Spanish 2 Study Guide 282m1a

SPANISH 2 STUDY GUIDE PARA EMPEZAR Adjectives and Agreement: -Adjectives MUST agree with both “gender” and “number.” Gender agreement means that if the subject is feminine, the adjective must take the feminine ending. The same goes with masculine nouns and adjectives. Agreement in number means that if the subject is plural, the adjectives must be plural as well. *Masculine adjectives usually end in “-o” *Feminine adjectives usually end in “-a” Example: Jenny es comica. The –a ending on “comica” is used because Jenny is feminine. Bill es perezoso. The –o in “perezoso” is used because Bill is masculine. La pelota es roja. The –a in roja is used because “La pelota” is feminine. El libro es estupido. The –o in estupido is used because “El libro” is masculine. Las personas son locas. “Locas” is feminine and plural because it agrees with “personas,” which is also feminine and plural. Mis hermanos son altos. “Altos” is masculine and plural because it agrees with “hermanos,” which is also masculine and plural. *Some adjectives will not have an –o or –a ending, so all you need to do is make it agree in number by adding “-es” to the end of the adjective. Present Tense Verbs: -Used in the present tense, explain things that happen in the general present. Conjugations for REGULAR verbs: Key: Yo (I) Tú (You) El/ella/ud. (He/She/It/You formal)

Nosotros (we) Ustedes. (they)

-AR o as a

amos an

-ER o es e

-IR o es e

emos en

imos en

[Vivir] Yo vivo en Lemont, Illinois. (I live in Lemont, Illinois) [Hablar] Tú hablas a tu madre. (You talk to your mom.) [Correr] El corre cada día. (He runs every day.) [Celebrar] Nosotros celebramos a la fiesta. (We celebrate at the party.) [Comer] Ellos comen el almuerzo. (They eat lunch) *It is important to pay attention to the subject of the sentence to then conjugate the verb correctly. Some tricky subjects are: Todos- This means “everyone,” and the conjugated verb will take the “Ustedes” form Usted- This is the “you formal” subject, takes “el/ella/ud.” form. Mi Familia- “My family,” takes the “El/ella/ud.” form. *Plural nouns always take the Ustedes form. Las chicas escriben una carta. Los gatos comen la comida. Ser and Estar *****Both SER and ESTAR mean “to be,” however they are NOT interchangeable. Uses for SER: -Used for the Hour/Day/Date. -Used for place of orgin, or where you were born (Nationality) -Used for Occupation -Used for possession -Used for personality/physical features.

Uses for ESTAR; -Used for current location. -Used for emotions/or a state or condition. (How something is)

Conjugations of SER/ESTAR SER Soy Eres Es

Estar Somos Son

Estoy Estás Está

Estamos Están

Yo soy comico y inteligente. Ser is used because “personality” is expressed.

Tú eres de San Diego. Ser is used because “orgin” is used. Ella es una profesora. Ser is used because “occupation” is used. Hoy es martes, Ser is used because I am telling the date. El libro es mío. Ser is used because “possession” is expressed. Ella es guatemalteca. Ser is used because “nationality” is expressed. Estoy en la escuela. Estar is used because the current location is used. Tú estás triste. Estar is used because the emotion is expressed. How to determine “personality” versus “emotion.” Think of it this way: Ser is a verb of permanence. The adjective, most likely, won’t change any time soon or will not change at all. Estar is a verb of temporariness. The adjective could change at any given time. That is why: Physical Features and Personality is used with “ser” Current Location and current emotions are used with “estar” The girl is tall. (La chica es alta.) –This is a physical feature, so SER is used. My dad is funny. (Mi padre es comico)- This is his personality, SER is used. My brother is sad. (Mi hermano está triste.)- This is his current emotion, ESTAR is used. You are in the shower. (Estás en la ducha.) –This is the current location, ESTAR is used. Adjectives commonly expressed with SER Alto/a- Tall Bajo/a- Short Comico/a- Funny Fuerte- Strong Débil- Weak Gordo/a- fat Delgado/a- skinny Rebelde- rebellious Inteligente-smart Estupido/a- stupid Loco/a- crazy Tranquilo/a- calm Any adjective describing a physical characteristic or personality will fit as well. Adjectives commonly expressed with ESTAR Contento/a- Content/happy Triste= sad Enojado/a- mad Enfermo/a- sick Consado/a= tired Emocionado/a- excited Acelerado/a- hyper Feliz- happy

Capitulo 1 -Go verbs -Go verbs are verbs that change in the Present Tense and the Yo Form only. This is a conjugation of Salir- “to go out” SALIR Salgo Salimos Sales Sale Salen Notice the “yo” form ends in –go. This conjugation is done by chopping off the –IR ending and adding “-go.” The same is done for all other “go” verbs. This is a list of common “go” verbs: Poner: to put/place. Yo form=pongo Traer: to bring. Yo form=Traigo Decir: to say. Yo form=Digo Salir: to go out/to leave= Yo form= Salgo Hacer: to do/make. Yo form=Hago Tener: to have. Yo form=Tengo Venir: to come. Yo form=Vengo Oír: to hear. Yo form= Oigo

-Stem Changers: Stem changing verbs will change in their “stem.” The stem is the part of the verb before the –ar,-er,-ir ending. Stem changing verbs ONLY change in the present, and they do not change in the Nosotros form. Exaple: Tener (to have) TENER Tengo Tienes Tiene

Tenemos Tienen.

Tener is considered an “e  ie” verb. However, one thing that is very important is that If the verb is already a –go verb, then there will NOT be any stem change in the “yo” form except: The only 2 go verbs that change in the –yo form are: Decir (Digo) and Traer (Traigo)

There are 3 types of stem changers, “e to ie,” “o to ue” and “e to i.” When conjugation these verbs, all you have to do is replace the letter in the boot to the new “stem changed” letters. Example Dormir (o-ue) Duermo Duermes Duerme

Dormimos Duermen

Preferir (e-ie) Note that if the letter in a boot is repeated, the second letter is changed Prefiero Prefieres Prefiere

Preferimos Prefieren

Servir (e-i) Sirvo Sirven Sirve

Servimos Sirven

O-UE VERBS Dormir=to sleep Sonar= to sound Almorzar= to eat lunch Costar= to cost Encontrar= to meet/find Contar= to count Recordar= to Poder= to be able to E-IE VERBS Preferir= to prefer Entender= to understand Pensar= to think Querer= to want Empezar= to begin Comenzar= to commence/begin Mentir= to lie E-I Servir- to serve Repetir- to repeat Pedir- to ask for Decir- to say

Affirmative and Negation words In Spanish, it is correct to have a double negative. When a sentence starts with “no,” the sentence is considered negative. When there is no “no,” the sentence is considered affirmative. That is important when using affirmation and negation words. Affirmative words: Alguien: Someone Algo: something Algún: some (before masculine singular nouns) Alguno/a(s)- some (before plural masculine nouns and singular or plural feminine nouns) Siempre: always Tambien: Also Negation words: Nadie: Nobody Ningun: some (before masculine singular nouns) Ninguno/a(s)- some ( masculine plural nouns and sing. Or plural feminine nouns) Jamas/Nunca: never Tampoco: Neither Nada: no/none When a sentence is “negative,” use the negation words. When a sentence is “affirmative” use affirmative words. No hay nada relgas en esta escuela. (There are no rules in this school) Algún dia yo voy a ser una profesora. (One day I will be a teacher) *dia=masculine Comparisons: Comparisons of inequality are used when saying better than, wose than, smarter than, uglier than, ect. Mas (adj.) que: more (adj.) than Mejor que: better than Menos (adj.) que: less (adj) than Peor que: worse than Comparisons of equality express things that are equal, saying as good as, as better as, as ugly as, ect. When using adjectives we use: Tan+adjective+como When using nouns we use Tanto/a+noun+como Tu coche es tan chulo como el mío. Your car is as cool as mine.

Tu tarea es mas ordenada que la mía. Your homework is more organized than mine. Tienes tanto dinero como tengo. You have as much money as I have. Saber and Conocer -They both mean “to know,” but are NOT interchangeable Saber: -Know information or facts -Know how to do something. Conocer: -Know/ are farmiliar with a person/thing/city. Conocer is irregular in the yo form only. CONOCER Conozco Conoces Conoce

Conocemos Conocen

Saber is irregular in the yo form only as well. SABER Sé Sabemos Sabes Sabe Saben Yo sé la tarea. Saber Is used because its is facts or information. Tú sabes tocar la guitarra. Saber is used because it is knowing how to do something. Yo conozco a tu madre. Conocer is used, you are farmiliar with a person. Time expressions: Used to express “How long has it been sence …..” And (for an answer) “It has been ___ sence…” TIME EQUATIONS: Question form: Cuanto tiempo + hace que + conjucated present tense verb Answer form: Hace x tiempo + que + conjugated present tense verb, The underlines words can be replaced with any measure of time (years, minutes, ect.) Cuantos anos hace que tienes tu coche? How many years have you had your car?

Hace 2 anos que tengo mi coche. I have had my car for 2 years.

CAPITULO 2A Reflexive verbsReflexive verbs are specialized verbs that are done “to or for” oneself. The Spanish reflexive verbs are the equivalent of the English “myself, yourself, his/her/itself, ourselves, themselves). -Spanish reflexive verbs ALWAYS end in “-se.” IF the infinitive doesn’t end in “-se” it is not reflexive. Example: Cortarse: to cut oneself *reflexive Cortar: To cut *not reflexive Levantarse: to lift oneself (to stand up) *reflexive Levantar: to lift *not reflexive Conjugation of reflexive verbs is a little irregular: Levantarse (to stand up) 1.) Levantar se chop off the “se” ending. 2.) se levantar place the “se” infront of the verb 3.) se levanto conjugate the main verb”levantar” to fit the subject (yo) 4.) me levanto conjugate the reflexive pronoun to match the main verb (levanto) Reflexive pronouns: Yo=me Tu= Te El/ella/ud= se Nosotros= nos Ustedes= se **A reflexive verb MUST have a reflexive pronoun. Reflexive verbs: Prepararse: to prepare oneself Ducharse: to shower (oneself) Vestirse: to get dressed

Banarse: to bathe (oneself) Lavarse: to wash (oneself) Acostarse: to go to bed Levantarse: to get up/ stand up Despertarse: to wake up Arreglarse el pelo: Do one’s hair Afeitarse: to shave (oneself) Ponerse: to put something on yourself *when there are 2 verbs (one after the other) and the reflexive verb is second, the pronoun is attached to the end of the infinitive, or is places in front of the first conjugated verb. EX: Quiero ducharme a las seis. (I want to shower at 6) OR Me quiero duchar a las seis. (Same meaning) Body parts are introduced with their definite article. Me quiero afeitar mis piernas= INCORRECT Me quiero afietar las piernas.= CORRECT -Possesive adjectives Known as the “long” way of describing possession. Possesive adjectives also must agree in number and gender sence they are adjectives. Adjectives: El mío, La mía (-s)= mine El tuyo, La tuya (-s)= yours El suyo, La suya (-s)= hers, his, its El nuestro, La nuestra (-s)= ours El suyo, La suya (-s)= theirs Examples: La ducha mía. My shower Los coches tuyos. Your cars. La pelota suya. Her ball. Los libros nuestros Our books Las unas suyas. Their nails.

Quick way of using poss. Adjectives quickly: 1.) Look at the noun that is being possessed. 2.) Determine the gender and match it to the adjective. 2.) Determine “number” and match it to the adjective. -Preterit Used for describing completed actions in the past. **PRESENT TENSE STEM CHANGERS DO NOT APPLY TO PRETERIT** Verbs that change in the present do not change the same way in the past. AR é aste ó ER/IR í Iste ió

amos aron imos ieron

Ayer, yo me duché. (Yesterday, I took a shower.) Hace dos dias, comí sopa. (Two days ago, I ate soup.) Esta manana, ellos cominaron a escuela. (This morning, they walked to school.) How to tell the difference between preterit or present: Look for context clues. Words with past tense: Ayer: yesterday Anoche: Last night El ano pasado: Last year La semana pasado: Last week Hace + (time period)= (time period) ago… Esta manana= This morning Words with Present= Ahora= now Siempre= always A este momento= at this moment