MKSAP 17 Custom Quiz Reference Ranges Type Size Font Weight Quiz 11/21/2015: # 1 Related Text Question 1of 150Neurology 80 A 44yearold man is evaluated in the emergency department for a severe global headache and blurred vision. Two hours ago, he was struck with a pipe in the right frontotemporal region and anterior neck and knocked to the ground but did not lose consciousness. While describing the assault, the patient becomes stuporous. On physical examination, blood pressure is 150/100 mm Hg, pulse rate is 50/min, and respiration rate is 10/min. Continued stupor is noted, as are right pupillary dilation, palsy of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), and an extensor plantar response on the left. The patient withdraws from pain more weakly on the left than the right. No other cranial nerve abnormalities are detected.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? 74% A Epidural hematoma 18% B Left internal carotid artery dissection 7% C Postconcussion syndrome 0% D Posttraumatic seizure
Choose an Answer Above Answer & Critique Correct Answer: A Educational Objective: Diagnose a posttraumatic epidural hematoma. Key Point Traumatic epidural hematoma classically presents with precipitous neurologic decline after head
trauma; common symptoms are severe headache and vomiting, with possible impairment of consciousness developing immediately or after a lucid interval. This patient most likely has an epidural hematoma. Traumatic epidural hematoma classically presents with precipitous neurologic decline after head trauma. Most patients with this diagnosis have a skull fracture with associated rupture of an underlying artery, typically the middle meningeal artery. Blood under arterial pressure accumulates between the inner table of the skull and the dural membranes. The most common symptoms are severe headache and vomiting. Impairment of consciousness may develop immediately or after a lucid interval. Uncal or subfalcine brain herniation can occur and is characterized by ipsilateral occulomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) palsy, contralateral paresis, and stupor or coma. Hypertension with bradycardia (the Cushing response) can be another sign of increased intracranial pressure. A CT scan of the head confirms the diagnosis, and immediate surgical evacuation is required. Mortality rates are commonly reported to be 10% to 20%. Dissection of the left internal carotid artery typically results in ipsilateral Horner syndrome with ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis but not oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) palsy. Contralateral hemiparesis could result if a secondary stroke were to occur in the left frontal lobe after the dissection, but rapidly declining consciousness would be unexpected. Postconcussion syndrome is defined by a constellation of neurologic, psychological, and constitutional symptoms without significant abnormalities on physical examination. Minor neurologic findings noted on the examination of a patient with mild traumatic brain injury may include ocular convergence insufficiency or mild ataxia, but typically examination findings are normal. This patient's clinical findings do not fit this pattern. Seizures occur in approximately 5% of persons hospitalized for acute head trauma. They may be classified as “immediate” if occurring within the first 24 hours, “early” if noted within the first week, or “late” if occurring more than 1 week after the injury. Half of the seizures occurring within the first week will occur in the first 24 hours, and the risk decreases with time. Some correlation between the severity of injury and the risk of posttraumatic seizures exists. This patient shows no signs of involuntary motor activity, so convulsive status epilepticus is not present. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus might manifest as stupor, but the presence of focal cranial nerve and motor deficits in this patient is more indicative of a progressive structural lesion.
Bibliography Zammit C, Knight WA. Severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Emerg Med Pract. 2013 Mar;15(3):1 28. PMID: 23452439 Answersheet1Answersheet2 Notes Add a Note New Note Type your note here...
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