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The Feasibility of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as Cleaning Agent Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate malunggay leaves as cleaning agent. The malunggay leaves wre separated from the stalk, pounde using the mortar and pestle until the extract comes out. The pounded malunggay leaves wre mixed with baking soda and then water. The purpose of baking soda is to increase the effectivity of the product. The product was then placed in a container. Using the sponge, apply the mixture on stained areas (kitchen sink, refrigerator wall and tile wall). After applying the mixture on stained areas, rinse immediately. Observation was then done. Chapter 1: Introduction A. Background of the Study: Cleaning agent refers to all compositions intended to be used in connection with and for increasing the effectiveness of cleaning activities. Cleaning agent includes but is not limited to hard surface cleaning compositions (kitchen, bathroom, floor, general household & glass cleaning compositions), detergents, dishwashing and food cleaning compositions, disinfectants and the like. The term
cleaning as used herein refers to those activities which involve the removal of undesirable residues from surfaces and particularly includes activities such as chemical, mechanical and thermal cleaning activities as well as combinations thereof. Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is called a miracle vegetable because it is not only a food, it is also a medicine. It may therefore be a functional food. This plant tree is not only useful but it is the most nutritional vegetable and a herbal plant. its flowers, leaves, young pods and roots are being utilized. It is native to India but has spread to other tropical regions; in the Philippines, it grows repidly and with ease in nearly every backyard when desired. Its leaves contain different amino acids such as sitosterol and pectinesterase. This study was conducted because the researcher wanted to know if the malunggay leaves can be an effective cleaning agent to household stains. Through this the researcher will determine the effect of malunggay leaves to common household stains. This is why the research study is conceived. B. Statement of the Problem: General Problem: This study is aimed to determine
the effect of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves on common household stains. Specifically it answers the following questions: 1. Can the malunggay leaves be an effective cleaning agent on common househod stains? 2. Is there any significant difference between the malunggay leaves and the commercial one? 3. Is the cleaning agent suitable in replacing the commercial one? C. Hypothesis: The malunggay leaves are effective as cleaning agent. D. Significance of the Study: This research study can contribute an idea to young minds in creating new alternative cleaning agents derived from any abundant plants. Research studies like this develops the value of resourcefulness and open-mindedness to young researchers and if landed to the right plant, this will serve as an everyday use to clean common household stains. E. Scope and Limitation:
This research study entitled "The Feasibiltity of Malunggay (Moringaoleifera) Leaves as Cleaning Agent" is limited only to the plant and part of the plant mentioned. This is only after the effects of pounded malunggay leaves on common household stains. Other related matter such as the longevity of the effects of malunggay leaves is no longer honored in this study. F. Definition of : Cleaning Agent- is a substance, usually liquid, that are used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, bad smells and clutter in solid surfaces. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature A cleaning agent conforming to the present invention may take any form that is suitable for the application intended and be applied by a way of a suitable cleaning procedure. Liquid cleaning agents can thus sometimes be treated as concentrates. The use of a clening agent conforming to the present invention is also possible in the form of creams, pastes, powders, pearls, tablets, etc. application as a solution, suspension, emulsion, spray, foam, on a moistened cloth, etc. as well as the extract exterior presentation depends above all in the appliocation intended. Mechanical cleaning activities include the use of forces exerted onto the residues, potentially including the use of tools such as sponges, scrapers
ang the like and/or potentially including other means to deliver the forces such as ultrasonic waves, a beam of solid particles and the like. Malunggay is known as Horseradish Tree in English. The odd name stemsfrom the fact that some Brits noticed the roots of this tree looked nearly identical to real horseradish and they used it on their beef as a substitute for the sharp original condiment - the two are not related at all. Besides the roots, the long ribbed pods or "fruit" are edible and often used in Indian curries; though the skinis discarded and only the pulp is sucked out in what is apparently a rather messy endeavor. The leaves are also edible and apparently incredibly nutritious. Today, malunggay is consumed in huge quantities every day across the archipelago. It is added to soups and provides excellent nutritional points for every little money. A huge bunch of the market today was just PhP 5 or 10 U.S. cents and that's just for reference as we normally just ask for some leaves from a neighbor, a house or two down the street. The leaves must be used almost immediately after picking. Just throw them into the soup at the last minute or they will overcook and even more slimy. Resources: http://www.google.com/
http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/malungg ay-horseradish-tree Chapter 3: Methodology A. Materials: 5 cups malunggay leaves mortar and pestle 5 tsp. water container 2 1/2 tsp. baking soda sponge B. Procedure: Pound the malunggay leaves using mortar and pestle to get the extractfrom it. Mix the pounded malunggay leaves with baking soda and then water. After mixing, place the mixture un a container. C. Testing: Using the sponge, apply the mixture on stained areas (kitchen sink, refrigerator wall and tile walls). After cleaning/applying the mixtures on stained areas, rinse immediately. Observation was then done.
D. Observation: The areas (kitchen sink, refrigerator wall and tile walls) was then observed if the product was effective, if it can remove the stains in those areas. Chapter 4: Results and Discussions This chapter shows the results and discussions of my research proposal entitled "The Feasibility of Malunggay Leaves as Cleaning Agent". It shows the ratings and comments of people who tried to use my product. Trial 1: Names Areas Comments Kitchen Sink Refrigerator Wall Tile Wall Aguelo 3 3 3 It needs improvement Padilla 3 3 3 It is not effective Garces 4 3 3 The product needs improvement Mackno 5 4 5 The product is not effective Trial 2: Names Areas Comments Kitchen Sink Refrigerator Wall Tile Wall
Aguelo 2 2 2 The product is better than the previous one Padilla 3 2 3 The product is more effective Garces 3 2 3 The product is better Mackno 3 2 3 The cleaning agent is effective Legend: 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5poor The researcher made two trials to see if the product is effective or not. In the first trial, we can see that the product really needs improvement. In the second trial, we can see that the product has improved. Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation Summary: This research study conducted last October 2008 and fulfilled after January 2009. The first trial was obtained during the first week of october 2008 and the second trial revealed results on the latter part of January 2009. There were positive results showing that the researcher obtain satisfactory results and the researcher found out that the malunggay leaves wiht baking soda can help remove common household stains.
Conclusions: 1. Malunggay leaves with baking sopda can remove stains on common household stains. 2. The commercial is still better than the product. 3. There is no significant difference between the product and the commercial one. Recommendation: The study resulted into a smooth yet unsatisfactory results. The researcher recommend further extended studies on improving or creating other plant alternatives. Furthermore, additional readings and more informations about the study is highly appreciated.
The Feasibility of Malunggay leaves (MoringaOleifera) and Chili fruit (CapciumFrutescens) as Insecticide St. Mary’s Academy Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City PAASCU Accredited “The Feasibility of Malunggay leaves (MoringaOleifera) and Chili fruit (CapciumFrutescens) as Insecticide” Researchers: 9-Perseverance Submitted to: Ms. Shairille Navarro Date: March 15, 2013 I. PROBLEM How to create organic insecticide? II. TITLE The Feasibility of Malunggay leaves (MoringaOleifera) And Chili fruit (CapsicumFrutescens) as Insecticide. III. ABSTRACT Insecticide making is popular Pages: 6 (1112 words)
Feasibility Study PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM RICH AND PROTEIN PACKED COOKIES FROM MILKFISH BONES A Feasibility StudyPresented to The School of ancy and Management Centro Escolar University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Business istration Major in Marketing Management By Austria, Camille C. Lambengco, Kimberley G. Mallari, Kim Kelly O. Obligacion, Mary Ann A. Oczon, Gladys Ann I. March 2014 APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfilment Pages: 9 (1726 words)
Malunggay Leaves and Chili Fruit as Cockroach Killer .
Statement of the problem: This study lies to find out
the feasibility of malunggay leaves and chili fruit as pesticide (cockroach killer). Specifically, it sought to find the acceptability of the alternative pesticide in of: A.) QUALITY B.) ODOR C.) EFFECTIVITY/EFFECT Hypothesis of the study: The malunggay leaves and chili fruit are an effective cockroach killer. Additionally, it has a high acceptability rating in of quality, odor and effect. This product of malunggay Pages: 7 (1424 words)
A Rationale of the Study, Malunggay A.Rationale of the Study This study is conducted to make use of the important nutritional and medicinal properties found in malunggay (Moringa Oleifera).Creating an affordable,safe and effective products and alternatives used daily in our homes.With this research the researchers are creating cheap products that would not be risking our health but would help us to improve it. Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa,which is the only genus in the family Pages: 2 (411 words)
Malunggay MALUNGGAY “MORINGA OLEIFERA” Also known as: "Malunggáy" in Philippines, "Sajina" in India, "Shojne" in Bengal, "Munagakaya" in Telugu, "Shenano" in Rajasthani,
"Shevaga" in Marathi, "Nuggekai" in Kannada, "Drumstick Tree, Horse Radish Tree, Ben Oil Tree" in English, "La mu" in Chinese. Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera), is a popular plant known for nutritional value as well as a herbal medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in the tropical climates Pages: 1 (290 words)
malunggay Malunggay Moringa oleifera Name: "Malunggáy" in Philippines, "Sajina" in India, "Shojne" in Bengal, "Munagakaya" in Telugu, "Shenano" in Rajasthani, "Shevaga" in Marathi, "Nuggekai" in Kannada, "Drumstick Tree,Horse Radish Tree, Ben Oil Tree" in English, "La mu" in Chinese. Characteristics : Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera), is a popular plant known for nutritional value as well as a herbal medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in the tropical climates such as the Philippines, India Pages: 2 (510 words)
dota __ ... 2. Feasibility Study - Essays - Christelyang - StudyMode.com www.studymode.com › Home › ChemistryIsalin ang pahinang ito Feasibility Study. By christelyang | Feb. 2013. Zoom In; Zoom Out. Page 1 of 27. FeasibilityStudy In T.L.E ... Like the pastillas and polvoron. We know that these ... 3. My Research Proposal: The Feasibility of Malunggay ... karenblones.blogspot.com/.../chapter-1-introducti...Isalin ang pahinang ito Mar 24, 2009 The Feasibility of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Pages: 2 (485 words)
Malunggay Scientific Knowledge Today, scientists are beginning to investigate the traditional claims about Malunggay. Let’s take a look at what they have found. Nutritional Value One aspect that scientists have examined is the nutritional value of Malunggay leaves. Nutritional analysis has shown that Moringa leaves are extremely nutritious. In fact, they contain larger amounts of several important nutrients than the common foods often associated with these nutrients
Pages: 2 (445 words)
Things to Know About Malunggay treatment of prostate cancer and skin cancer. (Ref: Fuglie LJ (2000) New Uses of Moringa Studied in Nicaragua. ECHO Development Notes #68, June, 2000. ttp://www.echotech.org/network/modules.php? name=News&file=article&sid=194) Malunggay - anti-inflamatory: Malunggay has been found to inhibit inflammation in a controlled scientific study conducted by Philippine DOST Scientists (Amelia P. Guevara, Carolyn Vargas and Milagros Uy). When an aquous seed extract of malunggay has been istered Pages: 7 (2355 words)
Malunggay Oleifera as Cleaning Agent utilized. It is native to India but has spread to other tropical regions; in The Philppines, it grows rapidly and with ease in nearly every backyard when desired. Its leaves contain different amino acids such as cholesterol enzyme. This study was conducted because the researcher wanted to know if the malunggay leaves can be an effective cleaning agent to household stains. Through this the researcher will determine the effect of malunggay leaves to commong household stains. This is why Pages: 3 (950 words)
Malunggay as Vitamin Capsule Chapter I “Malunggay Veggie as Natural Vitamin Capsule” a. Background of the Study This study determines the effectiveness of malunggay as natural vitamin and to determine if the malunggay can be a good and safe vitamin. To determine whether a vitamins or natural vitamins made from malunggay veggie is comperable to the commercial or chemical products in of : 1.1) its taste 1.2) its price 1.3) its effectiveness *This is also to inform and pursuade the people to buy and to have Pages: 2 (315 words)
Dried Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) Leaves in Ethanol Production of ethyl alcohol. However, in the year 2011, a big problem has emerged in the production of ethanol. There is a lack of irrigated lands that caused the difficulty in ethanol production. Because of the statement mentioned above, the researchers will conduct a study about Dried Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves in Ethanol Production. Since malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves are scientifically proven as a good antibacterial, antiseptic and disinfectant and have components that are important Pages: 27 (6998 words)
Investigatory Project if the malunggay leaves and chilli fruit could be utilized as a pesticide. And determines the effect of malunggay leaves and chilli fruit to the cockroach. Statement of the Problem: This study lies to find out the feasibility of malunggay leaves and chilli fruit as pesticide.(cockroach killer). 1.Is there a difference on the effect of malunggay leaves and chilli fruit and the commercial pesticides in of: a.QUALITY b.ODOR c.EFFECTIVITY/EFFECT Hypothesis: NULL HYPOTHESIS Pages: 13 (2165 words)
Research Sta. Clara Parish School 2360 P. Burgos St., Pasay City Telefax: 831-8253 * Tel. No. 8331238/832-8890 S.Y. 2013 -2014 50 Years of Clarian Legacy: Quality Catholic Education Research I I. The effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) as a soap… II. The Feasibility of Paper to become Furniture… III. The capability of Talahib (Saccharum spotaneum) to become a rope… \ The Effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) as a Cleaning Agent (Biologically- Based Research) Chapter 1 Pages: 7 (1818 words)
Malunggay (Moringga Oleifera)
Hazy Joy L. Dela Cruz II-Science Class OUTPUT NO. 3 I. Background of the Related Topic A. Malunggay Malunggay leaves was once considered a "poor man's vegetables" but now it is known as a "miracle tree" or "nature's medicine cabinet" by scientists and health care workers from around the world because it is loaded with vitamins and minerals that can be an effective remedy against many kinds of ailments. All parts of the malunggay tree are usable for nutritional and medicinal purposes Pages: 9 (3290 words)
Feasibility Study 2. SYSTEM STUDY 2.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential. Three key considerations Pages: 2 (352 words)
Malunggay & Makahiya Extract for S.I.P. with malunggay reduced its length from 1 centimetre to 0.5 centimetres. On the other hand, we noticed that the wound treated with makahiya reduced to 0.9 centimetres. We varied the treatment; we did it weekly and shifted daily just to study the difference. We measured the length and noticed that the result was almost the same as we did it daily. Treating rats is not easy for we need to handle rats carefully, with the discovery made by the researchers; they’re willing to extend their help especially from Pages: 3 (468 words)
Project Feasibility Study Fawaq International School Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Project Feasibility Study In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Technology and Livelihood Ecucation (TLE) IV Submitted by: Danielle Aimee Salaya Catapang IV – Universe Submitted to: Ms. Herna S. Bautista TLE Teacher March 09, 2011 Project Feasibility Study * I. Introduction A. Name of
Business The name of the café is HotSpot. B. Type of Business The type of this business is Individual Pages: 10 (1629 words)
Feasibility Study What to Include in your Feasibility Study March 30, 2010, 3:32 am In starting a new business venture, it is important to conduct a feasibility study to ensure that your business will be successful. Some things to be included are plan, cost, and sources of funding, manpower and personnel requirements, market and profitability. In the plan section of your feasibility study, State clearly the objectives and description of the project. Duration to complete the project is also included Pages: 8 (2381 words)
malunggay and spinach powder ³Malunggay andSpinach Powder´ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study aimed to introduce the combination of Malunggay and Spinach powder inorder to make a natural, nutritious and practical supplement for all especially to thosehealth-conscious individuals.Nevertheless, this study wouldnt be possible without the everlasting love, care andassistance from the researchers family, who ed her in the procurement of the muchneeded logistics and references, cultivated and propagated the Malunggay Pages: 3 (726 words)
Malunggay as an effective cooking oil THE EFFECTIVITY OF MALUNGGAY (Moringa Oleifera) LEAVES EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE COOKING OIL (Group 4) Louiejabe Yap Nuniala Justine Aligor Agustin John Patrick Bagadiong Cruz Mitzi Louise Hisoller Hojilla John Patrick S. Caparoso Bianca Renee Valaquio Bendero 7-Galileo Galilei December 2013 Mr. Abraham Saturnino C. Barrientos Table of Contents I. Introduction Background of the Study................................................... 3 Statement of the Problem Pages: 4 (916 words)
Malunggay can be used as water purifier Malunggay can be used as water purifier By Helen Flores (The Philippine Star) | Updated July 12, 2008 - 12:00am MANILA, Philippines – Aside from its potential as biofuel feedstock, the seed of moringa, locally known as malunggay, could also be used for treating water, a Filipino scientist said yesterday. Dr. Isidro Sia, a professor of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University of the Philippines-Manila, said moringa seeds have been found to be one Pages: 10 (1707 words)
Malunggay as Ointment Malunggay as Ointment The Malunggay leaves are highly nutritious, being a significant source of Vitambeta-carotein C, protein, iron and potassium. The leaves are cooked and used like spinach. In addition to being used fresh as a substitute for spinach, its leaves are commonly dried and crushed into a powder, and used in soups and sauces. Ointment is one of the medicine that can cure wounds. Malunggay grows very wildly in hot tropical Pages: 1 (274 words)
Feasibility Study What is a feasibility study? “A feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of the proposed project which is based on extensive investigation and research to the process of decision making” (Wikipedia.com). Without the use of Wikipedia defining feasibility study would fall on understanding the two words it compresses. Feasibility or the root word feasible means a degree to which something can be achieved or put into the effect, therefore something Pages: 3 (1027 words)
Fea Sibility Study A Project Feasibility Study of Manufacturing a Squash – Malunggay Maja Corn INTRODUCTION Maja Blanca has been one of the Filipino’s traditional holiday dessert, they usually served this during fiestas and during the holidays, especially Christmas. It exist in the
Philippines through the Spanish influence. A variety of desserts originated in Spain that was adapted by us, Filipinos, is an evident to be considered why maja blanca also became popular. In the Philippines, maja blanca
Fresh malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves are rich in vitamins A, B, C, calcium, potassium, protein and iron. Studies showed that malunggay gives a feeling of wellness and at the same time balances sugar and cholesterol content in the body. Leaves can be prescribed to treat anemia. Dubbed as miracle vegetable or the power gulay, malunggay is now being processed as food fortificant, food supplement, and even potent medicine. Seeing this great agribusiness potential of malunggay, Agriculture Secretary Arthur C. Yap urged the agriculture stakeholders to increase the production and diversify the uses of this vegetable and thereby help in fighting hunger and malnutrition especially in the rural areas. The Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) included malunggay in its Indigenous Plants for Health and Wellness Program and identified the development of malunggay as priority project. For its part, the DA RFU 5, through its research arm, the Bicol Integrated Agricultural Research Center (BIARC), is developing and piloting promising technologies for the banner commodities of Bicol. One of which is malunggay. The DA-5 Regional Executive Director Dr. Jose V. Dayao had also instructed the six Research Outreach Stations (ROS) in Bicol to facilitate the propagation of planting materials in to the program. Developing food products from malunggay Under the on-going DA-BAR funded project entitled “Development, On-Farm Demonstration and Piloting of Promising Value-adding Technologies for Export Potential and Banner Commodities of Bicol,” BIARC has found new ways to integrate malunggay in various food preparations as well as packaged it into different product lines. These include malunggay tea, instant juice, malunggay powder, polvoron, yema, cookies, noodles, pastillas, and the malunggay surprise. Malunggay leaves were separated from the stalks and were either oven dried or sun dried. They call these dried leaves as “malunggay tea.” The pounded dried leaves of malunggay, on the other hand are turned into “moringa powder” which can be mixed into common Filipino delicacies such as soups, sauces, instant noodles, polvoron, cookies, and chocolates as an added ingredient. In this way, children who are not very fond of vegetables get to ingest essential nutrients present in malunggay without knowing it. This newly developed products has a shelf life of six months at the most depending on the packaging materials used.
BIARC is now on the process of establishing the nutrient facts of these products. They are also conducting further trials to improve its shelf life and enhance the packaging and presentation of the products. Enhancing the role of R&D and technology commercialization This initiative of BIARC is being ed by BAR under its National Technology Commercialization Program (NT), together with the GMA High Value Commercial Crops (HVCC) Program of the Department of Agriculture RFU 5. “Through the help of the NT, BIARC was able to create awareness regarding the importance of this valuable commodity and at the same time promote the products developed from malunggay,” Dr. de los Santos said. NT, one of BAR’s flagship programs, is aimed at facilitating the commercialization of newly developed technologies for maximum utilization. Technologies shall be strategically placed and transferred to areas and communities that needed them most. This strategy shall enhance technology transfer as well as realize the impact of research results. “The processing technologies for Moringa developed by BIARC are a prime example of technologies generated by DA-BAR ed projects which are already ripe for commercialization,” she added. This she considers a big role in encouraging the pursuit of new production and processing technologies for malunggay products. BIARC participated in local and international trade fairs, technology demonstrations, technology fora, trainings and seminars that draw a lot of interested participants. The group also conducted sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability trials as part of their promotional and marketing strategies. They did market matching, domestic marketing trials, and export marketing trials. The malunggay industry is still very young in the Philippines. Dr. delos Santos envisions that after the implementation of the project, appropriate POTs can be developed and new products are identified from malunggay. “In addition, expanded markets for these products shall be developed as additional source of livelihood in the countryside. At the same time, majority of the people in the community will utilize malunggay as a cheap source of nutrition and” she ended. Source: Ma. Eloisa E. Hernandez and Lovella P. Guarin- bar.gov.ph, OctoberDecember 2008 Volume 10 Issue No. 4 Do you like this Money making business ideas? then please consider subscribing to our RSS feed and have new business ideas sent directly to your inbox.
Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels Mark Anthony S. Sandoval1,2 and Cecilia A. Jimeno1,3 1Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and
Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila 2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila 3Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila Introduction Moringa oleifera Lam., locally known as “malunggay,” is widely consumed as a vegetable in the Philippines. The leaves are usually added in common viands, and the fruits or pods are eaten as a vegetable dish. It is known as horse radish tree or drumstick tree in other English-speaking countries. There are popular but yet unproven claims that malunggay is used for the treatment of high cholesterol and diabetes mellitus. There are, however, several animal studies that have shown positive effects. Mehta et al. in 2003 have shown that the istration for 120 days of M. oleifera fruit, like lovastatin, was able to lower the serum cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol ratio and atherogenic index, and was able to increase the high density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio compared to the corresponding control groups in rabbits. One proposed mechanism of action is that M. oleifera promotes gastrointestinal excretion of cholesterol as M. oleifera-treated rabbits had higher levels of cholesterol in their feces.1 The crude extract of the leaves of M. oleifera has also been shown to possess hypocholesterolemic effects in highfat diet fed wistar rats. If given for 30 days, the extract was able to decrease the high-fat diet-induced increases in serum cholesterol levels by 14.35%.2 The leaves of M. oleifera have
also been shown to decrease cholesterol levels by 50% in hypercholesterol-fed rabbits after 12 weeks of treatment. 3 Aside from cholesterol levels, M. oleifera has been demonstrated to improve glucose tolerance among rats. It was demonstrated that M. oleifera leaves significantly improved glucose tolerance after a 2-g/kg glucose istration in nondiabetic rats and in rats induced to develop diabetes. 4 At least four human clinical studies have been carried out already in the Philippines but these investigated the effects of malunggay on breastmilk volume, prolactin levels, and weight gain of infants of mothers given malunggay.5,6,7,8 None of these studies dealt with the effects on cholesterol levels. A total of 126 Filipino mothers have been included in these four studies. Malunggay was given at a dose ranging from 250 mg of the leaves twice a day to as much as 700 mg three times a day. Duration of istration of malunggay ranged from as short as 3 days to as long as 4 months. Only the study by Co et al. in 2002, which istered 250 mg of the malunggay capsule 3x a day for 14 days, reported an adverse event. 8 There was one subject in the malunggaytreated group who reported developing tinnitus but this was ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA 23 said to be not directly related to the istration of malunggay.8 All the three other studies did not demonstrate the occurrence of any adverse effects. The monitoring of adverse events in these studies was performed by asking for the development of any
abnormal symptoms, and did not include the performance of any laboratory test. This study was proposed to fill the knowledge gap regarding the metabolic effect, specifically on the lipid profile and glucose levels, of the widely cultivated and easily available malunggay in humans. Since clinical studies did not find any significant adverse effects in lactating women, it would be acceptable to perform a phase II clinical trial involving humans with dyslipidemia. This study compared malunggay with placebo, but did not compare it with statins, the standard drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Since it would be unethical to withhold statin therapy in patients for whom it is recommended (i.e., those with high cardiovascular risk), this study included dyslipidemic patients with low cardiovascular risk in whom statin therapy only may be recommended (i.e., no established atherosclerosis but have LDL >100 mg/dL or total cholesterol >190 mg/dL and at least three cardiovascular risk factors) or not recommended ( i.e., those with LDL >100 mg/dL or total cholesterol >190 mg/dL but who have less than three cardiovascular risk factors). These cut-off values were based on the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia in the Philippines published in 2005.9 Research Question What is the effect of malunggay leaf capsules on the fasting LDL cholesterol levels of adult Filipinos with baseline serum LDL >100 mg/dL and low cardiovascular risk? Objectives General Objective To determine the effect of malunggay leaf capsules on the fasting levels of LDL cholesterol among adult Filipinos with baseline serum LDL >2.6 mmol/L (>100 mg/dL)
and low cardiovascular risk. Specific Objectives Primary Efficacy Outcome Measure 1. To determine if there are any significant differences in the change in mean fasting LDL levels from baseline and after a 30-day treatment period between the malunggay and placebo groups. Secondary Efficacy Outcome Measures 2. To determine if there are any significant differences in the change in mean weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75gram oral glucose load, HDL and triglycerides from baseline and after a 30-day treatment period between the malunggay and placebo groups. Secondary Safety Outcome Measures 3. To determine if there are any significant differences in the change in the results of complete blood count, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline and after the 30-day treatment period in the malunggay and placebo groups. 4. To determine whether there are any significant differences in the occurrence of adverse events by symptom questioning between the malunggay and placebo groups. Methods Sample Size In order to detect a decrease of 0.22 mmol/L (5.79 mg/dL) in the LDL cholesterol in the subjects to be given malunggay versus a 0.02 mmol/L (0.77 mg/dL) rise in the LDL cholesterol levels (standard deviation 0.35 mmol/L) in those given placebo with study power (β) of 0.80 and level of significance (α) of 0.05, the minimum sample size for each treatment arm would be 33 subjects to reject the null hypothesis. These expected results were taken from the hypocholesterolemic effects of a dietary fiber supplement as studied by Hunninghake et al. 10
This study involved a similar subject population with this investigation. It is assumed that if ever malunggay would have an effect on cholesterol levels, it would at least be because of its fiber content. There are no clinical studies on the effects of malunggay on cholesterol levels from which expected results can be taken. To allow for 20% drop-out rate, the final sample size per group was [33 x 1.2] = 39.6 or 40 subjects. Screening of Subjects This study was carried out at the Philippine General Hospital–Medical Research Laboratory. The targeted population for screening consisted of Filipinos, either male or nonpregnant female, aged 18 to 55 years old with no known diabetes, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease nor peripheral arterial disease. They were selected by purposive sampling by announcements and invitations in the workplace and in the community. Potential participants were screened by the clinical investigator with a medical interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing for fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profile. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Participants were eligible for inclusion in this study if they have the following characteristics: 1. 18 to 55 years old 2. Fasting serum LDL >2.6 mmol/L (>100 mg/dL) Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels 24 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 3. No known history of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, nor peripheral arterial disease. 4. Gave informed consent for inclusion in the study. Participants were not eligible for inclusion in this study if they had any of the
following characteristics: 1. Serum LDL 55 years, proteinuria, albuminuria and body mass index >25 kg/m2. Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels 26 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 Table 2. Efficacy and safety outcome measures in the malunggay and placebo groups at baseline and after 30 days Variable MALUNGGAY GROUP n=33 PLACEBO GROUP n=35 P value comparing the differences Baseline After study period Difference (Final-Baseline) Baseline After Study Period Difference (Final-Baseline) Primary Efficacy Outcome LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 136.86 ± 27.54 123.10 ± 46.44 -13.76 ± 47.55 137.73 ± 26.18 118.45 ± 31.53 -19.28 ± 28.29 0.564 Secondary Efficacy Outcomes Weight (kg) 56.89 ± 11.81 56.96 ± 11.24 0.07 ± 1.37 60.58 ± 11.87 60.38 ± 11.29 -0.20 ± 1.77 0.508 Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 23.09 ± 4.13 23.10 ± 3.68 0.01 ± 0.56 24.60 ± 4.47 24.49 ± 3.65 -0.11 ± 0.65 0.425 Fasting Blood Sugar (mg/dL) 75.41 ± 12.82 82.70 ± 16.48 7.28 ± 14.66 75.25 ± 14.68 77.84 ± 18.78 2.58 ± 17.07 0.232 Serum glucose 2hrs after 75g oral glucose (mg/dL) 96.77 ± 21.08 93.48 ± 26.85 -3.29 ± 28.37 99.98 ± 28.87 91.76 ± 23.32 -8.21 ± 3.37 0.462 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 204.28 ± 32.05 209.38 ± 53.25 5.10 ± 43.33 205.74 ± 33.38 194.61 ± 39.25 -11.13 ± 35.25 0.100 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 51.34 ± 12.21 51.86 ± 12.12 0.51 ± 7.51 54.64 ± 14.56 51.00 ± 13.90 -3.64 ± 10.27 0.064 Triglycerides (mg/dL) 113.96 ± 46.11 115.70 ± 43.51 1.74 ± 38.84 105.34 ± 38.41 106.78 ± 51.82 1.44 ± 45.38 0.977 Secondary Safety Outcomes Hemoglobin (g/L) 137.58 ± 12.79 136.09 ± 14.93 -
1.48 ± 6.44 139.66 ± 14.88 138.29 ± 13.19 -1.36 ± 7.96 0.946 Hematocrit (%) 0.42 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.02 0.44 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.04 -0.01 ± 0.03 0.207 White Blood Cell count (x 109/L) 6.61 ± 1.48 7.01 ± 1.66 0.40 ± 2.12 7.31 ± 1.96 7.23 ± 1.66 -0.08 ± 2.23 0.369 Platelet count (x109/L) 302.24 ± 55.68 293.03 ± 69.77 -9.21 ± 61.99 312.09 ± 79.65 312.15 ± 55.58 0.06 ± 57.24 0.530 Crea(umol/L) 63.62 ± 14.22 66.85 ± 20.81 3.24 ± 12.63 65.67 ± 18.69 66.90 ± 18.95 1.23 ± 12.11 0.494 ALT (U/L) 26.93 ± 23.15 22.31 ± 31.21 -4.61 ± 21.88 20.19 ± 17.88 19.60 ± 25.60 -0.59 ± 18.76 0.846 Table 3. Adverse events reported in the malunggay and placebo groups Adverse Event Malunggay Placebo P-value n % n % Fever 2 6.25 4 11.76 0.4361 Perceived weight loss 5 15.63 1 2.94 0.0732 Loss of appetite 1 3.13 2 5.88 0.5909 Headache 5 15.63 8 23.53 0.4197 Blurring of vision 2 6.25 0 0.00 0.1388 Dizziness 3 9.38 6 17.65 0.3277 Vomiting 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Abdominal pain 2 6.25 2 5.88 0.9501 Diarrhea 2 6.25 2 5.88 0.9501 Flatulence 3 9.38 6 17.65 0.3277 Difficulty of breathing 2 6.25 4 11.76 0.4361 Fatigue 2 6.25 2 5.88 0.9501 Cough 5 15.63 6 17.65 0.8256 Chest pain 3 9.38 2 5.88 0.5920 Palpitations 2 6.25 1 2.94 0.5190 Edema 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Frequent urination 9 28.13 4 11.76 0.0949 Decrease in urine output 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Change in urine color 5 15.63 2 5.88 0.1989 Dysuria 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Body aches 2 6.25 4 11.76 0.4361 t pains 2 6.25 6 17.65 0.1562 Breast enlargement 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Breast pain 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Loss of libido 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Menstrual irregularities 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Itchiness 1 3.13 1 2.94 0.9653
Rashes 1 3.13 1 2.94 0.9653 For the secondary outcome measures (Table 2), there were no significant differences in the change in body weight, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75-gram oral glucose load, total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides between the malunggay and placebo groups. For the secondary safety outcome measures (Table 2), there were no significant differences in the changes in the serum creatinine and ALT levels and in the complete blood count between the malunggay and placebo groups. For the self-reported adverse events (Table 3), there were no significant differences in the occurrence of these events between the malunggay and placebo groups. There were no serious adverse events reported. The most commonly reported adverse event was frequent urination in the malunggay group, and headache in the placebo group. Even if malunggay is a known galactogogue, there were no reported episodes of galactorrhea in any of the participants of this study. Discussion This study has shown that malunggay leaf capsules are similar to placebo with respect to their effect on the LDL cholesterol levels (as the primary efficacy outcome measure) and on weight, BMI, fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75-gram oral glucose load, total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides (as secondary efficacy outcome measures). What would explain the similar decrease in LDL cholesterol in the two groups is that dietary advice on a low fat diet was given to all participants upon randomization. Even if beneficial effects on lipids and blood sugar levels have been demonstrated in animal
studies, the same conclusions were not demonstrated in this clinical trial. No significant adverse events occurred in this study. Likewise, the occurrence of adverse events was similar to the rates of occurrence in those given placebo. Thus, this study validates the findings in other clinical studies of malunggay leaf capsules that there are no associated adverse effects.5,6,7,8 The previous clinical studies on malunggay dealing with breastmilk production only involved asking for symptoms to determine any adverse events. Here we have also checked for any adverse events involving the blood, kidneys, and Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA 27 liver by checking the complete blood count, serum creatinine, and serum ALT levels, respectively. The participants in this study had a relatively low level of serum LDL at baseline since our cutoff for inclusion was 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL). A study may be done to see whether malunggay would be effective in lowering serum LDL if the baseline level was higher. Since the lipidlowering effect of malunggay has not been proven in humans, it might be unethical to study its effects if given alone among those with high cardiovascular risk for whom lipid-lowering therapy is indicated. Compliance to the patient’s dietary intake and physical activity was not measured in this study and is one of its limitations. Also, we could have prescribed a longer treatment duration to show lipid-lowering effects since 30 days might not be enough time to demonstrate any results. However, several studies using plant products have showed
significant effects on lipid levels in as little as 4 weeks. These clinical studies made use of beta glucan and plant stanol esters,11 plant sterol esters,12,13 St. John’s Wort,14 and an herbal powder mixture composed of Indian plants locally known as guargum, methi, tundika, and meshasringi. 15 Conclusion Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaf capsules given at a dose of 350 mg per capsule, 2 capsules three times a day for 30 days lowered LDL cholesterol to the same degree as placebo among adults with baseline serum LDL >2.6 mmol/L (>100 mg/dL) and low cardiovascular risk. The effects of malunggay and placebo were also similar with respect to the secondary efficacy outcome measures (weight, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load, total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides), and the secondary safety outcome measures (serum creatinine and ALT, and complete blood count). Occurrence of adverse events was also similar between the malunggay and placebo groups. There were no significant adverse events associated with intake of malunggay capsules. _________________ Acknowledgments This study has been ed by a Philippine Lipid and Atherosclerosis Society (PLAS)-Pfizer research grant. We are thankful to the Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila for the manufacture of placebo capsules; to Ms. Rhoda Montemayor and Ms. Hazel Jayohoy of the Medical Research Laboratory, Philippine General Hospital for the performance of the laboratory assays; and to Mr. Mark Javellosa and Mr. Kevin Carl
Santos of the School of Statistics of the University of the Philippines Diliman for the statistical analysis. ___________ References 1. Mehta K, Balaraman R, Amin AH, Bafna PA, Gulati OD. Effects of fruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 86(2-3):191-5. 2. Ghasi S, Nwobodo E, Ofili JO. Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam in high-fat diet fed wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(1):21-5. 3. Chumark P, Khunawat P, Sanvarinda Y, et al. The in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant properties, hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities of water extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(3):439-46. 4. Ndong M, Uehara M, Katsumata S, Suzuki K. Effects of oral istration of Moringa oleifera Lam on glucose tolerance in GotoKakizaki and Wistar rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007; 40(3):229-33. 5. Briton-Medrano G, Perez ML. The efficacy of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) given to near term pregnant women in inducing early postpartum breast milk production – a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Ospital ng Makati. 2002. Unpublished. 6. Estrella M, Mantaring JBV III, David GZ, Taup MA. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial on the use of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) for augmentation of the volume of breastmilk among non-nursing mothers of preterm infants. Philipp J Pediatr. 2000; 49(1):3-6. 7. YabesAlmirante C, Lim CHTN. Effectiveness of Natalac as a galactogogue. Journal of Phil Med Assoc. 1996; 71(3):265-72. 8. Co MAM, Hernandez EA, Co BG. A comparative study on the
efficacy of the different galactogogues among mothers with lactational insufficiency. Philipp J Pediatr. 2002; 51(2):88-92. 9. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia in the Philippines. Philippine Heart Association. 2005. 10. Hunninghake DB, Miller VT, LaRosa JC, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effects of a dietary fiber supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59(5):1050-4. 11. Theuwissen E, Mensink RP. Simultaneous intake of beta-glucan and plant stanol esters affects lipid metabolism in slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Nutr. 2007; 137(3):583-8. 12. Saito S, Takeshita M, Tomonobu K, et al. Dose-dependent cholesterollowering effect of a mayonnaise-type product with a main component of diacylglycerol-containing plant sterol esters. Nutrition. 2006; 22(2):174- 8. 13. Thomsen AB, Hansen HB, Christiansen C, Green H, Berger A. Effect of free plant sterols in low-fat milk on serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004; 58(6):860-70. 14. Eggertsen R, Andreasson A, Andren L. Effects of treatment with a commercially available St John’s Wort product (Movina) on cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia treated with simvastatin. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2007; 25(3):154-9. 15. Bhardwaj PK, Dasgupta DJ, Prashar BS, Kaushall SS. Control of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidaemia by plant product. J Assoc
cleaning as used herein refers to those activities which involve the removal of undesirable residues from surfaces and particularly includes activities such as chemical, mechanical and thermal cleaning activities as well as combinations thereof. Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is called a miracle vegetable because it is not only a food, it is also a medicine. It may therefore be a functional food. This plant tree is not only useful but it is the most nutritional vegetable and a herbal plant. its flowers, leaves, young pods and roots are being utilized. It is native to India but has spread to other tropical regions; in the Philippines, it grows repidly and with ease in nearly every backyard when desired. Its leaves contain different amino acids such as sitosterol and pectinesterase. This study was conducted because the researcher wanted to know if the malunggay leaves can be an effective cleaning agent to household stains. Through this the researcher will determine the effect of malunggay leaves to common household stains. This is why the research study is conceived. B. Statement of the Problem: General Problem: This study is aimed to determine
the effect of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves on common household stains. Specifically it answers the following questions: 1. Can the malunggay leaves be an effective cleaning agent on common househod stains? 2. Is there any significant difference between the malunggay leaves and the commercial one? 3. Is the cleaning agent suitable in replacing the commercial one? C. Hypothesis: The malunggay leaves are effective as cleaning agent. D. Significance of the Study: This research study can contribute an idea to young minds in creating new alternative cleaning agents derived from any abundant plants. Research studies like this develops the value of resourcefulness and open-mindedness to young researchers and if landed to the right plant, this will serve as an everyday use to clean common household stains. E. Scope and Limitation:
This research study entitled "The Feasibiltity of Malunggay (Moringaoleifera) Leaves as Cleaning Agent" is limited only to the plant and part of the plant mentioned. This is only after the effects of pounded malunggay leaves on common household stains. Other related matter such as the longevity of the effects of malunggay leaves is no longer honored in this study. F. Definition of : Cleaning Agent- is a substance, usually liquid, that are used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, bad smells and clutter in solid surfaces. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature A cleaning agent conforming to the present invention may take any form that is suitable for the application intended and be applied by a way of a suitable cleaning procedure. Liquid cleaning agents can thus sometimes be treated as concentrates. The use of a clening agent conforming to the present invention is also possible in the form of creams, pastes, powders, pearls, tablets, etc. application as a solution, suspension, emulsion, spray, foam, on a moistened cloth, etc. as well as the extract exterior presentation depends above all in the appliocation intended. Mechanical cleaning activities include the use of forces exerted onto the residues, potentially including the use of tools such as sponges, scrapers
ang the like and/or potentially including other means to deliver the forces such as ultrasonic waves, a beam of solid particles and the like. Malunggay is known as Horseradish Tree in English. The odd name stemsfrom the fact that some Brits noticed the roots of this tree looked nearly identical to real horseradish and they used it on their beef as a substitute for the sharp original condiment - the two are not related at all. Besides the roots, the long ribbed pods or "fruit" are edible and often used in Indian curries; though the skinis discarded and only the pulp is sucked out in what is apparently a rather messy endeavor. The leaves are also edible and apparently incredibly nutritious. Today, malunggay is consumed in huge quantities every day across the archipelago. It is added to soups and provides excellent nutritional points for every little money. A huge bunch of the market today was just PhP 5 or 10 U.S. cents and that's just for reference as we normally just ask for some leaves from a neighbor, a house or two down the street. The leaves must be used almost immediately after picking. Just throw them into the soup at the last minute or they will overcook and even more slimy. Resources: http://www.google.com/
http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/malungg ay-horseradish-tree Chapter 3: Methodology A. Materials: 5 cups malunggay leaves mortar and pestle 5 tsp. water container 2 1/2 tsp. baking soda sponge B. Procedure: Pound the malunggay leaves using mortar and pestle to get the extractfrom it. Mix the pounded malunggay leaves with baking soda and then water. After mixing, place the mixture un a container. C. Testing: Using the sponge, apply the mixture on stained areas (kitchen sink, refrigerator wall and tile walls). After cleaning/applying the mixtures on stained areas, rinse immediately. Observation was then done.
D. Observation: The areas (kitchen sink, refrigerator wall and tile walls) was then observed if the product was effective, if it can remove the stains in those areas. Chapter 4: Results and Discussions This chapter shows the results and discussions of my research proposal entitled "The Feasibility of Malunggay Leaves as Cleaning Agent". It shows the ratings and comments of people who tried to use my product. Trial 1: Names Areas Comments Kitchen Sink Refrigerator Wall Tile Wall Aguelo 3 3 3 It needs improvement Padilla 3 3 3 It is not effective Garces 4 3 3 The product needs improvement Mackno 5 4 5 The product is not effective Trial 2: Names Areas Comments Kitchen Sink Refrigerator Wall Tile Wall
Aguelo 2 2 2 The product is better than the previous one Padilla 3 2 3 The product is more effective Garces 3 2 3 The product is better Mackno 3 2 3 The cleaning agent is effective Legend: 1-excellent 2-very good 3-good 4-fair 5poor The researcher made two trials to see if the product is effective or not. In the first trial, we can see that the product really needs improvement. In the second trial, we can see that the product has improved. Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation Summary: This research study conducted last October 2008 and fulfilled after January 2009. The first trial was obtained during the first week of october 2008 and the second trial revealed results on the latter part of January 2009. There were positive results showing that the researcher obtain satisfactory results and the researcher found out that the malunggay leaves wiht baking soda can help remove common household stains.
Conclusions: 1. Malunggay leaves with baking sopda can remove stains on common household stains. 2. The commercial is still better than the product. 3. There is no significant difference between the product and the commercial one. Recommendation: The study resulted into a smooth yet unsatisfactory results. The researcher recommend further extended studies on improving or creating other plant alternatives. Furthermore, additional readings and more informations about the study is highly appreciated.
The Feasibility of Malunggay leaves (MoringaOleifera) and Chili fruit (CapciumFrutescens) as Insecticide St. Mary’s Academy Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City PAASCU Accredited “The Feasibility of Malunggay leaves (MoringaOleifera) and Chili fruit (CapciumFrutescens) as Insecticide” Researchers: 9-Perseverance Submitted to: Ms. Shairille Navarro Date: March 15, 2013 I. PROBLEM How to create organic insecticide? II. TITLE The Feasibility of Malunggay leaves (MoringaOleifera) And Chili fruit (CapsicumFrutescens) as Insecticide. III. ABSTRACT Insecticide making is popular Pages: 6 (1112 words)
Feasibility Study PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM RICH AND PROTEIN PACKED COOKIES FROM MILKFISH BONES A Feasibility StudyPresented to The School of ancy and Management Centro Escolar University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Business istration Major in Marketing Management By Austria, Camille C. Lambengco, Kimberley G. Mallari, Kim Kelly O. Obligacion, Mary Ann A. Oczon, Gladys Ann I. March 2014 APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfilment Pages: 9 (1726 words)
Malunggay Leaves and Chili Fruit as Cockroach Killer .
Statement of the problem: This study lies to find out
the feasibility of malunggay leaves and chili fruit as pesticide (cockroach killer). Specifically, it sought to find the acceptability of the alternative pesticide in of: A.) QUALITY B.) ODOR C.) EFFECTIVITY/EFFECT Hypothesis of the study: The malunggay leaves and chili fruit are an effective cockroach killer. Additionally, it has a high acceptability rating in of quality, odor and effect. This product of malunggay Pages: 7 (1424 words)
A Rationale of the Study, Malunggay A.Rationale of the Study This study is conducted to make use of the important nutritional and medicinal properties found in malunggay (Moringa Oleifera).Creating an affordable,safe and effective products and alternatives used daily in our homes.With this research the researchers are creating cheap products that would not be risking our health but would help us to improve it. Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa,which is the only genus in the family Pages: 2 (411 words)
Malunggay MALUNGGAY “MORINGA OLEIFERA” Also known as: "Malunggáy" in Philippines, "Sajina" in India, "Shojne" in Bengal, "Munagakaya" in Telugu, "Shenano" in Rajasthani,
"Shevaga" in Marathi, "Nuggekai" in Kannada, "Drumstick Tree, Horse Radish Tree, Ben Oil Tree" in English, "La mu" in Chinese. Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera), is a popular plant known for nutritional value as well as a herbal medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in the tropical climates Pages: 1 (290 words)
malunggay Malunggay Moringa oleifera Name: "Malunggáy" in Philippines, "Sajina" in India, "Shojne" in Bengal, "Munagakaya" in Telugu, "Shenano" in Rajasthani, "Shevaga" in Marathi, "Nuggekai" in Kannada, "Drumstick Tree,Horse Radish Tree, Ben Oil Tree" in English, "La mu" in Chinese. Characteristics : Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera), is a popular plant known for nutritional value as well as a herbal medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in the tropical climates such as the Philippines, India Pages: 2 (510 words)
dota __ ... 2. Feasibility Study - Essays - Christelyang - StudyMode.com www.studymode.com › Home › ChemistryIsalin ang pahinang ito Feasibility Study. By christelyang | Feb. 2013. Zoom In; Zoom Out. Page 1 of 27. FeasibilityStudy In T.L.E ... Like the pastillas and polvoron. We know that these ... 3. My Research Proposal: The Feasibility of Malunggay ... karenblones.blogspot.com/.../chapter-1-introducti...Isalin ang pahinang ito Mar 24, 2009 The Feasibility of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Pages: 2 (485 words)
Malunggay Scientific Knowledge Today, scientists are beginning to investigate the traditional claims about Malunggay. Let’s take a look at what they have found. Nutritional Value One aspect that scientists have examined is the nutritional value of Malunggay leaves. Nutritional analysis has shown that Moringa leaves are extremely nutritious. In fact, they contain larger amounts of several important nutrients than the common foods often associated with these nutrients
Pages: 2 (445 words)
Things to Know About Malunggay treatment of prostate cancer and skin cancer. (Ref: Fuglie LJ (2000) New Uses of Moringa Studied in Nicaragua. ECHO Development Notes #68, June, 2000. ttp://www.echotech.org/network/modules.php? name=News&file=article&sid=194) Malunggay - anti-inflamatory: Malunggay has been found to inhibit inflammation in a controlled scientific study conducted by Philippine DOST Scientists (Amelia P. Guevara, Carolyn Vargas and Milagros Uy). When an aquous seed extract of malunggay has been istered Pages: 7 (2355 words)
Malunggay Oleifera as Cleaning Agent utilized. It is native to India but has spread to other tropical regions; in The Philppines, it grows rapidly and with ease in nearly every backyard when desired. Its leaves contain different amino acids such as cholesterol enzyme. This study was conducted because the researcher wanted to know if the malunggay leaves can be an effective cleaning agent to household stains. Through this the researcher will determine the effect of malunggay leaves to commong household stains. This is why Pages: 3 (950 words)
Malunggay as Vitamin Capsule Chapter I “Malunggay Veggie as Natural Vitamin Capsule” a. Background of the Study This study determines the effectiveness of malunggay as natural vitamin and to determine if the malunggay can be a good and safe vitamin. To determine whether a vitamins or natural vitamins made from malunggay veggie is comperable to the commercial or chemical products in of : 1.1) its taste 1.2) its price 1.3) its effectiveness *This is also to inform and pursuade the people to buy and to have Pages: 2 (315 words)
Dried Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) Leaves in Ethanol Production of ethyl alcohol. However, in the year 2011, a big problem has emerged in the production of ethanol. There is a lack of irrigated lands that caused the difficulty in ethanol production. Because of the statement mentioned above, the researchers will conduct a study about Dried Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Leaves in Ethanol Production. Since malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves are scientifically proven as a good antibacterial, antiseptic and disinfectant and have components that are important Pages: 27 (6998 words)
Investigatory Project if the malunggay leaves and chilli fruit could be utilized as a pesticide. And determines the effect of malunggay leaves and chilli fruit to the cockroach. Statement of the Problem: This study lies to find out the feasibility of malunggay leaves and chilli fruit as pesticide.(cockroach killer). 1.Is there a difference on the effect of malunggay leaves and chilli fruit and the commercial pesticides in of: a.QUALITY b.ODOR c.EFFECTIVITY/EFFECT Hypothesis: NULL HYPOTHESIS Pages: 13 (2165 words)
Research Sta. Clara Parish School 2360 P. Burgos St., Pasay City Telefax: 831-8253 * Tel. No. 8331238/832-8890 S.Y. 2013 -2014 50 Years of Clarian Legacy: Quality Catholic Education Research I I. The effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) as a soap… II. The Feasibility of Paper to become Furniture… III. The capability of Talahib (Saccharum spotaneum) to become a rope… \ The Effectiveness of Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) as a Cleaning Agent (Biologically- Based Research) Chapter 1 Pages: 7 (1818 words)
Malunggay (Moringga Oleifera)
Hazy Joy L. Dela Cruz II-Science Class OUTPUT NO. 3 I. Background of the Related Topic A. Malunggay Malunggay leaves was once considered a "poor man's vegetables" but now it is known as a "miracle tree" or "nature's medicine cabinet" by scientists and health care workers from around the world because it is loaded with vitamins and minerals that can be an effective remedy against many kinds of ailments. All parts of the malunggay tree are usable for nutritional and medicinal purposes Pages: 9 (3290 words)
Feasibility Study 2. SYSTEM STUDY 2.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential. Three key considerations Pages: 2 (352 words)
Malunggay & Makahiya Extract for S.I.P. with malunggay reduced its length from 1 centimetre to 0.5 centimetres. On the other hand, we noticed that the wound treated with makahiya reduced to 0.9 centimetres. We varied the treatment; we did it weekly and shifted daily just to study the difference. We measured the length and noticed that the result was almost the same as we did it daily. Treating rats is not easy for we need to handle rats carefully, with the discovery made by the researchers; they’re willing to extend their help especially from Pages: 3 (468 words)
Project Feasibility Study Fawaq International School Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Project Feasibility Study In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Technology and Livelihood Ecucation (TLE) IV Submitted by: Danielle Aimee Salaya Catapang IV – Universe Submitted to: Ms. Herna S. Bautista TLE Teacher March 09, 2011 Project Feasibility Study * I. Introduction A. Name of
Business The name of the café is HotSpot. B. Type of Business The type of this business is Individual Pages: 10 (1629 words)
Feasibility Study What to Include in your Feasibility Study March 30, 2010, 3:32 am In starting a new business venture, it is important to conduct a feasibility study to ensure that your business will be successful. Some things to be included are plan, cost, and sources of funding, manpower and personnel requirements, market and profitability. In the plan section of your feasibility study, State clearly the objectives and description of the project. Duration to complete the project is also included Pages: 8 (2381 words)
malunggay and spinach powder ³Malunggay andSpinach Powder´ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study aimed to introduce the combination of Malunggay and Spinach powder inorder to make a natural, nutritious and practical supplement for all especially to thosehealth-conscious individuals.Nevertheless, this study wouldnt be possible without the everlasting love, care andassistance from the researchers family, who ed her in the procurement of the muchneeded logistics and references, cultivated and propagated the Malunggay Pages: 3 (726 words)
Malunggay as an effective cooking oil THE EFFECTIVITY OF MALUNGGAY (Moringa Oleifera) LEAVES EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE COOKING OIL (Group 4) Louiejabe Yap Nuniala Justine Aligor Agustin John Patrick Bagadiong Cruz Mitzi Louise Hisoller Hojilla John Patrick S. Caparoso Bianca Renee Valaquio Bendero 7-Galileo Galilei December 2013 Mr. Abraham Saturnino C. Barrientos Table of Contents I. Introduction Background of the Study................................................... 3 Statement of the Problem Pages: 4 (916 words)
Malunggay can be used as water purifier Malunggay can be used as water purifier By Helen Flores (The Philippine Star) | Updated July 12, 2008 - 12:00am MANILA, Philippines – Aside from its potential as biofuel feedstock, the seed of moringa, locally known as malunggay, could also be used for treating water, a Filipino scientist said yesterday. Dr. Isidro Sia, a professor of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the University of the Philippines-Manila, said moringa seeds have been found to be one Pages: 10 (1707 words)
Malunggay as Ointment Malunggay as Ointment The Malunggay leaves are highly nutritious, being a significant source of Vitambeta-carotein C, protein, iron and potassium. The leaves are cooked and used like spinach. In addition to being used fresh as a substitute for spinach, its leaves are commonly dried and crushed into a powder, and used in soups and sauces. Ointment is one of the medicine that can cure wounds. Malunggay grows very wildly in hot tropical Pages: 1 (274 words)
Feasibility Study What is a feasibility study? “A feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of the proposed project which is based on extensive investigation and research to the process of decision making” (Wikipedia.com). Without the use of Wikipedia defining feasibility study would fall on understanding the two words it compresses. Feasibility or the root word feasible means a degree to which something can be achieved or put into the effect, therefore something Pages: 3 (1027 words)
Fea Sibility Study A Project Feasibility Study of Manufacturing a Squash – Malunggay Maja Corn INTRODUCTION Maja Blanca has been one of the Filipino’s traditional holiday dessert, they usually served this during fiestas and during the holidays, especially Christmas. It exist in the
Philippines through the Spanish influence. A variety of desserts originated in Spain that was adapted by us, Filipinos, is an evident to be considered why maja blanca also became popular. In the Philippines, maja blanca
Fresh malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaves are rich in vitamins A, B, C, calcium, potassium, protein and iron. Studies showed that malunggay gives a feeling of wellness and at the same time balances sugar and cholesterol content in the body. Leaves can be prescribed to treat anemia. Dubbed as miracle vegetable or the power gulay, malunggay is now being processed as food fortificant, food supplement, and even potent medicine. Seeing this great agribusiness potential of malunggay, Agriculture Secretary Arthur C. Yap urged the agriculture stakeholders to increase the production and diversify the uses of this vegetable and thereby help in fighting hunger and malnutrition especially in the rural areas. The Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) included malunggay in its Indigenous Plants for Health and Wellness Program and identified the development of malunggay as priority project. For its part, the DA RFU 5, through its research arm, the Bicol Integrated Agricultural Research Center (BIARC), is developing and piloting promising technologies for the banner commodities of Bicol. One of which is malunggay. The DA-5 Regional Executive Director Dr. Jose V. Dayao had also instructed the six Research Outreach Stations (ROS) in Bicol to facilitate the propagation of planting materials in to the program. Developing food products from malunggay Under the on-going DA-BAR funded project entitled “Development, On-Farm Demonstration and Piloting of Promising Value-adding Technologies for Export Potential and Banner Commodities of Bicol,” BIARC has found new ways to integrate malunggay in various food preparations as well as packaged it into different product lines. These include malunggay tea, instant juice, malunggay powder, polvoron, yema, cookies, noodles, pastillas, and the malunggay surprise. Malunggay leaves were separated from the stalks and were either oven dried or sun dried. They call these dried leaves as “malunggay tea.” The pounded dried leaves of malunggay, on the other hand are turned into “moringa powder” which can be mixed into common Filipino delicacies such as soups, sauces, instant noodles, polvoron, cookies, and chocolates as an added ingredient. In this way, children who are not very fond of vegetables get to ingest essential nutrients present in malunggay without knowing it. This newly developed products has a shelf life of six months at the most depending on the packaging materials used.
BIARC is now on the process of establishing the nutrient facts of these products. They are also conducting further trials to improve its shelf life and enhance the packaging and presentation of the products. Enhancing the role of R&D and technology commercialization This initiative of BIARC is being ed by BAR under its National Technology Commercialization Program (NT), together with the GMA High Value Commercial Crops (HVCC) Program of the Department of Agriculture RFU 5. “Through the help of the NT, BIARC was able to create awareness regarding the importance of this valuable commodity and at the same time promote the products developed from malunggay,” Dr. de los Santos said. NT, one of BAR’s flagship programs, is aimed at facilitating the commercialization of newly developed technologies for maximum utilization. Technologies shall be strategically placed and transferred to areas and communities that needed them most. This strategy shall enhance technology transfer as well as realize the impact of research results. “The processing technologies for Moringa developed by BIARC are a prime example of technologies generated by DA-BAR ed projects which are already ripe for commercialization,” she added. This she considers a big role in encouraging the pursuit of new production and processing technologies for malunggay products. BIARC participated in local and international trade fairs, technology demonstrations, technology fora, trainings and seminars that draw a lot of interested participants. The group also conducted sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability trials as part of their promotional and marketing strategies. They did market matching, domestic marketing trials, and export marketing trials. The malunggay industry is still very young in the Philippines. Dr. delos Santos envisions that after the implementation of the project, appropriate POTs can be developed and new products are identified from malunggay. “In addition, expanded markets for these products shall be developed as additional source of livelihood in the countryside. At the same time, majority of the people in the community will utilize malunggay as a cheap source of nutrition and” she ended. Source: Ma. Eloisa E. Hernandez and Lovella P. Guarin- bar.gov.ph, OctoberDecember 2008 Volume 10 Issue No. 4 Do you like this Money making business ideas? then please consider subscribing to our RSS feed and have new business ideas sent directly to your inbox.
Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels Mark Anthony S. Sandoval1,2 and Cecilia A. Jimeno1,3 1Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and
Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila 2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila 3Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila Introduction Moringa oleifera Lam., locally known as “malunggay,” is widely consumed as a vegetable in the Philippines. The leaves are usually added in common viands, and the fruits or pods are eaten as a vegetable dish. It is known as horse radish tree or drumstick tree in other English-speaking countries. There are popular but yet unproven claims that malunggay is used for the treatment of high cholesterol and diabetes mellitus. There are, however, several animal studies that have shown positive effects. Mehta et al. in 2003 have shown that the istration for 120 days of M. oleifera fruit, like lovastatin, was able to lower the serum cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol ratio and atherogenic index, and was able to increase the high density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio compared to the corresponding control groups in rabbits. One proposed mechanism of action is that M. oleifera promotes gastrointestinal excretion of cholesterol as M. oleifera-treated rabbits had higher levels of cholesterol in their feces.1 The crude extract of the leaves of M. oleifera has also been shown to possess hypocholesterolemic effects in highfat diet fed wistar rats. If given for 30 days, the extract was able to decrease the high-fat diet-induced increases in serum cholesterol levels by 14.35%.2 The leaves of M. oleifera have
also been shown to decrease cholesterol levels by 50% in hypercholesterol-fed rabbits after 12 weeks of treatment. 3 Aside from cholesterol levels, M. oleifera has been demonstrated to improve glucose tolerance among rats. It was demonstrated that M. oleifera leaves significantly improved glucose tolerance after a 2-g/kg glucose istration in nondiabetic rats and in rats induced to develop diabetes. 4 At least four human clinical studies have been carried out already in the Philippines but these investigated the effects of malunggay on breastmilk volume, prolactin levels, and weight gain of infants of mothers given malunggay.5,6,7,8 None of these studies dealt with the effects on cholesterol levels. A total of 126 Filipino mothers have been included in these four studies. Malunggay was given at a dose ranging from 250 mg of the leaves twice a day to as much as 700 mg three times a day. Duration of istration of malunggay ranged from as short as 3 days to as long as 4 months. Only the study by Co et al. in 2002, which istered 250 mg of the malunggay capsule 3x a day for 14 days, reported an adverse event. 8 There was one subject in the malunggaytreated group who reported developing tinnitus but this was ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA 23 said to be not directly related to the istration of malunggay.8 All the three other studies did not demonstrate the occurrence of any adverse effects. The monitoring of adverse events in these studies was performed by asking for the development of any
abnormal symptoms, and did not include the performance of any laboratory test. This study was proposed to fill the knowledge gap regarding the metabolic effect, specifically on the lipid profile and glucose levels, of the widely cultivated and easily available malunggay in humans. Since clinical studies did not find any significant adverse effects in lactating women, it would be acceptable to perform a phase II clinical trial involving humans with dyslipidemia. This study compared malunggay with placebo, but did not compare it with statins, the standard drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Since it would be unethical to withhold statin therapy in patients for whom it is recommended (i.e., those with high cardiovascular risk), this study included dyslipidemic patients with low cardiovascular risk in whom statin therapy only may be recommended (i.e., no established atherosclerosis but have LDL >100 mg/dL or total cholesterol >190 mg/dL and at least three cardiovascular risk factors) or not recommended ( i.e., those with LDL >100 mg/dL or total cholesterol >190 mg/dL but who have less than three cardiovascular risk factors). These cut-off values were based on the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia in the Philippines published in 2005.9 Research Question What is the effect of malunggay leaf capsules on the fasting LDL cholesterol levels of adult Filipinos with baseline serum LDL >100 mg/dL and low cardiovascular risk? Objectives General Objective To determine the effect of malunggay leaf capsules on the fasting levels of LDL cholesterol among adult Filipinos with baseline serum LDL >2.6 mmol/L (>100 mg/dL)
and low cardiovascular risk. Specific Objectives Primary Efficacy Outcome Measure 1. To determine if there are any significant differences in the change in mean fasting LDL levels from baseline and after a 30-day treatment period between the malunggay and placebo groups. Secondary Efficacy Outcome Measures 2. To determine if there are any significant differences in the change in mean weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75gram oral glucose load, HDL and triglycerides from baseline and after a 30-day treatment period between the malunggay and placebo groups. Secondary Safety Outcome Measures 3. To determine if there are any significant differences in the change in the results of complete blood count, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from baseline and after the 30-day treatment period in the malunggay and placebo groups. 4. To determine whether there are any significant differences in the occurrence of adverse events by symptom questioning between the malunggay and placebo groups. Methods Sample Size In order to detect a decrease of 0.22 mmol/L (5.79 mg/dL) in the LDL cholesterol in the subjects to be given malunggay versus a 0.02 mmol/L (0.77 mg/dL) rise in the LDL cholesterol levels (standard deviation 0.35 mmol/L) in those given placebo with study power (β) of 0.80 and level of significance (α) of 0.05, the minimum sample size for each treatment arm would be 33 subjects to reject the null hypothesis. These expected results were taken from the hypocholesterolemic effects of a dietary fiber supplement as studied by Hunninghake et al. 10
This study involved a similar subject population with this investigation. It is assumed that if ever malunggay would have an effect on cholesterol levels, it would at least be because of its fiber content. There are no clinical studies on the effects of malunggay on cholesterol levels from which expected results can be taken. To allow for 20% drop-out rate, the final sample size per group was [33 x 1.2] = 39.6 or 40 subjects. Screening of Subjects This study was carried out at the Philippine General Hospital–Medical Research Laboratory. The targeted population for screening consisted of Filipinos, either male or nonpregnant female, aged 18 to 55 years old with no known diabetes, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease nor peripheral arterial disease. They were selected by purposive sampling by announcements and invitations in the workplace and in the community. Potential participants were screened by the clinical investigator with a medical interview, physical examination, and laboratory testing for fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profile. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Participants were eligible for inclusion in this study if they have the following characteristics: 1. 18 to 55 years old 2. Fasting serum LDL >2.6 mmol/L (>100 mg/dL) Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels 24 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 3. No known history of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, nor peripheral arterial disease. 4. Gave informed consent for inclusion in the study. Participants were not eligible for inclusion in this study if they had any of the
following characteristics: 1. Serum LDL 55 years, proteinuria, albuminuria and body mass index >25 kg/m2. Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels 26 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 Table 2. Efficacy and safety outcome measures in the malunggay and placebo groups at baseline and after 30 days Variable MALUNGGAY GROUP n=33 PLACEBO GROUP n=35 P value comparing the differences Baseline After study period Difference (Final-Baseline) Baseline After Study Period Difference (Final-Baseline) Primary Efficacy Outcome LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 136.86 ± 27.54 123.10 ± 46.44 -13.76 ± 47.55 137.73 ± 26.18 118.45 ± 31.53 -19.28 ± 28.29 0.564 Secondary Efficacy Outcomes Weight (kg) 56.89 ± 11.81 56.96 ± 11.24 0.07 ± 1.37 60.58 ± 11.87 60.38 ± 11.29 -0.20 ± 1.77 0.508 Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 23.09 ± 4.13 23.10 ± 3.68 0.01 ± 0.56 24.60 ± 4.47 24.49 ± 3.65 -0.11 ± 0.65 0.425 Fasting Blood Sugar (mg/dL) 75.41 ± 12.82 82.70 ± 16.48 7.28 ± 14.66 75.25 ± 14.68 77.84 ± 18.78 2.58 ± 17.07 0.232 Serum glucose 2hrs after 75g oral glucose (mg/dL) 96.77 ± 21.08 93.48 ± 26.85 -3.29 ± 28.37 99.98 ± 28.87 91.76 ± 23.32 -8.21 ± 3.37 0.462 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 204.28 ± 32.05 209.38 ± 53.25 5.10 ± 43.33 205.74 ± 33.38 194.61 ± 39.25 -11.13 ± 35.25 0.100 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 51.34 ± 12.21 51.86 ± 12.12 0.51 ± 7.51 54.64 ± 14.56 51.00 ± 13.90 -3.64 ± 10.27 0.064 Triglycerides (mg/dL) 113.96 ± 46.11 115.70 ± 43.51 1.74 ± 38.84 105.34 ± 38.41 106.78 ± 51.82 1.44 ± 45.38 0.977 Secondary Safety Outcomes Hemoglobin (g/L) 137.58 ± 12.79 136.09 ± 14.93 -
1.48 ± 6.44 139.66 ± 14.88 138.29 ± 13.19 -1.36 ± 7.96 0.946 Hematocrit (%) 0.42 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.05 0.00 ± 0.02 0.44 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.04 -0.01 ± 0.03 0.207 White Blood Cell count (x 109/L) 6.61 ± 1.48 7.01 ± 1.66 0.40 ± 2.12 7.31 ± 1.96 7.23 ± 1.66 -0.08 ± 2.23 0.369 Platelet count (x109/L) 302.24 ± 55.68 293.03 ± 69.77 -9.21 ± 61.99 312.09 ± 79.65 312.15 ± 55.58 0.06 ± 57.24 0.530 Crea(umol/L) 63.62 ± 14.22 66.85 ± 20.81 3.24 ± 12.63 65.67 ± 18.69 66.90 ± 18.95 1.23 ± 12.11 0.494 ALT (U/L) 26.93 ± 23.15 22.31 ± 31.21 -4.61 ± 21.88 20.19 ± 17.88 19.60 ± 25.60 -0.59 ± 18.76 0.846 Table 3. Adverse events reported in the malunggay and placebo groups Adverse Event Malunggay Placebo P-value n % n % Fever 2 6.25 4 11.76 0.4361 Perceived weight loss 5 15.63 1 2.94 0.0732 Loss of appetite 1 3.13 2 5.88 0.5909 Headache 5 15.63 8 23.53 0.4197 Blurring of vision 2 6.25 0 0.00 0.1388 Dizziness 3 9.38 6 17.65 0.3277 Vomiting 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Abdominal pain 2 6.25 2 5.88 0.9501 Diarrhea 2 6.25 2 5.88 0.9501 Flatulence 3 9.38 6 17.65 0.3277 Difficulty of breathing 2 6.25 4 11.76 0.4361 Fatigue 2 6.25 2 5.88 0.9501 Cough 5 15.63 6 17.65 0.8256 Chest pain 3 9.38 2 5.88 0.5920 Palpitations 2 6.25 1 2.94 0.5190 Edema 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Frequent urination 9 28.13 4 11.76 0.0949 Decrease in urine output 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Change in urine color 5 15.63 2 5.88 0.1989 Dysuria 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Body aches 2 6.25 4 11.76 0.4361 t pains 2 6.25 6 17.65 0.1562 Breast enlargement 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Breast pain 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Loss of libido 1 3.13 0 0.00 0.2990 Menstrual irregularities 0 0.00 1 2.94 0.3283 Itchiness 1 3.13 1 2.94 0.9653
Rashes 1 3.13 1 2.94 0.9653 For the secondary outcome measures (Table 2), there were no significant differences in the change in body weight, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75-gram oral glucose load, total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides between the malunggay and placebo groups. For the secondary safety outcome measures (Table 2), there were no significant differences in the changes in the serum creatinine and ALT levels and in the complete blood count between the malunggay and placebo groups. For the self-reported adverse events (Table 3), there were no significant differences in the occurrence of these events between the malunggay and placebo groups. There were no serious adverse events reported. The most commonly reported adverse event was frequent urination in the malunggay group, and headache in the placebo group. Even if malunggay is a known galactogogue, there were no reported episodes of galactorrhea in any of the participants of this study. Discussion This study has shown that malunggay leaf capsules are similar to placebo with respect to their effect on the LDL cholesterol levels (as the primary efficacy outcome measure) and on weight, BMI, fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75-gram oral glucose load, total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides (as secondary efficacy outcome measures). What would explain the similar decrease in LDL cholesterol in the two groups is that dietary advice on a low fat diet was given to all participants upon randomization. Even if beneficial effects on lipids and blood sugar levels have been demonstrated in animal
studies, the same conclusions were not demonstrated in this clinical trial. No significant adverse events occurred in this study. Likewise, the occurrence of adverse events was similar to the rates of occurrence in those given placebo. Thus, this study validates the findings in other clinical studies of malunggay leaf capsules that there are no associated adverse effects.5,6,7,8 The previous clinical studies on malunggay dealing with breastmilk production only involved asking for symptoms to determine any adverse events. Here we have also checked for any adverse events involving the blood, kidneys, and Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels VOL. 47 NO. 3 2013 ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA 27 liver by checking the complete blood count, serum creatinine, and serum ALT levels, respectively. The participants in this study had a relatively low level of serum LDL at baseline since our cutoff for inclusion was 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL). A study may be done to see whether malunggay would be effective in lowering serum LDL if the baseline level was higher. Since the lipidlowering effect of malunggay has not been proven in humans, it might be unethical to study its effects if given alone among those with high cardiovascular risk for whom lipid-lowering therapy is indicated. Compliance to the patient’s dietary intake and physical activity was not measured in this study and is one of its limitations. Also, we could have prescribed a longer treatment duration to show lipid-lowering effects since 30 days might not be enough time to demonstrate any results. However, several studies using plant products have showed
significant effects on lipid levels in as little as 4 weeks. These clinical studies made use of beta glucan and plant stanol esters,11 plant sterol esters,12,13 St. John’s Wort,14 and an herbal powder mixture composed of Indian plants locally known as guargum, methi, tundika, and meshasringi. 15 Conclusion Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) leaf capsules given at a dose of 350 mg per capsule, 2 capsules three times a day for 30 days lowered LDL cholesterol to the same degree as placebo among adults with baseline serum LDL >2.6 mmol/L (>100 mg/dL) and low cardiovascular risk. The effects of malunggay and placebo were also similar with respect to the secondary efficacy outcome measures (weight, body mass index, fasting blood sugar, serum glucose 2 hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load, total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides), and the secondary safety outcome measures (serum creatinine and ALT, and complete blood count). Occurrence of adverse events was also similar between the malunggay and placebo groups. There were no significant adverse events associated with intake of malunggay capsules. _________________ Acknowledgments This study has been ed by a Philippine Lipid and Atherosclerosis Society (PLAS)-Pfizer research grant. We are thankful to the Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila for the manufacture of placebo capsules; to Ms. Rhoda Montemayor and Ms. Hazel Jayohoy of the Medical Research Laboratory, Philippine General Hospital for the performance of the laboratory assays; and to Mr. Mark Javellosa and Mr. Kevin Carl
Santos of the School of Statistics of the University of the Philippines Diliman for the statistical analysis. ___________ References 1. Mehta K, Balaraman R, Amin AH, Bafna PA, Gulati OD. Effects of fruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 86(2-3):191-5. 2. Ghasi S, Nwobodo E, Ofili JO. Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam in high-fat diet fed wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(1):21-5. 3. Chumark P, Khunawat P, Sanvarinda Y, et al. The in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant properties, hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities of water extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116(3):439-46. 4. Ndong M, Uehara M, Katsumata S, Suzuki K. Effects of oral istration of Moringa oleifera Lam on glucose tolerance in GotoKakizaki and Wistar rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007; 40(3):229-33. 5. Briton-Medrano G, Perez ML. The efficacy of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) given to near term pregnant women in inducing early postpartum breast milk production – a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Ospital ng Makati. 2002. Unpublished. 6. Estrella M, Mantaring JBV III, David GZ, Taup MA. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial on the use of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) for augmentation of the volume of breastmilk among non-nursing mothers of preterm infants. Philipp J Pediatr. 2000; 49(1):3-6. 7. YabesAlmirante C, Lim CHTN. Effectiveness of Natalac as a galactogogue. Journal of Phil Med Assoc. 1996; 71(3):265-72. 8. Co MAM, Hernandez EA, Co BG. A comparative study on the
efficacy of the different galactogogues among mothers with lactational insufficiency. Philipp J Pediatr. 2002; 51(2):88-92. 9. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia in the Philippines. Philippine Heart Association. 2005. 10. Hunninghake DB, Miller VT, LaRosa JC, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effects of a dietary fiber supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59(5):1050-4. 11. Theuwissen E, Mensink RP. Simultaneous intake of beta-glucan and plant stanol esters affects lipid metabolism in slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Nutr. 2007; 137(3):583-8. 12. Saito S, Takeshita M, Tomonobu K, et al. Dose-dependent cholesterollowering effect of a mayonnaise-type product with a main component of diacylglycerol-containing plant sterol esters. Nutrition. 2006; 22(2):174- 8. 13. Thomsen AB, Hansen HB, Christiansen C, Green H, Berger A. Effect of free plant sterols in low-fat milk on serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004; 58(6):860-70. 14. Eggertsen R, Andreasson A, Andren L. Effects of treatment with a commercially available St John’s Wort product (Movina) on cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia treated with simvastatin. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2007; 25(3):154-9. 15. Bhardwaj PK, Dasgupta DJ, Prashar BS, Kaushall SS. Control of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidaemia by plant product. J Assoc
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