Rd4000 Product Training 565627
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RD4000 Locator Product Training
Phill Hembery Technical Engineer
RD4000 Product Training Think SAFETY at all times !
RD4000 Product Training
A safe system of work has four basic elements: • Planning the work • Plans • Cable and pipe locating devices • Safe digging practices
RD4000 Product Training
Result of a cable strike.
Burns to the back of a man’s leg.
RD4000 Product Training
Result of a cable strike.
Burns to a man’s upper body.
RD4000 Product Training
What are we locating ? • Locators do not locate cables or pipes, they locate the magnetic field around the line. • The magnetic field is created by an alternating current flowing along the line. • This magnetic field forms a cylindrical shape around the line and is known as the ‘signal’. • Principle known as electromagnetic induction.
RD4000 Product Training
Two Types of Location Methods ive: These occur naturally on lines and pipes as an effect of 50/60Hz electric power energy or VLF energy. • • • •
The main purpose is for avoidance Quick No need for a transmitter Relatively easy
RD4000 Product Training
ive Location • 50/60 Hz signals induced into ground. • These signals travel along metallic cables or pipes.
POWER
• Enables most, but not all power cables to be located ively.
RD4000 Product Training
ive Location • Very low frequency (long wave) radio waves from distant transmitters. • Ground provides return paths for energy. • Metallic lines form preferred paths.
RADIO
• Signals strong enough to be located in most parts of country.
RD4000 Product Training ive Location - Practical Implications • Cannot be identified - same signal may appear on any conductor. • If the line is live at high voltage and load switched off, there is no current flow. - No magnetic field so no detectable signal. but it remains a potential danger. • Single phase cables generally easy to locate, 3 phase cables can be difficult to locate. - High voltage are better balanced and cancel their fields. - Radio mode valuable complement to Power mode. • All ive signals can change without warning.
RD4000 Product Training
Active: A signal produced by a transmitter and actively applied to a pipe or cable that can be located and traced with a receiver. • • • •
The main purpose is for tracing and identifying Measuring depth Measuring current Confirmation
RD4000 Product Training
Active signals - Connection
RD4000 Product Training
Active signals - Induction
RD4000 Product Training
Active signals - Signal Clamp
RD4000 Product Training
Peak Response
Horizontal aerial - peak response Horizontal aerial - peak response
Horizontal aerial
Horizontal aerial - peak response
• The response is related to the orientation of the aerial core relative to the field direction, it is also related to line direction. • This type of aerial gives position and direction information. • Gives peak or maximum response.
RD4000 Product Training
Null Response • The null or minimum signal is easier to detect than a peak response. • However, it is more prone to interference and therefore less accurate. • No direction information. • Good for cross checking peak mode accuracy. Vertical aerial
RD4000 Product Training
Frequency Selection Low Frequency • Less likely to bleed off. • They carry further than that of high frequencies. • Also, unlikely to couple onto other nearby lines. • Will not jump insulated ts. • Difficult to apply to telecom cables
High Frequency • More likely to bleed off. • They do not carry as far as low frequencies. • More likely to couple onto other nearby lines. • Easier to apply, especially by induction. • Will jump insulated ts.
RD4000 Product Training
• There is an optimum signal frequency for successfully locating and tracing each different type of pipe or cable. • Surface area of pipe or cable in with ground will affect signal leakage to ground. • Ability of ground to current wet/dry soils. • Earth return.
RD4000 Product Training
Current Measurement Why do we need CM ? The diagram shows the conventional locator response for the same signal on three adjacent conductors buried at different depths. It is only when CM is used that the correct target line can be identified.
RD4000 Product Training
RD4000 Product Training
RD4000 Product Training
Any Questions ?
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Locating • The first step to successful locating is to obtain as much information about the site before the locator is even turned on. – Obtain utility maps or drawings – Observe the site – look for physical evidence, i.e. covers, poles, pedestals, splices etc.
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 1 • Set the gain to maximum. • Holding the receiver vertical at all times, sweep the area with a steady and deliberate motion. • If necessary adjust the gain to keep the bargraph on scale.
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 2 • When a signal is detected continue along the search route until signal reduces, then move back to where the signal is strongest, (Peak).
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 3 • To determine the direction of the target line, rotate the receiver again looking for the strongest signal. • The receiver handle will now be aligned with the target line.
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 4 • Mark position • Measure depth • Measure current
RD4000 Product Training
Active Induction Sweep • Another method of finding buried conductors is to use the induction sweep method.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Locators do not find Cables or pipes, they find magnetic fields. • Therefore anything that affects the magnetic field radiating from a buried conductor will cause a problem or result in some form of error. - Commonly the main problem is distortion.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• A distorted field appears to come from a different point.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• Field distortion can be checked by ing the agreement of peak and null responses.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Null response in an area of congested plant is often useless. • Peak response is more reliable.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• Reinforcement bars pick up and re-radiate signals. • Raise receiver 0.5M. • Reduce sensitivity.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Changes in direction can be a problem. • If the signal disappears within a short distance, move back to a position where it can be located. • From this position walk in a circle until the signal is found again.
RD4000 Product Training
Location Problems
• Changes in target line depth can cause problems. • Walk in a circle from the last locatable position until the signal is found again. • If the signal is not found, turn the receiver gain up until it can be.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• Ends of lines can be a problem. • Repeat steps for change of direction or change of depth. • If no signal is found, the target line may have been cut or reached an end.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not measure depth near a bend.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not measure depth near another line.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not measure depth near a change in target line depth.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not try to locate or measure depth too close to an inducing transmitter.
RD4000 Product Training Tracing Non-Metallic Pipes • Plastic or concrete pipes, ducts and drains cannot be located electromatically, unless a tracer wire is inserted or laid along pipe. • Sonde - self contained transmitter. • Frequency can be chosen to match receiver. • Size dictates detection distance - transmitting power.
RD4000 Product Training
D = 0.7AB A
B
• Sondes produce a different field. • Locator should be in line with sonde • Locate ghost signals • Depth can be calculated approximately
RD4000 Product Training Current Direction (CD) • Current Direction recognition is a Radiodetection technique for increasing the information available at difficult locates. • How does it work? – CD works by comparing the phase relationship of two frequencies that are applied to the line at the same time.
RD4000 Product Training Current Direction (CD)
• If this signal couples to another adjacent conductor, there will be a change in the phase relationship between the two frequencies. • The receiver compares the signal with its reference and decides if it matches.
RD4000 Product Training Fault Find (FF)
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training
RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training Receiver Display
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
On/Off Frequency Select Gain Paddle Depth & Current Antenna Select Signal Strength Antenna Type Left/Right Arrows CD Arrows Line Select Sonde Select Battery Level Numeric Display Frequency Selected Volume Level Radio Mode Power Mode Volume Level Accessory EMS Option dB Gain A Frame
RD4000 Product Training T10 Transmitter Display 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
On/Off Frequency Select Measurement key Down key Up Key Battery Level Power Output Measurement Display Live Cable Measurement Indicator Induction Mode Transmitter Indication Clamp Indicator Direct Connection Text Display Frequency display Hi Volts Volume Level External Power
RD4000 Product Training Web Enabling Features
RD4000 Product Training Depth Calibration Check
RD4000 Product Training Further Information Radiodetection Website - www. radiodetection.com
• • • • • •
Application notes Case studies Product Library - guides News Products
Phill Hembery Technical Engineer
RD4000 Product Training Think SAFETY at all times !
RD4000 Product Training
A safe system of work has four basic elements: • Planning the work • Plans • Cable and pipe locating devices • Safe digging practices
RD4000 Product Training
Result of a cable strike.
Burns to the back of a man’s leg.
RD4000 Product Training
Result of a cable strike.
Burns to a man’s upper body.
RD4000 Product Training
What are we locating ? • Locators do not locate cables or pipes, they locate the magnetic field around the line. • The magnetic field is created by an alternating current flowing along the line. • This magnetic field forms a cylindrical shape around the line and is known as the ‘signal’. • Principle known as electromagnetic induction.
RD4000 Product Training
Two Types of Location Methods ive: These occur naturally on lines and pipes as an effect of 50/60Hz electric power energy or VLF energy. • • • •
The main purpose is for avoidance Quick No need for a transmitter Relatively easy
RD4000 Product Training
ive Location • 50/60 Hz signals induced into ground. • These signals travel along metallic cables or pipes.
POWER
• Enables most, but not all power cables to be located ively.
RD4000 Product Training
ive Location • Very low frequency (long wave) radio waves from distant transmitters. • Ground provides return paths for energy. • Metallic lines form preferred paths.
RADIO
• Signals strong enough to be located in most parts of country.
RD4000 Product Training ive Location - Practical Implications • Cannot be identified - same signal may appear on any conductor. • If the line is live at high voltage and load switched off, there is no current flow. - No magnetic field so no detectable signal. but it remains a potential danger. • Single phase cables generally easy to locate, 3 phase cables can be difficult to locate. - High voltage are better balanced and cancel their fields. - Radio mode valuable complement to Power mode. • All ive signals can change without warning.
RD4000 Product Training
Active: A signal produced by a transmitter and actively applied to a pipe or cable that can be located and traced with a receiver. • • • •
The main purpose is for tracing and identifying Measuring depth Measuring current Confirmation
RD4000 Product Training
Active signals - Connection
RD4000 Product Training
Active signals - Induction
RD4000 Product Training
Active signals - Signal Clamp
RD4000 Product Training
Peak Response
Horizontal aerial - peak response Horizontal aerial - peak response
Horizontal aerial
Horizontal aerial - peak response
• The response is related to the orientation of the aerial core relative to the field direction, it is also related to line direction. • This type of aerial gives position and direction information. • Gives peak or maximum response.
RD4000 Product Training
Null Response • The null or minimum signal is easier to detect than a peak response. • However, it is more prone to interference and therefore less accurate. • No direction information. • Good for cross checking peak mode accuracy. Vertical aerial
RD4000 Product Training
Frequency Selection Low Frequency • Less likely to bleed off. • They carry further than that of high frequencies. • Also, unlikely to couple onto other nearby lines. • Will not jump insulated ts. • Difficult to apply to telecom cables
High Frequency • More likely to bleed off. • They do not carry as far as low frequencies. • More likely to couple onto other nearby lines. • Easier to apply, especially by induction. • Will jump insulated ts.
RD4000 Product Training
• There is an optimum signal frequency for successfully locating and tracing each different type of pipe or cable. • Surface area of pipe or cable in with ground will affect signal leakage to ground. • Ability of ground to current wet/dry soils. • Earth return.
RD4000 Product Training
Current Measurement Why do we need CM ? The diagram shows the conventional locator response for the same signal on three adjacent conductors buried at different depths. It is only when CM is used that the correct target line can be identified.
RD4000 Product Training
RD4000 Product Training
RD4000 Product Training
Any Questions ?
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Locating • The first step to successful locating is to obtain as much information about the site before the locator is even turned on. – Obtain utility maps or drawings – Observe the site – look for physical evidence, i.e. covers, poles, pedestals, splices etc.
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 1 • Set the gain to maximum. • Holding the receiver vertical at all times, sweep the area with a steady and deliberate motion. • If necessary adjust the gain to keep the bargraph on scale.
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 2 • When a signal is detected continue along the search route until signal reduces, then move back to where the signal is strongest, (Peak).
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 3 • To determine the direction of the target line, rotate the receiver again looking for the strongest signal. • The receiver handle will now be aligned with the target line.
RD4000 Product Training
Basic Location - Step 4 • Mark position • Measure depth • Measure current
RD4000 Product Training
Active Induction Sweep • Another method of finding buried conductors is to use the induction sweep method.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Locators do not find Cables or pipes, they find magnetic fields. • Therefore anything that affects the magnetic field radiating from a buried conductor will cause a problem or result in some form of error. - Commonly the main problem is distortion.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• A distorted field appears to come from a different point.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• Field distortion can be checked by ing the agreement of peak and null responses.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Null response in an area of congested plant is often useless. • Peak response is more reliable.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• Reinforcement bars pick up and re-radiate signals. • Raise receiver 0.5M. • Reduce sensitivity.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Changes in direction can be a problem. • If the signal disappears within a short distance, move back to a position where it can be located. • From this position walk in a circle until the signal is found again.
RD4000 Product Training
Location Problems
• Changes in target line depth can cause problems. • Walk in a circle from the last locatable position until the signal is found again. • If the signal is not found, turn the receiver gain up until it can be.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems
• Ends of lines can be a problem. • Repeat steps for change of direction or change of depth. • If no signal is found, the target line may have been cut or reached an end.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not measure depth near a bend.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not measure depth near another line.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not measure depth near a change in target line depth.
RD4000 Product Training Location Problems • Do not try to locate or measure depth too close to an inducing transmitter.
RD4000 Product Training Tracing Non-Metallic Pipes • Plastic or concrete pipes, ducts and drains cannot be located electromatically, unless a tracer wire is inserted or laid along pipe. • Sonde - self contained transmitter. • Frequency can be chosen to match receiver. • Size dictates detection distance - transmitting power.
RD4000 Product Training
D = 0.7AB A
B
• Sondes produce a different field. • Locator should be in line with sonde • Locate ghost signals • Depth can be calculated approximately
RD4000 Product Training Current Direction (CD) • Current Direction recognition is a Radiodetection technique for increasing the information available at difficult locates. • How does it work? – CD works by comparing the phase relationship of two frequencies that are applied to the line at the same time.
RD4000 Product Training Current Direction (CD)
• If this signal couples to another adjacent conductor, there will be a change in the phase relationship between the two frequencies. • The receiver compares the signal with its reference and decides if it matches.
RD4000 Product Training Fault Find (FF)
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training
RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training RD4000 Accessories
RD4000 Product Training Receiver Display
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
On/Off Frequency Select Gain Paddle Depth & Current Antenna Select Signal Strength Antenna Type Left/Right Arrows CD Arrows Line Select Sonde Select Battery Level Numeric Display Frequency Selected Volume Level Radio Mode Power Mode Volume Level Accessory EMS Option dB Gain A Frame
RD4000 Product Training T10 Transmitter Display 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
On/Off Frequency Select Measurement key Down key Up Key Battery Level Power Output Measurement Display Live Cable Measurement Indicator Induction Mode Transmitter Indication Clamp Indicator Direct Connection Text Display Frequency display Hi Volts Volume Level External Power
RD4000 Product Training Web Enabling Features
RD4000 Product Training Depth Calibration Check
RD4000 Product Training Further Information Radiodetection Website - www. radiodetection.com
• • • • • •
Application notes Case studies Product Library - guides News Products
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