Smart Grid 54w73
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Todays electric grid was designed to operate as a vertical structure consisting of generation, trans and dist. ed with controls and devices to maintain reliability ,stability and efficiency Now operators facing challenges including the penetration of RER , rapid technological changes and different types of market players and end s
The next iteration smart grid will be equipped with communication schemes on real time measurement techniques to enhance resiliency and forecasting. Protection against internal and external threats. Framework: based on unbundling and restructuring the power sector and optimizing its assets
New grid: capable of ◦ Handling uncertainties in schedules and power transfers across regions ◦ Accommodating renewables ◦ Optimizing the transfer capacity of transmission and distribution networks and meeting the demand for increased quality and reliable supply
◦ Managing and resolving unpredictable events and uncertainties in operations and planning
Characteristics
Todays grid
Smart grid
Active consumer participation
Consumers are uninformed and do not participate
Informed, involved consumers; demand response and distributed energy resources
Accommodation of all generation and storage option
Dominated by central generation; many obstacles exists for distributed energy resources interconnection
Many distributed energy resources with plug and play- focus on renewables
New products services Limited , poorly and markets integrated wholesale markets: limited opportunities for consumers
Mature, well integrated wholesale markets. Growth of new electricity markets for consumers
Provision of power quality for digital
Power quality – a priority with a variety
Focus on outagesslow response to
There are many smart grid definitions, some functional, some technological, and some benefits-oriented. A common element to most definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid.
A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity
Advanced metering infrastructure Outage management system Power quality management Demand response Renewable integration –microgrid Smart home energy management Energy storage Electric vehicle
facilitates monitoring and measurement of consumer information through Smart Meters installed at customer premises. The information is transferred to utility control centre through communication mode such GPRS / PLC / RF. Smart meters will also enable Time of Day (TOD) and Critical Peak pricing (P)/Real Time Pricing (RTP) rate metering and monitoring based on energy consumption.
Recording energy consumption data for consumer and utility (kWh, kVARh voltage, pf, max demand etc.) Automatically send the consumption data to the utility at predefined intervals. Time-based pricing signal for Demand Response. Bi-directional communication ability. Net metering to facilitate integration of Distributed Generation in the form of Roof Top Solar etc. Loss of power (and restoration) event notification. Remote Load limiting for Peak Load management. Remote connection and disconnection of individual supply. Energy prepayment. Reporting meter tampering in real time to the utility. Communications with other intelligent devices in the home. Gateway to communicate other meters data (Gas/water).
OMS manages unscheduled and scheduled outages of distribution infrastructure like Distribution Transformers (DTs), HT/LT feeders etc. It collect and coordinates information about outages including customer calls and report the operator for taking corrective actions through crew management and remote control enabling customer satisfaction, improve System Availability and Reliability.
Power Quality Management address events like Voltage flickering (Sags/Swells), unbalanced phases voltages and harmonic distorted/contaminated supply etc. This will facilitate efficient and reliable operation of the power system, reduce losses, improve customer satisfaction and reduced equipment (utility/consumer) failures. Power Quality management shall include voltage / VAR Control, Load balancing, Harmonics Controller etc.
The DR application collects information from various systems like the load forecast, SCADA, and MDM sub systems. Based on these inputs power demand-supply is determined for present and the next time block and the deficit/surplus is worked out. Based on the deficit/surplus demand response signals are sent out to the consumers.
Demand Side Management solution helps to make the electric grid much more efficient and balanced by assisting the consumers reduce their overall electric demand, and/or shifts the time period when they use their electricity, and/or prioritizes the way they use electricity, and in so doing, reduces their overall energy costs. It also helps utility in deferring additional investment in capacity addition, reductions of AT&C losses.
Demand response (DR) mechanism shall create an understanding among consumers that pricing of electricity varies significantly during the day, facilitating consumer for wiser use of electricity. Demand response includes turning off non essential loads & shifting energy intensive activities to off peak hours.
A Microgrid is an integrated energy and communication system consisting of interconnected loads and Distributed Energy Resources (DER) which mainly operates in standalone mode or in parallel with the grid (macro grid) in case of emergency. Microgrid generation resources include Micro turbines, wind, solar, fuel cells or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network provides highly reliable electric power to its consumers.
The Home Energy Management System will enable the end to monitor energy consumption & cost of electricity, optimise energy usage, control appliances and other devices, make informed decisions under variable pricing structure, participate in demand response programs empowering consumer involvement in energy management process.
Growing Electrical power needs for the space craft systems-Megawatt range Existing DC based power systems has limitations – excessive copper cable weight to compensate for the losses Early AC power distribution employees solar arrays and brayton generator has power sources Rotary transformer and series resonant inverter to generate high frequency power
Capgemini’s Vision: Capgemini believes that in order to make meaningful progress toward addressing the current grid challenges and delivering on the future grid characteristics, utilities should focus on four main activities:
1.Gather data: Data should be collected from many sources on the grid. 2. Analysis/forecasting: The data that is gathered should be analyzed—for operational and business purposes. 3. Monitor/manage/act: In the operational world, data that comes from the grid hardware will trigger a predefined process that will inform, log or take action. 4. Rebuilding the grid to bi-directional power flow and transfer of power from substation to substation: This is to enable the information that is collected and analyzed to be acted on.
IBM believes that the smart grid will be manifested by a steady progression toward a ―Participatory Network,‖ a technology ecosystem comprising a wide variety of intelligent network-connected devices, distributed generation, and consumer energy management tools
Preparing for an environment in which customers are more active participants. Capitalizing on new sources of real-time customer and operational information, and deciding which role(s) to play in the industry’s evolving value chain.
Better understanding and serving an increasingly heterogeneous customer base. To make these improvements, IBM believes that utilities will deploy advanced energy technologies such as smart metering, sensors and distributed generation.
They believe that these technologies respond to the following interests:
The combination of energy price increases and consumers’ increased sense of responsibility for the impact of their energy usage on the environment. The frequency and extent of blackouts are driving consumers, politicians and regulators alike to demand assessment and upgrade of the industry’s aging network infrastructure.
Climate change concerns have invigorated research and capacity investments in small, clean generating technologies. Technology costs have generally decreased as lower-cost communications, more cost-effective computing and open standards have become more prevalent.
For utility executives—GE believes the potential for dramatic energy productivity gains could improve service, control costs and strengthen reliability. For operations managers—GE anticipates a reduction in the frequency and impact of outages with improved real-time knowledge of grid status. For chief information technology officers—GE sees the smart grid as based on open-standard software and communication protocols, easing systems integration and .
For maintenance and engineering professionals- GE believes more can be done with less, and focuses resources on improving service, instead of simply maintaining it. Accurate, real-time and actionable knowledge of grid status enables a shift from time-based to need-based maintenance. It also allows for a more timely response to outages, speeding power restoration.
For customer service (call center) functions—Calls can be anticipated when an outage has occurred, making systems more responsive to customers. Armed with answers, calls can be resolved faster, allowing delivery of accurate information and a reduction of callbacks, queue times and staffing levels.
Some major elements GE believes will be included are: Distributed generation working seamlessly with current assets. Smart homes that make savings practical and ease facets of every-day life.
Demand response that really knows demand and optimizes response.
Thermal issues are generally related to thermal limits caused, change in the network configuration. In a meshed power system, there can occur a situation where a low impedance line carries much more power than originally designed for, while parallel paths are underutilized. In the future when, among others, private companies will operate transmission lines and sell energy to interested parties, the load flow will have to be controlled. One possibility is to use HVDC lines; another possibility is load flow control using FACTS devices in an AC network; • Voltage and reactive power control issues—low voltage at heavily loaded transmission lines as well high voltage at lightly loaded lines are undesirable occurrences in transmission lines. The first can be a limiting factor responsible for reduced value of the transmitted power and the second can cause equipment damage. The corrective actions with utilization of selected FACTS devices include correcting the power factor and compensating reactive losses in lines by supplying reactive power;
Loss reduction—generally, total losses in a system cannot be reduced to such an extent that the installation of power flow controllers is justified. Only the losses due to reactive power flow, which usually are quite small, are easily avoidable. A reduction of the losses due to active power flow would require a decrease of the line resistances. However, loss reduction in a particular area of the system is a relevant issue.
Power transfers from one point to another will physically flow on a number of parallel paths and thereby impel losses on lines that might belong to another utility, thus causing increased costs for that company. If the latter utility cannot accept these losses, power flow control can be a solution; Transient and dynamic stability control issues— transient stability describes the ability of the power system to survive after a major disturbance, while dynamic stability describes sustained or growing power swing oscillations between generators or a group of generators initiated by a disturbance (fault, major load changes etc
The first phenomenon can be improved by synchronizing power flow between sending and receiving ends. A solution for the second phenomenon lies in the use of equipment that permits dynamic damping of such oscillations. In the first as well as the second situation, active power flow control can be a solution.
Delivery of power at multi kHz frequency via electric cables ◦ Flexibility to meet loads at different voltage levels ◦ Ease of electrical isolation using compact high freq transformers ◦ Savings in component and system integration ◦ Improves the dynamic response of the system ◦ Reduces acoustic noise Development in high frequency cable and magnetic materials ,resonant power converter technologies Advanced Soft Switching schemes
High frequency operation – higher EMI and higher cross talk Design of power cables that carry high frequency current without significant skin and proximity effect losses Cable must also have low inductive reactance to minimize voltage drop and radiated magnetic fields
HFAC system for space application proposed by Sood and Lipo Pulse density modulation called area comparison pulse density modulation to control the amplitude of the power output This refers to minimization of volt – time area, difference between the reference signal and the synthesized output signal The circuit aims to produce the correct proportion of positive and negative half cycle pulses
High brid or double tuned resonant inverter was developed. Aims to meet the steady state operating requirement of a power source for the international space station mobile servicing system The key requirements are high efficiency at varying load, good voltage regulation and low harmonic distortion
Present power distribution – DC domain Higher power requirements - Higher complexity – higher reliability – compactness – challenges for DC distributions Two types of power distribution – centralized DC / DC and distributed DC/DC The first method simple to implement – for a single DC/DC converter, converting 48 Volts battery input to different voltages The current to be distributed in bus bar is very high
Results in larger conductors - Excessive heat – voltage drop
Todays electric grid was designed to operate as a vertical structure consisting of generation, trans and dist. ed with controls and devices to maintain reliability ,stability and efficiency Now operators facing challenges including the penetration of RER , rapid technological changes and different types of market players and end s
The next iteration smart grid will be equipped with communication schemes on real time measurement techniques to enhance resiliency and forecasting. Protection against internal and external threats. Framework: based on unbundling and restructuring the power sector and optimizing its assets
New grid: capable of ◦ Handling uncertainties in schedules and power transfers across regions ◦ Accommodating renewables ◦ Optimizing the transfer capacity of transmission and distribution networks and meeting the demand for increased quality and reliable supply
◦ Managing and resolving unpredictable events and uncertainties in operations and planning
Characteristics
Todays grid
Smart grid
Active consumer participation
Consumers are uninformed and do not participate
Informed, involved consumers; demand response and distributed energy resources
Accommodation of all generation and storage option
Dominated by central generation; many obstacles exists for distributed energy resources interconnection
Many distributed energy resources with plug and play- focus on renewables
New products services Limited , poorly and markets integrated wholesale markets: limited opportunities for consumers
Mature, well integrated wholesale markets. Growth of new electricity markets for consumers
Provision of power quality for digital
Power quality – a priority with a variety
Focus on outagesslow response to
There are many smart grid definitions, some functional, some technological, and some benefits-oriented. A common element to most definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid.
A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity
Advanced metering infrastructure Outage management system Power quality management Demand response Renewable integration –microgrid Smart home energy management Energy storage Electric vehicle
facilitates monitoring and measurement of consumer information through Smart Meters installed at customer premises. The information is transferred to utility control centre through communication mode such GPRS / PLC / RF. Smart meters will also enable Time of Day (TOD) and Critical Peak pricing (P)/Real Time Pricing (RTP) rate metering and monitoring based on energy consumption.
Recording energy consumption data for consumer and utility (kWh, kVARh voltage, pf, max demand etc.) Automatically send the consumption data to the utility at predefined intervals. Time-based pricing signal for Demand Response. Bi-directional communication ability. Net metering to facilitate integration of Distributed Generation in the form of Roof Top Solar etc. Loss of power (and restoration) event notification. Remote Load limiting for Peak Load management. Remote connection and disconnection of individual supply. Energy prepayment. Reporting meter tampering in real time to the utility. Communications with other intelligent devices in the home. Gateway to communicate other meters data (Gas/water).
OMS manages unscheduled and scheduled outages of distribution infrastructure like Distribution Transformers (DTs), HT/LT feeders etc. It collect and coordinates information about outages including customer calls and report the operator for taking corrective actions through crew management and remote control enabling customer satisfaction, improve System Availability and Reliability.
Power Quality Management address events like Voltage flickering (Sags/Swells), unbalanced phases voltages and harmonic distorted/contaminated supply etc. This will facilitate efficient and reliable operation of the power system, reduce losses, improve customer satisfaction and reduced equipment (utility/consumer) failures. Power Quality management shall include voltage / VAR Control, Load balancing, Harmonics Controller etc.
The DR application collects information from various systems like the load forecast, SCADA, and MDM sub systems. Based on these inputs power demand-supply is determined for present and the next time block and the deficit/surplus is worked out. Based on the deficit/surplus demand response signals are sent out to the consumers.
Demand Side Management solution helps to make the electric grid much more efficient and balanced by assisting the consumers reduce their overall electric demand, and/or shifts the time period when they use their electricity, and/or prioritizes the way they use electricity, and in so doing, reduces their overall energy costs. It also helps utility in deferring additional investment in capacity addition, reductions of AT&C losses.
Demand response (DR) mechanism shall create an understanding among consumers that pricing of electricity varies significantly during the day, facilitating consumer for wiser use of electricity. Demand response includes turning off non essential loads & shifting energy intensive activities to off peak hours.
A Microgrid is an integrated energy and communication system consisting of interconnected loads and Distributed Energy Resources (DER) which mainly operates in standalone mode or in parallel with the grid (macro grid) in case of emergency. Microgrid generation resources include Micro turbines, wind, solar, fuel cells or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network provides highly reliable electric power to its consumers.
The Home Energy Management System will enable the end to monitor energy consumption & cost of electricity, optimise energy usage, control appliances and other devices, make informed decisions under variable pricing structure, participate in demand response programs empowering consumer involvement in energy management process.
Growing Electrical power needs for the space craft systems-Megawatt range Existing DC based power systems has limitations – excessive copper cable weight to compensate for the losses Early AC power distribution employees solar arrays and brayton generator has power sources Rotary transformer and series resonant inverter to generate high frequency power
Capgemini’s Vision: Capgemini believes that in order to make meaningful progress toward addressing the current grid challenges and delivering on the future grid characteristics, utilities should focus on four main activities:
1.Gather data: Data should be collected from many sources on the grid. 2. Analysis/forecasting: The data that is gathered should be analyzed—for operational and business purposes. 3. Monitor/manage/act: In the operational world, data that comes from the grid hardware will trigger a predefined process that will inform, log or take action. 4. Rebuilding the grid to bi-directional power flow and transfer of power from substation to substation: This is to enable the information that is collected and analyzed to be acted on.
IBM believes that the smart grid will be manifested by a steady progression toward a ―Participatory Network,‖ a technology ecosystem comprising a wide variety of intelligent network-connected devices, distributed generation, and consumer energy management tools
Preparing for an environment in which customers are more active participants. Capitalizing on new sources of real-time customer and operational information, and deciding which role(s) to play in the industry’s evolving value chain.
Better understanding and serving an increasingly heterogeneous customer base. To make these improvements, IBM believes that utilities will deploy advanced energy technologies such as smart metering, sensors and distributed generation.
They believe that these technologies respond to the following interests:
The combination of energy price increases and consumers’ increased sense of responsibility for the impact of their energy usage on the environment. The frequency and extent of blackouts are driving consumers, politicians and regulators alike to demand assessment and upgrade of the industry’s aging network infrastructure.
Climate change concerns have invigorated research and capacity investments in small, clean generating technologies. Technology costs have generally decreased as lower-cost communications, more cost-effective computing and open standards have become more prevalent.
For utility executives—GE believes the potential for dramatic energy productivity gains could improve service, control costs and strengthen reliability. For operations managers—GE anticipates a reduction in the frequency and impact of outages with improved real-time knowledge of grid status. For chief information technology officers—GE sees the smart grid as based on open-standard software and communication protocols, easing systems integration and .
For maintenance and engineering professionals- GE believes more can be done with less, and focuses resources on improving service, instead of simply maintaining it. Accurate, real-time and actionable knowledge of grid status enables a shift from time-based to need-based maintenance. It also allows for a more timely response to outages, speeding power restoration.
For customer service (call center) functions—Calls can be anticipated when an outage has occurred, making systems more responsive to customers. Armed with answers, calls can be resolved faster, allowing delivery of accurate information and a reduction of callbacks, queue times and staffing levels.
Some major elements GE believes will be included are: Distributed generation working seamlessly with current assets. Smart homes that make savings practical and ease facets of every-day life.
Demand response that really knows demand and optimizes response.
Thermal issues are generally related to thermal limits caused, change in the network configuration. In a meshed power system, there can occur a situation where a low impedance line carries much more power than originally designed for, while parallel paths are underutilized. In the future when, among others, private companies will operate transmission lines and sell energy to interested parties, the load flow will have to be controlled. One possibility is to use HVDC lines; another possibility is load flow control using FACTS devices in an AC network; • Voltage and reactive power control issues—low voltage at heavily loaded transmission lines as well high voltage at lightly loaded lines are undesirable occurrences in transmission lines. The first can be a limiting factor responsible for reduced value of the transmitted power and the second can cause equipment damage. The corrective actions with utilization of selected FACTS devices include correcting the power factor and compensating reactive losses in lines by supplying reactive power;
Loss reduction—generally, total losses in a system cannot be reduced to such an extent that the installation of power flow controllers is justified. Only the losses due to reactive power flow, which usually are quite small, are easily avoidable. A reduction of the losses due to active power flow would require a decrease of the line resistances. However, loss reduction in a particular area of the system is a relevant issue.
Power transfers from one point to another will physically flow on a number of parallel paths and thereby impel losses on lines that might belong to another utility, thus causing increased costs for that company. If the latter utility cannot accept these losses, power flow control can be a solution; Transient and dynamic stability control issues— transient stability describes the ability of the power system to survive after a major disturbance, while dynamic stability describes sustained or growing power swing oscillations between generators or a group of generators initiated by a disturbance (fault, major load changes etc
The first phenomenon can be improved by synchronizing power flow between sending and receiving ends. A solution for the second phenomenon lies in the use of equipment that permits dynamic damping of such oscillations. In the first as well as the second situation, active power flow control can be a solution.
Delivery of power at multi kHz frequency via electric cables ◦ Flexibility to meet loads at different voltage levels ◦ Ease of electrical isolation using compact high freq transformers ◦ Savings in component and system integration ◦ Improves the dynamic response of the system ◦ Reduces acoustic noise Development in high frequency cable and magnetic materials ,resonant power converter technologies Advanced Soft Switching schemes
High frequency operation – higher EMI and higher cross talk Design of power cables that carry high frequency current without significant skin and proximity effect losses Cable must also have low inductive reactance to minimize voltage drop and radiated magnetic fields
HFAC system for space application proposed by Sood and Lipo Pulse density modulation called area comparison pulse density modulation to control the amplitude of the power output This refers to minimization of volt – time area, difference between the reference signal and the synthesized output signal The circuit aims to produce the correct proportion of positive and negative half cycle pulses
High brid or double tuned resonant inverter was developed. Aims to meet the steady state operating requirement of a power source for the international space station mobile servicing system The key requirements are high efficiency at varying load, good voltage regulation and low harmonic distortion
Present power distribution – DC domain Higher power requirements - Higher complexity – higher reliability – compactness – challenges for DC distributions Two types of power distribution – centralized DC / DC and distributed DC/DC The first method simple to implement – for a single DC/DC converter, converting 48 Volts battery input to different voltages The current to be distributed in bus bar is very high
Results in larger conductors - Excessive heat – voltage drop
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