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Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Solar Energy
Conversion Techniques
ABDUL MAJID Department of Physics University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad Pakistan
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
1
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques (For M. Phil. /PhD in Physics)
PHY-7215
Credit:3
Course Objectives By the year 2030, several hundreds gigawatts of power must be generated from low-carbon sources to cap atmospheric CO2 concentrations at levels deemed "lower-risk" by the current scientific consensus. The necessity to develop low-carbon energy sources represents not only an awesome technological and engineering challenge, but also an equally large economic opportunity in a trillion-dollar energy market.
Course Description Aim of this course is to provide some understanding to students about that • how solar cells convert light into electricity, • how solar cells are manufactured, • how solar cells are evaluated, • what technologies are currently on the market, and • how to evaluate the risk and potential of existing and emerging solar cell technologies. We will also try examine the potential & drawbacks of currently manufactured technologies (singleand multi-crystalline silicon, tandem cells, CdTe, CIGS, V, PVT), as well as pre-commercial technologies (organics, biomimetic, organic/inorganic hybrid, and nanostructure-based solar cells).
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
2
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Course Contents Photovoltaic Overview of world energy, Options for harnessing solar energy and their respective current and projected costs/potential, compared to traditional sources. Fundamentals of photoelectric conversion: charge excitation, conduction, separation, and collection. Commercial and emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Cross-cutting themes in PV: conversion efficiencies, loss mechanisms, characterization, manufacturing, systems, reliability, life-cycle analysis, risk analysis. Photovoltaic technology evolution in the context of markets, policies, society, and environment. Charge excitation and conduction How light is converted to electricity. Direct and indirect semiconductor bandgaps. Optical properties of semiconductors. Introduction to intrinsic, doped semiconductors, conjugated polymers. Minority carrier mobility, lifetime, diffusion length. Charge excitation in non-semiconducting materials. Conduction, dispersive hopping. Charge separation How voltage, current are formed. Minority-carrier devices: semiconductor pn-junctions. IV curves. Majoritycarrier devices (organics). Quantum-size effects of charge separation. Charge collection, and the solar cell device Metallization. Solar cell device architectures. Common limitations of efficiency, short-circuit current, fill factor, open-circuit voltage. Commercial technologies-I Crystalline silicon solar cells, Crystal growth: ingot silicon, ribbon and sheet silicon. Wafering. Cell fabrication: methods, architectures, concepts. History, state-of-the-art. Emerging trends, cutting-edge technology. Role of innovation. Commercial technologies-II Thin Films: thin film silicon (incl. amorphous, SiGe, micromorph, tandem cells), cium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide. Precursors. Deposition processes and technologies. Other technologies: concentrator devices and materials, heterojunction devices, photovoltaic thermal. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
3
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Course Contents Developing technologies Organic PV. Organic/Inorganic hybrid systems (dye-sensitized, nano hybrid). Inorganic nanostructured materials, incl. quantum dots, nanostructured devices, and layered structures. Biological and biomimetic systems. Novel thin film materials, multiband semiconductors, hot carrier devices, spectrum splitting. Photoelectric conversion efficiency Theoretical efficiency limits. Efficiency loss mechanisms. Optical losses, recombination losses, surface recombination velocity, series and parallel resistance (shunts). Specific loss mechanisms in each technology class. Evaluation of loss mechanisms, common characterization tools. Modules, systems, and reliability Module manufacturing: encapsulation materials, availability, trends. Systems: grid-tied and stand-alone, tracking and non-tracking. System components, including balance of systems components. Design criteria, tradeoffs, costs. Building integration, BIPV. System integration. Scaling, and integration into the power grid. Appropriate technology selection. Life cycle analysis. The energy storage challenge.Failure: failure modes in stationary and tracking systems, accelerated testing, field testing, service and warranty contracts. Cost and manufacturability Cost: building a cost model, key drivers of cost, substitution economics. Manufacturing: environments, models, operations, process yield, handling. Predicting shortages and bottlenecks. Scaling: the multi-GW plant. Production technologies. Price, markets, and subsidies Price and markets: what sets price (and profit), energy future and overview of renewable energy sources, economics and market dynamics. Fluctuations in supply and demand, drivers for oversupply/undersupply conditions, and what this means for profits.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
4
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Books
•
Bube, R. H. Photovoltaic Materials. London, UK: Imperial College Press, 1998. ISBN: 9781860940651.
•
Green, M. A. Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981. ISBN: 9780138222703.
•
Peter Wurfel, Physics of Solar cells: from Principles to new Concepts, Wiley VCH, Verlag GmbH, 2005. ISBN: 3527404287.
•
Wenham, S. R., M. A. Green, M. E. Watt, R. Corkish. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2007. ISBN: 9781844074013.
•
Markvart, Thomas II. Castafier, Luis, Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN: 13: 9781856174571 (ISBN-10: 1856174573)
•
Green, M. A. Silicon Solar Cells: Advanced Principles and Practice. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Photovoltaic Devices & Systems, 1995. ISBN: 9780733409943.
•
Stephen J. Fonash, Solar Cell Device Physics, 2nd ed. Elsevier, 2010, ISBN 978-0-12-374774-7
•
Aberle, A. G. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells - Advanced Surface ivation & Analysis. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales, 2004. ISBN: 9780733406454
•
Poortmans, J., and V. Arkhipov. Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN: 9780470091265.
•
Green, M. A. Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2007. ISBN: 9783540265627.
•
Luque, A., and S. Hegedus. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN: 9780471491965.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
5
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Books
•
Bube, R. H. Photovoltaic Materials. London, UK: Imperial College Press, 1998. ISBN: 9781860940651.
•
Green, M. A. Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981. ISBN: 9780138222703.
•
Peter Wurfel, Physics of Solar cells: from Principles to new Concepts, Wiley VCH, Verlag GmbH, 2005. ISBN: 3527404287.
•
Wenham, S. R., M. A. Green, M. E. Watt, R. Corkish. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2007. ISBN: 9781844074013.
•
Markvart, Thomas II. Castafier, Luis, Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN: 13: 9781856174571 (ISBN-10: 1856174573)
•
Green, M. A. Silicon Solar Cells: Advanced Principles and Practice. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Photovoltaic Devices & Systems, 1995. ISBN: 9780733409943.
•
Stephen J. Fonash, Solar Cell Device Physics, 2nd ed. Elsevier, 2010, ISBN 978-0-12-374774-7
•
Aberle, A. G. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells - Advanced Surface ivation & Analysis. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales, 2004. ISBN: 9780733406454
•
Poortmans, J., and V. Arkhipov. Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN: 9780470091265.
•
Green, M. A. Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2007. ISBN: 9783540265627.
•
Luque, A., and S. Hegedus. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN: 9780471491965.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
6
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Energy Economy Fundamental unit of Energy is Joule ( J ) 1 J = amount of energy required to heat 1g water by a quarter (1/4) of a degree = amount of energy which a hair drier with a power 1kW consume in 1ms A More practical unit of energy is Kilo Watt hour (kWh) i.e. 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ =1kWh = energy contained in 100 g Chocolate Energy of Fossil fuel is often given in barrels of oil equivalents or in (metric) tons of coal equivalents (t coal equ.)
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
7
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Energy Economy
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
8
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Energy Economy
Total World Population = 6 x 109 person
Total World Energy resources out of hydo, Wind and biomass, and let that may be 10 x 1012 t coal equ
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
9
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Where we are?
This image is a work of a United States Department of Energy. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
10
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Where we are?
This image is a work of a United States Department of Energy. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
11
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Where we are?
Where we are?
This image is a work of a United States Department of Energy. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
12
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
13
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
A parabolic trough collector (A simplified alternative to a parabolic trough concentrator is the linear Fresnel mirror reflector.). Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
14
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
In March 2007 Europe.s first commercial solar power concentrating plant, known as PS10, opened near the Spanish city of Seville. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
15
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Temperature at surface the sun is about 6000K. Power density 5.961 × 107 W.m−2 at its surface the sun Power density 1353 W.m−2 in Earth orbit, at distance of 150 × 106km Power density 1000 W.m−2 at the Earth’s surface. The exact figure for the solar power density depends on • latitude, • season, • climatic conditions • and albedo of the surroundings. Variations in latitude are ed for through the air mass (AM) factor, defined as the secant of the angle from the sun to the zenith.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
16
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
17
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ? Variations in latitude are ed for through the air mass (AM) factor, defined as the secant of the angle from the sun to the zenith.
Therefore AM0 is appropriate for space, AM1 appropriate at midday on the equator and rising to AM2 at other latitudes and times of day. The scientific standard, agreed for terrestrial solar cell calibration is AM 1.5 at 1000W.m−2 at 25◦C, an artificial quantity but convenient as an accurate basis for comparison. More realistic values for AM1.5 irradiance are 768W.m−2 direct (no secondary reflection from the ground) and 963W.m−2 global (37◦ tilt, incorporating an average ground albedo)
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
18
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Trend of cost per watt for solar cells and volume of production experience curve for PV.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
19
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Annual investment in new renewable energy capacity, 1995–2007. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
20
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Forecast for (megawatts) the photovoltaics world market 2010: will remain the solar power champion with a market share of 36%, followed by the USA (15%) and Japan (12%). Spain takes up place 4 with 8% market share, then China (6%) and India (4%). Italy, and Greece together achieve 7%. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
21
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ? PV production (MW) by top ten companies (Source: Earth Policy Institute, 2007).
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
22
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Efficient cost trade-off for the three generations of solar cell technologies: wafer, thin-films, advanced thin-films. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
23
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
24
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Better utilization of the solar spectrum through the multijunction approach.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
25
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
26
Solar Energy
Conversion Techniques
ABDUL MAJID Department of Physics University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad Pakistan
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
1
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques (For M. Phil. /PhD in Physics)
PHY-7215
Credit:3
Course Objectives By the year 2030, several hundreds gigawatts of power must be generated from low-carbon sources to cap atmospheric CO2 concentrations at levels deemed "lower-risk" by the current scientific consensus. The necessity to develop low-carbon energy sources represents not only an awesome technological and engineering challenge, but also an equally large economic opportunity in a trillion-dollar energy market.
Course Description Aim of this course is to provide some understanding to students about that • how solar cells convert light into electricity, • how solar cells are manufactured, • how solar cells are evaluated, • what technologies are currently on the market, and • how to evaluate the risk and potential of existing and emerging solar cell technologies. We will also try examine the potential & drawbacks of currently manufactured technologies (singleand multi-crystalline silicon, tandem cells, CdTe, CIGS, V, PVT), as well as pre-commercial technologies (organics, biomimetic, organic/inorganic hybrid, and nanostructure-based solar cells).
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
2
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Course Contents Photovoltaic Overview of world energy, Options for harnessing solar energy and their respective current and projected costs/potential, compared to traditional sources. Fundamentals of photoelectric conversion: charge excitation, conduction, separation, and collection. Commercial and emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Cross-cutting themes in PV: conversion efficiencies, loss mechanisms, characterization, manufacturing, systems, reliability, life-cycle analysis, risk analysis. Photovoltaic technology evolution in the context of markets, policies, society, and environment. Charge excitation and conduction How light is converted to electricity. Direct and indirect semiconductor bandgaps. Optical properties of semiconductors. Introduction to intrinsic, doped semiconductors, conjugated polymers. Minority carrier mobility, lifetime, diffusion length. Charge excitation in non-semiconducting materials. Conduction, dispersive hopping. Charge separation How voltage, current are formed. Minority-carrier devices: semiconductor pn-junctions. IV curves. Majoritycarrier devices (organics). Quantum-size effects of charge separation. Charge collection, and the solar cell device Metallization. Solar cell device architectures. Common limitations of efficiency, short-circuit current, fill factor, open-circuit voltage. Commercial technologies-I Crystalline silicon solar cells, Crystal growth: ingot silicon, ribbon and sheet silicon. Wafering. Cell fabrication: methods, architectures, concepts. History, state-of-the-art. Emerging trends, cutting-edge technology. Role of innovation. Commercial technologies-II Thin Films: thin film silicon (incl. amorphous, SiGe, micromorph, tandem cells), cium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide. Precursors. Deposition processes and technologies. Other technologies: concentrator devices and materials, heterojunction devices, photovoltaic thermal. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
3
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Course Contents Developing technologies Organic PV. Organic/Inorganic hybrid systems (dye-sensitized, nano hybrid). Inorganic nanostructured materials, incl. quantum dots, nanostructured devices, and layered structures. Biological and biomimetic systems. Novel thin film materials, multiband semiconductors, hot carrier devices, spectrum splitting. Photoelectric conversion efficiency Theoretical efficiency limits. Efficiency loss mechanisms. Optical losses, recombination losses, surface recombination velocity, series and parallel resistance (shunts). Specific loss mechanisms in each technology class. Evaluation of loss mechanisms, common characterization tools. Modules, systems, and reliability Module manufacturing: encapsulation materials, availability, trends. Systems: grid-tied and stand-alone, tracking and non-tracking. System components, including balance of systems components. Design criteria, tradeoffs, costs. Building integration, BIPV. System integration. Scaling, and integration into the power grid. Appropriate technology selection. Life cycle analysis. The energy storage challenge.Failure: failure modes in stationary and tracking systems, accelerated testing, field testing, service and warranty contracts. Cost and manufacturability Cost: building a cost model, key drivers of cost, substitution economics. Manufacturing: environments, models, operations, process yield, handling. Predicting shortages and bottlenecks. Scaling: the multi-GW plant. Production technologies. Price, markets, and subsidies Price and markets: what sets price (and profit), energy future and overview of renewable energy sources, economics and market dynamics. Fluctuations in supply and demand, drivers for oversupply/undersupply conditions, and what this means for profits.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
4
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Books
•
Bube, R. H. Photovoltaic Materials. London, UK: Imperial College Press, 1998. ISBN: 9781860940651.
•
Green, M. A. Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981. ISBN: 9780138222703.
•
Peter Wurfel, Physics of Solar cells: from Principles to new Concepts, Wiley VCH, Verlag GmbH, 2005. ISBN: 3527404287.
•
Wenham, S. R., M. A. Green, M. E. Watt, R. Corkish. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2007. ISBN: 9781844074013.
•
Markvart, Thomas II. Castafier, Luis, Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN: 13: 9781856174571 (ISBN-10: 1856174573)
•
Green, M. A. Silicon Solar Cells: Advanced Principles and Practice. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Photovoltaic Devices & Systems, 1995. ISBN: 9780733409943.
•
Stephen J. Fonash, Solar Cell Device Physics, 2nd ed. Elsevier, 2010, ISBN 978-0-12-374774-7
•
Aberle, A. G. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells - Advanced Surface ivation & Analysis. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales, 2004. ISBN: 9780733406454
•
Poortmans, J., and V. Arkhipov. Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN: 9780470091265.
•
Green, M. A. Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2007. ISBN: 9783540265627.
•
Luque, A., and S. Hegedus. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN: 9780471491965.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
5
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Books
•
Bube, R. H. Photovoltaic Materials. London, UK: Imperial College Press, 1998. ISBN: 9781860940651.
•
Green, M. A. Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and System Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981. ISBN: 9780138222703.
•
Peter Wurfel, Physics of Solar cells: from Principles to new Concepts, Wiley VCH, Verlag GmbH, 2005. ISBN: 3527404287.
•
Wenham, S. R., M. A. Green, M. E. Watt, R. Corkish. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2007. ISBN: 9781844074013.
•
Markvart, Thomas II. Castafier, Luis, Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation, Elsevier, 2005, ISBN: 13: 9781856174571 (ISBN-10: 1856174573)
•
Green, M. A. Silicon Solar Cells: Advanced Principles and Practice. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Photovoltaic Devices & Systems, 1995. ISBN: 9780733409943.
•
Stephen J. Fonash, Solar Cell Device Physics, 2nd ed. Elsevier, 2010, ISBN 978-0-12-374774-7
•
Aberle, A. G. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells - Advanced Surface ivation & Analysis. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales, 2004. ISBN: 9780733406454
•
Poortmans, J., and V. Arkhipov. Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN: 9780470091265.
•
Green, M. A. Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2007. ISBN: 9783540265627.
•
Luque, A., and S. Hegedus. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN: 9780471491965.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
6
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Energy Economy Fundamental unit of Energy is Joule ( J ) 1 J = amount of energy required to heat 1g water by a quarter (1/4) of a degree = amount of energy which a hair drier with a power 1kW consume in 1ms A More practical unit of energy is Kilo Watt hour (kWh) i.e. 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ =1kWh = energy contained in 100 g Chocolate Energy of Fossil fuel is often given in barrels of oil equivalents or in (metric) tons of coal equivalents (t coal equ.)
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
7
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Energy Economy
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
8
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Energy Economy
Total World Population = 6 x 109 person
Total World Energy resources out of hydo, Wind and biomass, and let that may be 10 x 1012 t coal equ
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
9
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Where we are?
This image is a work of a United States Department of Energy. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
10
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Where we are?
This image is a work of a United States Department of Energy. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
11
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
Where we are?
Where we are?
This image is a work of a United States Department of Energy. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
12
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
13
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
A parabolic trough collector (A simplified alternative to a parabolic trough concentrator is the linear Fresnel mirror reflector.). Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
14
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
In March 2007 Europe.s first commercial solar power concentrating plant, known as PS10, opened near the Spanish city of Seville. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
15
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Temperature at surface the sun is about 6000K. Power density 5.961 × 107 W.m−2 at its surface the sun Power density 1353 W.m−2 in Earth orbit, at distance of 150 × 106km Power density 1000 W.m−2 at the Earth’s surface. The exact figure for the solar power density depends on • latitude, • season, • climatic conditions • and albedo of the surroundings. Variations in latitude are ed for through the air mass (AM) factor, defined as the secant of the angle from the sun to the zenith.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
16
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
17
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ? Variations in latitude are ed for through the air mass (AM) factor, defined as the secant of the angle from the sun to the zenith.
Therefore AM0 is appropriate for space, AM1 appropriate at midday on the equator and rising to AM2 at other latitudes and times of day. The scientific standard, agreed for terrestrial solar cell calibration is AM 1.5 at 1000W.m−2 at 25◦C, an artificial quantity but convenient as an accurate basis for comparison. More realistic values for AM1.5 irradiance are 768W.m−2 direct (no secondary reflection from the ground) and 963W.m−2 global (37◦ tilt, incorporating an average ground albedo)
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
18
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Trend of cost per watt for solar cells and volume of production experience curve for PV.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
19
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Annual investment in new renewable energy capacity, 1995–2007. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
20
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Forecast for (megawatts) the photovoltaics world market 2010: will remain the solar power champion with a market share of 36%, followed by the USA (15%) and Japan (12%). Spain takes up place 4 with 8% market share, then China (6%) and India (4%). Italy, and Greece together achieve 7%. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
21
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ? PV production (MW) by top ten companies (Source: Earth Policy Institute, 2007).
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
22
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Efficient cost trade-off for the three generations of solar cell technologies: wafer, thin-films, advanced thin-films. Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
23
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
24
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Better utilization of the solar spectrum through the multijunction approach.
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
25
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques
SUN: An Ultimate Energy Source ?
Prof. Dr. Abdul Majid Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK), Pakistan
26
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