Q1-what Is Perceptual Expectancy? Give Daily Life 1o73k

QUIZ Q1-What is perceptual expectancy? give daily life examples. Q2-Explain extra sensory perception? Q3-What is perceptual constancy?

Assignment Q-What is emotion? Explain the theories of emotion?

Article Cultural influence on Emotion

Motivatio n

What is motivation? Motivation is a desire to achieve a goal, combined with the energy to work towards that goal.

Motivation is the inner power or energy that pushes one toward performing a certain action. Motivation has much to do with desire and ambition, and if they are absent, motivation is absent too.

►Motivation

is present whenever there is a clear vision, precise knowledge of what one wants to do, a strong desire and faith in one's abilities.

Rules of Motivation ► 1-Set

path.

a major goal, but follow a

The path has mini goals that go in many directions. When you learn to succeed at mini goals, you will be motivated to challenge grand goals. Set a goal. If you have a major goal, it would be a good idea if you split it into several minor goals, each leading to your major goal.

2-Finish what you start A half finished project is of no use to anyone. Quitting is a habit. Develop the habit of finishing self-motivated projects.

3-Socialize with others of similar interest. ► Mutual

is motivating. We will develop the attitudes of our best friends. ► If they are losers, we will be a loser. If they are winners, we will be a winner.

4-Learn how to learn.

► Dependency

on others for knowledge s the habit of procrastination. ► In fact, when we learn the art of selfeducation we will find, if not create, opportunity to find success beyond our wildest dreams.

5-Harmonize natural talent with interest that motivates.

► Natural

talent creates motivation, motivation creates persistence and persistence gets the job done.

6-Increase knowledge of subjects that inspires. ► The

more we know about a subject, the more we want to learn about it.

7-Take risk.

► Failure

and bouncing back are elements of motivation. Failure is a learning tool. No one has ever succeeded at anything worthwhile without a string of failures.

Motivational conflicts ►Two

motives are said to be in conflict when the satisfaction of one leads to the inability to act on the other-----

►Researches

have identified four basic kind of motivational conflicts.

1-Approach-Approach Conflicts ►Occur

when you are equally attracted to two or more possible activities or goals.

►Two

desirable things are wanted, but only one option can be chosen ( example: desirable party \Or test) "I want this but I also want that."

Avoidance- avoidance Conflict ►Avoidance-

avoidance Conflict which require you to choose between “the lesser of two evils” occur when you dislike two alternatives.

►Two

unattractive alternatives ( example: study or to serve the guest "I don't want This and I don't want that.

Approach- Avoidance Conflict attractive and unattractive parts to both sides "I want this but I don't want what this entails“ ►Occur

when one activity or goal has both a positive and a negative aspect.

Multiple-Approach- Avoidance Conflict ►Occur

in a situation that offer several possible choices, each containing advantages and disadvantages.

Theories of motivation ► Instinct

Theory ► Arousal Theory ► Drive Theory ► Incentive Theory ► Cognitive Theory ► Humanistic Theory

Instinct theory ►Instinct

theory is a theory that all actions, thoughts, and intents can be traced back to being caused by instinct.

►An

instinct is a fixed pattern of behavior that is unlearned, universal within a species, and ‘released’ by a specific set of conditions.

Arousal Theory ► Arousal

theory states that we are driven to maintain a certain level of arousal in order to feel comfortable.  ► Arousal refers to a state of emotional, intellectual, and physical activity. 

Drive theory  

According to drive theory, physiological needs that arise within the body create an unpleasant state of tension, which motivates or drives the organism to behave in ways that reduce the need and return the body to a balanced, less tense state (what we call homeostasis).

A prime example would be the internal feelings of hunger or thirst, which motivates us to eat.  According to this theory, we are driven to reduce these drives so that we may maintain a sense of internal calmness.

Incentive theory ► Incentive

Theory

 People are motivated to behave in ways that produce a valued incentive  Incentives work when we expect that we can gain the incentive and when we value the incentive

Cognitive Theory ► The

cognitive approach to motivation emphasizes thinking and perceptual interpretation. As individual learn that certain behaviors lead to certain goals, they develop cognitive expectancies that motivates them to exhibit that behaviors.

Maslow’s humanistic theory

► The

best way to describe this theory is to utilize the famous pyramid developed by Abraham Maslow (1970) called the Hierarchy of Needs.  ► Maslow believed that humans have specific needs that must be met and that if lower level needs go unmet, we can not possible strive for higher level needs. 

►The

Hierarchy of Needs shows that at the lower level, we must focus on basic issues such as food, sleep, and safety.  Without food, without sleep, how could we possible focus on the higher level needs such as respect, education, and recognition.

Stimulus motives

►Stimulus

motives cause the individual to seek out sensory stimulation through interaction with the environment.

Exploration and Curiosity the curiosity motive cause us to seek out a certain amount of novelty and complexity, and with no other apparent motivation we seek out and explore new environments.

►

Competence ►The

motivational theory of competence states that people are motivated to interact successfully with the environment.

►Extrinsic

and Intrinsic motivation

Learned social motives  Henry Murray developed a list of human needs that are basically learned social motives.

achievement ► Need

to master difficult challenges, outperform others, & meet high standards   

Behavior depends on. Power affiliation

End