983. sX-bn¬-kv G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-se {]-K-ev-`-\m-Wv ˛-K-Wn-Xw 11984. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬ ln-μp-°-fp-≈ cm-Py-ta-Xv-˛-K-bm-\ 11985. C-¥y-°v kzm-X-{¥yw \¬-Im-\p-≈ Xo-b-Xn 1948 Pq-Wn¬-\n-∂v 1947 Hm-K-kv-Xn-te-°v am-‰n-b-Xv B--sS G-‰-hpw hn-hm-Z Xo--am\-am-bn--∂X - v˛- au-≠v_ - m-‰¨ {]-`p 11986. sk≥-{S¬ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv A-kw-_v-fn-bn¬ 26 h¿-jw Aw-K-am-bncn-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂v A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xv t\-Xm-hv˛- F - ≥.Fw. tPm-jn 11987. tI-cf - Ø - n¬ ap-Jy-a{- ¥n ÿm-\s - Ø-Øn-b G-I {]-tZ-in-I ]m¿´n t\-Xm-hm-Wv kn.F-®v. ap-l-Ω-Zv tIm-b. ]m¿-´n-tb-Xv-˛-ap-…nw eo-Kv 11988. tam-kI v- h - \-Zo-Xo-cØ - p-≈ {]-[m-\ d-jy≥ \-Kc - t- a-X˛- v- t- am-ktv- Im 11989. kz-tZ-in {]-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚ {]-h¿-ØI - \ - m-bn--∂ hm-©n A-ø¿ F-∂ bp-h hn-π-h-Im-cn Xn--s\¬-th-en Pn-√m I-e-Iv-S-dm-bn-∂ tdm-_¿-´v hn-eyw B-jn-s\ sh-Sn-h-®p-sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b h¿-

jw-˛1911 11990. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y G-Xn-\-Øn-em-Wv B-Zy-sØ H-fn-ºn-Iv sa-U¬ t\-Snb-Xv-˛-tlm-°n 11991. kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-b Pm-Xn sk≥-k-kv \-S-∂ h¿-jw-˛2012 11992. tem-I-sØ c-≠m-a-sØ I-ayp-Wn-Ãv cm-Pyw-˛-aw-tKm-fn-b 11993. G-Xv ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ d-Kp-e¿ sk≥-k-kv \-S-∂-Xv (1881)˛-dn-∏¨ {]-`p 11994. "A-`n-\-h-`m-c-Xv' F-∂ hn-π-h {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv ˛-hn.-Un.-k-hm¿°¿ 11995. C-¥y-bp-sS c-≠m-a-sØ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn (1962˛67)˛-tUm.- k-°o¿- lpssk≥11996. bq-tdm-∏n-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b c-≠m-a-sØ Zzo-]v-˛-sF-kv-em≥-Uv 11997. G-Xv \-Zn-bp-sS t]m-jI - \ - -Zn-bm-Wv Xm-h˛- \ - ¿-a-Z 11998. tIm¨-{K-kn-s\ k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-b a-c-W-Øn-\v k-lm-bn-°p-sa-∂v {]Jym-]n-® ssh-t{km-bn-˛-I-gv-k¨ {]-`p 11999. Iym-]v-‰≥ cq-]v-knw-Kv tÃ-Un-bw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-Kzm-fn-tbm¿ 12000. kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v thm-´-h-Im-iw \¬-In-b B-Zy-sØ B-{^n-°≥ cm-Py-taXvv-˛-sI-\n-b 12001. km-ap-h¬ e-Mvt- lm¨ ¢-a≥-kv G-Xp t]-cn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤\ - m-bX - ˛- v- a - m¿°v Sz-bn≥ 12002. Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ sk≥-{S¬ t{]m-k-knw-Kv bq-Wn-‰n-s\ a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Ønse G-Xv A-hb - h - p-am-bn-´m-Wv Xm-cX - a - y-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≈X - v ˛-ak - vX - n-jvI - w 12003.Km-‘n-Pn am-Xm-hn-s\-t∏m-se I-W° - m-°n-b {K-Ÿt- a-Xv˛- ` - K - h - X - vK - o-X 12004.kz-X-{¥ C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw {]m-bw Ip-d-™ tIm¨-{K-kv {]-knU‚ v-˛ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n(40) 12005.km-ap-h¬ sS-bv-e¿ tIm-f-dn-Uv-Pp-am-bn-t®¿-∂v en-dn-°¬ _-em-Uv-kv cNn-®X - m-cv˛- h - n-eyw th-Uvk - vh - ¿-Øv 12006.Km-‘n kn-\n-a-bn¬ Zn¬-tj¿ kn-Mv B--sS th-j-am-Wv A-`n-\-bn-®Xv ˛-Jm≥ A-_vZ- pƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ 12007.k-c-kz-Xn k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xv G-Xv ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv-˛-km-ln-Xyw 12008.sk≥-{S¬ _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w-˛ apw-ss_

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 223

]cn-ioe\ tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 1 1.

2. 3. 4.

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15.

16.

17. 18.

]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° {]-kn-U‚ v A-¥-cn-®m¬ Im-em-h-[n-bp-sS tijn-® Im-e-tØ-°v ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v B ]-Z-hn h-ln-°m≥ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≈ cm-Pyw: (F) bp.F-kv.F. (_n) {^m≥-kv (kn) C-¥y (Un) {io-e-¶ a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b t]-in-tb-Xv? (F) tÃ-∏n-Un-b-kv (_n) km¿-t´m-dn-b-kv (kn) ^o-a¿ (Un) •q-´n-b-kv "Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS i-h-∏-d-ºv-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ i-co-c-`mKw: (F) hr-° (_n) kv-πo≥ (kn) I-cƒ (Un) B-am-ib - w "s^-U-d¬-' `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≈ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b k-hn-ti-jX - : (F) `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw (_n) cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw (kn) A-[n-Im-c-hn-`-P-\w (Un) kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw "F-hn-sS a-\- v `-b-c-ln-X-am-Ip-∂p-thm A-hn-sS in-c- v D-∂-Xam-Ipw-'˛-B--sS hm-°p-Iƒ? (F) c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ (_n) Kp- \m-\m-°v (kn) hn-th-Im-\-μ≥ (Un) Km-‘n-Pn "`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS lr-Z-b-hpw B-flm-hpw-' F-∂v tUm.Aw-t_-ZvI¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-® A-\p-t—-Zw G-Xv? (F) 19 (_n) 32 (kn) 44 (Un) 40 "`q-Zm-\ {]-ÿm-\-'Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv? (F) P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨ (_n) a-lm-flm-Km-‘n (kn) hn-t\m-_m-`m-sh (Un) _m-_m Bw-sX "Iq-\≥-Ip-cn-ip {]-Xn-⁄-' \-S-∂ h¿-jw: (F) 1643 (_n) 1635 (kn) 1653 (Un) 1633 "Iym-_-\n-‰v an-j-s\-' (1946) \-bn-®-Xv: (F) Ãm-t^m¿-Uv {In-]v-kv (_n) tPm¨ ssk-a¨ (kn) F.hn.A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ (Un) s]-Øn-Iv tem-d≥-kv "Iyq-Wn-t^mw-' F-∂ en-]n D-]-tbm-Kn-®n--∂ P-\-X? (F) kp-ta-cn-b-°m¿ (_n) ssN-\-°m¿ (kn) C-¥y-°m¿ (Un) Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿ {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- A--hn-∏p-d-Øv in-h-enw-K {]-Xn-jvT \-S-Ønb h¿-jw: (F) 1888 (_n) 1890 kn) 1903 (Un) 1907 D-Ø-cm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b ]-I¬: (F) am¿-®v 21 (_n) Pq¨ 21 (kn) sk-]v-Xw-_¿ 23 (Un) Un-kw-_¿ 22 "A-h-\-h-\m-fl-kp-J-Øn-\m-N-cn-∏-h-b-]-c-∂p kp-J-Øn-\m-bn htc-Ww-' C-{]-Im-cw D-Zv-t_m-[n-∏n-®-Xv: (F) Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ (_n) {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- (kn) h-≈-tØmƒ (Un) Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ 1878 ¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-® ]-{Xw: (F) kw-hm-Zv Iu-ap-Zn (_n) b-Mv C-¥y (kn) Z ln-μp (Un) h-tμ-am-X-cw sI.]n.tI-i-h-ta-t\m-s‚ "_n-em-Øn-hn-ti-jw-' F-∂ bm-{Xm-hnh-c-W-Øn¬ G-Xp cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) {^m≥-kv (_n) bp.F-kv.F. (kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) {_n-´¨ bq-{^-´o-kv, ssS-{Kn-kv \-Zn-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ hn-Im-kw {]m-]n-® kwkvI - m-ca - m-Wv: (F) Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥ kw-kv-Im-cw (_n) am-b≥ kw-kv-Im-cw (kn) sa-skm-s]m-´m-an-b≥ kw-kv-Im-cw (Un) ssN-\o-kv kw-kv-Im-cw G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-ÿm-\-a-e-¶-cn-® hy-‡n: (F) tUm.cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv (_n) B¿.sh-¶-´-cm-a≥ (kn) tUm.cm-[m-Ir-jvW - ≥ (Un)hn.hn.Kn-cn d-jy-bn-se s^-{_p-h-cn hn-π-h-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v \n-t°m-fm-kv c≠m-a≥ ÿm-\{- `-jvS- \ - m-°s - ∏-´t- ∏mƒ Xm¬-°m-en-I K-h¨-sa‚n\v t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv: (F) A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ sI-c¨-kv-In (_n) se-\n≥

(kn) t{Sm-Sv-kv-In (Un) tPm-k-^v Ãm-en≥ 19. em-hm-in-e-Iƒ s]m-Sn-™p cq-]w sIm-≈p-∂ a-Æv: (F) I-dp-Ø-a-Æv (_n) sN-Ω-Æv (kn) sN-¶¬ a-Æv (Un) em-‰-ssd-‰v 20. en-Jn-X `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈ cm-Py-Øn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-a-√m-Ø-Xv GXv? (F) C-¥y (_n) {^m≥-kv (kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) {_n-´¨ 21. s]m-Xp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p-sN-øm≥ C-¥y≥ ]u-c-\m-h-iyam-b Ip-d-™ {]m-bw: (F) 18 (_n) 21 (kn) 25 (Un) 17 22. Z-£n-tW-¥y B-{I-an-® B-Zy-sØ ap-…nw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn: (F) A-Iv-_¿ (_n) _m-_¿ (kn) A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn (Un) C¬-Øp-an-jv 23. Xn--h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv Nm-e-°-tºm-fw ÿm-]n-®-Xv? (F) Nn-Øn-c Xn--\mƒ (_n) th-ep-Ø-ºn Z-f-h (kn) cm-Pm tI-i-h-Zm-k≥ (Un) hn-im-Jw Xn--\mƒ 24. C-¥y-bn-se bp-td-\n-bw J-\n: (F) Pm-Zp-Kp-U (_n) tJ-{Xn (kn) tIm-fm¿ (Un) lp-´n 25. "B-[p-\n-I πm-Ãn-Iv k¿-P-dn bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) N-cI - ≥ (_n) [-\z-¥-cn (kn) kp-{ip-X≥ (Un) A-t{X-b≥ 26. A-Xn-Nm-e-I-X I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv? (F) Im-a¿-en-Mv Hm-\-kv (_n) A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ thmƒ-´ (kn) B-ºn-b¿ (Un) H-tem-^v tdm-a¿ 27. km¿-h-tZ-io-b a-\p-jy-mh-Im-i {]-Jym-]-\w \-S-Øn-b h¿-jw (F) 1945 (_n) 1946 (kn) 1948 (Un) 1956 28. Km-‘n-Pn hn-`m-h-\w sN-bv-X am-Xr-Im cm-Py-am-Wv (F) ]-©m-b-Øo-cm-Pv (_n) [¿-a-cm-Pyw (kn) cm-a-cm-Pyw (Un) kz-cm-Pv 29. Km-‘n-Pn Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ Po-hn-® Im-ew: (F) 1893˛1915 (_n) 1893˛1914 (kn) 1869˛1915 (Un) 1893˛1917 30. kn-‘p-hn-s‚ t]m-j-I-\-Zn G-Xv? (F) b-ap-\ (_n) tIm-kn (kn) Nw-_¬ (Un) j-tbm-Iv 31. kq-b-kv I-\m¬ tZ-i-km¬-°-cn-® h¿-jw: (F) 1869 (_n) 1914 (kn) 1966 (Un) 1956 32. kq-cy-s‚ \-ap-°v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ `m-K-am-Wv-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛? (F) t{Im-tam-kv-^n-b¿ (_n) en-tØm-kv-^n-b¿ (kn) t^m-t´m-kv-^n-b¿ (Un) t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^n-b¿ 33. `-c-W-L-S-\m hy-h-ÿ {]-Im-cw tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS ]-c-am-h-[n AwK-Xzw: (F) 552 (_n) 550 (kn) 540 (Un) 544 34. "_-Z¬ s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\w-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) a-Kv-k-tk A-hm¿-Uv (_n) Hm-kv-I¿ A-hm¿-Uv (kn) `-Sv-\-K¿ A-hm¿-Uv (Un) ssd-‰v sse-he v- n-lp-Uv A-hm¿-Uv 35. "am-Xw-K-eo-e-' G-Xp ar-K-sØ kw-_-‘n-® {K-Ÿ-am-Wv? (F) B-\ (_n) Ip-Xn-c (kn) H-´-Iw (Un) ]-ip 36. F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ {]-kn-U‚mWv? (F) 15 (_n) 16 (kn) 17 (Un) 18 37. G-sX-¶n-ep-sam- C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv K-h¿-W¿ ]-Z-hn h-ln® B-Zy a-e-bm-fn (F) hn.hn-iz-\m-Y≥ (_n) F.sP.tPm¨ (kn) ]-´w Xm-Wp-]n-≈ (Un) hn.]n.ta-t\m≥ 38. "A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬ A-d-_n-°-S-en¬-' F-∂ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw GXv k-a-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) a-e-_m¿ I-em-]w (_n) ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿ (kn) ssh-°w k-Xym-{K-lw (Un) Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-lw 39. "Aw-K-', "]q¿-h-' F-∂n-h G-Xp a-X-Øn-s‚ hn-ip-≤ {K-Ÿ-am-Wv? (F) _p-≤-a-Xw (_n) ssP-\-a-Xw (kn) ]m-gv-kn-a-Xw (Un) Pq-X-a-Xw 40. "{]m-Xn-\n-[y-an-√m-sX \n-Ip-Xn-bn-√-' Cu ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw G-Xp hn-πhp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) {^-©p-hn-π-hw (_n) A-ta-cn-°≥ hn-π-hw (kn) d-jy≥ hn-π-hw (Un) ssN-\o-kv hn-π-hw 41. "bq-tdm-∏n-se tcm-Kn-' F-∂p hn-fn-°-s∏-´ cm-Pyw? (F) sU≥-am¿-°v (_n) kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv

224 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

(kn) s_¬-Pn-bw (Un) Xp¿-°n 42. "c-≠mw _¿-tZm-fn-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ tI-c-f-Øn-se ÿ-ew (F) tIm-gn-t°m-Sv (_n) ]-øm-º-ew (kn) ]-ø-∂q¿ (Un) ]n-W-dm-bn 43. h-b-\m-Sv Pn-√-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w: (F) kp¬-Øm≥ _-tØ-cn (_n) am-\-¥-hm-Sn (kn) I¬-∏-‰ (Un) Xn--s\-√n 44. Nn-°p≥ Kp-\n-b F-∂ tcm-K-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b A-Wp: (F) _m-Iv-So-cn-b (_n) t{]m-t´m-tkm-h (kn) ^w-K-kv (Un) ssh-d-kv 45. H-∂mw ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-bn¬ {]m-ap-Jyw \¬-I-s∏-´-Xv: (F) Ir-jn (_n) hy-h-km-bw (kn) hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw (Un) Xp-d-ap-J-hn-I-k-\w 46. "]m-In-kv-Xm≥-' F-∂ hm-°n-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv: (F) ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂ (_n) ju-°-Øv A-en (kn) d-lv-a-Øv A-en (Un) k-ø-Zv A-l-Ω-Zv Jm≥ 47. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b ]¿-h-X-\n-c: (F) ln-am-e-bw (_n) B¬-]v-kv (kn) B≥-Uo-kv (Un) tdm-°o-kv 48. "an-∂¬ c-£m-Nm-e-Iw-' I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv? (F) ssa-°¬ ^m-c-tU (_n) _-©-an≥ {^m-¶v-fn≥ (kn) tPm¨ t_¿-Uv (Un) hn-eyw lm¿-hn 49. I-´-Iv \-K-cw G-Xp-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv? (F) a-lm-\-Zn (_n) Kw-K (kn) \¿-a-Z (Un) b-ap-\ 50. tI-c-f-Øn¬ Xp-em-h¿-jw A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-t∏mƒ? (F) am¿-®v-˛-sa-bv (_n) Un-kw-_¿-˛-^n-{_-h-cn (kn) H-Iv-tSm-_¿-˛-\-hw-_¿(Un)Pq¨-˛-sk-]v-Xw-_¿ 51. G-Xv Du-jv-am-hn-em-Wv sX¿-tam-ao-‰-dn¬ sk‚o-t{K-Uv kv-sI-bnepw ^m-c≥-lo-‰v kv-sI-bn-epw Xp-ey-am-Ip-∂-Xv? (F) ssa-\-kv 40 (_n) 212 (kn) 40 (Un) 0 52. "aw-tKm-fn-k-'Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv: (F) Uu¨ kn≥-t{Umw (_n) lm≥-k¨-kv tcm-Kw (kn) ho¬-kv Un-ko-kv (Un) km¿-kv 53. "Cu-g-h sa-tΩm-dn-b-en-\p-' t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv: (F) kn.tI-i-h≥ (_n) tUm.]¬-]p (kn) Sn.sI.am-[-h≥ (Un) hn.sI.th-em-bp-[≥ 54. ""D-t´m-∏n-b-' c-Nn-®-Xv? (F) tXm-a-kv am≥ (_n) tXm-a-kv aq¿ (kn) Um-t‚ (Un) {^m≥-kn-kv t_-°¨ 55. "h-en-b Ip-fw' A-Y-hm "t{K-‰v-_m-Øv' F-hn-sS-bm-Wv I-s≠-Ønb-Xv G-Xv ÿ-e-Øm-Wv? (F) I-en-_w-K≥ (_n) _-\-hm-en (kn) lm-c-∏ (Un) sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm 56. "hm¿-[m ]-≤-Xn-' F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) P-e-tk-N-\w (_n) A-Sn-ÿm-\-hn-Zym-`ym-kw (kn) hy-h-km-bw (Un) Zm-cn-{Zy-\n¿-am¿-P-\w 57. "em-]v tSm-]v Iw-]yq-´¿-' I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv: (F) knw-s¢-b¿ (_n) Nmƒ-kv _m-t_-Pv (kn) A-e≥ Syq-dn-Mv (Un) _n¬ tK-‰v-kv 58. "km¿-t°m-a-' _m-[n-°p-∂ i-co-c-`m-Kw: (F) I-Æv (_n) sN-dp-Ip-S¬ (kn) A-ÿn-Iƒ (Un) a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw 59. "ssP-h L-Sn-Im-cw-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-\v-Yn: (F) ssX-ak - v (_n) A-{Uo-\¬ (kn) ]o-\n-b¬ (Un) ]n-‰yq-‰d - n 60. "ssZ-hw kv-t\-ln-°p-∂-h¿ sN-dp-∏-Øn-te a-cn-°p-∂p-' F-∂p ]d-™X - v: (F) ss_-d¨ {]-`p (_n) Io-‰v-kv (kn) sj-√n (Un) dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv In-πn-Mv 61. ]-ºm-\-Zn G-Xp Im-b-en-em-Wv ]-Xn-°p-∂-Xv? F) th-º-\m-Sv (_n) th-fn (kn) sh-≈m-b-Wn (Un) \-S-b-d 62. ]p-cm-X-\ H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-se B-Zy hn-P-bn: (F) sIm-tdm-_-kv (_n) sP._n.sIm-tWm-en (kn) Ip-_¿-´n≥ (Un) Xn-tbm-tUm-jy-kv 63. _-ln-cm-Im-i-bm-{Xn-I-bm-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ hw-i-P: (F) kp-\n-X hn-eyw-kv (_n) _-tN-{μn ]m¬ (kn) B-c-Xn Kp-]v-X (Un) I¬-]-\m Nu-f

64. _m-_-dp-sS i-h-Ip-So-cw F-hn-sS-bm-Wv? (F) em-tlm¿ (_n) U¬-ln (kn) Im-_qƒ (Un) C-…m-am-_m-Zv 65. `q-an-bp-sS G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp-≈ B-Im-i tKm-fw: (F) N-{μ≥ (_n) _p-[≥ (kn) kq-cy≥ (Un) ip-{I≥ 66. "a-e-_m¿ I-em-]'Im-e-Øv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn A-h-tcm-[n-°-s∏´-Xv (F) ap-l-Ω-Zv (_n) A-_v-Zpƒ k-Øm¿ (kn) B-en ap-k-en-bm¿ (Un) Ip-™m-en 67. d-∫-dp¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ H-∂mw ÿm-\-ap-≈ Pn-√: (F) C-Sp-°n (_n) ]m-e-°m-Sv (kn) sIm-√w (Un) tIm-´-bw 68. hn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚ {]-Xo-I-am-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-£n: (F) aq-ß (_n) {]m-hv (kn) Im-° (Un) s]≥-Kzn≥ 69. k-ºq¿-W km-£-c-X ssI-h-cn-® C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy Pn-√: (F) F-d-Wm-Ip-fw (_n) tIm-´-bw (kn) Z-£n-W Im-\-d (Un) A-Pv-ao¿ 70. Km-\v-[n k-am-[m-\ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v B-Zy-am-bn A¿-l-\m-b-Xv: (F) Pq-en-b-kv s\-tc-c (_n) _m-_m Bw-sX (kn) F.Sn.A-cn-b-c-Xv-s\ (Un) s\¬-k¨ a-t≠-e 71. "]-® {K-lw-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) `q-an (_n) bp-dm-\k - v (kn) sNm-Δ (Un) s\-]‰-v yq¨ 72. "I-Y-I-fn-'bp-sS D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv: (F) am-\-th-Z≥ cm-Pm-hv (_n) Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ (kn) kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ (Un)sIm-´m-c-°-c-Ø-ºp-cm≥ 73. "Pp-Uo-jy¬ dn-hyq-' F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xp cm-Py-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv C-¥y kzo-I-cn-®-Xv? (F) {_n-´¨ (_n) bp.F-kv.F. (kn) Im-\-U (Un) A-b¿-e≥-Uv 74. ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy tI-c-f K-h¿-W¿: (F) ]n.in-h-i-¶¿ (_n) _n.cm-a-Ir-jv-W-dm-hp (kn) kn-°-μ¿ `-‡v (Un) _n.cm-®-ø 75. "{^-©p hn-π-h-' hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ k-tμ-iw: (F) kzm-X-{¥yw, k-a-Xzw, km-tlm-Z-cyw (_n) A-[n-Im-cw sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v (kn) {]m-Xn-\n-[y-an-√m-sX \n-Ip-Xn-bn-√ (Un) k-am-[m-\w hn-π-h-Im-e-Øv 76. "a-e-_m¿ am-\z¬-' c-Nn-®-Xv? (F) hn-eyw a-¢n-tbm-Uv (_n) hn-eyw tem-K≥ (kn) hn-eyw ^m¿-a¿ (Un) sIm-t\m-en 77. "a-e-bm-fn sa-tΩm-dn-b-en-\p-' t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv: (F) tUm.]¬-]p (_n) sI.]n.i-¶-c-ta-t\m≥ (kn) a-∂-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`≥ (Un)Fw.C.\m-bn-Up 78. "A-jv-S-{]-[m≥-' B-sc-bm-Wv `-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ k-lm-bn-®-Xv? (F) Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿ (_n) in-h-Pn (kn) A-Iv-_¿ (Un) hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ 79. "ap-Kƒ `-c-W-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ in¬-]n-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? (F) _m-_¿ (_n) jm-P-lm≥(kn) A-Iv-_¿(Un) lp-a-bq¨ 80. "A-Sp-°-f-bn¬-\n-∂v A-c-ß-tØ-°v-' c-Nn-®-Xv (F) e-fn-Xmw-_n-I A-¥¿-P-\w (_n) Fw.B¿._n. (kn) hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv (Un) Iq-dq¿ \o-eI - W - vT≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv 81. kw-ÿm-\ h-\n-Xm I-Ωn-j-s‚ B-Zy A-[y-£: (F) Fw.I-a-ew (_n) sI.B¿.Ku-cn-b-Ω (kn) kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn (Un) \-^o-k-Øp-_o-hn 82. Np-≠≥ h-≈-ß-fp-sS \n¿-am-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ X-Sn: (F) hn-t√m (_n) B-™n-en(kn) th-ß (Un) a-lm-K-Wn 83. " Iw-]yq-´-dn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) ssa-°¬ ^m-c-sU (_n) Nmƒ-kv _m-t_-Pv (kn) \yq-´¨ (Un) K-eo-en-tbm 84. "hn-tam-N-\ k-a-cw-' G-Xp h¿-j-am-bn--∂p? (F) 1957 (_n) 1958 (kn) 1959 (Un) 1960 85. "I-dp-∏p-bp-≤-'Øn¬ G-‰p-ap-´n-b cm-Py-߃: (F) {_n-´-Wpw ssN-\-bpw (_n) P¿- a - \ n- b pw {^m≥- k pw (kn) P-∏m-\pw ssN-\-bpw (Un) sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fpw d-jy-bpw 86. "Im¿-Kn¬ bp-≤w-' \-S-∂ h¿-jw: (F) 1999 (_n) 2000 (kn) 1998 (Un) 2001

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 225

87. "k-]v-X-ssi-e-\-K-cw-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ \-K-cw: (F) tdmw (_n) sI-bv-tdm (kn) D¿ (Un) A-e-Iv-km-{≠n-b 88. "k-b‚n-^n-Iv tkm-jy-en-k-'Øn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv (F) Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kv (_n) tdm-_¿-´v Hm-h≥ (kn) sl-K¬ (Un) dq-t m 89. "kn-tbm-Wn-Ãv {]-ÿm-\'Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn cq-]w-sIm-≠ cm-Pyw: (F) A-b¿-e≥-Uv (_n) C-{k-tb¬ (kn) Cu-Ãv Xn-aq¿ (Un) ]-e-kv-Xo≥ 90. "]m-kv-Np-ssd-tk-j≥' Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xp-am-bn _-‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) c-‡w (_n) bq-dn-b (kn) ]m¬ (Un) kz¿-Ww 91. "H-∂p-In¬ Rm≥ e-£yw t\-Sn Xn-cn-®p-h-w. ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´m¬ Rm-s\-s‚ P-Uw k-ap-{Z-Øn-\v kw-`m-h-\ \¬-Ipw -' G-X-h-k-cØn-em-Wv Km-‘n-Pn C-ß-s\ ]-d-™-Xv? (F) h-´-ta-i k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p t]m-Ipw-ap-ºv (_n) Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X Xp-S-ßp-∂ k-a-b-Øv (kn) C¿-hn≥ {]-`p-hp-am-bn D-S-º-Sn-bn-te¿-s∏-Spw ap-ºv (Un) N-ºm-c≥ k-Xym-{K-lw B-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ 92. "`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS c-£m-[n-Im-cn-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) {]-kn-U‚ v (_n) P-\-߃ (kn) K-h¿-W¿ (Un) kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn 93. "{Km-an-' A-hm¿-Uv G-Xv ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w (_n) kw-Ko-Xw (kn) kn-\n-a (Un) km-ln-Xyw 94. "s^-U-d¬ kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ kw-c-£-I≥-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv: (F) {]-kn-U‚ v (_n) {]-[m-\-a-{¥n (kn) K-h¿-W¿ (Un) kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn 95. "ssl-t{U-‰-Uv A-b¨ Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv' km-[m-c-W-am-bn A-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂X - v:(F) Ip-Ωm-bw (_n) Iv-fm-hv (kn) Xp--ºv (Un) X-I-cw 96. _p-≤-a-X-°m¿ G-‰-hpw ]-cn-]m-h-\-am-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂ ÿ-ew: (F) Ip-in-\-K-cw (_n) t_m-[v-K-b (kn) cm-P-Kr-lw (Un) ]m-‰v-\ 97. £-b-tcm-K-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-b tcm-Km-Wp: (F) _m-Iv-So-cn-b (_n) ssh-d-kv (kn) t{]m-t´m-tkm-h (Un) ^w-K-kv 98. B-Zy-am-bn i-kv-{X-{In-b-bn-eq-sS am-‰n-sh-® a-\p-jym-h-b-hw: (F) lr-Z-bw (_n) I-cƒ (kn) I-Æv (Un) hr-° 99. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ {Zm-hn-U-`m-j: (F) sX-ep-¶v (_n) X-an-gv (kn) I-∂-U (Un) a-e-bm-fw 100. hn-\m-Kn-cn-bn-ep-≈ B-kn-Uv: (F) kn-{Sn-Iv B-kn-Uv (_n) A-sk-‰n-Iv B-kn-Uv (kn) em-Iv-Sn-Iv B-kn-Uv (Un) am-en-Iv B-kn-Uv Answers: 1(a) 2(b) 3(b) 4(c) 5(a) 6 (b) 7(c) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10(a) 11(a) 12(b) 13(b) 14(c) 15(d) 16(c) 17(a) 18(a) 19(a) 20(d)2 1 (c) 22(c) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25(c)2 6(a) 27(c) 28(c) 29(b) 30(d) 31(d) 32(c) 33(a) 34(d) 35(a)36(b)37(d) 38(b) 39(b) 40(b) 41(d) 42 (c) 43(c) 44 (d) 45(a) 46(c) 47 (a) 48(b)49(a) 50(c) 51(a) 52(a) 53(b) 54(b) 55(d) 56(b) 57(a) 58(c) 59(c) 60(a)61(a) 62(a) 63(d)64(c) 65(a) 66(c) 67(d)68(a) 69(a) 70(a) 71(b) 72(d) 73(b)74(c)75(a) 76(b) 77 (b) 78(b)79(c)80(c) 81(c)82(b) 83(b)84(c) 85(a)86 (a) 87(a) 88 (a) 89 (b) 90(c) 91(b) 92(d) 93(b) 94(d) 95(c) 96(b) 97(a) 98(d) 99(a) 100(b)

]cn-ioe\ tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 2 1.

I-Æq-cn-se sk‚ v B-Rv-P-tem tIm-´ \n¿-an-®-Xv: (F) t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ (_n) {^-©p-Im¿ (kn) {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ (Un) U-®p-Im¿ 2. "J-tcm-jv-Sn-' F-∂m¬ {]m-No-\ C-¥y-bn-se H- ˛-˛-˛-˛ B-Wv: (F) ]p-kv-X-Iw (_n) en-]n (kn) cm-Pm-hv (Un) cm-P-hw-iw 3. tI-c-f k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w:

4.

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24.

226 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

(F) Im-e-Sn (_n) Xn-cq¿ (kn) tIm-´-bw (Un) Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-Y-a D-]m-[y-£≥: (F) k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ (_n) h-≈-tØmƒ \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ (kn) X-I-gn (Un) Pn.i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v "Kp--hm-bq¿ k-Xym-{K-l-'Øn-s‚ thm-f‚n-b¿ Iym-]v-‰-\m-bn-∂-X:v (F) sI.tI-f-∏≥ (_n) F.sI.tKm-]m-e≥ (kn) C.Fw.F-kv. (Un) Sn.sI.am-[-h≥ "l-cn-t°≥-kv' F-∂p t]--≈ Np-g-en-°m-‰v F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ho-ip∂-X?v (F) ssN-\m-°-S¬ (_n) k-lm-d (kn) sh-Ãn≥-Uo-kv (Un) Hm-kv-t{S-en-b "lm-en-bp-sS [q-a-tI-Xp-' G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ h¿-jw: (F) 1987 (_n) 1976 (kn) 1986 (Un) 1988 "Nn-dm-]q-©n-' G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) A-kw (_n) ta-Lm-e-b (kn) A--Wm-N¬ {]-tZ-iv (Un) \m-Km-em≥-Uv "s^-d¬ \n-b-aw' F-¥p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) `q-I-ºw (_n) a-g (kn) \-Zn (Un) Im-‰v "sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se tPm¿-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S¨-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv: (F) tPm-kv Un km¬-am¿-´n≥ (_n) {^m≥-kn-kv-tIm an-cm≥-U (kn) ssk-a¨ t_m-fn-h¿ (Un) sN Kp-th-c "t_m-Iv-k¿ e-l-f-' G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv \-S-∂-Xv? (F) {_n-´¨ (_n) Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° (kn) ssN-\ (Un) d-jy "B-bv-' cm-Pm-°≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv: (F) h¿-°-e (_n) ap-kn-cn-kv (kn) Xn--\m-hm-b (Un) hn-gn-™w "I-Æ-Ωq-e-' F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv P-\n-®-Xv: (F) {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- (_n) Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ (kn) Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ (Un) N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ "Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-c-'Øn-se \m-b-I≥: (F) C-f-t¶m-h-Sn-Iƒ (_n) sN-¶p-´p-h≥ (kn) tIm-h-e≥ (Un) Nm-Ø-\m¿ "tKmƒ-U≥ {Km≥-Uv-…mw-' t\-Sn-b G-I-h-\n-X: (F) am¿-´n-\ ln-Mn-kv (_n) sÃ-^n-{Km-^v (kn) am¿-´n-\ \-h-c-Øn-tem-h (Un) ho-\-kv hn-eyw-kv _w-•m-tZ-in-s‚ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bn t]m-cm-Sn-b P-\-Io-b-tk-\: (F) ap-‡n-_m-ln-\n (_n) im-¥n-hm-ln-\n (kn) c¨-ho¿-tk-\ (Un) Pm-Xn-b k-Mv-k-Zv a-e-bm-f-`m-j B-Zy-am-bn A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv G-Xp {K-Ÿ-Øn¬? (F) kw-t£-]-th-Zm¿-Yw (_n) tlm¿-Øq-kv a-e_ - m-dn-°k - v (kn) cm-a-N-cn-Xw (Un) F-s‚ tdm-am-bm-{X B-h¿-Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bn-se G-‰-hpw `m-cw Ip-d-™ aq-e-Iw: (F) en-Yn-bw (_n) lo-en-bw (kn) Im¿-_¨ (Un) ssl-{U-P≥ C-¥y≥ B-W-thm¿-P-I-Ωo-j-s‚ B-Zy A-[y-£≥: (F) ta-L-\m-Yv km-l (_n) kn.hn.cm-a≥ (kn) hn-{Iw km-cm-`m-bn (Un) tlm-an P-lmw-Ko¿ `m-` C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n h-[n-°-s∏-´-sX-∂v? (F) 1984 \-hw-_¿ 1 (_n) 1984 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 31 (kn) 1984 H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 30 (Un) 1984 \-hw-_¿ 30 F-√m {Km-aß - f - pw ssh-Zyp-Xo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´ B-Zy C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w: (F) tI-c-fw (_n) l-cn-bm-\ (kn) ]-©m-_v (Un) A-kw G-Xp a-X-hn-`m-K-am-Wv e-£-Zzo-]n¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv? (F) ln-μp (_n) {In-kv-Xy≥ (kn) ssP-\¿(Un) ap-…nw ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-s\-bpw sk-°-¥-cm-_m-Zn-t\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ X-Sm-Iw: (F) lp-ssk≥ km-K¿ (_n) sIm-t√- (kn) ta-´q¿ (Un) Nn¬-° tI-cf - Ø - n¬ \n-e° - S- e - G-‰h - pw Iq-Sp-X¬ D-e] v- m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ Pn-√: (F) sIm-√w (_n) I-Æq¿ (kn) F-d-Wm-Ip-fw (Un) ]m-e-°m-Sv

25. tI-c-f-Øn-se a--a-°-Øm-b k-{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn°p-∂ B-Zy-sØ Ir-Xn: (F) a-e-_m¿ am-\z¬ (_n) tI-c-fm-cm-aw (kn) an-dm-_n-en-b Un-k{-v In-]j -v y (Un) tlm¿-Øq-kv a-e_ - m-dn-°k - v 26. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ d-h-\yq a-{¥n: (F) tUm. B¿.ta-t\m≥ (_n) hn.B¿.Ir-jv-W-ø¿ (kn) tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn (Un) sI.B¿.Ku-cn 27. tNm-f≥-am--sS X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn--∂-Xv: (F) X-©m-hq¿ (_n) ]-f-\n (kn) a-[p-c (Un) Xn--®n-d-∏-≈n 28. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ `-cn-® A-h-km-\-sØ cm-Pm-hv: (F) {io-aq-ew Xn--\mƒ (_n) Nn-Øn-c Xn--\mƒ (kn) hn-im-Jw Xn--\mƒ (Un) kzm-Xn Xn--\mƒ 29. Xn--˛-sIm-®n-bn¬ A-©¬ h-Ip-∏v \n-dp-Ø-em-°n-b h¿-jw: (F) 1951 (_n) 1950 (kn) 1952 (Un) 1954 30. Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂ cm-jv{- S-Øe - h - \ - p-≈ cm-Pyw F-¥p t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p? (F) dn-∏-ªn-Iv (_n) s^-U-td-j≥ (kn) sUm-an-\n-b≥ (Un) tÃ-‰v 31. `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b ]-cn-lm-c-߃-°v C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈ dn-´p-I-fp-sS F-Æw: (F) G-gv (_n) A-©v (kn) \m-ev (Un) B-dv 32. 1959 ¬ C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xp-\-K-c-Øn-em-Wv sS-en-hn-j≥ kw-t{]£-Ww B-Zy-am-bn \-S-Øn-b-Xv ? (F) \yq-U¬-ln (_n) apw-ss_ (kn) sN-ss∂ (Un) sIm¬-°-Ø 33. A-¥m-cm-jv-{S kn-hn¬ thym-a-bm-\ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w: (F) P-\o-h (_n) e-≠≥ (kn) ]m-co-kv (Un) tam¨-{Sn-b¬ 34. aq-{X-Øn-s‚ a-™-\n-d-Øn-\p Im-c-Ww: (F) bq-tdm-t{Imw (_n) lo-tam-Kv-tfm-_n≥ (kn) B-t¥m-k-bm-\n≥ (Un) sa-em-\n≥ 35. au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃ \-S-∏m-°m≥ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn F-¥m-Wv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) Hm¿-Un-\≥-kv (_n) hn-⁄m-]-\w (kn) dn-´v (Un) hn-fw-_-cw 36. "tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ tkm-jy-en-Ãv cm-jv-{Sw-' F-∂p hn-ti-jn∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv? (F) A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ (_n) {^m≥-kv (kn) ssN-\ (Un) tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b≥ 37. "tNm¿-®m kn-≤m-¥w-' B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv (F) Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn (_n) A-c-hn-μ-tLm-jv (kn) kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn (Un) B¿.kn.Z-Øv 38. \¿-a-Z-bv-°pw Xm-]v-Xn-°pw C-S-bn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv (F) hn-‘ym-\n-c-Iƒ (_n) km-Xv-]p-c-\n-c-Iƒ (kn) B-c-h-√n Ip-∂p-Iƒ (Un) ]q¿-h-L-´w 39. \m-´p-cm-Py h-Ip-∏n-s‚ sk-{I-´-dn-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C-¥y-sb GtIm-]n-∏n-°m≥ k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´-en-s\ k-lm-bn-® a-e-bm-fn: (F) kn.i-¶-c≥ \m-b¿ (_n) B¿.sI.j¨-ap-Jw sN-´n (kn) hn.]n.ta-t\m≥ (Un) hn.sI.Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m≥ 40. \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-߃ cm-Pn-h-bv-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-tºmƒ I-Øv k-a¿∏n-t°-≠-Xv B¿-°m-Wv? (F) ap-Jy-a-{¥n-°v (_n) kv-]o-°¿-°v (kn) \n-b-a-k-`m-sk-{I-´-dn-°v (Un) ]m¿-´n t\-Xm-hn-\v 41. \n- -l-I-c-W {]-ÿm-\w \n-dp-Øn-h-bv-°m≥ Km-‘n-Pn-sb t{]cn-∏n-® kw-`-hw: (F) a-e-_m¿ I-em-]w (_n) hm-K¨ Zp-c-¥w (kn) Nu-cn-Nu-c kw-`-hw (Un) kz-cm-Pv ]m¿-´n-bp-sS cq-]-h¬-°-c-Ww 42. \-tdm-d B-W-h-\n-e-bw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) a-lm-cm-jv-{S (_n) cm-Pv-ÿm≥ (kn) D-Ø-cm-©¬ (Un) D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv 43. B--sS a-c-W-Øn¬ A-\p-tim-Nn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ "{]-tcm-Z-\w-' c-Nn-®-Xv? (F) Ip-am-c\ - m-im≥ (_n) F.B¿.cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a (kn) tUm.]¬-]p (Un) Ip-™n-°p-´≥ X-ºp-cm≥

44. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ N-μ-\-a-c-߃ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv GXv kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) I¿-Wm-S-Iw (_n) tI-c-fw (kn) X-an-gv-\m-Sv (Un) _w-Kmƒ 45. Fw.Pn.k¿-h-I-em-im-e ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e-dm-bn--∂ ⁄m-\-]oTtP-Xm-hv: (F) Kn-co-jv I¿-Wm-Sv (_n) in-h-cm-a-Im-c-¥v (kn) bp.B¿.A-\-¥-aq¿-Øn (Un) ko-Xm-Im-¥v a-lm-]m-{X 46. H- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬ B-dp kz¿-Ww t\-Sn-b B-Zy h-\n-X: (F) a-cn-b≥ tPm¨-kv (_n) ^v-tfm-d≥-kv {Kn-^n-Øv tPm-bv-\¿ (kn) {In-Ãn≥ Hm-t´m (Un) sÃ-^n {Km-^v 47. tI-c-f \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Bw-t•m-˛-C-¥y≥ {]-Xn-\n[n: (F) Ão-^≥ ]m-Zp-h (_n) U-ªyp.F-®v.Un-{Iq-kv (kn) eq-Un eq-bn-kv (Un) C-h-cm--a-√ 48. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {Km-a-ß-fp-≈ C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\w: (F) D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv (_n) ln-am-N¬-{]-tZ-iv (kn) tI-c-fw (Un) cm-P-ÿm≥ 49. "Kp-Uv-Km-hv-' hy-h-km-b-ta-J-e G-Xp-kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) ]-©m-_v (_n) D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv (kn) cm-P-ÿm≥ (Un) l-cn-bm-W 50. cm-jv{- S-]X - n Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬ thm-´p sN-øp-∂ B-sI ]m¿-es - a‚wK-߃: (F) 543 (_n) 776 (kn) 4896 (Un) 790 51. kq-cy-t\m-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ \-£-{Xw (F) _p-[≥ (_n) B¬-^m sk-t‚m-dn (kn) t{]m-Iv-kn-a sk-t‚m-dn (Un) sk-Uv-\ 52. "l-cn-X-hn-π-hw-' B-cw-`n-®-Xv G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv? (F) sa-Iv-kn-t°m (_n) ^n-en-ss∏≥-kv (kn) C-¥y (Un) bp.F-kv.F. 53. "Im-bn-°-c-' F-∂ ÿ-e-Øv P-\n-®-Xv: (F) {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp- (_n) Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ (kn) Ip-am-c-\m-im≥ (Un) N-´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ 54. "k¿-Zm¿ k-tcm-h¿ ]-≤-Xn-' G-Xp \-Zn-bn-em-Wv? (F) X-]v-Xn (_n) eq-Wn (kn) Nw-_¬ (Un) \¿-a-Z 55. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn-bm-b B-Zy a-e-bm-fn: (F) sI.Sn.tIm-in (_n) ]n.tKm-hn-μ-ta-t\m≥ (kn) hn.B¿.Ir-jv-W-ø¿ (Un) ^m-Øn-am-_o-hn 56. ^p-Sv-t_mƒ kw-L-S-\-bm-b "^n-^-'bp-sS B-ÿm-\w: (F) kq-dn-®v (_n) P-\o-h (kn) \yq-tbm¿-°v (Un) {_-ko-en-b 57. "dm-Wn-K-©v-' I¬-°-cn-∏m-Sw G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) _o-lm¿ (_n) ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ (kn) A-kw (Un) Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv 58. "sa-skm-s]m-´m-an-b-' G-Xp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b t]-cm-Wv? (F) C-dm-°v (_n) C-dm≥ (kn) Ip-ssh-‰v (Un) Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 59. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-Jw C-Xp-h-sc F-{X {]m-h-iyw t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v? (F) H-∂v (_n) aq-∂v (kn) A-©v (Un) c-≠v 60. a-\p-jy-]pw-_o-P-ß-fn-se t{Im-a-tkmw \-º¿ F-{X? (F) 46 (_n) 23 (kn) 13 (Un) 48 61. a-\p-jy-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw: (F) ]m-thm {In-Ãm-‰-kv (_n) s^-en-kv sUm-a-Ãn-°-kv (kn) ]m-s¥-d en-tbm (Un) tlm-tam km-]n-b≥-kv 62. B-Zy-sØ h-≈-tØmƒ A-hm¿-Uv t\-Sn-b-Xv: (F) iq-c-\m-Sv Ip-™≥ ]n-≈ (_n) kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn (kn) ]m-em \m-cm-b-W≥ \m-b¿ (Un) tIm-hn-e≥ 63. C-¥y-bn-se Zzn-Xo-b ]u-c≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) {]-kn-U‚ v (_n) {]-[m-\-a-{¥n (kn) ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v (Un) kv-]o-°¿ 64. D-]-{K-l hn-t£-]-W-ÿ-e-am-b {io-l-cn-t°m-´ G-Xp kw-ÿm\-Øv ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p? (F) X-an-gv-\m-Sv (_n) a-lm-cm-jv-{S (kn) B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv (Un) I¿-Wm-S-I 65. G-Xp hw-i-Øn-se cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p _nw-_n-km-c≥?

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 227

(F) Kp-]v-X (_n) \-μ (kn) au-cy (Un) ssi-ip-\m-K 66. "-A-_n-ko-\n-b'C-t∏mƒ F-¥p-t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p? (F) \-ao-_n-b (_n) kmw-_n-b (kn) sI-\n-b (Un) F-tXym-]y 67. Hm-kv-I¿ t\m-an-t\-j≥ t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ Nn-{Xw: (F) Kp- (_n) Km-‘n (kn) e-Km≥ (Un) a-Z¿ C-¥y 68. tam-W-sb _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-K-am-Wv: (F) tKm-bn-‰¿ (_n) sa-\n-ss©-‰n-kv (kn) ]-tbm-dn-b (Un) a-cm-kv-a-kv 69. tkm-Un-bw th-∏¿ em-ºv G-Xp-\n-d-Øn¬ {]-Im-in-°pw? (F) Hm-d-©v (_n) a-™ (kn) ]-® (Un) \o-e 70. "_-tbm-f-Pn-' F-∂ hm-°v cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv: (F) A-cn-tÃm-´n¬ (_n) Po≥ em-am¿-°v (kn) {Kn-K¿ sa≥-U¬ (Un) hn-eyw sPm-lm≥-k¨ 71. "{Zm-hn-U I-g-Iw-' ÿm-]n-®-Xv: (F) kn.F≥.A-Æm-Zp-ssc (_n) Fw.Pn.B¿. (kn) C.hn.cm-a-kzm-an \m-bv-°¿ (Un) F≥.Sn.cm-a-dm-hp 72. "A¬-jn-ta-gv-kv tcm-Kw-' G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv? (F) lr-Z-bw (_n) a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw (kn) I-cƒ (Un) k-‘n-Iƒ 73. "Iq-´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw-' F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xp cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂p-am-Wv C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-Xm-°ƒ kzo-I-cn-®-Xv? (F) A-b¿-e≥-Uv (_n) Hm-kv-t{S-en-b (kn) {_n-´¨ (Un) bp.F-kv.F. 74. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p _m-[-I-am-b `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-t—-Zw: (F) 19 (_n) 32 (kn) 17 (Un) 23 75. `q-ÿn-c D-]-{K-l-ß-fp-sS {]-Z-£n-W-]-Yw F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn-em-Wv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv? (F) 36 (_n) 1000 (kn) 3600 (Un) 36000 76. A-¥-co-£-an-√m-sb-¶n¬ B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ \n-d-sa-¥m-bn-cn-°pw? (F) \o-e (_n) sh-fp-∏v (kn) Np-h-∏v (Un) I-dp-∏v 77. A-an-X-am-bn P-ew aq-{X-Øn-eq-sS ]p-d-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂ A-h-ÿ-bmWv: (F) U-b-_-‰n-kv sa-en-‰-kv (_n) U-b-_-‰n-kv C≥-kn-∏n-U-kv (kn) sl¿-Wn-b (Un) ^n-Ãp-e 78. B--sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I h-k-Xn-bm-Wv "cm-Pv-`-h≥-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-X?v (F) ap-Jy-a-{¥n (_n) kv-]o-°¿ (kn) {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv (Un) K-h¿-W¿ 79. B-kv-]n-cn-\n-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw: (F) ao-ssY¬ km-en-ssk-te-‰v (_n) ss{S-t¢m-tdm-ao-tY≥ (kn) t¢m-tdm-]n-{Inw (Un) A-ks - s‰¬ km-en-ssk-en-Iv B-kn-Uv 80. B-Zy-am-bn ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_v ]-co-£n-® cm-Pyw: (F) P-∏m≥ (_n) bp-ssW-‰-Uv In-Mv-Uw (kn) bp.F-kv.F. (Un) C-¥y 81. Im-¥-ap-≠m-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ tem-l-k-¶-cw: (F) a-t·-en-bw (_n) Up-dm-ep-an≥ (kn) sÃ-bn≥-se-kv Ão¬ (Un) A¬-\n-t°m 82. s]-t{Sm-fn-b-Øn-s‚ A-kw-kv-Ir-X-cq-]w: (F) ]m-c-^n≥ (_n) sI-tdm-kn≥ (kn) Sm¿ (Un) {Iq-Uv Hm-bn¬ 83. tI-c-f-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b \-Zn?: (F) I-_-\n (_n) `m-c-X-∏p-g (kn) s]-cn-bm¿(Un) ]-º 84. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ {io-aq-ew {]-Pm-k-`(t]m-∏p-e¿ A-kw-_v-fn) {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-® h¿-jw: (F) 1904 (_n) 1898 (kn) 1924 (Un) 1885 85. "{Xo tKm¿-P-kv-' A-W-s°-´v G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv? (F) P-∏m≥ (_n) ssN-\ (kn) t\-∏mƒ (Un) `q-´m≥ 86. "cmw-\m-Yv tKm-b-¶ A-hm¿-Uv-' G-Xp ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ncn-°p-∂p? (F) ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w(_n) km-ln-Xyw (kn) kn-\n-a (Un) kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv 87. "F-t∏m-gpw ap-t∂m-´v-' G-Xp Im-bn-tIm¬-k-h-Øn-s‚ ap-{Zm-hm-Iyam-Wv? (F) H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv (_n) G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv (kn) tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kv (Un) B-t{^m-˛ G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv

88. "Im≥-s^-Uv-'(tI-c-f A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ t\m¨ t^m¿a¬ F-Pyp-t°-j≥) ÿm-]n-®-Xv: (F) sI.tI-f-∏≥ (_n) ]n.Sn.`m-kv-I-c-∏-Wn-°¿ (kn) sI.]n.tI-i-h-ta-t\m≥ (Un) ]n.F≥.]-Wn-°¿ 89. "Ku-fo-Km-{Xw-' G-Xp Im¿-jn-I hn-f-bp-sS C-\-am-Wv? (F) s\-√v (_n) sX-ßv (kn) a-c-®o-\n (Un) hm-g 90. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS "]oTn-I-' X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xm-cv? (F) tUm.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ (_n) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (kn) _n.F≥.dm-hp (Un) tUm.cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv 91. {Z-hy-Øn-s‚ B-dm-a-sØ A-h-ÿ: (F) πm-kv-a (_n) t_m-kv-˛-sF≥-ssÃ≥ I-≠≥-tk-‰v (kn) s^¿-an-tbm-Wn-Iv I-≠≥-tk-‰v (Un) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√ 92. 1955\p ap-ºv tÃ-‰v _m-¶v Hm-^v C-¥y-bp-sS t]-cv: (F) s^-U-td-j≥ _m-¶v (_n) ln-μp-ÿm≥ _m-¶v (kn) Cw-]o-cn-b¬ _m-¶v (Un) C≥-U-kv _m-¶v 93. a-\p-jy¿ H- an-\n-‰n¬ i-cm-i-cn F-{X {]m-h-iyw iz-kn-°p-∂p? (F) 70˛72 (_n) 50˛55 kn) 30˛34 (Un) 13˛17 94. A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Im¿-_¨ ssU Hm-Iv-ssk-Un-s‚ i-cm-i-cn A-f-hv F-{X-i-X-am-\-am-Wv: (F) 3 (_n) 3.3 (kn) 0.3 (Un) 0.03 95. C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn 1960¬ F-kv.Sn.Un. kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b \-K-c-߃: (F) Im¨-]q¿-˛-e-Iv-\u (_n) \yq-U¬-ln-˛-apw-ss_ (kn) apw-ss_-˛-]q-s\ (Un) I-eym¨-˛-]q-s\ 96. G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øv {]-Nm-c-ap-≈ A-\p-jvTm-\ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv Km¿-_? (F) ]-©m-_v (_n) Kp-P-dm-Øv (kn) tI-c-fw (Un) X-an-gv-\m-Sv 97. G-Xp tk-\-bp-sS X-e-h-\m-Wv A-Uv-an-d¬? (F) I-c-tk-\ (_n) hm-bp-tk-\ (kn) \m-hn-I-tk-\ (Un) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√ 98. sIm-®n-bn-se A-h-km-\-sØ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n: (F) Sn.sI.\m-b¿ (_n) tIm-ßm-´n¬ cm-a≥ ta-t\m≥ (kn) C-°-≠-hm-cy¿ (Un) Sn.sI.\m-cm-b-W-]n-≈ 99. tam-≠n-s\-t{Km G-Xp cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Snb-Xv? (F) am-kn-tUm-Wn-b (_n) t_m-kv-\n-b (kn) sk¿-_n-b (Un) {_n-´¨ 100. "]q-°-fp-sS Xm-gv-h-c-' G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv (_n) P-Ωp I-iv-ao¿ (kn) D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv (Un) ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv Answers: 1(a) 2(b) 3(d) 4(b) 5(b) 6 (c) 7(c) 8 (b) 9 (d) 10(c) 11(c) 12(d) 13(d) 14(c) 15(b) 16(a) 17(b) 18(d) 19(d) 20(b)2 1 (b) 22(d) 23 (a) 24 (d) 25(c)2 6(d) 27(a) 28(b) 29(a) 30(a) 31(b) 32(a) 33(d) 34(a) 35(c)36(d)37(a) 38(b) 39(c) 40(b) 41(c) 42 (d) 43(b) 44 (a) 45(c) 46(c) 47 (b) 48(a)49(d) 50(b) 51(c) 52(a) 53(c) 54(d) 55(b) 56(a) 57(b) 58(a) 59(a) 60(b)61(d) 62(c) 63(c)64(c) 65(d) 66(d) 67(d)68(c) 69(b) 70(b) 71(c) 72(b) 73(c)74(a)75(d) 76(d) 77 (b) 78(d)79(d)80(c) 81(d)82(d) 83(c)84(a) 85(b)86 (a) 87(b) 88 (d) 89 (b) 90(b) 91(c) 92(c) 93(d) 94(d) 95(a) 96(b) 97(c) 98(c) 99(c) 100(c)

]cn-ioe\ tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

228 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

"-_w-Kv-d' G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv? (F) A-kw (_n) ]-©m-_v (kn) I¿-Wm-S-Iw (Un) Kp-P-dm-Øv "-bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ ]-S-°-fw' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-Pyw: (F) t]m-f-≠v (_n) Xp¿-°n (kn) d-jy (Un)s_¬-Pn-bw "dn-t_m-^v-fm-hn≥' G-Xp hn-‰m-an-s‚ cm-k-\m-aw: (F) hn-‰m-an≥ F (_n) hn-‰m-an≥ kn (kn) hn-‰m-an≥ _n-˛2 (Un) hn-‰m-an≥ Un "hƒ-°-ss\-tk-j≥-' \-S-Øp-tºmƒ d-∫-dn¬ tN¿-°p-∂-Xv: (F) a-·o-jyw (_n) K-‘-Iw (kn) C--ºv (Un) sN-ºv "tem-d-kv A-hm¿-Uv-' G-Xp cw-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) kn-\n-a (_n) km-ln-Xyw (kn) kw-Ko-Xw (Un) kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv ]n-Xm-hn-s\ h-[n-®v A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰ cm-Pm-hv?

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23.

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

(F) _n-μp-km-c≥ (_n) A-Pm-X-i-{Xp (kn) k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X≥ (Un) _nw-_n-km-c≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xp `m-K-Øm-Wv "au-en-I Np-a-X-e-Iƒ-' Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) B-dv (_n) aq-∂v (kn) c-≠v (Un) \m-ev F {Iq-kv-s^¬-‰v-˛-tP-°-_v tcm-K-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv: (F) Nn-°≥ Kp-\n-b (_n) A¬-jn-ta-gv-kv (kn) {`m-¥n-∏-ip tcm-Kw (Un) sU-¶n-∏-\n A-¥-co-£-Øn-se G-Xp ]m-fn-bn-em-Wv Hm-tkm¨ D-≈-Xv? (F) kv-{Sm-t‰m-kv-^n-b¿ (_n) t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^n-b¿ (kn) F-Iv-tkm-kv-^n-b¿ (Un) sX¿-tam-kv-^n-b¿ ao-\-®n-em¿ G-Xp Pn-√-bn-se {]-[m-\-\-Zn-bm-Wv? (F) I-Æq¿ (_n) Im-k¿-tIm-Sv (kn) tIm-´-bw (Un) sIm-√w G-‰-hpw th-K-Øn¬ h-f--∂ ]p¬-h¿-K-k-kyw: (F) s\-√v (_n) ap-f (kn) cm-a-®w (Un) I-dp-I ]--Øn-°r-jn-°v A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b a-Æv: (F) £m-c-a-Æv (_n) em-‰-ssd-‰v (kn) F-°¬-a-Æv (Un) I-dp-Ø-a-Æv ]-e-kv-Xo≥ hn-tam-N-\ kw-L-S-\ cq-]w sIm-≠ h¿-jw: (F) 1966 (_n) 1964 (kn) 1963 (Un) 1967 _n.kn.B-dmw-i-X-I-Øn¬ D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn--∂ a-lm-P\-]-Z-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-_-ew? (F) Im-in (_n) tIm-k-ew (kn) Ip- (Un) a-K-[w _w-Km-fn¬ Zzn-`-c-Ww \-S-∏n¬ h--Øn-b-Xv (F) tdm-_¿-´v ss¢-hv (_n) hm-d≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv (kn) hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv (Un) U¬-lu-kn {]-`p _w-Km-fn-se `-‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv: (F) \m-a-tZ-hv (_n) cm-am-\-μ≥ (kn) ssN-X-\y (Un) I-_o¿ G-Xp hn-f-sb _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-K-am-Wv {Zp-X-hm-´w? (F) s\-√v (_n) Ip--ap-f-Iv (kn) G-ew (Un) sX-ßv I-en-°-‰v k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS {]-Y-a ssh-kv Nm≥-k-e¿: (F) Sn.F≥.P-b-N-{μ≥ (_n) s{]m-^. Fw.Fw.K-\n (kn) tUm.tPm¨ a-Øm-bn (Un) tUm.Fw.hn.ss]-en tI-c-f tÃ-‰v _mw-_p tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w: (F) ]p-\-eq¿ (_n) tIm-´-bw (kn) Xr-»q¿ (Un) A-¶-am-en tZ-io-tbm-Zv-{K-Y-\-Øn-\p-≈ C-μn-cm-Km-‘n A-hm¿-Uv B-Zy-am-bn t\-Sn-b-Xv: (F) e-Xm a-t¶-jv-I¿ (_n) \u-jm-Zv (kn) kzm-an cw-K-\m-Ym-\-μ (Un) hn-iz-\m-Y≥ B-\-μv A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\-\n-b-aw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m-km-°n-b h¿-jw: (F) 1947 (_n) 1950 (kn) 1951 (Un) 1955 "kv-s\-√≥-kv Nm¿-´v-' F-¥p ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p? (F) {i-h-W-ti-jn (_n) c-‡-k-Ω¿-±w (kn) Im-gv-N-i-‡n (Un) lr-Z-b-an-Sn-∏v \n-b-a-hn--≤-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ I-≠m¬ kz-bw tI-sk-Sp-°m≥ aPn-kv-t{S-‰n-\v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂ h-Ip-∏v: (F) Izm-h-d-t≠m (_n) tl-_n-b-kv tIm¿-∏-kv (kn) A-en-_n (Un) kp-thm-tam-t´m {]-kn-U‚n-s\ ]-Z-hn-bn¬ \n-∂v \o-°w-sN-øp-∂ \-S-]-Sn? (F) d-^-d-≠w (_n) Cw-]o-®v-sa‚ v (kn) A-sa‚ v-sa‚ v (Un) tIm¿-´v am¿-j¬ C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈-h¿-°v an-kv bq-Wn-th-gv-kv, an-kv thƒ-Uv ]-´-߃ H--an-®v e-`n-® h¿-jw? (F) 1993 (_n) 1995 (kn) 1994 (Un) 1992 C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ kw-ÿm-\ a-en-\o-I-c-W \n-b-{¥-W t_m¿-Uv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv? (F) X-an-g\ -v m-Sv (_n) tI-cf - w (kn) l-cn-bm-\ (Un) D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv K-eo-\? (F) πm-‰n-\w (_n) sN-ºv (kn) se-Uv (Un) kn-¶v H-∂mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\pw c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\pw C-S-bn-ep-≈ C-S-th-f F-{X h¿-jw? (F) 21 (_n) 23 (kn) 19 (Un) 17 J-cm-hÿ - b - n¬-\n-∂pw {Zm-hI - a - m-Im-sX t\-cn-´v hm-XI - a - m-Ip-∂ {]{In-b? (F) Hm-Iv-kn-tU-j≥ (_n) k-ªn-ta-j≥ (kn) eo-®n-Mv (Un) en-tIz-j≥

30. k-t^-Zv ap-kv-en-bp-sS G-Xp `m-K-am-Wv Hu-j-[-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) In-g-ßv (_n) C-e (kn) hn-Øv (Un) ]q-hv 31. ku-c-bq-Yw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ Km-e-Iv-kn-bp-sS t]-cv? (F) an¬-°n th (_n) t{]m-Iv-kn-a (kn) B¬-^ (Un) lo-en-tbm-kv 32. N-en-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂, ap-J-sØ G-I A-ÿn: (F) am-Iv-kn-√ (_n) Io-gv-Øm-Sn-sb-√v (kn) sS-º-d¬ (Un) t{^m‚¬ 33. tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv sk‚ v G-©-tem tIm-´? (F) ]-≈n-∏p-dw (_n) s_-bv-°¬ (kn) A-©p-sX-ßv (Un) I-Æq¿ 34. tPm¨ cm-Pm-hv am-·-Im¿-´-bn¬ H-∏p-sh-® h¿-jw? (F) 1512 (_n) 1815 (kn) 1152 (Un) 1215 35. "aq¿-Øn-tZ-hn A-hm¿-Uv-' G-Xp ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-Xv? (F) ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw (_n) im-kv-{Xw (kn) km-aq-ln-I tk-h-\w (Un) ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w 36. B--sS N-c-a-Zn-\-am-Wv "hm-b-\m-Zn-\-'am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) k¿-Zm¿ sI.Fw.]-Wn-°¿ (_n) F-kv.sI.s]m-‰-°m-´v (kn) ]n.F≥.]-Wn-°¿ (Un) F.B¿.cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a 37. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b sIm-Sp-ap-Sn: (F) \-μm-tZ-hn (_n) Im-c-t°m-dw-˛2 (kn) F-h-d-Ãv (Un) Im-©≥-Pw-K 38. "-X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-\m-b C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv: (F) k-°o¿ lp-ssk≥ (_n) tUm.cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv (kn) F-kv.cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥ (Un) k-Rv-Po-h sd-Õn 39. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w: (F) hm-jn-Mv-S¨ Un.kn. (_n) \yq-tbm¿-°v (kn) tSm-°n-tbm (Un) e-≠≥ 40. G-Xp t\-Xm-hn-s‚ D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv sI.tI-f-∏≥ Kp--hm-bqcn-se k-Xym-{K-lw A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv? (F) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (_n) hn-t\m-_m `m-sh (kn) Km-\v-[n-Pn (Un) kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn 41. ]p-cm-X-\ C-¥y-bn-se, tlm-ì kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≠m-bn--∂ BZy k¿-h-I-em-im-e: (F) X-£-in-e (_n) km-c-\m-Yv (kn) \-f-μ (Un) _-\m-d-kv 42. tZ-io-b a-\p-jym-h-Im-i I-Ωn-j-s‚ {]-Y-a sN-b¿-am≥: (F) cw-K-\m-Yv an-{i (_n) sh-¶-S-sN-√-ø (kn) Po-h≥ sd-Õn (Un) _n.]n.a-Wv-U¬ 43. t_m¿-tUm an-{in-Xw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv? (F) ^v-f-an-Mv (_n) t]mƒ F¿-en-Iv (kn) an-√m¿-sU-‰v (Un) B¬-{^-Uv hq-f¿ 44. "tIm-´p-t°m-Ww-' G-Xp hn-f-bp-sS C-\-am-Wv? (F) am-hv (_n) sX-ßv (kn) ]v-fm-hv (Un) d-∫¿ 45. `q-tKm-f-Øn-s‚ B-sI hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-s‚ F-{X i-X-am-\-am-Wv C-¥y? (F) 0.42 (_n) 0.75 (kn) 0.57 (Un) 0.32 46. H- {]m-h-iyw lr-Z-b-an-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b k-a-bw: (F) 0.8 sk-°‚ v (_n) 0.5 sk-°‚ v (kn) 1.2 sk-°‚ v (Un) 0.4 sk-°‚ v 47. "Hmƒ C-¥ym hm¿ sa-tΩm-dn-b¬' C-t∏mƒ F-¥p-t]-cn-e-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂p? (F) tK-‰v th Hm-^v C-¥y (_n) em-tlm¿ tK-‰v (kn) C-¥ym-tK-‰v (Un) sd-Uv t^m¿-´v 48. G-Xp hw-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw {]-K-ev-`-\m-b cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p -{ZZm-a≥? (F) au-cy-hw-iw (_n) Kp-]v-X-hw-iw (kn) Ip-im-\-hw-iw (Un) i-I-hw-iw 49. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xm-Wv •m-kn-\v I-Spw-\o-e-\n-dw \¬-Ip∂-X?v (F) Ip-{]n-Iv Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv (_n) tIm-_mƒ-´v Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv (kn) s^-d-kv Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv (Un) \n-°¬ Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv 50. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ sj-Uyq-fn-em-Wv tI-{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\-߃ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-[n-Im-c-hn-`-P-\w G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ aq-∂v enÃp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) H-∂m-a-sØ (_n) c-≠m-a-sØ

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 229

(kn) A-©m-a-sØ (Un) G-gm-a-sØ 51. `-Ko-c-Yn-bpw A-f-I-\-μ-bpw k-‘n-°p-∂ ÿ-ew (F) {]-bm-Kv (_n) tZ-h-{]-bm-Kv (kn) hm-c-W-kn (Un) sU-dm-Uq¨ 52. `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ kw-ÿm-\ ]p-\- w-L-S-\m-k-a-b-Øv X-an-gv-\m-Sn-t\m-Sv tN¿-°-s∏-´v Xm-eq-°v A-√m-Ø-Xv (F) I¬-°p-fw (_n) tZ-in-ß-\m-Sv (kn) hn-f-h≥-tIm-Sv (Un) A-K-kv-Xo-iz-cw 53. `q-N-e-\-ß-fp-sS Xo-{h-X X-cw-Xn-cn-® B-Zy-im-kv-{X-⁄≥: (F) tdm-a¿ (_n) B¬-{^-Uv sh-·¿ (kn) Nmƒ-kv F-^v dn-Iv-S¿ (Un) en-hn-Mv-è 54. tI-c-f kn-hn¬ k-]v-ssf-kv tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚ B-ÿm-\w: (F) Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw (_n) F-d-Wm-Ip-fw (kn) I-Æq¿ (Un) tIm-gn-t°m-Sv 55. {]-Y-a C.Fw.F-kv.a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬(1957˛59) Aw-K-am-bn--∂ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-cn¬ kz-X-¥-ÿm-\m¿-Yn-b-√m-Xn--∂ hy-‡n: (F) kn.A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ (_n) tUm.F.B¿.ta- t \m≥ (kn) tPm-k-^v ap-≠-t»-cn (Un) hn.B¿.Ir-jv-W-ø¿ 56. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw h-S-°p-≈ X-e-ÿm-\ \-K-cw: (F) {io-\-K¿ (_n) P-Ωp (kn) N-Wv-Un-K-Vv (Un) sU-dm-Uq¨ 57. ]m≥-{In-bm-kn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂ tcm-K-am-Wv: (F) Un-^v-Xo-cn-b (_n) ao-kn¬-kv (kn) \yq-tam-Wn-b (Un) U-b-_-‰n-kv 58. "Fw.B¿.F-^v.-' G-Xv D-ev-]-∂-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) Kym-kv (_n) S-b¿ (kn) _m-‰-dn (Un) s]-t{Smƒ 59. "A-Un-k¨-kv tcm-Kw-' G-X-h-b-h-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂p? (F) A-{Uo-\¬ {K-Ÿn (_n) ssX-tdm-bv-Uv {K-Ÿn (kn) ]n-‰yq-‰-dn {K-Ÿn (Un) ]o-\n-b¬ {K-Ÿn 60. tI-c-f kw-ÿm-\w cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ 25 h¿-jw ]q¿-Øn-bm°n-b 1981 \-hw-_¿ H-∂n-\v ap-Jy-a-{¥n B-cm-bn--∂p? (F) kn.A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m≥ (_n) F.sI.B‚-Wn (kn) C.sI.\m-b-\m¿ (Un) {]-kn-U‚p `-c-Ww 61. sh-≈w X-Wp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv G-Xp X-cw ]m-{X-Øn¬ kw-`-cn-°ptºm-gm-Wv? (F) a¨-]m-{Xw (_n) tem-l-]m-{Xw (kn) ]v-fm-Ãn-Iv ]m-{Xw (Un) •m-kv ]m-{Xw 62. ]m-gv-kn-I-fp-sS ]p-cm-X-\ A-·n-t£-{X-ß-fp-≈ D-Uzm-U G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) a-lm-cm-jv-{S (_n) Kp-P-dm-Øv (kn) tKm-h (Un) a-[y-{]-tZ-iv 63. Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚ "ho-W-]q-hv' G-Xp ]-{X-Øn-em-Wv B-Zyw {]-kn≤o-Ic - n-®X - v? (F) an-Xh - m-Zn (_n) k-aZ- ¿-in (kn) Zo-]n-I (Un) hn-th-tIm-Zb - w 64. ssh-°w ap-l-Ω-Zv _-jo-dn-s‚ B-Zy-t\m-h¬: (F) a-Xn-ep-Iƒ (_n) t{]-a-te-J-\w (kn) _m-ey-Im-e-k-Jn (Un) ]m-Øp-Ω-bp-sS B-Sv 65. "sIm-ssS-°-\m¬-' G-Xp a-e-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv? (F) Im-c-t°m-dw (_n) B-c-h-√n (kn) ]-f-\n a-e-\n-c-Iƒ (Un) \o-e-Kn-cn 66. H-∂mw ]-©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-bp-sS Im-em-h-[n: (F) 1951˛56 (_n) 1950˛55 (kn) 1952˛57 (Un) 1947˛52 67. Nn-d-Ip-I-fn-√m-Ø H- j-Uv-]-Zw: (F) h-≠v (_n) i-e-`w (kn) aq-´ (Un) No-ho-Sv 68. C-¥y-bp-sS "sPm-hm≥ Hm-^v B¿-°v-' F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xm-sc? (F) Qm≥-kn dm-Wn (_n) k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up (kn) C-μn-cm-Km-\v-[n (Un) d-kn-bm _o-Kw 69. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ a-lm-Im-hy-am-b "cm-a-N-{μ-hn-em-kw-' c-Nn-®X - m-cv? (F) A-g-I-Øv cm-a-°p-dp-∏v (_n) ssh-°-Øv ]m-®p-aq-ØXv (kn) A-g-I-Øv ]-Zv-a-\m-`-°p-dp-∏v (Un) sN-dp-t»-cn 70. Ir-{Xn-a-a-g D-≠m-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ e-h-Ww: (F) kn¬-h¿ ss\-t{S-‰v (_n) kn¬- h ¿ A- b - s sU- U v (kn) tkm-Un-bw t¢m-ssd-Uv (Un) tkm-Un-bw A-b-ssU-Uv 71. ]m-en-s\ ssX-cm-°p-∂ _m-Iv-So-cn-b:

72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77.

78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.

86. 87.

88. 89. 90. 91.

92. 93.

94.

230 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

(F) hn-{_n-tbm (_n) kv-s{S-]v-t‰m-tIm-°-kv (kn) em-Iv-tSm-_m-kn-√-kv (Un) C-sXm-∂p-a-√ sU-¶n-∏-\n ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv: (F) sIm-Xp-Iv (_n) F-en (kn) F-en-s®-≈v (Un) aq-´ a-\p-jy-s‚ H- hr-°-bp-sS i-cm-i-cn `m-cw-˛-˛-˛-˛ {Kmw B-Wv: (F) 430 (_n) 630 (kn) 230 (Un) 130 "kp-h¿-W a-bq-cw-' G-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ A-hm¿-Um-Wv? (F) km-ln-Xyw (_n) kn-\n-a (kn) kw-Ko-Xw (Un) Nn-{X-I-e "C-¥ym-tK-‰v-' cq-]-I-ev-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xv: (F) se I¿-_yp-kn-b¿ (_n) hn-eyw F-ta-gv-k¨ (kn) sl¿-s_¿-´v t_-°¿ (Un) F-Uzn≥ ep-Sy≥-kv ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-®, tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ a-{¥n: (F) hn.sI.th-em-bp-[≥ (_n) hn.sI.cm-P≥ (kn) ]n.Sn.Nm-t°m (Un) hn.sI.th-e-∏≥ "Im-e-Øn-s‚ I-t]m-e-Øn-se I-Æp-\o¿-Øp-≈n-' F-∂v Xm-Pv-al-en-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv: (F) jm-P-lm≥ (_n) D-kv-Xm-Zv C-k (kn) c-_o-{μ-\m-Yv Sm-tKm¿ (Un) ap-l-Ω-Zv C-Iv-_m¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ P-\-km-{μ-X-bp-≈ tI-{μ `-c-W {]-tZ-iw: (F) N-Wv-Un-K-Vv (_n) U¬-ln (kn) e-£-Zzo-]v (Un) t]m-≠n-t®-cn Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-Z-hn-b-√m-Ø-Xv G-Xv? (F) No-^v C-e-£≥ I-Ωo-j-W¿ (_n) kv-]o-°¿ (kn) K-h¿-W¿ (Un) B-kq-{X-W-I-Ωo-j≥ D-]m-[y-£≥ Im-f-t∏m-cv G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ tZ-io-b Im-bn-I hn-t\m-Z-am-Wv? (F) P-∏m≥ (_n) Im-\-U (kn) d-jy (Un) kvs - ]-bn≥ {]-Y-a tem-I-I-∏v {In-°-‰v a-’-c-Øn¬ hn-P-bn-® cm-Pyw? (F) sh-Ãv C≥-Uo-kv (_n) bp.sI. (kn) C-¥y (Un) ]m-In-kX -v m≥ `m-c-X-c-Xv-\ _-lp-a-Xn-°¿-l-\m-b hy-h-km-bn? (F) Pn.Un._n¿-f (_n) sP.B¿.Un.Sm-‰ (kn) [n--`m-bn Aw-_m-\n (Un)c-Ø≥ Sm-‰ G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv "-kw-t£-]-th-Zm¿-Yw'{]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv? (F) 1789 (_n) 1762 (kn) 1771 (Un)1772 sU-¶n-∏-\n-°p Im-c-Ww ? (F) _m-ISv- o-cn-b (_n) ssh-dk - v (kn) ^w-Kk - v (Un) t{]m-t´m-tkm-h C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ Pq-X-∏-≈n G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv \n¿an-°-s∏-´-Xv? (F) tI-c-fw (_n) a-lm-cm-jv-{S (kn) X-an-gv-\m-Sv (Un) ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ {io-_p-≤≥ C-l-tem-I-hm-kw sh-Sn-™ ÿ-ew? (F) epw-_n-\n (_n) Ip-in-\-K-cw (kn) K-b (Un) km-c-\m-Yv "-Xm≥-k≥ k-Ωm-\w'\¬-Ip-∂-Xv G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-sØ K-h¨sa‚m-Wv? (F) X-an-gv-\m-Sv (_n) a-[y-{]-tZ-iv (kn) I¿-Wm-S-Iw (Un) _o-lm¿ tI-c-f kv-t‰-‰v C-e-Iv-{Sn-kn-‰n t_m¿-Uv ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw : (F) 1957 (_n) 1964 (kn) 1956 (Un) 1967 tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ t]-cv: (F) Hm-kv-tem (_n) A-¶m-d (kn) tSm-°n-tbm (Un) C-kv-Xm≥-_pƒ "-tbm-an-bp-cn jnw-_p¨' G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ ]-{X-am-Wv? (F) ssN-\ (_n) Xm-bv-e≥-Uv (kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) aym≥-a¿ G-Xp kw-ÿm-\w hn-`-Pn-®m-Wv Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv kw-ÿm-\w cq-]-hXvI - c - n-®X - v? (F) a-[y-{]-tZ-iv (_n) _o-lm¿ (kn) D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv (Un) H-do-  C-¥y-bn¬ ap-kv-enw eo-Kv ÿm-]n-X-am-b h¿-jw: (F) 1906 (_n) 1907 (kn) 1885 (Un) 1916 tI-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-h-iyw Im-Ãn-Mv thm´v {]-tbm-Kn-® kv-]o-°¿: (F) h-°w ]p--tjm-Ø-a≥ (_n) hn.Fw.kp-[o-c≥ (kn) F.kn.tPm-kv (Un) Fw.hn-P-b-Ip-am¿ "-Zzn-cm-jv-{S kn-≤m-¥w' B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv: (F) a-lm-flm-Km-‘n (_n) ap-l-Ω-Z-en Pn-∂

(kn) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-lv-dp(Un) au-em-\m B-km-Zv 95. A-Sn-a-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xv: (F) C¬-Øp-an-jv (_n) Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv (kn) d-kn-bm _o-Kw (Un) _m¬-_≥ 96. Km-‘n k-am-[m-\ k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b B-Zy-sØ `m-c-Xo-b≥: (F) hn-t\m-_m-`m-sh (_n) P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b¨ (kn) _m-_m Bw-sX (Un) a-Z¿ sX-tc-k 97. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-´v D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm\w: (F) cm-Pÿ - m≥(_n) Kp-Pd- m-Øv (kn) tI-cf - w (Un) I¿-Wm-SI - w 98. "-⁄m-\-∏m-\' c-Nn-®-Xv: (F) ]q-¥m-\w (_n) sN-dp-t»-cn (kn) Ip-©≥ \-ºym¿ (Un) ta¬-∏p-Øq¿ 99. 1857se I-em-]-Im-e-Øv {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬ K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d-embn--∂X - v: (F) Im-\n-Mv {]-`p (_n) U¬-lu-kn {]-`p (kn) hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv {]-`p (Un) hm-d≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kv {]-`p 100. G-Xp cm-Py-sØ en-]n-bm-bn--∂p "-lo-tdm-•n-^n-Iv-kv'? (F) C-dm-°v (_n) C-dm≥ (kn) ssN-\ (Un) Cu-Pn-]v-Xv Answers: 1(b) 2(d) 3(c) 4(b) 5(d) 6 (b) 7(d) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10(c) 11(b) 12(d) 13(b) 14(d) 15(a) 16(c) 17(b) 18(b) 19(d) 20(c)2 1 (d) 22(c) 23 (d) 24 (b) 25(c)2 6(b) 27(c) 28(a) 29(b) 30(a) 31(a) 32(b) 33(d) 34(d) 35(d)36(c)37(c) 38(c) 39(b) 40(c) 41(c) 42 (a) 43(c) 44 (a) 45(c) 46(a) 47 (c) 48(d)49(b) 50(d) 51(b) 52(b) 53(c) 54(b) 55(a) 56(a) 57(d) 58(b) 59(a) 60(d)61(a) 62(b) 63(a)64(c) 65(c) 66(a) 67(c)68(a) 69(c) 70(b) 71(c) 72(a) 73(d)74(b)75(d) 76(d) 77 (c) 78(b)79(d)80(d) 81(a)82(b) 83(d)84(b) 85(a)86 (b) 87(b) 88 (a) 89 (d) 90(c) 91(b) 92(a) 93(c) 94(b) 95(b) 96(c) 97(d) 98(a) 99(a) 100(d)

]cn-ioe\ tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

19.

20. 21. 22. 23.

"-e-£ _-£' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂ U¬-ln kp¬-Øm≥? (F) Ip-Ø-_v-±o≥ sF-_-Iv (_n) kn-°-μ¿ tem-[n (kn) A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn (Un) _m¬-_≥ kn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-c-Im-e-sØ Xp-d-ap-J-am-bn--∂p: (F) lm-c-∏ (_n) sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm (kn) tem-X¬ (Un) cw-Kv-]q¿ "-Ãm-Nyp Hm-^v en-_¿-´n' G-Xp-cm-Py-am-Wv A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy\m-Sp-Iƒ-°v k-Ωm-\n-®-Xv? (F) {_n-´¨ (_n) Im-\-U (kn) C-‰-en (Un) {^m≥-kv "-F-t√m-d Kp-l-Iƒ'G-Xp-kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) a-lm-cm-jv-{S (_n) H-do-  (kn) _o-lm¿ (Un) D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv tIm-^n-t_m¿-Un-s‚ B-ÿm-\w (F) \yq-U¬-ln (_n) apw-ss_ (kn) _mw-•q¿ (Un) sIm¬-°-Ø C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw? (F) ]-fl-{io (_n) ]-c-a-ho-c-N-{Iw (kn) ]-fl-hn-`q-j¨ (Un) `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Ip-d-®p-Im-ew a-{¥n-bm-bn--∂-Xv: (F) c-ta-iv sN-∂n-Ø-e (_n) kn.l-cn-Zm-kv (kn) B¿._m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ (Un) Fw.]n.ho-tc-{μ-Ip-am¿ C-¥y-bp-sS {]-Xn-tcm-[-tk-\-I-fp-sS k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]≥? (F) {]-Xn-tcm-[-a-{¥n (_n) {]-kn-U‚ v (kn) {]-[m-\-a-{¥n (Un) tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿ 1921¬ \-S-∂ B-Zy-sØ A-Jn-e tI-c-f tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv: (F) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (_n) B-\n _-k‚ v (kn) Sn.{]-Im-iw (Un) sI.tI-f-∏≥ C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ D-]-{K-lw? (F) B-cy-`-´ (_n) `m-kv-I-c (kn) tcm-ln-Wn(Un) C≥-km-‰v _-μn-∏q¿ tZ-io-tbm-≤ym-\w G-Xp kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv? (F) A-kw (_n) I¿-Wm-S-Iw (kn) B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv (Un) X-an-gv-\m-Sv A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS X-e-ÿm-\w?

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

(F) \yq-tbm¿-°v (_n) jn-°m-tKm (kn) hm-jn-Mv-S¨ Un.kn. (Un) km≥-{^m≥-kn-kv-tIm "-t_mƒ-sj-hn-Iv hn-π-hw'\-S-∂-Xv G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv? (F) {^m≥-kv (_n) ssN-\ (kn) d-jy (Un) bp.F-kv.F. P-∏m-\n-se \m-W-bw? (F) {^m-¶v (_n) tUm-f¿ (kn) bp-hm≥ (Un) sb≥ a-´m-t©-cn-bn¬ b-lq-Z-∏-≈n ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw: (F) 1498 (_n) 1653 (kn) 1567 (Un) 1577 a-lm-flm-Km-‘n k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w: (F) I-f-a-t»-cn (_n) tX-™n-∏m-ew (kn) Ip-a-c-Iw (Un) A-Xn-c-ºp-g C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b s]m-Xp-ta-J-em-ÿm-]-\w: (F) C-¥y≥ sd-bn¬-th (_n) _n.F-kv.F≥.F¬ (kn) F-b¿ C-¥y (Un) ln-μp-ÿm≥ sa-jo≥ Sqƒ-kv Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-bv-Xv Aw-K-am°-s∏-´ B-Zy-h-\n-X: (F) A-°m-Ω sN-dn-bm≥ (_n) B-\n a-kv-{Io≥ (kn) ta-cn ]p-∂≥ eq-t°m-kv (Un) sI.B¿.Ku-cn "-A-Xn¿-Øn Km-‘n' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv: (F) Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿ Jm≥ (_n) au-em-\m B-km-Zv (kn) ju-°-Ø-en (Un) kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn sI¬-hn≥ kv-sI-bn-en¬ a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s‚ km-[m-c-W Dujv-am-hv F-{X-bm-Wv? (F) 310 (_n) 290 (kn) 300 (Un) 280 Iq-Sp \n¿-an-°p-∂ ]m-ºv: (F) A-W-en (_n) cm-P-sh-ºm-e (kn) iw-Jp-h-c-b≥ (Un) s]--ºm-ºv `q-an-tbm-Sv G-‰-hpw A-Sp-Øp ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ \-£-{Xw: (F) {[p-h-\-£-{Xw (_n) B¬-^m sk-©z-dn (kn) kq-cy≥ (Un) kn-dn-b-kv "Kp--ap-Jn-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ en-]n G-Xp `m-j-bp-tS-Xm-Wv? (F) ln-μn (_n) sX-ep-¶v (kn) ]-©m-_n (Un) X-an-gv tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ "]-d-¶n-Iƒ-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) U-®p-Im¿ (_n) t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ (kn) {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ (Un) {^-©p-Im¿ {^m≥-kn-se \n-b-a \n¿-am-W k-`: (F) lu-kv Hm-^v tIm-a¨-kv (_n) \m-j-W¬ A-kw-ªn (kn) tIm¨-{K-kv (Un) U-b-‰v tZ-io-b bp-h-P-\-Zn-\w: (F) Hm-K-Ãv 12 (_n) P-\p-h-cn 15 (kn) P-\p-h-cn 12 (Un) H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 1 B-\-ap-Sn-bp-sS D-b-cw F-{X ao-‰-dm-Wv? (F) 2695 (_n) 2817 (kn) 2800 (Un) 2965 ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b D-]-{K-lw: (F) ssS-‰m≥ (_n) bq-tdm-∏ (kn) N-{μ≥ (Un) Km-\n-ao-Uv {]-Y-a B-[p-\n-I H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p th-Zn-bm-b-Xv: (F) G-Y≥-kv (_n) e-≠≥ (kn) _m-t¶m-°v (Un) ]m-co-kv C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS A-[y-£-\m-bn--∂-Xv: (F) tUm.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ (_n) tUm.cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv (kn) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (Un) a-lm-flm-Km-‘n F-¥-f-°m-\m-Wv Bƒ-´n-ao-‰¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) th-Kw (_n) D-b-cw (kn) a-g (Un) km-{μ-X {_n-´o-jv km-{am-Py-sØ "sh¨ \o-N≥-' F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv (F) A-ø-¶m-fn (_n) ssh-Ip-WvT-kzm-an-Iƒ (kn) N-´-ºn kzm-an-Iƒ (Un) B-e-Øq¿ kzm-an sa-{Sn-Iv kw-hn-[m-\w \-S-∏m-°n-b B-Zy cm-Pyw: (F) {_n-´¨ (_n)bp.F-kv.F. (kn) ssN-\ (Un) {^m≥-kv X-an-gv-\m-Sv kw-ÿm-\-Øv ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b B-Zy h-\n-X: (F) P-b-e-fn-X (_n)\-μn-\n k-Xv-]-Xn (kn) Pm-\-In cm-a-N-{μ≥ (Un) ^m-Øn-am-_o-hn C¥y-bn-se F-{Xma-sØ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv sX-e¶m\ (F) 28 (_n) 29 (kn) 30 (Un) 31 {Sm≥-kv-˛-ssk-_o-cn-b≥ sd-bn¬-th G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv \n¿-an®n-cn-°p-∂X - v?

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 231

(F) bp.F-kv.F. (_n) d-jy (kn) ssN-\ (Un) {_-ko¬ 37. 1341˛¬ s]-cn-bm-dn-ep-≠m-b sh-≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ \-in-® Xp-d-apJ-ta-Xv? (F) sIm-®n (_n) sIm-√w (kn) hn-gn-™w (Un) sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ 38. tI-c-f-Øn¬ ln-μp-ÿm≥ \yq-kv {]n‚ v ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS ÿnXn sN-øp-∂p? (F) ]p-\-eq¿ (_n) hm-f-bm¿ (kn) \-√-fw (Un) sh-≈q¿ 39. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ [-\-X-Øz-im-kv-{X-Nn-¥-I≥ F-∂-dn-bs∏-Sp-∂X - v: (F) kp-tc-{μ-\m-Yv _m-\¿-Pn (_n)cm-Pm-dmw tam-l≥ tdm-bv (kn) _-¶n N-{μ Nm-‰¿-Pn (Un) Zm-Zm-`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn 40. B-sc-bm-Wv Km-‘n-Pn cm-jv-{So-b-]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv? (F) kn.cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn (_n) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (kn) tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-tKm-J-se (Un) hn-t\m-_m-`m-sh 41. "-I-dp-Ø-Ω'F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xw B--sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv? (F) Fw.ap-Ip-μ≥ (_n) X-I-gn in-h-i-¶-c-∏n-≈ (kn) F-kv.sI.s]m-‰-°m-´v (Un) H.hn.hn-P-b≥ 42. 1849˛-se a-t©-cn I-em-]-Øn-\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In-b-Xv: (F) A-Ø≥-tam-b≥ Ip-cn-°ƒ(_n) X-e-bv-°¬ N-¥p (kn) F-S-t®-\ Ip-¶≥ (Un) B-en ap-k-en-bm¿ 43. am-©-ÿ G-Xp hy-h-km-b-Øn-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w? (F) I-∏¬ \n¿-am-Ww (_n) sS-Iv-kv-ss‰¬-kv (kn) se≥-kv (Un) F-Æ J-\-\w 44. 1885˛¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ BZy-tbm-K-Øn¬ B-Zy {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv? (F) F.H.lyqw (_n) U-ªyp.kn._m-\¿-Pn (kn) Pn.kp-{_-a-Wy A-ø¿ (Un) U-^-dn≥ {]-`p 45. ep-[n-bm-\ G-Xp-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv? (F) Kw-K (_n) b-ap-\ (kn) k-Xv-e-Pv (Un) tKm-a-Xn 46. 1897˛-se A-a-cm-h-Xn tIm¨-{K-kv k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-\mb a-e-bm-fn: (F) kn.i-¶-c≥ \m-b¿ (_n) Pn.]n.]n-≈ (kn) sI.tI-f-∏≥ (Un) sI.]n.tI-i-h-ta-t\m≥ 47. sIm-®n-cm-Py-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m- t]-cv: (F)s]--º-S-∏v (_n) h-S-°pw-Iq¿ (kn) sN-º-I-t»-cn (Un) tIm-e-Øp-\m-Sv 48. 1916-˛¬ "Cu-ÿ I-em-]w-' \-S-∂ cm-Pyw: (F) {^m≥-kv (_n) A-b¿-e≥-Uv (kn) ssN-\ (Un) d-jy 49. 1921 G-{]n-en¬ H-‰-∏m-e-Øp-tN¿-∂ A-Jn-e tI-c-f cm-jv-{So-b k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A-[y-£-X h-ln-®-Xv: (F) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (_n) Sn.{]-Im-iw (kn) B-\n _-k‚ v (Un) F-kv. I-kX v- q-cn cw-Kø - ¶ - m¿ 50. 1961˛¬ tN-cn-tN-cm {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ B-Zy k-tΩ-f-\w \-S-∂ ÿ-ew: (F) \yq-U¬-ln (_n) sI-bv-tdm (kn) _-μq-Mv (Un) s_¬-t{K-Uv 51. 1986˛¬ B-W-h-Zp-c-¥w \-S-∂ sN¿-tWm-_n¬ G-Xp cm-Py-ØmWv? (F) d-jy (_n) I-k-Jv-kv-Xm≥ (kn) D-{I-bn≥ (Un) D-kv-_-°n-kv-Xm≥ 52. 1967˛-se "B-dp-Zn-\ bp-≤-'Øn¬ hn-P-bn-® cm-Pyw: (F) A-ta-cn-° (_n) C-{k-tb¬ (kn) kn-dn-b (Un) Cu-Pn-]v-Xv 53. C-c-hn-Ip-fw \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v G-Xp-Pn-√-bn-em-Wv? (F) ]m-e-°m-Sv (_n) h-b-\m-Sv (kn) F-d-Wm-Ip-fw (Un) C-Sp-°n 54. au-cy-hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv? (F) A-tim-I≥ (_n) N-{μ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy≥ (kn) _n-μp-km-c≥ (Un) _r-l-{Z-Y≥ 55. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ ssh-d-kv tcm-K-ta-Xv? (F) kn-^n-en-kv (_n) £-bw (kn) tπ-Kv (Un) td-_o-kv 56. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ sd-bn¬-th sse≥ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ h¿jw? (F) 1904 (_n) 1857 (kn) 1871 (Un) 1861 57. bp.F≥.Nm¿-´¿ H-∏p-sh-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw: (F) 1947 (_n) 1950 (kn) 1945 (Un) 1944

58. "{Xn-]n-S-I-߃-' G-Xp-a-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ {K-Ÿ-ß-fm-Wv? (F) ssP-\-a-Xw (_n) _p-≤-a-Xw (kn) ln-μp-a-Xw (Un) ]m-gv-kn a-Xw 59. "Kq¿-J-Iƒ-' G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ P-\-hn-`m-Kw? (F) {io-e-¶ (_n) t\-∏mƒ (kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b 60. tI-c-f-Øn¬ G-Xp `q-{]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv P-\-km-{μ-X G-‰-hpw Iq-SpX¬? (F) a-e-\m-Sv (_n) C-S-\m-Sv (kn) Xo-c-{]-tZ-iw (Un) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√ 61. A-\ym-b-am-bn X-S-hn-em-°-s∏-´ H-cm-sf tam-Nn-∏n-°m≥ tIm-S-Xn C-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ dn-´v: (F) am≥-U-a-kv (_n) tIm-˛-hm-d-t‚m (kn) sk¿-tjym-d-dn (Un) tl-_n-b-kv tIm¿-∏-kv 62. A-¥-co-£-Øn-se G-Xv ]m-fn-bn-em-Wv Hm-tkm¨ Im-W-s∏-Sp∂-X?v (F) t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^n-b¿ (_n) kv-{Sm-t‰m-kv-^n-b¿(kn) sX¿-tam-kv-^n-b¿ (Un) an-tkm-kv-^n-b¿ 63. A-am-hm-kn-bn¬ kq-cy≥, N-{μ≥, `q-an F-∂n-h-bp-sS B-t]-£nI ÿm-\-߃ (F) kq-cy≥ `q-an-°pw N-{μ-\pw a-t[y (_n) `q-an kq-cy-\pw N-{μ-\pw a-t[y (kn) N-{μ≥ kq-cy-\pw `q-an-°pw a-t[y (Un) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√ 64. a-e-_m¿ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°p e-`n-®-Xn-\p Im-c-W-am-b {io-cw-K-]-´Ww D-S-º-Sn Sn-∏p-hpw {_n-´o-jp-Im-w H-∏p-sh-® h¿-jw: (F) 1793 (_n) 1792 (kn) 1789 (Un) 1799 65. a-e-bm-f ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) tI-k-cn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ (_n) sN-¶-f-Øp Ip-™n-cm-a-ta-t\m≥ (kn) kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈ (Un) kn-hn.Ip-™p-cm-a≥ 66. G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv Km-‘n-Pn \n- -l-c-W {]-ÿm-\w B-cw-`n-®-Xv? (F) 1920 (_n) 1917 (kn) 1924 (Un) 1925 67. "Cu-^¬ tKm-]p-cw-' F-hn-sS-bm-Wv? (F) jn-°m-tKm (_n) ]m-co-kv (kn) s_-bv-Pn-Mv (Un) e-≠≥ 68. t_-°n-Mv tkm-U-bp-sS cm-k-\m-aw: (F) tkm-Un-bw t¢m-ssd-Uv (_n) tIm-∏¿ k¬-t^-‰v (kn) tkm-Un-bw Im¿-_-tW-‰v (Un) tkm-Un-bw ss_-Im¿-_-tW-‰v 69. F-hn-Sp-sØ cm-Pm-hm-bn--∂p i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥? (F) tIm-gn-t°m-Sv (_n) th-Wm-Sv (kn) sIm-®n (Un) tIm-e-Øp-\m-Sv 70. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm K-h¿-W¿: (F) kp-tN-X Ir-]-em-\n (_n) hn-P-b-e-£v-an ]-Wv-Un-‰v (kn) k-tcm-Pn-\n \m-bn-Up (Un) C-μn-cm-Km-‘n 71. C-¥y-bp-sS I-c A-Xn¿-Øn-bp-sS \o-fw F-{X In-tem-ao-‰¿? (F) 7516.6 (_n) 15200 (kn) 38863 (Un) 32900 72. tI-c-f-Øn¬ {io i-¶-c kw-kv-Ir-X k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS Bÿm-\w: (F) Xn--h-\-¥-]p-cw (_n) Xn-cq¿ (kn)Im-e-Sn (Un) I-f-a-t»-cn 73. C-¥y-bn¬ H- kw-ÿm-\-Øv kz-¥w \n-e-bn¬ hy-‡-am-b `qcn-]-£-tØm-sS A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ B-Zy-sØ {]m-tZ-in-I ]m¿-´n: (F) A-kw K-W ]-cn-j-Øv (_n) sX-ep-¶p-tZ-iw (kn) Un.Fw.sI. (Un) A-Im-en-Zƒ 74. {^-©p hn-π-h-Im-e-Øv _m-ssì P-bn¬ X-I¿-°-s∏-´ h¿-jw: (F) 1776 (_n) 1779 (kn) 1791 (Un) 1789 75. am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a Xr-∏-Sn-Zm-\w \-S-Øn-b h¿-jw: (F) 1741 (_n) 1758 (kn) 1729 (Un) 1750 76. A-Iv-_-dn-s‚ d-h-\yq D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn--∂-Xv: (F) _o¿-_¬ (_n) Xm≥-sk≥ (kn) tXm-U¿-a¬ (Un) am≥-kn-Mv 77. am-am-¶ B-tLm-j-߃ A-h-km-\n-°m≥ Im-c-Ww? (F) t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im--sS B-{I-a-Ww (_n) s]-cn-bm-dn-se sh-≈-s∏m-°w (kn) ssa-kq¿ B-{I-a-Ww (Un) ]-g» - n cm-Pm-hn-s‚ ]-cm-Pb - w

232 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

78. aq-ey h¿-[n-X \n-Ip-Xn \-S-∏m-°n-b B-Zy cm-Pyw (F) {_n-´¨ (_n) {^m≥-kv (kn) bp.F-kv.F. (Un) P¿-a-\n 79. A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-bp-am-bn _-‘-an-√m-Ø A-\p-t—-Zw G-Xv? (F) 360 (_n) 352 (kn) 368 (Un) 356 80. A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If - p-sS `-cW - L - S- \ - \n-eh - n¬ h-∂ h¿-jw: (F) 1776 (_n) 1789 (kn) 1779 (Un) 1780 81. "t\m-°v Hu-´v-' G-Xp-Im-bn-I-C-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) {In-°-‰v (_n) thm-fn-t_mƒ (kn) tlm-°n (Un) t_m-Iv-kn-Mv 82. I¨-^q-jy-\n-kw G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv {]-N-cn-®-Xv? (F) C-¥y (_n) Cu-Pn-]v-Xv (kn) ssN-\ (Un) P-∏m≥ 83. "Zn {Sn-_yq¨' F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) \yq-U¬-ln (_n) N-Wv-Un-K-Uv (kn) sIm¬-°-Ø (Un) sN-ss∂ 84. "Im-Ãn-Iv tkm-U'bp-sS cm-k-\m-aw: (F) tkm-Un-bw ssl-t{Um-Iv-ssk-Uv (_n) tkm-Un-bw kn-t{S-‰v (kn) tkm-Un-bw t¢m-ssd-Uv (Un) Im¬-kyw ssl-t{Um-Iv-ssk-Uv 85. "ss{I-kv-X-h-Im-fn-Zm-k≥' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv: (F) ]n.kn.tZ-h-ky (_n) A-bv-]v ]-d-ta¬ (kn) I-´-°-bw sN-dn-bm≥ am-∏n-f (Un) tPm¿-Pv h¿-Ko-kv 86. a-Z¿ sX-tc-k A-¥y-\n-{Z sIm-≈p-∂-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-Wv? (F) bp-tKm-…m-hy (_n) sIm¬-°-Ø (kn) \yq-U¬-ln (Un) _mw-•q¿ 87. t]m-fn-tbm-bv-°p Im-c-W-am-b tcm-Km-Wp: (F) _m-Iv-So-cn-b (_n) t{]m-t´m-tkm-h (kn) ssh-d-kv (Un) ^w-K-kv 88. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ h-\n-Xm-{]-kn-U‚m-b C-k-s_¬ s]tdm¨ G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂-Xv? (F) aw-tKm-fn-b (_n) A¿-P‚o-\ (kn) ^n-en-ss∏≥-kv (Un) P¿-a-\n 89. lm-c-∏-bpw sam-l≥-sPm-Zm-tcm-bpw C-t∏mƒ G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv? (F) C-¥y (_n) _w-•m-tZ-iv (kn) ssN-\ (Un) ]m-In-kv-Xm≥ 90. "hn-Iv-tSm-dn-bm sa-tΩm-dn-b¬-' F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p? (F) sIm¬-°-Ø (_n) ap-ss_ (kn) sN-ss∂ (Un) \yq-U¬-ln 91. ]-g-»n cm-Pm-hv A-¥-cn-® h¿-jw: (F) 1809 (_n) 1805 (kn) 1800 (Un) 1799 92. C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv k-Xn \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv? (F) 1858 (_n) 1892 (kn) 1835 (Un) 1829 93. tKm-h-kq-cn {]-tbm-Kw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv? (F) tdm-_¿-´v lp-°v (_n) eyq-h≥-tlm-°v (kn) eq-bn ]m-ÿ (Un) F-tUz¿-Uv P-∂¿ 94. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS kzm-X-{¥y {]-Jym-]-\-Øn-\p cq-]w \¬-In-b-Xv: (F) tXm-a-kv sP-t^-gv-k¨ (_n) tPm¿-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S¨ (kn) tPm¨ B-Uw-kv (Un) _-©-an≥ {^m-¶v-fn≥ 95. a-tX-X-cw, A-J-Wv-U-X F-∂o ]-Z-߃ F-{Xm-a-sØ t`-Z-K-Xn-bneq-sS-bm-Wv C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Iq-´n-t®¿-Ø-Xv? (F) 44 (_n) 52 (kn) 61 (Un) 42 96. a-X-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-ø-s∏-´ P-\-ß-sf ln-μp a-X-Øn-te-°v Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cn-I F-∂-Xv e-£y-am-°n-b {]-ÿm-\w? (F) ip-≤n {]-ÿm-\w (_n) {_-“-k-am-Pw (kn) {]m¿-Y-\m-k-am-Pw (Un) cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j≥ 97. B-{^n-°-bp-sS sX-t°-ap-\-ºv Np-‰n-k-©-cn-® B-Zy-sØ bq-tdm]y≥ \m-hn-I≥: (F) hm-kv-tIm Un Km-a (_n) _¿-Ø-tem-ay U-b-kv (kn) I-{_mƒ (Un) {In-Ã-^¿ sIm-fw-_-kv 98. B-¥-am-t\-bpw \n-t°m-_m-dn-t\-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ Nm-\¬ (F) 8 Un-{Kn Nm-\¬ (_n) 10 Un-{Kn Nm-\¬ (kn) 12 Un-{Kn Nm-\¬ (Un) 14 Un-{Kn Nm-\¬ 99. B¬-{^-Uv sh-·--sS kn-≤m-¥-{]-Im-cw 280 Z-i-e-£w h¿-j߃-°p ap-ºp-≠m-bn--∂ _r-l-Zv `q-J-Wv-Uw (F) tem-td-jy (_n) ]m≥-Pn-b (kn) tKm-≠zm-\m-em≥-Uv (Un) sX-Yn-kv 100. C-¥y-bn¬ d-∫¿ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kw-ÿm\-ta-Xv?

(F) A-kw (_n) B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv (kn) tI-c-fw(Un) X-an-gv-\m-Sv Answers: 1 (a) 2(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5(c) 6(d) 7(d) 8(b) 9(c) 10(a) 11(b) 12(c) 13(c) 14(d) 15(c) 16(d) 17(a) 18(c) 19(a) 20(a)2 1 (b) 22(c) 23 (c) 24 (b) 25(b)2 6(c) 27(a) 28(d) 29(a) 30(b) 31(b) 32(b) 33(d) 34(c) 35(b)36(b)37(d) 38(d) 39(d) 40(b) 41(b) 42 (a) 43(b) 44 (c) 45(c) 46(a) 47 (a) 48(b)49(b) 50(d) 51(c) 52(b) 53(d) 54(b) 55(d) 56(d) 57(c) 58(b) 59(b) 60(c)61(d) 62(b) 63(c)64(b) 65(b) 66(a) 67(b)68(d) 69(c) 70(c) 71(b) 72(c) 73(c)74(d)75(d)76(c) 77 (c) 78(b)79(c)80(b) 81(d) 82(c) 83(b) 84(a) 85(c)86(b)87(c)88(b) 89(d) 90(a) 91(b) 92(d)93(d) 94(a)95(d) 96(a) 97(b) 98(b) 99(b) 100(c)

]cn-ioe\ tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16.

"A-Sp-°-f-bn¬-\n-∂v A-c-ß-tØ-°v' c-Nn-®-Xm-cv? (F) hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv (_n) e-fn-Xmw-_n-I A-¥¿-P-\w (kn) eo-em-Zm-tam-Z-c-ta-t\m≥ (Un) X-I-gn hn-b-∂ G-Xp \-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-Øm-Wv? (F) thmƒ-K (_n) ss\¬ (kn) Um-\yq-_v (Un)ssXw-kv I¬-°-Ø \-K-cw ÿm-]n-®-Xv: (F) {^m≥-kn-kv tU (_n) {^m≥-kn-kv am¿-´n≥ (kn) F-Uzn≥ ep-Sy≥-kv (Un) tPm-_v Nm¿-t\m-Iv Jn¬-Pn hw-iw ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv? (F) A-em-hp-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn (_n) P-em-ep-±o≥ Jn¬-Pn (kn) _m¬-_≥ (Un) sj¿-jm 1938 ¬ C-¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨-{K-kv kw-L-Sn-∏n-® \m-jW¬ πm-\n-Mv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS A-[y-£-\m-bn B-sc-bm-Wv Np-a-Xe-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv? (F) kp-_m-jv N-{μ-t_m-kv (_n) ]-´m-`n ko-Xm-cm-a-ø (kn) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (Un) k¿-Zm¿ ]-t´¬ Po≥-hm¬-Po≥ F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xm-cv? (F) hn-Iv-S¿ bp-tKm (_n) tXm-a-kv lm¿-Un (kn) tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿ (Un) A-K-Xm {In-Ãn "sk¿-h‚ v-kv Hm-^v C-¥y skm-ssk-‰n-' ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv? (F) Pn.Pn.A-Km¿-°¿ (_n) Jm≥ A-_v-Zpƒ Km-^¿-Jm≥ (kn)_n.B¿.Aw-t_-Zv-I¿ (Un) tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W tKm-J-se "a-\p-jy≥ kz-X-{¥-\m-bn P-\n-°p-∂p, ]-t£ F-√m-bn-S-Øpw Ah≥ N-ß-e-I-fn-em-Wv-' C-Xp ]-d-™-Xm-cv? (F) Im-d¬ am¿-Iv-kv (_n) a-lm-flm-Km-‘n (kn) hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ (Un) dq-t m "Zn em-Ãv P-Uv-Pv-sa‚ v-' F-∂ Nn-{Xw h-c-®-Xm-cv? (F) en-tbm-Wm¿-tUm Um-hn-©n (_n) hm≥-tKm-Kv (kn) ssa-°-em-©-tem (Un) ]n-°m-tkm sÃ-bn≥-se- v Ão¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv? (F) Hm-∏≥-lo-a¿ (_n) lm-cn {_-b¿-en (kn) sl≥-dn s_-kn-a¿ (Un) Nmƒ-kv am¿-´n≥ lmƒ C-¥y≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i im-k{-v X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-hv F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - :v (F) cm-Pm cm-a-Æ (_n) hn-{Iw km-cm-`m-bn (kn) tlm-an `m-` (Un) ta-L-\m-Yv km-l k-a-b-Øn-s‚ F-kv.sF.bq-Wn-‰v: (F) sk-°‚ v (_n) a-Wn-°q¿ (kn) \m-gn-I (Un) an-\n-´v "ko-kv-tam-f-Pn-' F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂ im-kv-{X-im-J-bm-Wv? (F) `q-N-e-\w (_n) P-\-kw-Jy (kn) ]-cn-ÿn-Xn (Un) \-Zn-Iƒ "au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃-' F-∂ B-i-bw G-Xp cm-Py-sØ `-c-W-LS-\-bn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv C-¥y kzo-I-cn-®-Xv? (F) bp.F-kv.F. (_n) Cw-•-≠v (kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) A-b¿-e≥-Uv Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ G-Xn-s‚ B-ÿm-\-am-Wv Xr-»q-cn¬ A√m-Ø-Xv? (F) tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-°m-Z-an (_n) tI-c-f {]-kv A-°m-Z-an (kn) tI-c-f kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I A-°m-Z-an (Un) tI-c-f e-fn-X-I-em A-°m-Z-an ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s° A-¥-cn-® B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-kn-U‚ v: (F) k-Rv-Po-h sd-Uv-Un (_n) k-°o¿ lp-ssk≥ (kn) cm-tP-{μ-{]-km-Zv (Un) cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 233

17. B--sS Ir-Xn-I-sf-bm-Wv "d-jy≥ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚ I-Æm-Sn-' F-∂v se-\n≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv? (F) Imƒ am¿-Iv-kv (_n) en-tbm tSmƒ-tÃm-bn (kn) B-t‚m¨ sN-t°m-hv (Un) am-Iv-knw tKm¿-°n 18. B-Zy-am-bn `q-]-Sw \n¿-an-®p F-∂p I--X-s∏-Sp-∂ {Ko-°p-Im-c≥: (F) tSm-f-an (_n) C-dm-tØm-kv-X-\o-kv (kn) A-\m-Iv-kn-am≥-U¿ (Un) tIm-∏¿-\n-°-kv 19. tem-I-sØ B-Zy-sØ Ir-{Xn-tam-]-{K-lw G-Xp h¿-j-am-Wv hnt£-]n-®-Xv? (F) 1958 (_n) 1961 (kn) 1960 (Un) 1957 20. "c-‡-km-£n-Zn-\-'am-bn B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv: (F) P-\h - c - n 31 (_n) P-\h - c - n 12 (kn) P-\h - c - n 30 (Un) P-\h - c - n 15 21. P-∏m-\n¬ A-Wp-t_mw-_n-´-t∏mƒ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚m-bn-∂X - :v (F) {^m-¶v-fn≥ Un.dq-kv-sh¬-‰v (_n) sF-k-t\m-h¿ (kn) dn-®m¿-Uv \n-Iv-k¨ (Un) lm-cn F-kv.{Sq-am≥ 22. B-Zy-sØ B-[p-\n-I H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv \-S-∂ h¿-jw : (F) 1886 (_n) 1900 (kn) 1896 (Un) 1904 23. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I : (F) [¿-a-cm-P (_n) C-μp-te-J (kn) am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a (Un) `q-X-cm-b¿ 24. "B-eo-kv C≥ h-≠¿-em≥-Uv-' c-Nn-®-Xm-cv? (F) tSmƒ-tÃm-bn (_n) Um-\n-tb¬ Uo-t^m (kn) eq-bn ^n-j¿ (Un) eq-bn I-tcmƒ 25. tIm-∏¿-\n-°-kv G-Xp-cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn--∂p? (F) C-‰-en (_n) t]m-f-≠v (kn) kv-s]-bn≥ (Un) t]m¿-®p-K¬ 26. "^p-Uv B‚ v A-{Kn-Iƒ-®¿ Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-s‚-' B-ÿm-\w: (F) tdmw (_n) P-\o-h (kn) hm-jn-Mv-S¨ (Un) \yq-tbm¿-°v 27. C-¥y-bn¬ sd-bn¬-th \-S-∏m-°n-b K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬: (F) I-gv-k¨ {]-`p (_n) U-^-dn≥ {]-`p (kn) hn-eyw s_‚n-Iv {]-`p (Un) U¬-lu-kn {]-`p 28. tI-cf - Ø - n-se G-Xp-Pn-√b - v° - m-Wv tX-bn-e D-ev] - m-Z\ - Ø - n¬ H-∂mwÿm-\w? (F) h-b-\m-Sv (_n) sIm-√w (kn) Im-k-d-tKm-Uv (Un) C-Sp-°n 29. "sIm-´m-c-ß-fp-sS \-K-cw-' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: (F) sIm¬-°Ø (_n) `p-ht- \-iz¿ (kn) B-{‘(Un) tPm-[] v- q¿ 30. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ "Iq-´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw' F-∂ B-i-bw F-hnsS \n-∂m-Wv kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) A-ta-cn-°≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ (_n) Im-\-U (kn) P¿-a-\n (Un) {_n-´¨ 31. "Im-a-cq-]w-' C-t∏mƒ F-¥p-t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p? (F) A-kw (_n) H-do-k (kn) _w-Kmƒ (Un) l-cn-bm-W 32. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b C-S-\m-gn F-hn-sS-bm-Wv? (F) sN-ss∂ (_n) cm-ta-iz-cw (kn) A-a¿-\m-Yv (Un) F-t√m-d 33. C-¥y≥ \m-hn-I tk-\-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w: (F) sIm¬-°-Ø (_n) sN-ss∂ (kn) hn-im-J-]-´-Ww (Un) \yq-U¬-ln 34. a-e-bm-f-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ cm-jv-{So-b \m-S-Iw: (F) A-iz-ta-[w (_n) \n-ß-sf-s∂ I-ayq-Wn-Ãm-°n (kn) Im-´p-Ip-Xn-c (Un) ]m-´-_m-°n 35. `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w t\-Sn-b B-Zy C-¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n: (F) C-μn-cm-Km-‘n (_n) em¬ _-lm-Zq¿ im-kv-{Xn (kn) P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp (Un) cm-Po-hv Km-‘n 36. Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tÃ-‰v tIm¨-{K-kv cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b h¿-jw: (F) 1932 (_n) 1936 (kn) 1925 (Un) 1938 37. H- t{Km-kn¬ F-{X U-k≥ A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v? (F) 20 (_n) 10 (kn) 24 (Un) 12 38. sj-^o¬-Uv F-∂ ÿ-ew G-Xp hy-hk - m-bØ - n-\m-Wp {]-kn-≤w? (F) I-Sv-e-dn (_n) sS-Iv-ssì-kv (kn) I-∏¬ \n¿-am-Ww (Un) se≥-kp-Iƒ 39. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I `mj-b-√m-Ø-Xv: (F) kv-]m-\n-jv (_n) A-d-_n-Iv (kn) P¿-a≥ (Un) {^-©v 40. "sl-bv-en \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v' C-t∏mƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ t]-cv-: (F) tIm¿-_-‰v \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v (_n) am-\-kv \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v

41. 42. 43. 44.

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

52.

53.

54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

61.

234 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

(kn) N-{μ-{]-` \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v (Un) Kn-≠n \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v C-¥y≥ A-Wp-i-‡n I-Ωn-j-s‚ {]-Y-a A-[y-£≥: (F) hn-{Iw km-cm-`m-bn (_n) tUm.F-®v.sP.`m-` (kn) tUm.cm-Pm cm-a-Æ (Un) tUm.F-®v.F≥.tk-Xv-\ C-¥y≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sm-Ø cm-Pyw (F) `q-´m≥ (_n) t\-∏mƒ (kn) aym≥-a¿ (Un) _w-•m-tZ-iv C-¥y≥ k-ap-{Z-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Zzo-]v (F) sk-bv-j¬-kv (_n) {io-e-¶ (kn) a-U-K-kv-I¿ (Un) P-∏m≥ "]-Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-Iƒ' B--sS k-Z- n-s\-bm-Wv A-e-¶-cn-®n--∂Xv? (F) am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a (_n) am-\-hn-{I-a-tZ-h≥ (kn) i-‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ (Un) tIm-e-Øn-cn "ta-cn C-hm≥-kv-' G-Xp-t]-cn-em-Wv {]-kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-®-Xv? (F) tPm¿-Pv Hm¿-h¬v (_n) tPm¿-Pv G-en-b-‰v (kn) hn¿-Pn-\n-b hqƒ-^v (Un) F-an-en tkm-f k¿-Km-tkm I-S¬ G-Xp k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv? (F) A-Xv-em‚n-Iv (_n) ]-k-^n-Iv (kn) B¿-Sn-Iv (Un) C-¥y≥ a-e-_m¿ kn-a‚ v ^m-Iv-S-dn F-hn-sS ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p? (F) hm-f-bm¿ (_n) \m-´-Iw (kn) \-√-fw (Un) s]m-∂m-\n ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Aw-K-ta-Xv? (F) hym-gw (_n) i-\n (kn) bp-dm-\-kv (Un) kq-cy≥ {In-°-‰v _m-‰v \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ G-Xp-a-c-Øn-s‚ X-Sn-bm-Wv D-]-tbmKn-°p-∂X - v? (F) B-™n-en (_n) tX-°v (kn) hn-t√m (Un) Cu-´n A-tlm-cm-{Xw Pm-{K-ssX-' G-Xn-s‚ B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-Wv? (F) C-¥y≥ t\-hn (_n) C-¥y≥ hm-bp-tk-\ (kn) F≥.kn.kn. (Un) sd-Uv t{Im-kv `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv A-\p-t—-Zw {]-Im-c-am-Wv au-en-Im-h-Im-i߃ \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ H-cn-¥y≥ ]u-c-\v ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb k-ao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xv? (F) 356 (_n) 226 (kn) 326 (Un) 123 hm-kv-tIm U Km-a-sb B-Zyw kw-kv-I-cn-® sk‚ v {^m≥-kn-kv ]-≈n F-hn-sS-bm-Wv? (F) sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿ (_n) t^m¿-´v sIm-®n (kn) Im-∏m-Sv (Un) A-©p-sX-ßv tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b Im-bn-I am-am-¶w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-X:v (F) H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv (_n) tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv sK-bnw-kv (kn) G-jy≥ sK-bnw-kv (Un) B-t{^m-˛G - j - y≥ sK-bnw-kv "a-e-bm-fw-' G-Xp-`m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p? (F) C-t¥m-˛-B-cy≥ (_n) kn-t\m-˛-Sn-_-‰≥ (kn) {Zm-hn-Uw (Un) C-h-sbm-∂p-a-√ G-Xp tcm-K-am-Wv "ep-°o-an-b-' F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? (F) c-‡m¿-_p-Zw (_n) £-bw (kn) Ip-jvTw (Un) F-bv-Uv-kv "i-Im-cn-' F-∂ A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´n--∂-Xv: (F) N-{μ-Kp-]v-X≥ c-≠m-a≥ (_n) k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X≥ (kn) Nm-W-Iy≥ (Un) I-\n-jv-I≥ Xn--hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn F-{X-t]-cm-Wv tIm¨-Ãn‰p-h‚ v A-kw-ªn-bn¬ D-≠m-bn--∂-Xv? (F) 6 (_n) 7 (kn) 9 (Un) 12 `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS F-{Xm-a-sØ A-\p-t—-Z-am-Wv "kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS H- bq-Wn-b-\m-Wv C-¥y-' F-∂p {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂-Xv? (F) H-∂v (_n) aq-∂v (kn) G-gv (Un) ]-Øv "th-gv-km-bv D-S-º-Sn-' {]-Im-cw A-h-km-\n-® bp-≤-ta-Xv? (F) H-∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w (_n) c-≠mw tem-I-bp-≤w (kn) sIm-dn-b≥ bp-≤w (Un) I-d-∏p-bp-≤w C-¥y-bn¬ [-cm-X-eo-b `q-]-Sw \n¿-an-°p-∂ G-P≥-kn: (F) C-¥y≥ sa-‰n-cn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ h-Ip-∏v (_n) k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y (kn) tZ-io-b hn-Zq-c kw-th-Z-\ G-P≥-kn (Un) Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th Hm-^v C-¥y C-¥y-bn¬ `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - B-Zy kw-ÿm-\w:

62.

63. 64.

65. 66.

67.

68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.

74. 75.

76. 77. 78. 79.

80. 81.

(F) a-{Zm-kv (_n) I-iv-ao¿ (kn) Xn--˛-sIm-®n (Un) B-{‘ C-¥y-bn¬ {^-©p-Im--sS km-{am-Py-tam-l-߃-°v A-¥yw Ipdn-® bp-≤-ta-Xv? (F) 1757˛-se πm-kn bp-≤w (_n) 1764˛-se _-Iv-k¿ bp-≤w (kn) 1760˛-se hm-≠n-hm-jv bp-≤w (Un) aq-∂mw ]m\n-∏-´p bp-≤w(1761) "kq-^n hn-`m-Kw-' G-Xp-a-X-Øn-em-Wv cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv? (F) {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw (_n) ln-μp-a-Xw (kn) ]m-gv-kn-a-Xw (Un) C-…mw \n-cm-lm-c-k-a-c-a-\p-jvTn-®v P-bn-en¬ a-c-W-a-S-™ kzm-X-{¥y-ka-c-tk-\m-\n-bm-Wv: (F) `-K-Xv-kn-Mv (_n) _n-]n≥ N-{μ-]m¬ (kn) P-Xn≥-Zm-kv (Un) A-Pn-Xv-kn-Mv ap-Kƒ `-c-W-Im-e-sØ Hu-tZym-Kn-I `m-j: (F) t]¿-jy≥ (_n) Xp¿-°n (kn) D¿-Zp (Un) A-d-_n G-Xp {]-{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv kq-cy-\n¬ Du¿-Pw D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°s∏-Sp-∂X - v? (F) \yq-¢n-b¿ ^yq-j≥ (_n) \yq-¢n-b¿ ^n-j≥ (kn) A-b-ssW-tk-j≥ (Un) Hm-Iv-kn-tU-j≥ "cm-Pyw \n-߃-°p-th-≠n F-¥p-sN-øpw F-∂-√, cm-Py-Øn-\pth-≠n \n-߃-°v F-¥p-sN-øm-\m-hpw F-∂m-Wv Nn-¥n-t°-≠Xv-' C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-™ A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v: (F) {^m-¶f -v n≥ Un.dq-ks -v h¬-‰v (_n) F-{_-lmw en-¶¨ (kn) tPm¿-Pv hm-jn-MS-v ¨ (Un) tPm¨ F-^.v sI-∂U - n ⁄m-\-]oT-tP-Xm-hm-b sF.F.F-kv.Hm-^o-k¿: (F) bp.B¿.A-\-¥-aq¿-Øn (_n) A-Jn-e≥ (kn) ko-Xm-Im-¥v a-lm-]m-{X (Un) in-h-cm-a-Im-c-¥v Im¿-Kn¬ bp-≤w \-S-∂ h¿-jw: (F) 2000 (_n) 1998 (kn) 1997 (Un) 1999 C-¥y-bn¬ aw-Kt- fm-bU -v v h¿-K° - m¿ Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂X - v F-hn-sS-bm-W?v (F) ]-©m-_v (_n) I-iv-ao¿ (kn) Z-£n-tW-¥y (Un) h-S-°p In-g-°≥ C-¥y C-¥y-bn¬ bq-tdm-]y≥-am¿ \n¿-an-® B-Zy-sØ tIm-´: (F) am-\p-h¬ tIm-´ (_n) sk‚ v B-Rv-P-tem tIm-´ (kn) A-©p-sX-ßp tIm-´ (Un) X-e-t»-cn-t°m-´ "Ip-‰n-°m-Sp-I-fp-sS \m-Sv-' F-∂v t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈ kw-ÿm-\w: (F) Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv (_n) _o-lm¿ (kn) O-Øn-kv-K-Vv (Un) an-skm-dw "hn-kv-sU≥-' F-¥n-s\ kw-_-‘n-® B-[n-Im-cn-I {]-kn-≤o-I-cW-am-Wv? (F) kn-\n-a (_n) {In-°-‰v (kn) Im¿ td-kv (Un) ^p-Sv-t_mƒ N-´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fp-sS b-Ym¿-Y t]-cv: (F) cm-a≥ ]n-≈ (_n) \m-cm-b-W-]n-≈ (kn) A-ø-∏≥ (Un) i-¶-c≥ ]n-≈ A-¥m-cm-jv-{S kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv a-’-c-ß-fn¬ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cn-\-Øn\v hy-‡n-K-X Nm-ºy-\m-b B-Zy C-¥ym-°m-c≥: (F) en-bm-≠¿ ]-b-kv (_n) a-tl-jv `q-]-Xn (kn) hn¬-k¨ tPm¨-kv (Un) Hmw A-K¿-hmƒ C-¥y-bn¬ cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-´n-Iƒ-°v Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv (F) Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v I-Ωn-j≥ (_n) ]m¿-e-sa‚ v (kn) cm-jv-{S-]-Xn (Un) kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-ew sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬ `-c-W-Øn\p hn-t[-b-am-b {]-tZ-iw: (F) tKm-h (_n) bm-\w (kn) \-K¿ l-th-en (Un) kq-d-‰v C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ N-W-an-√p-Iƒ D-≈ kw-ÿm-\w (F) D-Ø¿ {]-tZ-iv (_n) ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ (kn) X-an-gv-\m-Sv (Un) a-lm-cm-jv-{S 1912¬ "P-\-K-W-a-\-' F-¥p io¿-j-I-Øn-em-Wv "X-Øz-t_m-[n\n'bn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv? (F) {]-`m-X-Ko-Xw (_n) `m-c-Xv hn-[m-X (kn) `m-c-X-Ko-Xw (Un) h-tμ-am-X-cw "Po-h≥ a-im-bn-' F-∂ I-Ym-]m-{Xw B--sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv? (F) _-¶nw N-{μ Nm-‰¿-Pn (_n) Xm-cm-i-¶¿ _m-\¿-Pn (kn) A-ar-Xm {]o-Xw (Un) hn-`q-Xn `q-j¨ _-tμm-]m-[ym-b F-¥n-s‚ h-I-t`-Z-am-Wv "Nm¿-t°mƒ-?

(F) Im¿-_¨ (_n) Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ (kn) ssl-{U-P≥ (Un) C--ºv 82. {In-kv-Xp-a-X-sØ t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-® B-Zy N-{I-h¿-Øn: (F) tXm-a-kv A-Izn-\-kv (_n) tIm¨-Ã-ss‚≥ (kn) t¢m-hn-kv (Un) A-K-Ãn≥ 83. hn≥-è N¿-®n¬ km-ln-Xy s\m-t_-en-\v A¿-l-\m-b h¿-jw: (F) 1952 (_n) 1953 (kn) 1954 (Un) 1955 84. "Izn-ss\≥-' e-`n-°p-∂-Xv G-Xp k-ky-Øn¬ \n-∂v? (F) B-S-tem-S-Iw (_n) bq-°m-en-]v-‰-kv (kn) ss]≥ (Un) kn-t¶m-W 85. G-Xp tem-l-Øn-s‚ A-bn-cm-Wv "kn-∂m-_m¿-? (F) a-·o-jyw (_n) sN-ºv (kn) sa¿-°p-dn (Un) C--ºv 86. "ko-tdm-kn-kv-' G-X-h-b-h-sØ-bm-Wv _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv? (F) a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw (_n) lr-Z-bw (kn) Xz-°v (Un) I-cƒ 87. "_n-Kv s_≥-' t¢m-°v F-hn-sS ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p? (F) e-≠≥ (_n) ]m-co-kv (kn) \yq-tbm¿-°v (Un) s_-bv-Pn-Mv 88. Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ cm-Py-X-e-ÿm-\-am-b \-K-c-ta-Xv? (F) P-\o-h (_n) s_¿-en≥ (kn) \yq-tbm¿-°v (Un) {^m-¶v-^¿-´v 89. "kv-\q-°¿-' F-∂ t]-cn-epw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Im-bn-I-hn-t\m-Zw? (F) _n-√ym¿-Uv-kv (_n) ^p-Sv-t_mƒ (kn) tlm-°n (Un) thm-fn-t_mƒ 90. "ªm-°v j¿-´k -v (v I-cn-¶p-∏m-b° - m¿)-' F-∂ kw-LS- \ - ÿm-]n-®X - m-c?v (F) ln-‰v-e¿ (_n) Ãm-en≥ (kn) s_-\n-t‰m ap-t m-fn-\n (Un) Km-cn-_mƒ-Un 91. "t_m-Iv-k¿ I-em-]w-' G-Xp cm-Py-Øm-Wv \-S-∂-Xv? (F) ssN-\ (_n) Cw-•-≠v (kn) P-∏m≥ (Un) d-jy 92. {_-bv¬ en-]n-bn¬ F-{X Ip-Øp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv B-i-bhn-\n-a-bw km-[y-am-°p-∂-Xv? (F) 8 (_n) 6 (kn) 4 (Un) 7 93. "I-\y-Im-dm-Wn' sb-∂ t]-cn¬ tem-IN - c - n-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤b - m-bX - :v (F) H-∂mw F-en-k-_-Øv dm-Wn (_n) c-≠mw F-en-k-_-Øv dm-Wn (kn) ta-cn cm-⁄n (Un) Im-X-dn≥ 94. cm-Py-k-`-bn-se Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ Aw-K-߃ F-{X? (F) 238 (_n) 250 (kn) 245 (Un) 233 95. "am-Pym¿-' F-∂ t]-cv Ãm-ºn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ cm-Pyw? (F) skm-am-en-b (_n) P¿-a-\n (kn) ^n≥-e≥-Uv (Un) lw-K-dn 96. Um¿-hn-s‚ ]-cn-Wm-a K-th-j-W-߃-°p th-Zn-bm-b Zzo-]v: (F) {io-e-¶ (_n) a-U-Km-kv-I¿ (kn) Km-e-∏m-tKm-kv (Un) {Ko≥-em≥-Uv 97. tI-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn-se B-Zy-sØ t{]m-t´w kv-]o-°¿: (F) A-bn-jm-`m-bn (_n) tdm- k - Ω m ]p- ∂ q- k v (kn) i-¶-c-\m-cm-b-W≥ X-ºn (Un) B¿.i-¶¿ 98. l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I {]-`m-hw Im-c-Ww G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Nq-S-\p-`h-s∏-Sp-∂ {K-lw: (F) _p-[≥ (_n) `q-an (kn) ip-{I≥ (Un) sNm-Δ 99. ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-I-\m-bn--∂ F-Uv-a-≠v ln-em-cn G-Xp cm-Py-°m-c\m-bn--∂p? (F) \yq-kn-e≥-Uv (_n) Cw-•-≠v (kn) t\-∏mƒ (Un) Hm-kv-t{S-en-b 100. C-¥y-bn¬ G-Xn-te-°p-≈ Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏m-Wv tI-{μ Xn-c-s™Sp-∏v I-Ωn-j-s‚ Np-a-X-e-b-√m-Ø-Xv? (F) tem-Iv-k-` (_n) \n-b-a-k-` (kn) X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\w (Un) cm-Py-k-` Answers: 1 (a) 2(c) 3 (d) 4 (b) 5(c) 6(a) 7(d) 8(d) 9(c) 10(b) 11(b) 12(a) 13(a) 14(a) 15(b) 16(b) 17(b) 18(c) 19(d) 20(c)2 1 (d) 22(c) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25(b)2 6(a) 27(d) 28(d) 29(a) 30(d) 31(a) 32(b) 33(d) 34(d) 35(c)36(d)37(d) 38(a) 39(c) 40(a) 41(b) 42 (c) 43(c) 44 (b) 45(b) 46(a) 47 (a) 48(d)49(c) 50(a) 51(b) 52(b) 53(a) 54(c) 55(a) 56(a) 57(a) 58(a) 59(a) 60(b)61(d) 62(c) 63(d)64(c) 65(a) 66(a) 67(d)68(c) 69(d) 70(d) 71(a) 72(a) 73(b)74(c)75(c)76(a) 77 (a) 78(b)79(b)80(b) 81(a) 82(b) 83(b) 84(d) 85(c)86(d)87(a)88(b) 89(a) 90(c) 91(a) 92(b)93(a) 94(d)95(d) 96(c) 97(b) 98(c) 99(a) 100(c)

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 235

A\p-_‘w

ap≥ sNb¿am≥am¿, saº¿am¿, sk{I-´-dn-am¿ ap≥ sNb¿am≥am¿ 1. {io. them-bp-[≥ hn.-sI. 2. {io. amcn-bm¿]pXw hn. 3. {io. tZh-kn Fw.-sI. 4. {io. Ipam-c≥ Fw.-sI. 5. {io. kmh≥Ip´n Fw. 6. {io. tla-N-{μ≥ Fw.-sI. 7. {io. ASn-tbmSn sI.-Pn. 8. s{]m^. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-Ip-dp∏v hn. 9. {io. N{μ-ti-Jc≥ \mb¿ -B¿. 10. {io. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW ]n≈ -Pn. 11. {io. KwKm-[-c-Ip-dp-∏v Fw. 12. {io. kem-lp-±o≥ sI.-hn. ap≥ saº¿am¿ 1. {io. h¿§o-kv F≥.-]n. 2. {io. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥ ]n.kn. 3. {io. `mkvI-c-]-Wn-°¿ ]n.-‰n. 4. {io. Ip™n-]°n kn.H.Sn 5. {io. tIi-h≥ ]n. 6. {io. acn-bm¿]pXw hn 7. {io. DZ-b-`m-\p -F.-]n. 8. {io. Ip™≥ -hn.-sI. 9. {io \mcm-b-W-]n-≈ C.-]n. 10. {io. DΩ¿tIm-b -]n.-]n. 11. {io. {io[-c≥\m-b¿ hn. 12. {io. sIm®p-Ir-jvW≥ F≥. 13. {io. \mcm-b-W≥ sI.-F. 14. {io. Ipam-c≥ Fw.-sI. 15. {io. Ip™n-Ir-jW v s- ]m-Xp-hmƒ sI.-bp. 16. {io. kmh≥Ip´n Sn.-Fw. 17. {io. tPmk^v Sn.-]n. 18. {io. cma-N-{μ≥ F≥. 19. {io. Xn-s\-√q¿ I-Wm-I-c≥ 20. {io. B‚Wn C.-]n. 21. {io. A®p-Xc - m-Pvta-temØv 22. {io. Ipam-c≥ sI.-hn. 23. {io. kndn-b-Iv Fw.-kn. 24. {io. _me-tKm-]m-e≥ ]n. 25. {io. sXßaw _me-Ir-jvW≥ 26. {io. laoZv Aen jw\mZv 27. {io. Ipc-y≥ -sI.-hn.

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.

{io. thWp \mb¿ B¿.sI. {io. cma-Ir-jvW≥ B¿.-F-kv. {io. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ sI.-F≥. {io. sambXp sI.-hn. {io. Ipam-c-Zm-kv -]n.-F-kv. s{]m^.-am-X-yp -sI.-F. {io. kpμ-tc-i≥ \mb¿ B¿. {io. Nmƒkv F. {io. Imhn-bmSv Znhm-I-c-]-Wn-°¿ {io. X¶-∏≥ sI. {io. sN√≥ _n. {io. tXma-kv F.-sI. {io. tPmkv Fw.-F-kv. {io. N{μ-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿ B¿. s{]m^. hmkp sI.-]n. s{]m^. N{μ-Nq-U≥ -Sn.-sP. {io. \p÷p-ap-±o≥ F. {io. cmL-h≥ \mb¿ -]n. {io. {io[-c≥ Bim-cn Fw. s{]m^. tPm¿÷v Fw.-h¿§okv {io. IrjvW≥ Imc-ßm´v s{]m^. apl-Ω-Zmen {io.Kw-Km-[c - ≥F - ≥.-sI. {io. sN√≥ \mSm¿ kn. {ioaXn kpPmX ]n.-sI. tUm. tPm¿÷v Fw.-kn. {ioaXn eoemΩ amX-yp {io. tImtSmØv tKmhn-μ≥ \mb¿ s{]m^. hnP-b-_m-e≥ hn. s{]m^. B‚Wn sFk-Iv s{]m^. amX-y -Fw.-kn. {io. sImf-Øq¿ Sn. apl-ΩZv {io. cma≥am-ÿ sI.-]n. s{]m^. am[-h≥ \mb¿ ]n.-sI. {io. kXo-i≥ -Fw.-]n. {io.-\-ko¿ Fw. {io. {]tamZv cmPv F¬. s{]m^. arZp-e F≥.-sI. {io. cma-N-{μ≥ F.-sI. s{]m^. \S-cm-P≥ sI.-Pn. s{]m^. tXmakv Fw. -amØp-Æn. s{]m^. tXma-kv sI.-tPm_v

236 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93.

{io. KwKm-[-c-Ip-dp-∏v Fw. {io. cmP-tKm-]m¬ -sI. {ioa-Xn. Bbnjm_o-hn hn. tUm. s_∂‰v F{_-lmw. {io. kem-lp-±o≥ sI.-hn. {io. A\-¥-Ir-jvW≥ -F≥. {io. tacn-Zm-k≥ C. {ioaXn hnP-e-£van -sI.-sI. tUm.tIi-h≥Ip´n \mb¿ -]n.-kn. {io. A_vZpƒ lao-Zv -hn.-]n. {io. B¿.-F-kv. ]Wn-°¿ {io. tPmbv -sI.-sP. tUm. _o\m-Ip-am-cn ]n.-kn. {io. t__n-k¨ sI. {io. tZh-Zm-kv ]n.-B¿. {io. tXmakv ^nen∏v {io. them-bp-[≥ Sn.-Fw. {io. tZh-Z-Øv Pn.-]p-d-°mSv s{]m^. A-W≥ -sI.-bp. tUm. tPmk-^v -sI.-kn. {io. sI.-F≥. taml-\≥ \º-ym¿ tUm. AP-bI - p-am¿ tImtSmØv AU-z. Pn. cmtP{μ{]kmZv {io. Nmh¿tImSv kn.-F≥. {]k-∂≥

ap≥ sk{I-´-dn-am¿ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

{io. tP°_v h¿§okv {io. F. sIm®p-IrjvW tat\m≥ {io. Sn.-hn. IrjvW≥Ip´n hmc-y¿ {io. F. ]fl-\m` s]mXp-hmƒ {io. hn.-hn. tP°_v {io. Fw. tKmhnμ ]n≈ {io. Pn. \mcm-b-W≥ {io. F. tIi-h≥ \mb¿ {io. F≥.-Pn. {]`m-I-c≥ {io. ]n. {io\n-hm-k≥ {ioaXn F≥. A`n-cma AΩ {io. ]n. tKm]m-e-°p-dp∏v {io. Sn.-F≥. `mkvIc - h - ¿Ω Xºm≥ {io. sI. kptc-{μ≥ {io. F≥.-sI. IrjvW≥ Ip´n {io. ]n. inh-P-Zmkv

PERCENTAGE OF RESERVATION CLASS

FOR LAST GRADE POST

Open Competition Ezhava Muslim LC/AI Viswakarma SIUC Nadar Dheevara Hindu Nadar Other Xian Other Backward Classes (Except those mentioned above) Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe

POST OTHER THAN LAST GRADE POST

50 11 10 4 2 2 2 1 2 6

50 14 12 4 3 1 1 1 1 3

8 2

8 2

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O.C E O.C SC O.C M O.C LC/AI O.C OBC O.C SC O.C E O.C M O.C E O.C V O.C LC/AI O.C SC O.C

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

M O.C E O.C M O.C SC O.C E O.C M O.C SIUC.N O.C OBC O.C E O.C ST O.C M O.C O.X O.C D

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

O.C S.C O.C E O.C M O.C E O.C Hindu N O.C E O.C S.C O.C M O.C LC/AI O.C V O.C S.C O.C E O.C

76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.

M O.C E O.C M O.C E O.C S.C O.C M O.C E O.C O.B.C O.C S.T O.C LC/AI O.C M O.C E O.C V

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 237

ROTATION CHART FOR LAST GRADE SERVICES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

O.C E O.C S.C O.C M O.C LC/AI O.C O.B.C O.C S.C O.C E O.C M O.C D O.C V O.C LC/AI O.C S.C O.C

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

M O.C E O.C O.B.C O.C S.C O.C E O.C M O.C SIUC.N O.C O.B.C O.C E O.C S.T O.C M O.C O.X O.C O.B.C

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

O.C S.C O.C E O.C M O.C E O.C Hindu N O.C O.X O.C S.C O.C M O.C LC/AI O.C O.B.C O.C S.C O.C E O.C

76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.

M O.C E O.C SIUC.N O.C E O.C S.C O.C M O.C D O.C O.B.C O.C S.T O.C LC/AI O.C M O.C E O.C V

VARIOUS S HEADS OF PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION 1. 2. 3. 4.

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238 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v

0051 PSC 105 State PSC-99 Examination Fee

0051 PSC 800 State PSC 99 Other receipts

DISTRICT OFFICES & REGIONAL OFFICES THIRUVANANTHAPURAM The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office,Pattom Thiruvananthapuram 695004 Phone: 0471 - 2448188 KOLLAM The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Corporation Building, Andamukkam, Kollam 691 001 Phone: 0474 - 2743624 PATHANAMTHITTA The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Mangalam Plaza, Near Mini Civil Station, Kumbazha Road, Pathanamthitta 689645 Phone: 0468 - 2222665 ALAPPUZHA

IDUKKI The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Comercial cum Office Complex, Kerala State Housing Board Building(4th Floor), Kattappana, Idukki 685508 Phone: 04868 - 272359 ERNAKULAM The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, 3rd Floor,Eastern Entry Tower, Ernakulam South Railway Station, Karshaka Road, Kochi-682016 Phone : 0484 - 2314500

KOZHIKODE The District Officer, K.P.S.C, District Office, Civil Station, Kozhikode - 673020 Phone: 0495 - 2371971 WAYANAD The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, 2nd Floor M.G.T Buildings, North Kalapetta P.O, Wayanad - 673122 Phone: 04936 - 202539 KANNUR

THRISSUR The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, KSDC for SC/ST Ltd. Building, II Floor ,Town Hall Road, Thrissur - 680020 Phone: 0487 - 2327505

The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Civil Lines, I Floor, Kannur - 670002 Phone: 0497 - 2700482 KASARAGOD

The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Crescent Mansion, South of Collectorate, Alissery Road, Alappuzha 688001 Phone: 0477 - 2264134 KOTTAYAM The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Devalokam,Muttambalam P.O, Kottayam - 686004 Phone: 0481 - 2578278

PALAKKAD The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Civil Station, Palakkad - 678001 Phone: 0491 - 2505398 MALAPPURAM

The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, 'Tiger Hills', Building No.KMC XII-38-D, Municipal Road, Pulikunnu, Kasaragod - 671121 Phone: 04994 - 230102

The District Officer, K.P.S.C. District Office, Civil Station,New Block, Malappuram - 676505 Phone: 0483 - 2734308 REGIONAL OFFICES

KOLLAM The Regional Officer, K.P.S.C. Regional Office, Corporation Building, Andamukkam, Kollam 691 001. Phone: 0474 - 2745674

ERNAKULAM The Regional Officer, K.P.S.C.Regional Office, 4 th Floor, Eastern Entry Tower, Ernakulam South Railway Station, Karshaka Road, Kochi-682016. Phone: 0484 - 2317435

KOZHIKODE The Regional Officer, K.P.S.C Regional Office, Civil Station, Kozhikode - 673 020 Phone: 0495 - 2371500

Website: www.keralapsc.gov.in Email: [email protected]

-X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ 239

]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n≥ tIcf ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩo-js‚ HutZym-KnI {]kn-≤o-Ic- W - a- mb ssZzhm-cnI * * *

a’-c-]-co-£-IfpsS Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n-\p-I-tfm-sSm∏w BImw F√m e°-ß-fnepw Bbn-c-tØmfw (1000) hyXy-kvX-amb tNmtZym-Ø-c-߃ 1000 tNmtZym-Ø-c-ß-f-S-ßnb H {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v hn]-Wn-bn¬ 25 cq]-bn-tesd hneh--tºmƒ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. _p≈-‰n≥ shdpw 5 cq]bv°v \n߃°v e`n-°p-∂p.

X]m¬ hcn-°m-c-\mIq... 30 e°-߃ 100 cq]bv°v t\Sq (30 X 5 = 150 cq]) "50' cq] em`n°q (100 cq]) hcn-kwJy IΩo-js‚ Bÿm\ Hm^o-knepw F√m taJ-em-˛P - n√m Hm^o-kp-I-fnepw t\cn´v kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. aWn-tbm¿U-dmbn hcnkwJy HSp-°p-∂-h¿ \qdv (100) cq] Abt°≠ hnemkw Public Relations Officer Kerala Public Service Commission Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram Pin - 695 004 (sN°v, Un.-Un., t]m-kv‰¬ Hm¿-U¿ F∂n-h kzo-I-cn-°p-∂X√) hnem-kØn-s\m-∏w ]n≥-tIm-Uv tN¿-°m≥ {]-tXy-Iw {i-≤n°pI.

{]tXy-I-X-Iƒ * * *

]n.-F-kv.-kn. sXmgn¬ hn⁄m-]-\ßfpw Adn-bn-∏p-Ifpw A[n-Im-cn-I-ambn e`y-am-Ip-∂p. ]co£m ssSw tS-_nƒ, hniZ-amb kne-_-kv, C‚¿hyq t{]m{Kmw F∂nh bYm-k-abw Adn-bm≥ D]-tbm-K-{]-Zw. ka-{Khpw B[n-Im-cn-Ih - p-amb s]mXp-hn-⁄m\ teJ-\ß - ƒ a’-c] - c - o-£bv°v Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-hm≥ klm-b-Icw.

GP≥kn-Iƒ £Wn-°p∂p t^m¨: 0471 2546270

_p≈-‰n≥ kw-_‘ - am-b A-t\z-jW - ß - ƒ°v 0471 2546270 Views and ideas expressed in the articles and General Knowledge published in PSC Bulletin Silver Jubilee Special Issue 2014-15 are not, necessarily, those of the Commission. Edited and published by P.C. Binoy, Secretary, Kerala Public Service Commission on behalf of Kerala Public Service Commission and Printed by him at Akshara Offset, Thiruvananthapuram

240 ]n.-F-kv.-kn.-_p-≈-‰n≥ -X-Pq-_nen hnti-jm¬ ]Xn∏v