The Secret Of Life (translated) 6z3g26

INDEX

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE - THE PROBLEM OF INSTINCT OR THE SPECIAL SENSE OF ANIMALS

CHAPTER TWO - THE SELF-ELECTION OF LIVING BEINGS

CHAPTER THREE - THE UNIVERSAL RADIATION OF LIVING BEINGS

CHAPTER FOUR - RADIATION IN GENERAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN PARTICULAR

CHAPTER FIVE - OSCILLATION AND RADIATION OF CELLS

CHAPTER SIX - CELL DISRUPTION AND OSCILLATORY IMBALANCE

CHAPTER SEVEN - NATURE OF RADIANT ENERGY

CHAPTER EIGHT - INFLUENCE OF SUNSPOTS AND COSMIC RADIATION ON LIFE AND HEALTH

CHAPTER NINE - INFLUENCE OF SOIL NATURE ON THE COSMIC WAVE FIELD. CONTRIBUTION TO THE ETIOLOGY OF CANCER

CHAPTER TEN - THE THERAPEUTICS OF CELLULAR OSCILLATION

CHAPTER ELEVEN - ORIGINS OF LIFE

Georges Lakhovsky

The Secret of Life

(COSMIC WAVES AND LIFE RADIATION)

Translation and 2021 edition by Planet Editions

All rights reserved

PREFACE

- What are you thinking, Faraday?

- If I told you, my dear Deville, you would treat me like a hallucinate.

Such is the legend.

More confident than Faraday, Mr Lakhovsky shared with me his ideas on radiation and living beings. He rightly thought that they could not disturb an experimenter who for thirty-five years has been studying the action of Hertzian waves of all lengths on animals and microbes.

On the subject of scientific research, it is good to encourage ideas that seem more daring.

I lived in the intimacy of two masters: Claude Bernard and Brown-Sequard, who certainly did not deprive themselves of it. This certainly did not hinder their success!

Resonance phenomena have long been familiar to physiologists. Who is not familiar with the acoustic resonators of the organ of Corti, the resonators

since the famous work of Helmholtz? And more recently, the biological resonators of Charles Henry? Lapicque, Latzareff, etc. ... and myself, have invoked, on a thousand occasions, the phenomena of cellular resonance to explain the action of the nervous agent or other physical agents in living beings.

I have long been convinced that space is criss-crossed by forces that are unknown to us, that living beings emit radiation or effluvia to which we are not sensitive, but which impresses some among them. Everything is possible. But it must not be itted that this is experimentally proved. The ideas of a man do not differ from the conceptions of a man of genius except by the experiment that infirms the former and confirms the latter.

Encouraged by his work and the results obtained, Mr Lakhovsky cares above all about what his theories arouse the curiosity and experiments of independent researchers. They constitute what Claude Bernard called working hypotheses.

In this work, he examines only electromagnetic waves, penetrating waves and unknown waves.

There are certainly many other ways of transmitting energy than those revealed to us by Newton and Fresnel. And it is precisely by studying living beings that we are most likely to discover them.

So let us experiment on them using the methods of physicists and chemists and try to find the special detector mentioned in the conclusion of this book.

INTRODUCTION

I would like to indicate here what is, in a way, the philosophy of my new theory, of which the exposition is the subject of this book.

What is the point of presenting a new theory of life? Have not philosophy and science claimed a thousand times to give us an explanation since the origin of the world? And what remains of these generous efforts?

I will not attempt to demonstrate to the philosopher, and particularly to the metaphysician, the usefulness of a new conception. They know better than I do how eagerly we welcome any hope of a better explanation, any hope of progress in the knowledge of the absolute. The satisfaction of human desire is enough to justify the novelty of the hypothesis.

It is man in general, and especially the man of science, that I wish to convince. Positive human knowledge is not merely constituted, as some have a tendency to believe, by the accumulation of experimental facts. These facts in themselves are nothing without the idea that cements them, that orders them, that classifies them. The future of science resides essentially, in a state of power of some sort, in the development of these guiding ideas: in the scientific hypothesis, to speak plainly.

Every science in particular is a field of experience, whose relations with neighbouring fields, i.e. with other sciences, are more or less rare and difficult. Medicine, biology and the natural sciences have intimate relationships whose ramifications extend as far as chemistry. On the other hand, they still seem to be separated, sometimes as watertight compartments, from the physical sciences,

especially electricity and radioelectricity.

Each advance on the upward path of knowledge reveals a new point of view, allows us to better explore the expanse of the different sciences, to recognise their state of advancement, to note their mutual relations and the help they can provide to one another.

The most recent discoveries of physics have precisely made it possible to bring back to unity the multiple phenomena that it claims to analyse through the study of all radiation. This new field of action is singularly fruitful, if we consider that all the newest acquisitions of physics, and therefore of applied sciences, belong to the domain of radiation; ionic, electronic, and atomistic, the study of ordinary electromagnetic radiation; radioelectricity, wireless telegraphy and telephony, teleautography, telemechanics.

Until now, this original notion of radiation, which seems to be at the basis of all positive knowledge, has only left the domain of the physical sciences for that of industry, without making any major contribution to the natural sciences, whose development seems to be mainly limited to organic chemistry.

I believe that the time has come to broaden the field and the means of action of biology, endowing it with new instruments borrowed from the latest advances in the physical sciences. My theory of the origin of life, which is the subject of this work, must be this new idea which links together two domains of science which have hitherto been ignored.

Numerous hypotheses have been suggested to explain the origins of life and biological phenomena. We will only point out that the most recent ones attempt to simplify the problem by reducing these complex phenomena to purely chemical or mechanical ones. Indeed, in relation to the unprecedented

development of the new and fruitful acquisitions of physics, the latest biological hypotheses appear somewhat simplistic. And finally, the supreme criterion, they do not give any satisfactory explanation of certain primordial phenomena, which my theory manages to explain.

Let us take a look at these obscure points of biology, which we wish to shed light on.

Among the facts most studied by naturalists and entomologists we find all those that refer to the problem of instinct or sense, especially in animals; in spite of the accumulation of these precise and indisputable experimental facts, no clear explanation has been given. My theory of the radiation of living beings, confirmed by affirmative experience, accords with these facts, of which it uncovers the hidden meaning.

In the same way, the orientation of bird flight and the problems of migration are explained by the phenomena of self-election of animate beings.

What, then, is the universal radiation of living beings? My theory simply sets forth its fundamental principles and reveals its nature. Based on the most recent discoveries of science in the field of radiation, it demonstrates, with the aid of very elementary analogies, that the cell, the essential organism of every living being, is nothing but an electromagnetic resonator, capable of emitting and absorbing radiation of very high frequency.

These fundamental principles encom the whole of biology.

Life? It is the dynamic imbalance of cells, the harmony of these multiple

radiations reacting on each other.

Disease? It is the oscillatory imbalance of the cells, which comes from external causes. And, in particular, the fight of microbial radiation against cellular radiation. Because the microbe, a unicellular being, acts equally by its own radiation. If microbial radiation triumphs, it is disease and, at the end of vital resistance, death. If cellular radiation triumphs, it is the return to health.

The interest of my theory appears all the more real as it is better confirmed by recent experiments which, by healing cancerous plants, seem to open the way to a new therapy of cancer, this terrible disease which has been tried in vain to combat. The applications of my theory, which make it possible to render to the cells all the vital activity of their radiation, will, in my opinion, give a specific treatment of cancer in particular, and of diseases due to old age in general. No limit could be set in advance at this time to these remarkable advances which my theory allows us to consider. I hope that the future will prove me right.

Apart from these immediate practical applications, my theory makes it possible to explain, thanks to the function of penetrating radiation, the process of the origin of life, the differentiation of cells and living species, the problem of heredity, in a word, all the serious problems which together constitute biological science.

I have deliberately given this a very simple form, so that it will be accessible to all those who wish to penetrate further into the secrets of science. I have banished all unnecessary phraseology and most of the special technical so numerous in the vocabulary of the biological and electrical sciences.

From the special vocabulary of physics, and particularly of the science of radiation, I have borrowed only a few words, well known at this time by all radio

amateurs, and they are legion. These words are: self-inductance, which characterises the electromagnetic induction of a circuit; capacitance, which characterises its electrostatic induction; electrical resistance, which characterises the circuit's opposition to the age of current; wavelength and frequency, inverse quantities which characterise the nature of radiation. Mathematical formulas have been completely discarded. Useful scientific explanations are given in the footnotes and are not indispensable for understanding the work.

My only ambition is indeed that my work may be understood by all, even by those who are not familiar with the reading of scientific works. I would be too happy if I could fulfil it.

The second edition of 'The Origin of Life' is a faithful mirror of the evolution of my theory of the oscillation of living beings over the last three years.

On the one hand I have transported this hypothesis into the purely theoretical order, extending this principle so that it becomes that of universal radiation. The essence of this universal radiation, is the universion, that is to say the spatial promatter scattered throughout the cosmic ocean, is the generalisation of the physicists' too confused notion of the ether.

In a work that bears precisely this title of the Universion, a conception that leads the cosmic universe back to the two essential notions of the ion and the wave, I have set forth how this ideal medium, which I define precisely, makes it possible to explain electrical and magnetic phenomena, the propagation of radiations especially around the earth, as well as the emission and reception of waves, heat and light, and interstral radiations. I have also demonstrated the relativity of phenomena in the light of the Universe and indicated how this medium necessarily presents itself as the of life and thought.

On the other hand, I continued, after the first edition of "The Origin of Life", the experiments that were to be the logical counterpart to these theories and I had the satisfaction of recognising that, to the extent that positive results could be gathered up to now, the observation of experimental facts fully corroborates the hypotheses formulated.

These essays in the domain of practice are on the other hand of a very different nature.

I have first of all demonstrated the influence of sunspots on life and health and, more generally, on biology. In particular, how the remarkable years of good wine harvests coincide with the period of greatest sunspot activity, which already implies, in the physical order, disturbances of an electrical, magnetic and electromagnetic nature.

I later extended the field of my research towards the treatment of cancer, of which the first edition of 'The Origin of Life' recounted my first experiences with Pelargonium inoculated with Bacterium tumefaciens and successfully treated by means of oscillating circuits.

By studying the geographical distribution of cancer according to official statistics, I was able to ascertain that the density of cancerous manifestations was closely linked to the geological nature of the soil. I showed the cause-effect relationship between the latter phenomenon and the former, revealing the function of cosmic waves, whose field at the soil surface is modified by the nature of the soil, depending on whether it is an insulator or a conductor of electricity.

I have been able to deduce a rational method of the oscillatory equilibrium of living beings by applying oscillating circuits that act as filters and regulators of

cosmic waves.

All my work on the influence of the soil on carcinosis, in relation to the alteration of cosmic radiation, was published in my pamphlet: Contribution à l'Etiologie du Cancer, which Professor d'Arsonval presented to the Academy of Sciences on 4 July 1927.

Taking into the new findings on the knowledge of cosmic radiation as well as on the influences it exerts on living beings, I was able to give considerable development to my first experiments in cancer treatment, already reported in the first edition of L'Origine de la Vie.

Numerous clinical investigations have been undertaken in and elsewhere, mainly by hospital doctors and cancer scientists, into the efficacy of the oscillating circuits I have suggested for restoring the oscillatory balance of living organisms undermined by disease.

I will only mention from memory the experiments carried out at the Salpétrière hospital with the collaboration of the illustrious Professor Gosset, at the Pasteur Institute and in other hospitals.

The report presented at the Congress of Radiology in Florence (May 1928) by Prof. Sordello Attilj on the treatments carried out by him at the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia in Rome, using my oscillating circuits, leaves no doubt as to the effectiveness of this method.

In addition to my own personal observations, I have also collected those of a large number of French doctors who have successfully applied this new method

of treatment.

It seems to me beyond doubt, following the results obtained and the confirmation brought by qualified experimenters, that therapy can find, in the use of the new methods I have indicated, based on this principle of cellular oscillation maintained by cosmic waves, the new pathway which will enable it not only to cure most diseases effectively, but still to bring at least considerable relief in cases hitherto considered hopeless.

The Origin of Life barely gives a glimpse of its secret now. But we believe that we are in a position to affirm that the oscillatory conception of life, by enabling us to secure to living beings a more rational development and to protect them against disease and pain, will speedily impose its benefits upon the whole of humanity.

CHAPTER ONE - THE PROBLEM OF INSTINCT OR THE SPECIAL SENSE OF ANIMALS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. - The problem that nature poses of the instinct or special sense that naturalists recognise in animals is, without any doubt, one of the most interesting, one of the most disturbing, one of the most fertile that can present itself to the mind of the modern physiologist.

It alone reflects, in its strangest and most poorly explored aspect, the whole problem of life.

However, very precise observations have been made on this subject for a very long time, in spite of the extreme difficulty of observation, and it would be to disregard the work of the most learned naturalists not to take it into . In this matter, indeed, the experimental method offers only the resource of direct observation, and it is often necessary to dispense with laboratory experiments.

Different hypotheses have been issued to explain, separately, the observed and controlled results, but it seems that to date no general theory has been proposed, which groups the noticed facts to give a logical and fruitful explanation.

The uninterrupted progress of science has suggested to me some new ideas on this point and enabled me to elaborate the theory of the origin of life and of radiation in the relations with living beings, which is the subject of this book and which I began to publish in various periodicals and newspapers as early as 1923.

I have applied myself, from the beginning, to the search for the causes of the facility with which some animals are able to direct themselves infallibly along very long distances. Such are the homing pigeons, which return to their pigeonholes many hundreds of miles distant; such are the migratory birds, which fly in a straight line night and day, crossing the seas towards a certain goal, which they cannot see, either on of the weakness of their sight, or of the roundness of the earth. They migrate in order to feed on insects that they can no longer find in their own lands when winter approaches (fig. 1).

Instinct, say some, special sense, say others; but neither of these explains the enigma. I believe that in science nothing must be mysterious. The words 'instinct' and 'special sense' only serve to mask our ignorance, and everything must be explainable.

It is becoming more and more evident, as the following considerations show, that the sense of direction in most animals comes from special radiation that they emit over a very short wavelength.

CARRIER PIGEONS. - We are all familiar with the truly prodigious faculty of orientation that characterises the carrier pigeon. Although innate, this faculty requires a certain amount of training to reach its full development.

After the pigeon has risen in the air and described a certain number of turns, this faculty of orientation allows it to take without hesitation, even during the night, the direction of its pigeonhole, sometimes very far away.

I have, on the other hand, observed the generality of this observation and you will find, in the course of this work, the explanation I offer for it; birds that are prepared to undertake a long-distance migration journey (wild ducks, game birds, swallows, etc.) all describe, like homing pigeons, orbits in the air before beginning their final departure.

I also had occasion to note one of the most curious observations, made on July 2, 1924 at the radiotelegraphic station of Paterna, near Valencia (Spain); a pigeon drop had taken place at an antenna of this place at the time of a broadcast. The observation was made when these birds could not find their direction and circled around, completely disoriented. This test, repeated several times, always

produced the same result: the abolition or rather a profound perturbation of the sense of direction in homing pigeons under the influence of electromagnetic waves.

The experiments that we have reported on were resumed again in Paterna, at the radiotelegraphic station of Valencia, under the control of the Spanish military authority, then recently in at Kreuznach. These two new series of essays fully confirm my hypotheses about the influence of Hertzian waves on the instinct of orientation.

A Spanish author, Mr J. Casamajor, has given a detailed report on the Paterna trials. The Spanish pigeon services installed a military pigeon house in Valencia, at a distance of about 8 km., in bird's eye view, from the radiotelegraphic station of Paterna. At the time of the experiments in question, the various pigeons from the Valenza pigeon loft were launched one by one, around the station, and at regular intervals of three minutes, while the station continued to broadcast continuously.

It was then noticed that all the pigeons were ploughing through space, tracing numerous orbits, but not orienting themselves, as they usually do after a few turns. Despite the change in wavelength during the emission, no restoration of the natural order was observed. But during the time of the emission, which lasted more than half an hour, no pigeons were able to take flight in any particular direction.

It is important to note, that a few minutes after the end of the emission, the pigeons that were released all turned towards their dovecote without any hesitation, even those that had taken part in the first experiment.

Another series of tests, which took place on 7 November 1926 at the same

location, produced the same result. Paterna's first experiments tested the sagacity of scientists, who did not understand the relationship that could exist between the instincts of pigeons and the emission of radio waves. The German technicians had nothing more pressing to do than to and check Mr J. Casamajor's observations. They themselves, in March 1926, established similar experiments in Kreutznach. However, the conditions imposed were different and more precise. A location diametrically opposed to the site of the pigeon house was chosen for sending the pigeons, in relation to the radiotelegraphic broadcasting station. Thus, this station was located exactly on the "bird's-eye" route that the pigeons had to follow.

It is noticeable that the birds, when they arrived in the vicinity of the station, diverted their flight, lost their track and seemed distinctly disoriented. They did not resume their flight towards the pigeon house until their orbits had taken them out of the intense electromagnetic field that reigned near the station's antenna.

It is curious to note that none of the Spanish, French and German commentators who have reported these experiments have thought to give them the simplest meaning: that of an electromagnetic induction on the pigeon's governing organs. They all hesitate about the meaning of these experiments and believe in a curious anomaly that they refrain from explaining.

NOCTURNAL BIRDS - BATS. - Observations analogous to those I have made on the homing pigeon can be made on nocturnal birds. It seems obvious, a priori, that the sensitivity of these animals to electromagnetic waves in general is different from that of day birds, precisely because of their very special adaptation to light or darkness.

There is, however, a point of between these two categories of birds: they feed on the same insects.

We are led to imagine, as I shall explain later, that they are attracted towards their prey by radiations emitted precisely by these insects. There is no doubt that daylight has an influence on the propagation of these waves.

If sunlight absorbs this radiation, as it does the waves used in wireless telegraphy, night birds (owls, owlets, hawks) would go hunting at night because their sensitivity to radiation would be lower than that of day birds.

In the opposite hypothesis, in which sunlight would increase the amplitude of the radiation, as seems to be the case for waves a few metres long, it is the excess intensity of the radiation that would prevent night birds from hunting during the day.

It is logical to it, in the sensitivity of reception for these special waves, differences correlative to those observed in day and night birds, in the organs of vision.

Among nocturnal birds, let us take the bat as an example. It is claimed that it is because of the subtlety of its hearing and smell that it can direct itself towards its prey, whose slightest movements it perceives, thanks to the shaking of the air that reaches its ears.

This hypothesis may be issible in the open countryside, in a calm atmosphere. I have often observed bats in Paris from the top of my balcony, on racing days, on Sunday evenings, amid the noise of an immense crowd, amid the trepidation of thousands of cars shaking the air impregnated with the products of combustion of petrol engines. In this deafening turmoil, in this vitiated atmosphere, it is certainly neither hearing nor smelling that directly guides the bats towards insects: beetles, moths, etc., which they nevertheless catch as easily as in the great silence of the countryside.

The bat is therefore likely to be attracted by the waves emitted by these insects, which are not affected by either the noise or the smell of the engines.

LEMMINGES (mountain mice of Norway). Another extraordinary example is that of the lemmings, a species of field mouse from Scandinavia, whose curious expeditions were described by the famous Swedish naturalist Linnaeus:

"As the cold weather approaches, and sometimes without apparent cause, lemmings leave their natural home, the high mountain range of Norway, to embark on a long journey to the sea.

"The emigrant band, made up of myriads of individuals, trots in a straight line through all obstacles, never letting themselves be diverted from their purpose. Walking in a line behind each other, they make straight parallel furrows two fingers deep, several reeds apart. They devour everything that disturbs their age, grasses and roots. Nothing diverts them from their path. Does a man happen to get in their way? They slip between his legs. If they meet a sheaf of hay, they gnaw at it and through it; if a rock, they circle it in a semicircle and then resume their straight course. If a lake lies in their path, they swim across it in a straight line, whatever its width. If, by chance, there is a boat on their way in the middle of the water, they climb into it, cross it, and launch themselves again on the other side. They are not even stopped by a raging river, should they perish in it".

Would it be said that these animals are guided on their way in a straight line by their hearing or their sense of smell? They perceive smells and noises coming from all directions. Is it not simpler to it that these lemmings, although they feed on roots and grains, sometimes needing to feed on small fish, do not head towards the sea, guided by the radiation that develops bands of such fish?

On the other hand, fireflies, microorganisms in rotting meat, etc. emit light radiation.

The same happens to certain small animals whose presence in innumerable groups is enough to make the sea glow phosphorescently. In a similar vein, certain fish, known as torpedoes, are known to give off electricity.

It is therefore almost evident, by means of an elementary intuitive generalisation, that some animals radiate waves that we cannot perceive, but whose consequences are considerable.

FUNCTION OF THE SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS IN BIRDS AND THE ANTENNAE IN INSECTS. - Some naturalists have observed that the semicircular canals of the ear 'are endowed, among many species, with special directive properties. Suppress these canals in various animals, and you will at once see the subjects operated upon turn round and round in circles, as if they were dumb, and unable to decide upon any particular direction. Here is already a curious observation.

But another observation of the highest importance has been made by several scientists: the liquid contained in semi-circular channels would be particularly sensitive to the action of the electromagnetic field while the walls of these channels are made of insulating material. Now, any radioelectric emitter creates a variable electromagnetic field, the action of which is felt at considerable distances. Consequently we are entitled to wonder whether a large number of organised beings do not by chance come under the action of waves similar to those emitted by radioelectric stations.

The semi-circular canals of the ear are, in fact, likely to represent the part of a radiogoniometric receiver. The very conformation of these semi-circular canals seems to confirm this hypothesis: it is known that they are arranged in three planes, two perpendicular to each other. Such a set of reference planes constitutes the system of co-ordinate planes necessary and sufficient to determine the position of a point in space, and in this particular case the position of the bird in the atmosphere or the position of an insect in relation to the bird (fig. 2).

Now, at the surface of the earth, to determine a direction, it is sufficient to define it in relation to two rectangular planes. This is the principle of the radiogoniometer with two fixed or moving s, well known to engineers.

Animals in general, and birds in particular, do not move in a horizontal plane, but in three-dimensional space. The two-plane radiogoniometer becomes insufficient and must be replaced by a device with three perpendicular planes. It is precisely this need that the three semi-circular channels meet.

The conductive liquid contained in these channels forms a steerable receiver circuit supplemented by a tuning circuit in the form of a deformable spiral (selfinductance and tuning capacity).

In the curious world of insects, are there not many species whose representatives possess tiny antennae that enable them to move in a straight line towards points far away from them? Nature does nothing without a reason: these antennae therefore only exist to collect waves. (fig. 3).

The analogy is manifest between insect antennas and radio station antennas. However, the analogy is not as simple as one might think. In proportion to their relatively large size in relation to the length of the emitted radiation, as we will see later, insect antennae act as very complicated oscillators vibrating on very high harmonics of their fundamental wavelength.

NOCTURNAL EXPERIENCES ON THE "GRAN PAON". We study, among others, the bumblebee, according to the observations made by Fabre in his book on "Insect Costumes". Shortly after a female had emerged from her cocoon in the laboratory, Fabre noted that a whole brood of males came to invade the room at night, which suggests that this female had a certain nocturnal capacity. The entomological scientist pointed out the difficulty of accessing his laboratory and the large number of plants surrounding it.

Despite these obstacles, the males always get to the female. On the next day, the same phenomenon is observed again; everything happens as if smell were guiding the butterflies. Fabre later recounts the experiments that overturned this hypothesis.

Firstly, the butterflies of this species, called "gran Paon", are almost impossible to find in the region of the experiment, so the males had to come from far away. Sound, light and smell are out of the question, as the butterfly flies directly towards the cage, despite a number of different odours deliberately scattered by the experimenter to divert the subject. The memory of places, on the other hand, could not come into play.

Fabre also notes that the butterflies arrived in the direction of the wind. Now, if they had been guided by smell, they would have had to turn back into the wind to meet the odoriferous effluvia.

DAYTIME EXPERIMENTS WITH THE OAK BOMBIX. - In order to take of the solar influence, Fabre wanted to experiment in broad daylight, and did so with equal success, studying the habits of the oak bombix, whose diurnal capacity is more pronounced.

However, even this insect does not exist in the region where the scientist worked. How can one explain that it came from so far away?

The males rushed in and found the female locked up in a drawer or under a grill covered with a cloth, despite the influence of the effluvia emanating from all sorts of foul-smelling products that Fabre arranged around her.

The following experiment he imagined seems, from what he tells us, to confirm the hypothesis of smell:

«... I place the female under a glass bell," writes Fabre, "and give her an oak branch with dry leaves for . The apparatus is placed on a table in front of an open window. On entering, the visitors cannot fail to see the prisoner standing in their path. The terrine with a layer of sand, where the female has spent the previous night and the morning under a wire cover, embarrasses me. I deposit it, without any premeditation, at the other end of the room, on the floor, in a place where only a half-light penetrates. About ten steps separate it from the window.

"What happened with these preparations blew my mind. The arrivals do not stop at the glass bell where the female is in evidence, in full light. They by indifferently. Not a glance, not a piece of information. They all fly to the other end of the room, to the dark corner where I placed the bowl and the bell without any premeditation, to the opposite side. They set foot again on the lattice

dome.... All afternoon, until the sun goes down, there is a saraband around the deserted dome which would arouse the actual presence of the female....

"Finally they leave, not all of them. There are some stubborn ones who do not want to leave, stuck there by a magical attraction.

"Strange result indeed, says Fabre: my butterflies flock to where there is nothing.... What are they a laughing stock for? During the whole of the previous night and the whole morning, the female stayed under the canvas bell, a little hanging from the trellis, and a little resting on the sand of the terrace. What she touched above all with her large belly apparently became impregnated, following a long , with certain emanations. Here is her bait, her love filter. This is what revolutionises the world of the minimum. The sand preserves them for some time and spreads their effluvia around. It is therefore smell that guides the butterflies, warns them at a distance... The irresistible filter requires a certain amount of time to be processed.

I see it as an exhalation which, little by little, is released and saturates the objects in with the pot-bellied object...". In possession of these data, an unexpected clarification, I am permitted to vary my experiences, all of which are conclusive in the same sense.

"In the morning, I place the female under a metal lattice bell. Her resting place is an oak twig.... There, motionless, as if dead, she stays for long hours, buried under the bundle of foliage that must be impregnated with her emanations. When the time for visits draws near, I take up the saturated twig and place it on a chair, not far from the open window. On the other hand, I leave the female under the bell, prominently displayed on the table in the middle of the flat. The butterflies arrive... they hesitate... they search. Finally they find, and what do they find? Precisely the twig... With wings in rapid agitation they alight on the foliage, explore it below and above, examine it, lift it up, move it, until the light twig falls to the ground. And yet they continue to probe through the leaves.

Fabre deduces that animals would be endowed with a sense of smell very different from ours and that they would be special.

Fabre's conclusion does not seem satisfactory to me.

Smell, in fact, is due to material particles that excite the olfactory sense, but which only propagate over short distances in the atmosphere. It cannot therefore be by means of these particles that butterflies have been guided from so far away.

So I started my experiments again.

In my opinion, what attracts the males of the "Grand Paon" and of the Bombice to the female is not the splendour of the brightly coloured coat with which her velvet wings are clothed, nor the odoriferous particles; it is simply the tiny particles released by her ovaries, micro-organic cells radiating on different wavelengths and exciting in them the desire to procreate.

This hypothesis is confirmed by the following experience which I have made myself and of which here are the results and conclusions.

NEW EXPERIMENTS ON THE OAK TRUMPET. - Following the birth of a female from the cocoon of the oak tree scowl, a crowd of males rushed in. After leaving this female to rest for a whole night on a sheet of cotton wool, I picked her up around noon tomorrow. Then I placed the sheet of cotton wool at a distance of about five metres from the female, on which the males came to rest

again.

I started the experiment again, this time soaking the cotton wool in pure alcohol and found that the males no longer came. The same abstention on their part if the wadding was soaked in corrosive sublimate. Now, neither pure alcohol nor corrosive sublimate could have had the slightest influence on the odoriferous effluents. On the other hand, these liquids had destroyed and sterilised the living cells from which emanated the radiation that attracted the butterflies.

NECROPHERS. - The exploits of the necrophors on the decaying corpses of mice and birds confirms my theory.

As naturalists say very well, these insects are in charge of the hygiene of fields and forests; they plough away death in favour of life. They belong to that category of insects that attach themselves to corpses and devour them until they have brought this inanimate organic matter back into the cycle of life. The necrophorist is more particularly a gravedigger, a builder, who sometimes comes from far, far away, to the corpses of mice and birds to bury them little by little under the earth, so that they can serve as further nourishment for the young necrophorists who will be born there when the adult eggs are laid.

The truly extraordinary customs of these animals could be recounted at length. We will limit ourselves to the only feature that interests our theory: the fact that necrophores know how to target corpses from a great distance.

Can it be reasonably suggested that it is the sense of smell that drives them? If the corpse gives off odours, these material odour particles can only spread a few metres away. This hypothesis is inissible, in the case of the necrophorist as in the other cases mentioned, because of the enormity of the distances themselves.

Important observation: the necrophors do not appear until eight or ten days after the death of the birds or mice, when their corpses are already decomposing.

It is therefore the micro-organisms born of this decomposition and oscillating on certain wavelengths that guide the necrophorists towards their own nourishment or that of their progeny.

CHAPTER TWO - THE SELF-ELECTION OF LIVING BEINGS

Electrification by friction of the wings in the atmosphere i Influence of the bird's electrical capacity i Orientation of bird flight i Explanation of migration Extension of the principle to animals without wings.

ELECTRIFICATION BY FRICTION OF THE WINGS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. - Simple experiments confirmed the following hypothesis I had formulated: living beings moving through the atmosphere, especially insects and birds, are susceptible to charging themselves with electricity at sometimes considerable potentials.

Imitating the flight of birds in order to study the effects produced by the rubbing of their wings against the air, by waving, for example, a duck's wing in front of a radium electrometer, after taking care to isolate myself from the earth by only two centimetres by means of two ebonite disks, I was able to measure a charge of static electricity at a voltage of approximately 600 volts. This voltage increases all the more as the distance from the earth is considerable.

These experiments put an end to all the controversies that have been brewing for more than 50 years among observers (naturalists, entomologists, ornithologists, hunters, etc.) about the migration of birds in general and their direction in relation to that of the wind in particular.

Most observers, it should be noted, have honestly confessed that their conclusions were, in the end, only approximations: the solution to the problem had not yet been found.

Now, as I have already shown, all living beings emit radiation. But the birds that move and feed in the air have, as far as the reception of these waves is concerned, a far greater capacity and sensitivity than the animals that are forced to live on the surface of the earth.

We know that the electrical potential of the earth's atmosphere increases by one volt per centimetre of height. Thus, at a height of 1000 m, a potential difference of 100,000 volts is established with the ground. This elevation of potential with height explains the formidable charges that certain overhead metallic lines that cross mountainous regions take on.

It is also the cause of the luminous plumes that, during the purest and calmest of times, mountaineers see escaping from their picks on some very high peaks, for example on the tip of the Wetterhorn in the Bernese Oberland (3703 m).

Now, everyone has seen that all birds that are prepared to embark on a longdistance migration journey (wild ducks, game birds, pigeons, swallows, etc.) begin by soaring, then make numerous circuits in the air before their final departure.

Why do they make all these circuits?

From what we have seen of the orientation instinct, it can be itted that by describing such orbits in the atmosphere, birds use a convenient procedure to explore all wave directions by means of their natural radiogoniometer, the semicircular channels.

We believe that the raison d'être of these circuits lies essentially in the necessity, imposed on the bird, to obtain the electrical voltage necessary to discover the insects or animals it seeks, which are thousands of kilometres away.

If we add to the atmospheric potential generated by the height (either 50,000 volts for an average flight of 500 m in height) the own potential developed by the rubbing of the bird's wings against the wind, either 25,000 volts, we arrive at a total of 75,000 volts for example.

INFLUENCE OF THE BIRD'S ELECTRICAL CAPACITY. - It should be noted that the electrical voltage during the bird's flight varies according to the resistance it encounters from the wind. The stronger the wind, the more the bird's electrical voltage increases. The weaker the wind, the more this voltage decreases.

Now, when the bird is heading straight ahead, it encounters winds of varying intensity coming from all directions. The bird adjusts its electrical voltage to the desired value by simply lowering or raising itself according to the strength and orientation of the wind. If, when it flies "upwind" (with its beak in the wind, for example), its electrical voltage rises from 75,000 volts to 100,000 volts, it is obliged, in order to bring it back to the original figure, to descend to 250 metres.

At this new height, the bird will find in the atmosphere an electrical voltage which, added to that generated by the friction of its wings against the wind, will provide it with a voltage of 75,000 volts, sufficient and necessary for it. Any other higher voltage would, on the contrary, be harmful to it. [1]

Thanks to this means of regulating its electrical voltage as it moves closer to or

further away from the earth, the bird itself forms a true variable air condenser in flight.

The bird thus possesses a kind of complete radio-electric receiver, since the semicircular canals, which communicate with its brain, represent, under the influence of electricity, the receiver part.

In the same way that, to pick up radio waves emitted in America in , the operator adjusts the reception capacity of his radio equipment by changing the capacity of his antenna in relation to the earth using a variable capacitor, so the migrating bird adjusts its electrical capacity by moving closer to or further away from the ground.

ORIENTATION OF BIRD FLIGHT. Dr. Quinet, a Belgian entomological scientist, claims, after thirty years of observations, to have always "seen" birds flying against the wind. The theory we have presented here gives a simple explanation. When flying against the wind, birds are obliged, in order to lower their electrical voltage, to descend to low heights, which allows observers to see them with the naked eye.

But when flying with the wind, they rise to a considerable height, to take the charge of atmospheric electricity that they need. In this case the bird remains invisible to the naked eye.

This theory also explains how Ternier and Masse, Cathelin and Aubert claim to have "heard" and "seen" migratory birds flying at great heights in the wind or against a weak wind. The observations of one or the other, instead of excluding each other, complement each other on the contrary to confirm my theory.

EXPLANATION OF MIGRATION. - Naturalists have put forward numerous and varied hypotheses as to the means by which birds migrate to distant places.

The former attributed to migrants an exceptional power of sight.

Others have imagined that they are endowed with particularly sensitive hearing, thanks to a microphonic hearing aid. Still others have supposed that they have a sense of smell that enables them to distinguish scents that escape us completely. [2]

Still others have invoked an electromagnetic action, localised in the atmosphere.

Others finally issued the hypothesis of a memory of places.

Most of them concluded from an instinct or a special sense.

All these theories do not explain why the hawk rises, beak in the wind, before swooping down on its prey, which it does not seem to see beside it, nor why partridges and seagulls describe numerous circuits in the air before descending, beak in the wind, to fish in the waves, nor any number of other similar facts.

Only the theory of the bird's self-electrification, which enables it to grasp the waves emitted by the living beings on which it feeds, is capable of explaining the phenomena that have remained mysterious until today.

EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLE TO ANIMALS WITHOUT WINGS. Although animals which are obliged to remain in with the ground are less easily electrified than birds and insects, as I have said above, it is nevertheless not less true that they are endowed with a lesser perceptibility which enables them to catch certain waves, but at a very feeble distance.

Thus the horse is able to find its way to its stable within a radius of 10 km. The dog 'hears' his master when he is not too far away. Lemmings rush to the sea from the bottom of Norway's mountain ranges.

The same is true of all tailed animals, for all such beings electrify themselves by waving their tails in the air. It is understood that the tails of the animals that produce self-electrification also serve as antennae and collectors of waves. On the other hand, it is in direct relation to the most important nerve centres. Have you ever observed the "gestures" of the dog as he strives to guess the thoughts of his master? The more painful the effort, the more it moves its tail.

[1] It is known that the electrical voltage of the atmosphere is proportional to the height; on the other hand, the electrical capacity of the bird in relation to the ground is, as a first approximation, inversely proportional to the height. It follows that the product of these two quantities, which is the bird's electric charge (Q=CV), is constant. This electric charge then appears to be constant for a given animal.

[2] As regards migration in particular, it is clear that it could not be a question of the action of sound waves, which are known to be very rapidly amortized in the air at a distance of at most a few kilometres. The same is true of the sense of smell, which supposes the transport of material particles in the air.

CHAPTER THREE - THE UNIVERSAL RADIATION OF LIVING BEINGS

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES. - Following numerous experiments and observations I have made, I can formulate the following four principles:

- 1° - Every living thing emits radiation. [1]

- 2° - Most living beings, with a few exceptions, are capable of receiving and detecting waves. [2]

- 3° - Every flying being, i.e., one that can move away from the earth (birds, winged insects), has a very great capacity for emitting and receiving waves, while animals that are naturally attached to the surface of the earth have an infinitely smaller capacity for emitting and receiving. [3]

- 4. The influence of sunlight on the propagation of waves determines certain birds and insects, whose receptivity is particular, to travel and feed at night, while others, whose receptivity is normal, give themselves up to these occupations during the day. [4]

In this hour, in which all physical phenomena are brought together by bringing the whole range of waves into play, one can logically it - nothing is more natural - that certain animals behave as emitters and receivers of radiation.

The observations made on Hertzian waves demonstrate the indisputable influence of solar radiation on the propagation of radiation. However, it is not yet possible to specify to what extent and in what sense this influence is exerted on very short waves.

For waves of a few hundred metres and for longer waves, sunlight produces a very clear weakening.

For waves of less than 100 m, the opposite phenomenon occurs, complicated by the phenomenon of scintillation. It is logical to transpose these results and it that the radiation of living beings is also influenced by the sun's rays, which confirms the observation.

It is more or less obvious that most insects and birds radiate radiation and are equally sensitive to the action of the waves that they direct.

In any case, these animals orient themselves under wave action, and this orientation is automatic.

When I conceived my theory in 1923, this set of principles constituted for me no more than a plausible hypothesis. But after all the experiments and observations I have made since then, this hypothesis has appeared to me with evidence and clarity.

NATURE OF RADIATION FROM LIVING BEINGS. - In order to understand the function and nature of this radiation emitted by living beings, it is useful to take a step back and recall the history of the discovery of electromagnetic waves. The existence of these waves was not revealed to us until the day when an

apparatus was imagined that would make them perceptible to our senses.

Radio waves do not, in fact, directly impress any of our senses. The greatest claim to fame of Hertz, Branly, Marconi and many other technicians or amateurs is precisely that they have created devices which, independently of any theory on the nature of radiation, make these waves easily perceptible, even at great distances.

Recent discoveries of certain species of radiation - radioelectric waves, X-rays, radioactivity, cosmic waves - have only slightly lifted the veil of mystery that hides from our senses very extensive ranges of waves that they cannot perceive directly.

Who knows if we are not yet surrounded by other radiation, unknown to us because we do not have the necessary equipment to reveal it to our senses?

If we it that birds emit and receive radiation that is unknown to us, the words instinct and special sense used to explain certain habits immediately become clearer and take on a precise meaning.

The sense of direction of birds, and of animals in general, is explained all of a sudden.

Just as the ship lost in the fog tries to determine by means of its radiogoniometric dial the direction of the Hertzian lighthouse that sends it electromagnetic waves, so the animals and insects in question try to collect the radiation emitted by the living creatures and plants that interest them; they then orient themselves according to the directions detected.

But, it may be objected, would space then be traversed in every direction by innumerable radiations? How would they then come to perceive them?

The answer is easy: discrimination is easily achieved due to the diversity of frequencies that characterise this radiation. We will see how in the following section.

What is the organ that enables the animal to pick up these waves and discern them, making them perceptible to its senses?

My deep conviction is that it is the semi-circular canals of the ear, whose fluid is sensitive to the electromagnetic field, that allow the souls to be impressed by the vibrations they seek.

It is possible to analyse the functioning of semi-circular channels more completely by studying how they are configured in different species of living beings.

Invertebrates do not possess semicircular canals, but membranous vesicles that take their place and have similar functions. This is how Yves Delage cites the case of the polyp that still navigates regularly when it has been blinded, but turns around its plane of symmetry when these vesicles that allowed it to orient itself have been destroyed.

After the destruction of the two labyrinths, aquatic animals, and particularly frogs, can no longer swim or jump in a straight line. We note, on the other hand,

that lampreys, which have only two pairs of canals, can only move in two directions of space; that Japanese mice, called dancers, which have only upper vertical canals, can only move in one direction, to the right or to the left, and are incapable of walking in a straight line or of moving vertically. These animals, as E. de Cyon has demonstrated, know only one-dimensional space.

Most vertebrates have semi-circular canals oriented in three directions in space. This set of three right-angled canals, constituting the labyrinth, is completed by more or less well-developed organs: the vestibule and the spiral.

Now, while the spiral is highly developed in mammals, it is almost non-existent in fish, reptiles and birds (Fig. 4).

Whence comes this difference in treatment? Is the presence of spirals in mammals to be held for the reason of a special sense, which birds and fish ignore?

I believe that, examined from the point of view of my theory, the problem is susceptible of a very simple and very general explanation. We have seen that semi-circular channels act as a system of radiogoniometric dials, capable of orienting themselves according to the direction of the waves they pick up.

In the case of fish and birds moving in three-dimensional space, wave capture is facilitated, as we have shown, by self-electrification following both the movement of these animals at altitude in the earth's electric field and the rubbing of their bodies against air and water.

Mammals, which do not enjoy these privileges, and are subjected to moving very appreciably in two-dimensional space, represented by the surface of the earth, need an auxiliary organ to pick up the waves that feed their radiogoniometric channels. This is precisely the function of the spiral, a kind of wave collector, not closed, orientable, wound in the form of a more or less flattened quadrant and filled with a conducting liquid.

The reader, who demands, as is his right, a full explanation, will certainly ask us: "And reptiles? Why does their inability to move in depth and height not assimilate them to mammals, and why are they without a spiral quadrant?

The answer is easy for those who have already observed the movements of reptiles. If, on a hot day, you happen to meet a snake, for example, you will notice that in its resting state its long articulated body has rolled over itself somewhat like a flat spiral coil. This apparent state of rest or sleep, to which the snake seems to have abandoned itself, is actually a state of subconscious wakefulness. The serpent is awake: the harmonious spiral of its body is a small receiver quadrant that amply makes up for the absence of a Lilliputian spiral in the labyrinth of semi-circular channels. Whether a grand-duc, an owl or another diurnal bird of prey attempts to approach the snake, or whether an innocent rainette, too easy a prey, ventures in the vicinity, this improvised wave collector, formed by its body, will immediately inform the snake that it will prepare, according to the shitter, for attack or escape. This proves the uselessness of a swivelling spiral dial to catch the waves.

This confirms once again the already ancient observation that nature has made nothing without a cause and that it is repugnant to the preservation of a useless organ, when it can compensate for it with advantage.

What, then, are these radiations emitted by living beings? Like all other known actions, they would be characterised by their wavelength.

We are now led to look at what wavelength range these radiations manifest themselves in.

THE LIGHT. - Let us first show, by means of a concrete example, that it would be absurd to deny, as a matter of principle, that living beings emit radiation. This denial is evidently vain, since the facts formally contradict it.

We do not need to make a great effort of memory to an insect that emits light waves. In fact, the radiation from this insect has recently been the subject of very curious studies: I am talking about the firefly.

So why would one deny, a priori, a fact that we are all already particularly familiar with, since I have done no more than generalise and apply this particular case to the whole of living species?

What is a firefly? An insect that remains more or less constantly luminous. Experience has proven, through direct observation, that the firefly's eggs are spontaneously luminous, and that this luminosity is transmitted without stopping, from generation to generation. This torchlight procession encapsulates all the symbolism of life.

What, then, is the irradiation of the firefly? Nothing but ordinary light radiation, but filtered according to a special light spectrum that the spectroscope highlights. Now, if we perceive the brightness of the firefly, it is only because it is a luminous radiation, coming from cells, some of whose molecules vibrate at the same frequency as light, which we can pick up directly because it touches our visual sense.

Why, then, would the firefly be allowed to emit radiation in the quality of light radiation, and why should other insects be denied the possibility of emitting other radiations that are outside the range of light vibrations, and therefore insensitive to our senses?

We must believe that, following the example of St. Thomas to the letter, we claim to "see" radiation in order to believe in it. Now, we know that, in the immeasurable range of vibrations, this claim is only issible for the luminous octave.

The contradiction does not hold, and the mystery of this particular case is cleared up if it is accepted that the fact of emitting radiation is a universal property of living matter, in the same way that it is becoming increasingly clear that radioactivity is a universal property of inanimate matter.

This is also what Professor Raffaele Dubois of the Scientific Faculty of Lyon wrote on this subject in the preface to his very interesting book La vie et la lumière:

"Thus at no time, not even before fertilisation, is the light of the firefly seen to be extinguished. It exists in the egg, in the fertilised egg, in the larva in all stages of metamorphosis, in the nymph and in the complete insect. Never, since the appearance of the first firefly, has this torch of life been extinguished for an instant.

And he compares this immortal torch of ancestral life to the fire of the ancient vestals.

I will also recall a personal anecdote that clearly demonstrates that my theory can be familiar and made understandable to many people, even children.

My son Sergius, who was only 11 but was already interested in science, had often heard me talk about animals, especially insects, about their particular instincts and, in general, about my theory of the radiation of living beings. One day he said to me point-blank: "Tell me, father, do you know that the cat has eyes that shine in the night, the cells in its eyes vibrate at the same frequency as light?

I confess that I was amazed and pleasantly surprised by this reflection. My son obviously did not know what light and electricity were, but an intuitive approach made him see an analogy. I was infinitely pleased with this observation.

One might wonder where the energy needed for radiation comes from. Professor Dubois explains it from the special point of view of light radiation in this attractive book, which we recommend. We shall see later on how the question can be answered in its generality and for all the living beings we have just mentioned.

It seems, however, that one cannot refuse other living beings what is particularly suitable for the firefly.

The full range of radiant properties of living beings is no more apparent to our senses than the full range of electromagnetic radiation.

Let us therefore humbly that our being has but very small windows open to the immeasurable range of the ocean of radiation. The eye and the ear can scarcely reveal a few octaves directly to us. The little that we know about the radiation of living beings must guide us in the search for this radiation.

We have now recalled the brightness of the firefly, which, interestingly enough, emits an almost cold light. Is it necessary to add that all animals at a constant normal temperature above the temperature of the environment emit heat radiation?

Before generalising my theory and before specifying what waves energy comes from, it is necessary to say a few words about radiation in general and, in particular, about electromagnetic radiation, which is the best known of all modern science. They are at the basis of the most important phenomena that physics reveals to us;

While sound waves propagate only laboriously through matter, electromagnetic waves traverse the faintest spaces on the wing of the ether. These include radioelectric waves, heat waves, light waves, actinic waves, X-rays and all penetrating rays (cosmic waves).

1] This first proposition, the keystone of the theory, is fully explained in the following chapters.

2] The second proposition is a more or less obvious corollary of the first. Physicists' studies on wave propagation show that any transmitting system is susceptible to receive waves and vice versa: for example, antennas and the s of radio sets. In fact, any system that emits radiation can absorb it and vice versa.

[3] This third proposition is still intuitive, from what everyone knows about the propagation of radiation. The absorption of waves is more considerable in the ground than in the atmosphere. High antennas are more capable than low

antennas of emitting and capturing waves. It is therefore easy to explain why flying beings are more susceptible than climbing or grounded beings of emitting and receiving radiation.

4. The fourth proposition explains the reason for the differences observed both in the organs and in the habits of the diurnal and nocturnal animals.

CHAPTER FOUR - RADIATION IN GENERAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN PARTICULAR

NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWN RADIATION. - It is known that a radiation is a shaking of the ether, which propagates at the speed of light, i.e. at about 300,000 km per second.

Electrical, heat, light, chemical, X-ray, Holweck soft rays, radium gamma rays and cosmic waves are currently known.

These different radiations differ only in their frequency, i.e. in the number of oscillations per second.

The wavelength is the length of the path travelled during one second by the propagating wave. The higher the frequency of a radiation, the shorter its wavelength. No transport of matter, no emission of particles accompanies the radiation, which is nothing but the propagation of the shaking of the ether. Such are the essential principles of the theory of radiation, which dominates all modern physics.

In the table we present, we have represented the complete scale of frequencies and the different ranges that characterise the currently known wavelengths of radiation.

In order to make this table more intelligible, the inverse notions of wavelength and vibration frequency are indicated.

If we go back to the ideas of Maxwell, who formulated a famous theory of light, the radiation of light would, according to him, be of a purely electromagnetic nature.

Since they are currently the most widely known, we will expand on the domain of electromagnetic waves.

This apparent diversion is necessary in order to understand the technical details that I will give later on in my theory of the radiation of cells and living beings.

On the other hand, everyone can easily follow the explanations and analogies given in the following paragraphs on the oscillating circuit and high-frequency currents.

Readers wishing to understand the technical exposition of these notions of electromagnetic waves will usefully refer to the footnote, which defines the function of self-induction and electrical capacitance in the oscillating circuit.

THE OSCILLATING CIRCUIT. - What is an oscillating circuit?

It is well known that for a circuit to be the site of electrical oscillations, it must be equipped with self-inductance (coil) and capacitance (capacitor). When these conditions are met, an electric or magnetic shock acting on the circuit thus constituted causes a series of oscillations to occur.

Depending on the circumstances in which the phenomenon is produced, depending on the way in which the source of energy intervenes, because it is necessary that there be in the circuit or in its vicinity, any source of energy, this succession of oscillations thus generated can repeat itself and maintain itself.

EXPLANATORY ANALOGIES OF ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS. - For readers who are unaware of the phenomena by which an electrical circuit comprising self-inductance and capacitance can be the site of oscillations, we will explain the operation in a very elementary way.

To make it more accessible and more understandable to uninitiated readers, let us first take two comparisons.

Let us imagine a pendulum balance: it is a system that can go into motion in two different ways depending on whether the conditions are one or the other of the two following cases:

- 1) Let us suppose that the mass of the balance, immersed in water, has a vane designed to slow its movement. If we move it away from the vertical and let it go, it will slowly return to the vertical position and remain there due to the resistance of the water to the paddle (fig. 5).

- 2°) Let us now suppose the balance in the air and without a vane. We know that under the influence of an impulse, it will oscillate on either side of the vertical. Its movement is then oscillatory and the frequency of its oscillations is equal to the number of times the balance es through the vertical in one second (fig. 6).

If an external cause acts upon it at the same rate and in the same direction, its oscillations will continue without stopping. Thus we see that, when it finds no resistance to displacement, such a device produces mechanical oscillations.

Let us now consider two water tanks, connected at their base by a long, smalldiameter pipe, and lift one of the tanks. The water level in the first one will drop, while in the second one it will rise gently until a single level is obtained in the two tanks (fig. 7).

Here, because of the resistance of the pipe due to its small diameter and great length, the final level is only achieved very gently, as a result of the continuous movement of the water in the pipe in one direction of circulation.

Let us now assume a short length of pipe with a large diameter and a tap in the middle (Fig. 8).

The tap being closed, we raise one of the two tanks to a certain height, then we abruptly open the tap. We know that the final level common to the two vessels will not be reached until after a few seconds, after a series of oscillations of the liquid in the two vessels on either side of the average level.

This oscillation phenomenon is due to the inertia of water, as a result of the speed acquired by this liquid in the abrupt movement it makes to regain its position of equilibrium.

This state of equilibrium is only achieved after a series of oscillations, which decrease in amplitude each time.

For the phenomenon to occur, all that is needed is an initial difference in height. And if you want the oscillations to last indefinitely, all you have to do is raise or lower one of the two vessels alternately, following the rhythm of the water movement at precisely the same speed.

We will thus have created, under the action of an external cause, an oscillatory movement of the water.

This clear and suggestive experiment is well known enough for us to need to insist on it.

However, we note three important points.

The movement of the water is so much faster that:

- 1) The amount of liquid is smaller.

- 2°) The initial height difference of the two tanks is greater.

- 3°) The tube is less resistant, i.e. thicker and less long.

Well, the same thing happens with electrical oscillations in an oscillating circuit, which consists, as we know, of a self-inductance and a capacitance. The induction coil represents the tube part and the capacitance represents the tank part (fig. 9).

The capacity of an electrical appliance is its ability to store a quantity of electricity. The greater the capacity, the more electricity it can store.

It is sufficient that the two metal armatures of the capacitance, separated by an insulator, are brought to different electrical voltages for it to be charged.

This capacity is therefore entirely analogous to a water tank. But instead of water charging the reservoir, it is electricity that charges the capacity (condenser).

Self-inductance is analogous to the mass of water contained in the pipe connecting the two tanks.

The more important it is, the more it opposes the rapid oscillatory movement of electricity.

An unimportant inductance, a circuit consisting of a single wire hole, for example, will be similar to the large, short tube examined just now and will offer little resistance to the age of current.

Conversely, a large coil of several turns of wire will be analogous to a large length of pipe offering great resistance to the age of water.

Now, it is known that an electric current circulating in several coils creates a magnetic field around it, the intensity and direction of which follow exactly the intensity and direction of the current.

It is also known that a change in the intensity of the magnetic field ing through a circuit creates an electric current in this circuit.

The circuit in question may be the own circuit of the coil or spiral that generates the field (self-induction). The induction current thus produced lasts as long as the variation of the field that gave rise to it.

So, in summary, a current creates a magnetic field and the vibration of a magnetic field generates a variable electric current.

Let us consider an oscillating circuit consisting of a spiral and a capacitance formed by two metal armatures separated by an insulator.

Let us suppose that the circuit is open and the capacity is charged. If the switch

is closed, the capacitance is immediately discharged in the spiral, producing a current, in the same way as water circulated in the pipe when the tap was opened.

In the beginning, no current flows through the spiral. Immediately a current circulates, which increases from zero to a certain value. There is therefore a variation of current and the creation of a variable magnetic field in the spiral, which represents a certain variation in the energy involved.

But the current does not circulate indefinitely and tends to cancel itself out. The field it has created will disappear and this variation in the field will generate by induction in the coils of the spiral an instantaneous electric current (sense No. 3 of figure 9).

Now, we find, and this is precisely the remarkable fact, that the sense of this induced current is the same as that of the first discharge current, and that it tends to prolong its action.

It is the laws of induction that indicate the direction of the current and we will not insist.

But already a new fact appears: this additional current to the primitive current charges in turn the capacity that has just been discharged, but with inverse polarity. In the same way the momentum of the water, leaving one of the reservoirs, caused it to return to the other reservoir, filling it. At this moment the field in the spiral has disappeared as well as the current in the circuit.

All the energy of the discharge, which had been transformed into

electromagnetic energy, i.e. into energy of movement, was again transformed into electrostatic energy, i.e. into potential energy, to discharge the capacity in the other direction. But as a result of various losses, especially through friction, which appear in the form of heat, this charge is less than the primitive charge.

We are now in a similar condition to the principle of the experiment: the capacitor will discharge again in the spiral, then recharge a third time with an identical polarity to the primitive polarity.

The phenomenon will continue until the electrical energy is completely exhausted.

Thus it is found that there will be a very rapid series of charges and discharges is what is called an oscillating discharge. This phenomenon will stop when all the energy has dissipated in the form of heat and radiation. It is noted that the analogy is produced with the experiment of the two water tanks.

The speed of succession of the oscillations, i.e. their number per second, is called the frequency. The greater the frequency, the shorter the time it takes for the capacitance to charge, i.e. the weaker the capacitance, and the smaller the spiral.

This explains the need to reduce, as much as possible, the spiral and the capacity to obtain very high frequencies. This is precisely what is achieved in cells, as we shall see later.

It is known, on the other hand, that if the capacitance and the spiral of an oscillating circuit decrease more and more, the wavelength can become as small

as desired; only there is another quantity that decreases at the same time and that decreases very rapidly, it is the energy involved; if the wavelength becomes extremely small, the capacitance will necessarily be very small and the energy will be almost negligible; unless the electrical voltages used are themselves considerable. But one is soon limited in this way by the dielectric resistance of the insulators and even of the air.

The experiments carried out by Hertz using two metal plates one to two metres apart and brought to an alternative potential difference by means of a Ruhmkorff coil are well known; the self-inductance simply consisted of the connecting wires and the capacitor, the capacitance formed by the two plates bathing in insulating air (fig. 10).

This device radiates weakly long radio waves around. When the size of the connecting wires decreases, as does the diameter of the plates, the selfinductance and capacitance also decrease, but still remain.

The device may become tiny, Lilliputian, microscopic, the oscillating circuit will always retain its own wavelength. But this wavelength will be all the smaller and so will the energy involved.

Let us consider, in particular, a long straight conducting wire, the two ends of which are brought to any potential difference. In relation to the material medium surrounding it, this wire has a weak capacitance and a weak self-inductance. It can therefore be the site of electromagnetic oscillations of short wavelength, i.e. high frequency.

The following three cases may occur:

- 1) The circuit is excited by any electrical or magnetic "shock": it is then said to vibrate at its own period.

- 2) The circuit .is placed in a variable electromagnetic field or is influenced by electromagnetic waves having the same frequency as its own frequency. It then vibrates in some way by sympathy, by resonance, as we say more exactly.

- 3°) Under the action of an external cause the circuit may also be the seat of forced oscillations not having the same frequency as it. It is then said that it vibrates aperiodically.

If we take a look at the scale of electromagnetic vibrations, we can generally see that the most poorly understood oscillations are those whose wavelength is smallest.

The low-frequency oscillations of alternating currents, the long waves of wireless telegraphy are now part of the domain of industry, in the same way as light radiation and certain X-rays.

But the infrared, ultraviolet and penetrating rays still contain very wide ranges of frequencies that are of only speculative interest and have only been the subject of very recent studies that are not necessarily very advanced. However, Mr Holweck has closed the gap between X-rays and ultraviolet rays.

For some time now, a number of scientists have been focusing their research on the study of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Long before the war, Lebediew had already produced shock-absorbed electrical waves of 6 mm in length. The energy involved was very low and it seemed that the lowest limit had been reached.

In 1923, two American scientists, Nichols and Tear, were able to use a special process to reduce the wavelength to O mm or 300 microns.

A Russian scientist, Ms Arkadiew, measured 80 microns by a special process to the nearest 100 per cent of the energy input.

At this point on the wave scale, we have already entered the domain of infrared radiation.

On the other hand, by moving back up to higher wavelengths in the spectrum of calorific radiation, Rebens had reached the domain of electrical waves at around the 300 micron wavelength.

In the current state of science, it can be said that there is no longer any continuity between the domains of electromagnetic waves proper, heat waves or infrared

waves, light waves and cosmic waves.

CHAPTER FIVE - CELL OSCILLATION AND RADIATION

ASSIMILATION OF THE CELL TO AN OSCILLATING CIRCUIT. - In the light of the experimental facts, both physical and biological, which we have set out in the previous chapters, I can now specify the basis of my theory of cell radiation.

I formulated this first principle in Chapter III:

All living things emit radiation.

From what we have seen in the physical study of electromagnetic waves, the emission of radiation necessarily implies an oscillatory phenomenon.

On the other hand, as the most basic living organism consists of a single cell, it seems obvious that the simplest biological oscillation is that which occurs in the cell.

One can therefore express this second principle more precisely, which proceeds immediately from the first:

Every living cell owes its life to its nucleus, which is the seat of oscillations and radiates radiation.

What are these radiations and where does the energy they release come from? These are two questions that I will answer in the following pages.

Suppose the geometrical dimensions of the oscillating circuit continually decrease until they become invisible and microscopic. The spiral and the capacity of the circuit, which may have become microscopic, will nevertheless exist. By means of the interplay of these two indispensable quantities, the circuit will thus be able to continue oscillating, under the action of the causes that we will examine later, and over an ever smaller wavelength.

Well, this is precisely what happens in cells: microscopic analysis reveals the presence of nuclei, which the reader will find illustrated in the combined figures (Figures 11 and 12).

These cores are therefore, as we shall show, true electric circuits endowed with self-inductance and capacity and, therefore, susceptible to oscillation.

I say that these circuits oscillate on different wavelengths, the magnitude of which depends essentially on the values of the spirals and of the capacitances. The waves they radiate are therefore of electromagnetic origin, and because of the nature of the circuits, and of very high frequency, because of the small size of the organisms in question.

CONSTITUTION OF THE CELLULAR OSCILLATING CIRCUIT. - Let us first recall what morphology teaches us about the constitution of cells.

The details of this cellular conformation appear clearly on the drawings we reproduce from Henneguy.

A cell is essentially composed of a nucleus or central network, immersed in protoplasm, which is itself surrounded by a semi-permeable, mobile envelope. Examination of the nucleus reveals the existence of small twisted filaments, which constitute true electrical circuits. Figure 13 shows us a fragment of these filaments. This organ, the interior of which is formed of organic or mineral conducting matter, is covered externally with a tubular envelope of insulating matter, based on cholesterine, plastin and other dielectric substances.

Thus, these organs, because they exhibit the form of conducting filaments, constitute an electrical circuit endowed by construction with self-inductance and capacitance, which can be fully assimilated to an oscillating circuit.

These circuits, characterised by extremely weak spiral and capacitance values, can thus, under the influence of a cause which I have not yet mentioned, oscillate at a very high frequency and radiate around them radiation at different wavelengths, in the same way as firefly cells radiate visible radiation.

However, the capacity and spiral of these elementary circuits are very complex; they depend especially on the shape and length of the filament, their loops and sinuosity, as well as the relative size of the cell in relation to the filament.

After a certain time and under the action of a cause on which we cannot insist, two attractive poles are produced in the protoplasm, the filaments break, orientate, separate, then gather around each pole and the cell divides. This is how cell division takes place (Fig. 14).

CHARACTERISTICS AND WAVELENGTH OF CELLULAR IRRADIATION. - It is thus understood, from the very constitution of cells as revealed to us by microscopic observation and morphological studies, that each cell is in a state of being the seat of very high frequency oscillations producing invisible radiation over a range close to that of light.

Take for example Corynactis viridis magnified seven hundred and fifty times.

From its actual size, I have calculated the probable self-inductance of its intermixed circuits (fig. 15). The capacitance is, however, very difficult to determine. Based on certain average values, I find a localised radiation in the infrared domain.

It is also possible to obtain an order of magnitude - a very rough approximation of the wavelength - by measuring the length of the filament and multiplying it by two. It is, in fact, quite probable that the cells, whose filaments are isolated at both ends, vibrate at half-wave, i.e. have a wavelength approximately double the length of the filament, in the same way as Hertz electric dipoles.

But these methods are not precise and only fix one order of magnitude.

We will see later why cells oscillate and under what effect.

For the moment, I think I have convinced the reader that living cells are, by their constitution, capable of oscillating and emitting radiation.

It is this phenomenon of radiation that constitutes this famous mysterious sense of birds and insects, this special instinct imagined by naturalists.

It is by means of this internal cellular radiation that the firefly produces its ancestral light, which never goes out.

It is a similar radiation, at a different frequency, that gives insects this occult

faculty, which does not proceed from a particulate emission of the sense of smell, but from a radiation of the ether.

It is the same radiation that maintains and creates life, or, at least, is a direct and inseparable manifestation of it.

It is this radiation, which is emitted by the ovaries of the female bombice, that attracts the males.

And so it is this radiation emitted by microorganisms in rotting flesh that attracts blue flies and necrophores.

It is this radiation that guides the owls, lemmings and bats towards the animals they find at a great distance to feed.

It is this radiation emanating from the dovecote that guides the carrier pigeons.

All the apparent mysteries that for us involve the customs and instincts of insects, birds and other animals are now illuminated.

The naturalists, who reveal to us, with as much talent as precision, the details of these phenomena, have therefore been unable to solve the problem that Nature, like Oedipus' Sphinx, has posed to us in such an incomprehensible way.

The new theory casts a vivid light on all these enigmas of radiation and life; it

appears in its principle susceptible to fruitful applications, as the keystone of the great problem.

NATURE OF CELLULAR RADIATION. - I was happy to note that the personal work I have undertaken along this path, largely traced by the researches of Professor d'Arsonval and the late Daniel Berthelot, has been confirmed by the recent experiments of Messrs Gurwitsch and Franck and by those of Mr Albert Nodon, president of the Astronomical Society of Bordeaux, who for several years has been studying the analysis of the "actinoelectric" phenomena produced on the living organism by waves of very short length. This research is particularly directed towards the radioactivity of plants and animals.

Mr Nodon established, with the help of appropriate electrometers, numerous tests designed to compare the radioactivity of animals and plants with that of radioactive mineral substances such as uranium and radium salts.

Without going into the details of the experiments, it should be ed that Mr. Nodon's electrometer has an aluminium sheet, earthed, to which an electrified metal rod, ed by an insulating dumbbell, is attached. The substances to be studied are placed on a plate attached to the end of the rod and placed in the Faraday cage. In addition, for very weak radiation, Mr Nodon uses an electrometer of very small capacity, the ground quartz of which is insulated from the dry air so as to retain for half an hour, without considerable loss, an electrical charge at 40 volts. The insulated armature receives the radioactive mineral substances and the objects to be examined: insects, small animals, plants. The electrometer is sensitive to a potential difference of about two volts. The sample used is a given mass of uranium oxide.

Mr Nodon's measurements were taken on a variety of organisms: hydrangea leaves, pelargonium leaves, leek leaves, dahlia leaves, ivy leaves, pollen grains, garlic cloves, onions, recently unearthed potatoes.

These samples show that the so-called 'radioactivity' is comparable to that of uranium, or in other words, that it produces the discharge of the electrometer in 25 to 500 seconds, depending on the nature and mass of the organic tissue.

Extending his scope to animals, Mr Nodon showed that golden, black and green beetles, flies, spiders and other live insects have a radioactivity of between 3 and 15 times that of uranium at equal mass.

We note that, which clearly confirms my theory of cellular oscillation, dead plants and animals no longer present any appreciable radioactivity, so much so that their own radiation is necessary - and seems sufficient - for the phenomenon of life. In fact, this radioactivity is only the manifestation of cellular oscillation. Suppress the nucleus: you suppress the oscillation and the cell no longer lives.

From these facts and from similar measurements made on man, Mr Nodon draws the following conclusion: "It appears from the preceding facts that the vital cells of the human body emit electrons which come from a real radioactivity, the intensity of which seems to be much greater than that discovered in insects and plants."

Whether there is an emission of energy from living beings, or a re-emission that suggests a previous capture, the fact is undeniable. The question is whether there is transport of energy by electrons or transmission of energy by waves.

Now, I believe it is difficult to it that electrons can be transported at such considerable distances as those involved in the most imperfectly known biological phenomena, such as those of the instinct of animals, their orientation, and the maintenance and preservation of their life. It is therefore to be supposed

that electrons appear only locally as a result of the electrical polarisation of organic tissues, by the fact of real phenomena of induction and detection, of which the waves are the object in the organism, following the oscillation of the circuit of the cell nucleus.

Mr. Nodon, on the other hand, obtained spontaneous x-rays in the dark chamber by placing living subjects (plants, insects) directly on the photographic plate. Clear images were recorded after several hours of exposure and the experimental scientist concludes:

"It seems probable that matter, under the action of radiations of a wavelength shorter than the diameter of the electron, must undergo particular modifications, of an unknown order, communicating perhaps to this matter new properties different from those communicated to it by radiations of a much greater wavelength, external to the electrons.

The interpretation of these results. seems to me much simpler. We are, indeed, impregnated by the fields of cosmic radiation, which includes all wave ranges, from the largest to the smallest. It is evident, as I have shown in previous chapters, that cosmic radiation induces electrical phenomena in the cell nuclei of the organism and, reciprocally, that the inner phenomena of the organism, particularly nutrition, bring into play cellular electrical oscillations.

The theory, which I have proposed, of the oscillation of living beings s for these phenomena. The living cell is a true oscillator and electrical resonator. Its constants are fixed by the form and nature of the substances that enter into its composition. The renewal of its substances by nutrition gives rise to local electronic actions, arising from the electrons released by the chemical reactions of the living organism, which modify the electrical constants of the cell nucleus.

On the other hand, the radiation emitted by living beings is not only of the order of radioactive radiation and we know of heat and infrared radiation, light radiation (firefly, fungi, microorganisms and animaluncles).

We recall that Mr Gurwitsch and Mr Franck

have recently highlighted the 'mitogenic' rays emanating from the stems and roots of recently cut plants, because the cell nucleus has not yet been destroyed. Thanks to their measurement, these rays could be identified with ultraviolet rays. These experimental facts confirm the work of Prof. d'Arsonval and the late Daniele Berthelot. They also provide valuable confirmation of my theory of cellular oscillation.

At the precise moment when the theorists of emission and those of undulation seem once more to be facing each other, it is certainly not inappropriate to bring the Newtonianists into agreement with the followers of Huyghens by showing, as Dr. Louis de Broglie has done, that the electron is, in short, nothing but a system of waves. Thus it is not possible to conceive that cosmic radiations can integrate or disintegrate electrons in the atom, before the present work of Professor Millikan comes to bring us the certainty of this. Every year shows us the existence of more and more penetrating cosmic radiation, and nothing at the present time suggests that a limit to the reduction of ultra-short waves can be predicted or predicted. Up to the present time the analysis of the highest frequencies has been impeded only by the imperfection of the apparatus of investigation. It does not therefore seem useful to invoke the new notion of a "living atom", as Mr. Nodon imagines. It seems simpler to conclude that living organisms, vegetable and animal, are electromagnetic systems normally in equilibrium under the effect of the field of external cosmic radiation and of internal reactions, such as that of nutrition. The excess or insufficiency of the amplitude or frequency of this radiation must bring about the oscillatory imbalance that is fatal to the organism. For this to occur, it is sufficient that the characteristics of the radiation change, which modify the functioning of the cellular emitter or resonator.

Some scholars of physics or of radio-electrical phenomena have objected that my theory would be in contradiction with the facts, because cosmic waves, which are such penetrating rays that they can through a lead plate of 7 metres and more, cannot make the nucleus of the living cell oscillate, which would be a much larger oscillating circuit measuring a few micros.

To this objection I can reply that cosmic waves encom all ranges of wavelengths, even if they measure several thousand metres, which is something that all radio-electricians easily observe in the reception of all frequencies and which they then call "atmospheric parasites". On the other hand, each group of cells has its own frequency at which it vibrates, and each of these frequencies is precisely in the range of cosmic waves.

We shall later the consequences of my theory of cellular oscillation by observing the effects of changes in cosmic radiation, for example as a result of interference resulting from sunspot activity, secondary radiation of waves absorbed from the ground and the therapeutic application of oscillating circuits.

CHAPTER SIX - CELL DISRUPTION AND OSCILLATORY IMBALANCE

MICROBIAL OSCILLATORY ACTION. - What we have learned about cellular radiation now allows us to take a new look at the study of the pathological state of cells, of which we know that they are nothing more than small living resonators.

I have said that life - the oscillation of the cell nucleus - was born of radiation and continues to be maintained by it. It is easily understood that life, considered as a harmony of vibrations, can be altered or suppressed by any circumstance which causes an oscillatory imbalance, especially by the radiation of certain microbes which cancels out that of weaker and less resistant cells.

It is necessary that the amplitude of cellular oscillation reaches a convenient value for the organism to be in a good state of defence against the offensive irradiation of certain microbes.

The microbe, a living being, vibrating at a lower or higher frequency than the cell of the organism, produces an oscillatory imbalance in the living being.

The healthy cell, which can no longer oscillate normally, is then forced to change the amplitude or frequency of its own vibration, which the microbe stifles more or less completely by induction.

Because it is forced to vibrate under conditions different from those imposed by

its existence, the cell can no longer live normally; it is a sick cell. In order to heal it, a radiation of appropriate frequency and amplitude must be given to it, which, by giving back to the cell the energy it lacks, restores it to health together with its primitive normal state.

The action of this auxiliary radiation cancels and dominates the nefarious action of the microbe. [1]

We cannot, in fact, deny to microbes, individual cells, what we it for the elementary cells that go into the constitution of living beings.

Microbes, which are made up of a nucleus cell, also emit radiation. Whenever these elementary beings come into with organised beings, what I might call a radiation war occurs between the microbes and the healthy cells.

The problem that arises is similar to the anguished dilemma faced by a saviour when he comes to the aid of friends in danger and sees them struggling with powerful attackers. He dares not use his weapon for fear of injuring his friends who are mixed up with the attackers in an inextricable melee.

Likewise, harmful microbes and healthy cells are equally exposed to any electrical or radioactive action that might be used to destroy the harmful radiation.

It is difficult to suppress one without destroying the other.

In fact, since Pasteur's time, attempts have always been made to kill microbes. This method had the serious drawback of destroying not only the oscillation of the bacillus, but also the oscillation of the cell with which it was in .

The experience gained in treating cancer and tuberculosis with radium, X-rays or ultraviolet rays shows the extent of the practitioners' task.

EXPERIENCES WHICH DEMONSTRATE THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MICROBES. - Perhaps some of our readers will be astonished to hear us put forward an electrical theory of life and the cell which even applies to microbes, for up to now microbes have been far removed from any electrical consideration.

Let us now recall an experiment, carried out by biologists, which shows that microbes are endowed with very curious and hitherto unexplained electrical properties.

The name of Eberth's bacillus typhi is known as well as the colibacillus, which resembles the former, so much so that they are mistaken for each other (Figs. 16 and 17).

Now, the bacillus typhii causes typhoid fever in man; it exists in the organs of typhoids and can be cultivated. It measures 2 to 3 micros in 0.7 and is shaped like a stick.

This form can, on the other hand, change slightly. This bacillus is very mobile, has vibratory cilia and quickly crosses the field of the microscope.

As for the colibacillus, isolated in 1885 in the faeces of newborns, it is always present in the intestine and is widespread in humans and animals.

It is generally harmless, but can become pathogenic. It is a dangerous species whose properties are variable. It resembles the bacillus typhi, but is less mobile than the latter, or even immobile, as it has very few cilia. It can also be cultivated.

It was then that the following experiment was carried out. After having introduced a mixture of these two species of bacilli into a liquid that is slightly conductive to electricity, two electrodes were placed in this liquid, connected respectively to the positive and negative poles of an electric battery.

It was then observed this curious thing, that bacilli typhi are all attracted to one of the poles, while colibacilli are attracted to the other pole.

The complete separation of the two species, one of which is pathogenic and the other harmless, is thus achieved.

This experiment has also been filmed and it is curious to see these microbes running one to the right, the other to the left as soon as the current in the battery is established.

This phenomenon, which was totally inexplicable before current scientific data, clearly shows that there are electrical properties in microbes that we did not know about before.

It is known that in very dilute solutions, certain chemical compounds dissociate with appearances of equal and opposite electrical charges on the

their elements. For example, sodium chloride Na Cl dissociates into positively electrified sodium Na and negatively electrified chlorine C 1. It is thus explained by analogy that the colibacillus and the Eberth bacillus can differ, from the electrical point of view, in their chemical composition, as chlorine and sodium differ in both chlorine and sodium in the above example.

The second bacillus is not, in my opinion, dangerous because it is capable of modifying, in general, the characteristics of the cell: capacity, self-inductance, conductivity. As a result, the colibacillus, vibrating at the same frequency as living cells, is harmless to them, since it does not modify the wavelength of the cells.

On the contrary, the bacillus tificus, whose electrical properties are different, due to the differentiation of its chemical composition, vibrates on another wavelength and modifies, by forced induction, the oscillatory balance of the cell.

ACTION OF RADIATION. - Returning to the alteration of tissues and cells by microbes, let us seek, in the light of our theory, what the remedy might be.

It is not a question of trying to kill the microbe in living organisms, but of attracting the normal cellular oscillation by exerting a direct action on the cells by means of appropriate rays. My own experience has shown that with radioelectrical rays of a very short wavelength or with oscillating circuits in the form of necklaces and belts, one can balance the cellular oscillation and make the effect of microbial oscillations disappear.

The type of radiation produced by the waves I am advocating is harmless, unlike that of X-rays or radium. It follows immediately that their application does not involve any risk. On the other hand, in modern medicine, high-frequency currents are now being used, which were predicted before the discovery of the triode lamp by the eminent French scientist Professor d'Arsonval. This method has already given excellent results.

THE RADIO-CELL-OSCILLATOR. - I have in fact exposed for long hours, in front of an emitting apparatus, a certain number of microbial cultures which have continued to develop normally. I have never felt any discomfort myself, although I have spent days handling the wave-generating apparatus which I have called the radio-cellulo-oscillator. This is a generator of radioelectric waves, the installation of which is indifferent, provided that the desired radiation is produced. The fundamental wavelength of this radiation may on the other hand be variable. Its size differs considerably depending on the nature of the cells to be treated. To date, I have used waves varying from 2m to 10m.

It is only when two living beings, such as the cell and the microbe, are in that the rays emitted by the radio-cell oscillator act to restore the oscillatory equilibrium of the cell. It is the cell itself which, regaining its vigour by grace of the radiation of the auxiliary oscillator, comes to destroy the microbe.

The experiments I carried out at the Hospital de la Salpetrière, in the service of Prof. Gosset, with him and Dr. Gutmann, his head of the medical clinic, and Mr. Magrou, his head of the laboratory, were carried out on cancerous plants

inoculated according to the method of Erwin Smith, and were the subject, on July 26, 1924, of a communication to the Society of Biology published in the Bulletin of this Society.

The text of the communication is reproduced in its entirety below:

THERAPY ESSAY OF "EXPERIMENTAL PLANT CANCER" - It is known that it is possible to produce, on various plants, by inoculation of Bacterium tumefaciens, certain tumours comparable to the cancer of animals (Erwin F. Smith). One of us has experimentally obtained a large number of tumours by this method. These tumours have an indefinite development; it may happen that they partially necrotize, but they do not die completely until the whole plant, or at least the branch carrying the tumour, succumbs to cachexia. Even when surgically removed, these tumours have continued to proliferate.

In this note we propose to study the action of high frequency magnetic waves, obtained by means of an apparatus made by one of us for therapeutic applications and according to his technical views (4), the Radio-CelluloOscillator Giorgio Lakhovsky. This device produces oscillations with a wavelength of about 2m, which corresponds to 150 million (150,000,000) vibrations per second.

A first plant (Pelargonium zonatum) was placed in the experiment one month after inoculation with Bacterium tumefaciens; it bore small white tumours the size of a cherry stone. The plant was exposed to the radiation twice, with an interval of 24 hours, for three hours each time. (Table I).

Table III

Appearance of the treated subject after recovery

In the days following the treatment, the tumour continued to grow rapidly as the tumours witnessed, forming a large, multi-lobed mass. About sixteen days after the first treatment session, the tumour rapidly began to necrose. A few days later (about 15 days), necrosis was complete; the lobes of the tumour, retracted and completely desecrated, separated with elimination furrows from the shaft that bore them, and the tumour was easily detached with the lightest traction. The necrosising action of the radiation was strictly elective and was limited to the cancerous tissues that it followed to the depth where the tumours arise; the healthy organs, stem and leaves, remained unharmed and the plant retained its vigour.

A second Pelargonium was treated in the same way, except that the duration of exposure to radiation was longer (11 sessions of 3 hours each); sixteen days after the first session, the tumour it carried began to necrotize and, a few days later, it was completely desiccated. As in the first case, the healthy parts remained unharmed.

In a third Pelargonium subjected to radiation for 9 hours (in 3 sessions of 3 hours), the necrosis of the tumour lobes followed the same path.

Sixteen witness Pelargonium were left untreated. All of them carry tumours in full activity, sometimes enormous (Table II).

To sum up, we are authorised to say that Pelargoniums that have become cancerous due to the inoculation of Bact. tumefaciens, and for which surgery could not prevent recurrence, seem to heal under the influence of the above-

mentioned magnetic waves. (Salpetrière Surgical Clinic).

The conclusion of these few experiences is very clear.

On the one hand, large numbers of subjects inoculated with Bacterium tumefaciens and left untreated have seen their tumours grow dramatically, absorbing all their vital energy and finally leading them to certain death.

On the other hand, subjects treated by means of the oscillations, and which had been taken at random from among the inoculated plants, not only recovered rapidly, but also flowered constantly even during the winter in the greenhouses, while Pelargoniums of the same species which had not been inoculated gave less developed flowers, but still continued to do well, as can be seen on the photograph. (Table III).

MY THEORY AND THE PATHOLOGY OF CANCER. - Observation teaches us that cancer affects, in the majority of cases, middle-aged individuals, from about 50 years of age onwards, and the old, i.e. it is produced, if we can express it in this way, in worn-out tissues.

It must be agreed that it is the chemical modification of the blood or of the cells from that age, for cancer is produced, if my theory is taken into , by the variation of the cellular oscillation caused by the change in the capacity of the cells.

One example is the formation of granules. The presence of iron- and phosphorus-rich granules has been noted in the blood, which are the product of fibrin residues, leucocytes (white blood cells) and haematites (red blood cells).

On the other hand, it has also been found that there are far fewer white and red blood cells in old people than in adults, and precisely these granules are transformations of white and red blood cells according to some authors. The composition of the blood is therefore no longer the same in old people than in adults, particularly iron and phosphorus are in greater quantity, from which results an excessive conductivity of the cell nucleus, which causes, through the excess of cosmic waves, too rapid division of the cells, the product of which is neoplastic.

My theory therefore, in my opinion, makes it possible to explain the pathological phenomenon of cancer, the primitive cause of which is still unknown, microbial or otherwise. It is known that cancer can be grafted onto healthy parts of the body and that it does not always attack. In this case, the normal oscillation of healthy cells destroys the oscillation of the neoplasm and it does not develop. If, on the contrary, it is grafted onto abnormal cells, such as certain 'grains de beauté', in most cases it comes to life. in most cases, the neoplasm comes to life, because the abnormal cell oscillates differently from the healthy cell.

The inference was drawn that the cancer was not contagious, so it was not due to a microbe.

As for me, I liken the neoplastic cell to a microbe, with a nucleus like other cells, but whose oscillation frequency is different from that of healthy cells.

Microbes which destroy or modify the normal oscillation by changing the capacity of the cells are only harmful, for there are harmless microbes which vibrate, I suppose, at the frequency of healthy cells, or have a chemical composition corresponding to their capacity and electrical resistance, we have seen, for instance, that the milk-farm, the yeast, etc., are not as harmful as the colibacillus in certain cases, because, having the same oscillation as healthy cells, they do not alter their frequency, and these healthy cells are not altered by their presence.

Thus, in tissues that are already old, the increase in the quantity of metallic molecules by means of granules or other substances likely to change the electrical constants in the cells and blood modifies the internal capacity and the electrical resistance of each circuit of the nucleus. The circuit formed by the filament no longer possesses the same electrical capacity necessary for its development, since its specific wavelength has changed. As a result, the oscillation frequency is no longer the same. It has varied considerably and differs from the specific frequency of healthy cells.

On the other hand, .the division of cells resulting from the annihilation of the amount of metal molecules due to the growth of globulins or other substances contributes to increasing the capacity of the other cells, to modify and disturb their oscillatory balance. Since the own vital frequency is modified and the oscillatory balance destroyed, the healthy cells, instead of dividing normally by karyokinesis, divide into neoplasmic cells vibrating at another frequency. These new cells then act by direct induction and forced vibration on other neighbouring altered cells that are always ready to change their oscillation. They force them to oscillate at the frequency of the neoplasms and thus transform them into cancerous cells. The tissue alteration grows degree by degree, thus producing neoplasms.

Thus, the primary physical cause of this alteration would be a change in the frequency of healthy cells as a result of the increase in globulins too rich in iron and phosphorus in already weakened cells. From about the age of 50, certain organs are chemically modified. The capacity and wavelength of the cells also change as a result of the change, these cells start to vibrate at a different frequency as we have explained, which forces cell division to become neoplastic.

This increase in globulins and other substances from a certain age, changing the frequency of healthy cells by means of their new capacity, or even suppressing this oscillation completely, causes not only cancer, but also all the diseases of old

age.

Since cancer is but one of the diseases of old age, it is an indication of the degeneration of the organism.

I am convinced that we will come to know, measure and regulate the capacity and wavelength of cells: on that day, there is no reason why human life should not be extended to limits that are not even suspected today.

We see, however, that cancer, despite hygiene, is taking on formidable proportions. In my opinion, this development is due to a rather reassuring reason: the progress of science, however paradoxical this may seem. In fact, the increase in human longevity, which was 39 years about half a century ago, has now risen to 50 years and even more in some countries, thanks to the progress of surgery and hygiene, which have suppressed a large number of premature deaths that were previously caused by organic or contagious diseases.

Cancer, hitherto incurable, generally only attacks people who are over 45 or 50 years old. It is easy to understand, therefore, that increased longevity gives this disease a greater number of victims previously designated to its appetite.

On the other hand, histological and radiographic analyses, which have been carried out regularly for the last twenty years or so, have shown that, in the past, deaths from cancer were often attributed to other causes.

diseases such as tumours, cysts, stomach and intestinal diseases, and even lung diseases.

In fact, it cannot be said that the body's resistance to cancer has declined; on the contrary, the fact that it is above all a disease of the old proves that there is a probability of dying old. It has often been observed that cancer often strikes the boarders of old-age homes; the cause is precisely that these old people have previously escaped death from other diseases.

But with the constant progress of science and biology, and since the actual causes of this terrible disease are beginning to be discerned, it is to be hoped that it will soon be mastered. And it is already a disgrace for medicine and also for mankind that it has not yet been achieved.

EXPLANATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE. FEVER AND ITS USEFULNESS. - By grace of my theory the phenomenon of the maintenance of the temperature of the body may also be explained. Let us examine in the first place how the maintenance of a constant temperature is effected: the foodstuffs, absorbed and chemically transformed by digestion and other internal actions, arrive at each cell after having been absorbed in part by the blood and protoplasm. They thus constitute the biomagnomobiles, which are the elementary corpuscles of living organisms, like atoms and molecules for chemical substances. They supply these substances with all the chemical elements, metals, metalloids and conducting and insulating compounds necessary for the constitution of the filament, its nucleus and its envelope. Now, the nucleus has two distinct elements:

- 1°) In the interior of the filament, an irable material capable of maintaining the conductivity of the filament to a certain degree.

- 2°) On the outside of the filament a casing formed of a dielectric material designed to insulate the filament proper.

Now, any oscillation, in an open or closed electric circuit, develops heat (this is an experimental fact), produced by the age of the current through the conducting or insulating parts of the circuit. Or in other words, it is the rubbing of the current against the electrical resistance presented by the circuit that causes this emission of heat.

In each cell, the filament, composed of conducting matter of varying electrical resistance, heats up as the current es through it. Thus the mere fact that the cells oscillate implies that they develop heat, produced by the degradation of the electrical energy which itself comes from the chemical energy of the food and also from outside (cosmic waves) as we shall see later.

Suppose now that, for whatever pathogenic cause, the electrical resistance of the filament of the nucleus and its sheath varies; the result is an abnormal development of heat which has its repercussion on neighbouring cells. This development of heat reaches the sheaths of these cells, so that the temperature of the body rises little by little and causes fever.

It is perhaps possible to approximate to these ideas the death of certain sick people suffering from high fever.

We have seen that the circuit formed by the filament cannot oscillate - that is, the cell cannot live - unless this circuit, like any other electric circuit, is electrically isolated from the liquid environment in which it is immersed. The sheath of the filament is, in fact, a part analogous to the silk or gutta-percha envelope that wraps the wires of the electric light.

So what happens if the temperature reaches 41°? It's very simple: the insulating

resin sheath, made of plastic or other material, which surrounds the conducting filament, melts at this temperature due to its physical nature and its extremely thin thickness.

The circuit is no longer isolated, it is destroyed, it no longer exists. Cells can therefore no longer be the site of electrical oscillations, they can no longer live and therefore die.

The longer or shorter resistance of some malates to high temperature is due to the chemical constant of the core filament envelope and its fusibility value.

On the basis of this principle, it is clear that many sick people could be cured by a fever that is maintained at a temperature that can be regulated so as to allow the nucleus to fuse with the microbe and destroy it.

Thus we know that the gonococcus cannot withstand a temperature of 40° C. and that it is destroyed by melting of its nucleus following a fever that es this temperature.

Moreover, for some years now, fever has ceased to be considered solely as a harmful and inevitable pathological manifestation. On the contrary, it has also been attributed remarkable cures which still seem to belong to the domain of empiricism, but which will undoubtedly be the science of tomorrow. It is therefore not useless to examine closely the causes and effects of fever, to know how to provoke it and how to dose it. We shall see how my theory of cellular oscillation achieves this result.

Without insisting on the function of the benign and brief fevers caused by

vaccinations, it should be ed that as early as 1885 a Viennese professor, Wagner von Jauregg, indicated the possibility of treating general paralysis by inoculating malaria, thus renewing the procedure used by Louis XI to cure epilepsy.

At a time when microbes had not yet been discovered, the curative virtue of fever had already been noted. In a recent study, Dr Augusto Marie, chief physician at the St Anne's clinical asylum, points out this observation. by Esquirol in his first treatise of 1818:

"There are few chronic diseases that have not been cured by the development of an unexpected fever.

"All the practitioners of our time never cease to express their regret that they do not have in their power the faculty of developing a fever.... Many have tried to give birth to it.... The doctor at the hospice for the mentally handicapped in Tubingen, Wurtenberg, has the lunatics take muriate of mercury in repeated doses, in order to excite a feverish movement, which sometimes succeeds".

In a general way, mental illnesses and general paralysis have been cured by fevers, such as those caused by malaria and rhizipola. More recently, attempts have been made to produce fever by means of tuberculin or with polyvalent vaccines of dead staphylococci and streptococci, as well as with colloidal substances, yeasts, typhovaccines, neurovaccines and others.

What is the action of fever in these cases of treatment? This is the description given to us by Dr Augusto Marie in the study already cited:

"Levaditi, Nesser and Zeiller have shown that animals in a state of septic fever are refractory to spirochaetal inoculation; if they have been successfully inoculated and die in a septic febrile state, the spirochaetes that survive are rare or scarcely mobile. On the other hand, under the ultramicroscope, is it not possible to see spirochaetes elevated to 40° slow down their movements, then become immobile and die below this temperature?"

There is no doubt that it is entirely empirical to inoculate a disease and risk all its consequences with the sole intention of taking advantage of the benefits of the access to fever that it provides.

In my opinion, the mechanism of the cure is very simple. I have already pointed out that the nucleus of each cell consists of a certain number of substances, the nature and proportion of which vary. But these substances are some of them conductors (mineral salts), others insulators (resin, fats, cholesterine, plastin, etc.), and grouped together in such a way that the nucleus generally presents itself in the form of a tube of insulating matter (filament), filled with conducting liquid: such are the elements of the cellular oscillating circuit.

Now these insulating substances of the cell are all fusible, but at different characteristic temperatures depending on their nature. The envelope of the nuclear filament is therefore an insulating composition, which melts at a given temperature for each microbe, a temperature that depends essentially on the nature and proportion of the elements that make it up.

The maximum temperature that a cell can withstand without being destroyed is obviously linked to the constitution of the nucleus, since the cell dies when its nucleus is fused.

In particular, it is known that each species of microbe can withstand up to a

certain temperature. Generally, the application of a higher temperature is expected to destroy them, which is why sterilisation by ebullization at 100° C. for a few minutes is envisaged. But it is also possible to destroy large numbers of microbes by 'pasteurisation', keeping suspect liquids such as milk, beer, etc. at a temperature of 75° C. for several hours, to alter their organic properties as little as possible.

The application of ebullization and pasteurisation in living beings is obviously impossible, but there is no doubt that similar results are sometimes obtained after several days of fever. Many microbes cannot withstand temperatures of 39° to 41° C., due to the melting of the insulating substances in their cell nucleus.

The observations we have mentioned here prove that a number of microbial diseases can be effectively treated with fever provided that the duration of this fever and the temperature it produces are dosed appropriately.

But how? Is it by the inoculation of malaria, or of colloidal substances causing serious organic disturbances which give rise to fever by reaction? Now the fever can develop excessively and melt the healthy cells of the sick person, resulting in death.

The current empirical method consists of inoculating a febrile disease, then either activating its accesses with leukopyretics or calming them with quinine salts.

I have now shown that fever has its origin in the elevation of the temperature of the body, which is kept ordinarily constant by the electrical resistance offered in the oscillating cellular circuit to the age of high-frequency induced currents. The elevation of temperature in the oscillating electric circuit of the cell can be produced in two ways.

- 1°) Externally, by the excess of the induced current, coming for instance from the excess of cosmic waves;

- 2) Inwardly, due to the weakening of the electrical resistance of the cell filament, e.g. as a result of an excess of conductive mineral substances.

This way of seeing is, on the other hand, confirmed by the constant observations made on fever sufferers.

One always notices an increase in feverish temperature in the evening, at sunset, when the abrupt reduction of atmospheric ionisation due to sunlight causes the mass arrival of cosmic waves, as well as the short waves of radio communications.

On the other hand, there is a decrease in fever in the morning, at sunrise, due to the diurnal weakening of cosmic waves following the ionisation of the atmosphere by the arrival of light rays that interfere with the cosmic waves.

In the light of these observations, I believe that it would be logical to provoke and dose the attacks of curative fever, not by inoculating dangerous contagious diseases and destroying a microbe in order to install another in the organism, but by appealing to rational electrical procedures, for example by using a local generator of very short waves, such as the one I have proposed, as well as oscillating circuits, filters and appropriate resonators. The relatively long waves currently used in diathermy have a frequency far too weak to produce a sufficiently high temperature and to determine a sufficient localisation of the thermal effect produced. However, with much weaker wavelengths of 1.5 to 3 m, it must be possible to produce even more intense heating.

Scientifically it has already been possible to construct transmitting apparatuses, operating on very short wavelengths, which bring into play a considerable amount of energy, to such an extent that the operators who manipulated the apparatuses felt an intense fever. These same operators, frightened by this fever, abandoned their experiments without thinking that these generators of natural fevers could be called upon, by their beneficial action, to save humanity from most diseases.

In fact, such a device would make it possible to dose the intensity of a fever appropriate to a disease, causing the heat necessary and sufficient to melt the nucleus of the microbe that generates it. It would be possible to regulate the intensity of the fever minute by minute, without harming our own cells, by acting on the energy released in the apparatus. It would also be possible to regulate the duration of the fever very exactly by opening or closing the apparatus.

I am convinced that, by the grace of this method, mankind may be rid of many diseases, and particularly of syphilis, which is one of the most serious, since we know that the spirochete, which is the microbe, melts at a temperature of 40°.

On the other hand, we know, unfortunately, that various microbes melt at much higher temperatures than the cells in our own bodies. This is particularly the case with the tuberculosis bacillus. It would therefore be unthinkable to apply this method of artificial fever immediately; but it must be possible to chemically increase the fusibility of the nucleus of these microbes beforehand, or perhaps to decrease the fusibility of the nucleus of our cells, which would allow the local short-wave generator to be used successfully.

In view of the results already obtained empirically and by trial and error in the application of fever to the cure of diseases, I am persuaded that an apparatus

which generates very short waves, and which enables such and such a microbe to be melted at will, would certainly be used to provoke fever and to regulate it very exactly with knowledge of the cause. It does not seem exaggerated to expect miracles from such a procedure.

NEW CELL OSCILLATION TEST. - STERILISATION OF WATER BY DIRECT OF THE MICROBE WITH THE METAL. - In order to my theory of cellular oscillation, I have recently carried out a series of researches at the Pasteur Institute. Since the microbe or the cell can only live by reason of their oscillation at a very high frequency, and ing that many authors have noted the bactericidal action of metals, I thought that, according to my theories, the explanation was as follows: it is known that the frequency of every oscillating circuit is altered by the of a metallic mass that forms a short-circuit. I deduced from this that the same phenomenon must occur with the cellular oscillating circuit, i.e. on of the metal with the microbe. The experiments I made at the Pasteur Institute confirmed once more my theoretical views and were the subject of the following communication, presented by Professor d'Arsonval to the Academy of Sciences on April 15, 1929:

MICROBIOLOGY - The sterilisation of water and liquids with metal circuits in direct with the liquid. - Note by M. Georgès Lakhovsky, presented by Mr d'Arsonval. The bactericidal power of silver has been known for a long time. Wishing to the action of metals on microbes according to my theory of cellular oscillation, according to which I assimilated the nucleus of each cell or microbe to a high-frequency oscillating circuit, and knowing that the frequency of oscillation of each circuit is altered by the of a metallic mass, I concluded that the bactericidal action of metal is purely physical and due to the alteration of the oscillation of the nucleus in direct with the metal.

We started with silver because of its stainlessness and its inalterability at room temperature.

This verification was carried out in collaboration with Mr Sesari of the Pasteur Institute.

Coli B. - On 22 March, emulsion of 3 'oses' Coli B over 'gèlosè', 24 hours in one litre of fountain water.

Starting title.

10- emulsion=11280 calories =1128000 per cm2

Distribute the emulsion in three glasses with:

Witness.

Circuit 7 flat loops (area 119 cm).

Circuit 9 circular loops 3 cm in diameter (area 72 cm).

All sown in three 10 cm3 'gèlose' Petri dishes.

Coli B. per cubic centimetre:

Number of colonies specified after

18 hours 25 hours

Witness " 43680000

Circuit B. 171200 0

Circuit C. 73600 0

The same result was achieved with the bacillus tificus. However, the sterilisation of the water is slightly longer in this case.

Cell alteration and oscillatory imbalance 115

III. In order to that there is no chemical, but physical action of the metal, we have carried out the following new experiments:

On March 22, 1929, after having mixed the water thus sterilized after 25 hours of treatment with silver rods in experiments B and C of March 22, we distributed this liquid in three glasses a, b, and c: a left as such; b heated between 101° and 115°; c filtered on Chamberland F. These three liquids were sown again without the rods with Coli B and with a witnessed glass of fountain water. The titre at 10;

cm3 after 24 hours of treatment gave the following results:

Witness 10- 946 calories

a 10- 12

b 10- 13

c 10- 1474

It can be seen that liquids a and b, containing the Coli B destroyed by the treatment had an immunising effect on the new seedling, while in the filtered water the microbe developed normally.

In another experiment in which seeding was carried out in fountain water in which the circuit had been previously immersed for 24 hours before seeding, the development of microbes was normal.

We repeated these same experiments with the white metal called platonix, which is also stainless, and obtained similar results.

It is necessary not to heat the metal beforehand, because it loses its bactericidal power due to the small gaseous layer composed of nitrogen and oxygen that forms in the air on the metal as it cools and isolates it from the microbe. On the other hand, the bactericidal power is attenuated after a few experiments, due to

the deposit of limestone and organic matter contained in the water on the surface of the metal by electrical polarisation and which isolates it from with the microbe. This bactericidal power is restored by washing the metal with a base or a very dilute acid and rinsing it so that no trace of either acid or base remains.

It is possible that other explanations could be found, but, in any case, the facts remain and, from the point of view of hygiene, there would thus be a new procedure for sterilising water, without resorting to ebullization, which makes it indigestible and deprives it of certain mineral salts, or to the use of chemicals, which alter its purity to a certain extent, or to filters, which are not always effective.

This new process could render important services outside the large conurbations, where "verdunisation" is beginning to be practised, and particularly in the colonies, in the countryside (well water, river water, contaminated springs, etc.).

All these experiments were carried out, as we said, at the Pasteur Institute, where we will continue them with a view to other applications.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the metal loses its bactericidal power when a thin layer forms on its surface, isolating it from the microbe. This is what is produced by polarisation in batteries and accumulators, the electrodes of which must be cleaned and depolarised. An insulating layer is also produced when the metal is heated, making it incandescent, by the dissolution of the gases of the air (oxygen and nitrogen) which form a light film of paint on the surface of the metal, a layer insoluble in water, but soluble in an extended solution of acid or base.

The interest of this method of destroying the microbe results precisely from the fact that, as it uses neither heat nor chemical agents, it preserves the chemical

constant of the microbe in its entirety, which makes it possible to envisage very wide-ranging applications for vaccination, particularly by the oral route.

1] The action of the microbe on the living cell is thus the action of an oscillation on another oscillation. It is essentially comparable to the forced vibration induced by a small heterodyne generator in a resonant circuit tuned to the oscillation it is to receive. The action of this local generator is combined with that of the resonant radiation. Depending on the value of its frequency and amplitude, this auxiliary vibration modifies and modulates the initial vibration to a greater or lesser extent. Sometimes it reinforces it, as in superreaction or at the limit of the reaction used in radiotelephony receivers. Sometimes it more or less dampens it.

CHAPTER SEVEN - NATURE OF RADIANT ENERGY

What is r radiant energy Ionisation and conduits i Penetrating radiation and cosmic waves i The univer. sion i Solar radiation and photolysis.

WHAT IS RADIANT ENERGY? - I have set out in previous chapters how the sense of orientation in animals could be explained and how living cells were the seat of radiation. I will now expound on the origin of this radiation.

Guided by this idea of the radiation of healthy cells and the oscillatory imbalance that appears in diseases, I have tried to reinforce this cellular oscillation by means of my high-frequency oscillator, producing a very wide range of very short waves that can interfere with cosmic waves and absorb their excess.

The existence of these interfering waves is paramount, as it is evident that only waves of a frequency comparable to that of the radiation emitted by the cell can have an influence on their own radiation.

As I developed my theory, I wondered where the energy needed to produce and maintain cellular oscillations, in a word: vitality, could come from.

Is it a chemical energy produced in living beings by internal radiation? Is it perhaps an internal energy of a physical, caloric, luminous, or other nature? It seems unlikely, a priori, that it is an internal energy, just as, in the physical order, the battery, the locomotive or the dynamo do not possess an energy of their own.

Or is it an energy that comes from outside?

It is indeed an external cosmic radiation, which astrophysicists have called penetrating rays or cosmic waves and which we will study later.

In order to determine the origin of this energy, I then imagined the following experiment, identical to the previous ones, in which I treated plants artificially inoculated with cancer, by means of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation which absorbed the excess of cosmic waves at their maximum intensity, but I had expressly suppressed the local source of energy, namely the oscillator.

I therefore took a series of geraniums inoculated with cancer on the same day, 4 December 1924, and placed them in separate pots. A month later, when the tumours had developed, I took one of them at random, then placed around it a circular copper coil 30 cm in diameter, the two ends of which, not ed, were fixed in an ebonite . I then abandoned this device and allowed the experiment to continue for several weeks (Table IV).

After a fifteen-day journey, I returned to see my plants again.

Oh! amazement: all my geraniums whose stems bore the tumour were dead, dried up, as the photograph here shows, except the geranium surrounded by its armour. It grew twice as much as the other untreated plants in June 1925 (tables V and VI).

What is to be concluded from these results? That the copper spiral had to pick up external, atmospheric radiation and that it created an electromagnetic field to absorb the excess cosmic waves, in the same way as my oscillator did during the previous experiments.

From this, to conclude that the atmosphere is furrowed by radiation of all frequencies, there is but one step.

In fact, it is known that the Earth's atmosphere is home to a quantity of electromagnetic oscillations of all wavelengths and intensities, as a result of constant and innumerable electrical discharges.

On the other hand, we know that all electric motors have collectors, all brushtype motors, all magnets,

all traction equipment, current rectifiers and most electrical applications create a whole field of permanent auxiliary waves in the atmosphere.

Moreover, for the last fifteen years or so, the earth has been covered with such a dense network of real factories from which come out the waves of radiocommunication, radiotelegraphy, radiotelephony, etc., that it is impossible to find the slightest available free space in the range of these waves.

Under these conditions, it is understood that any oscillating circuit of any size and shape is likely to find in this vast field of waves the suitable wave on which it can oscillate. It is thus found that to make it oscillate it is not necessary to resort to a generator of local waves, such as the radio-celloscillator with which I cured the geraniums inoculated in my first experiments.

You are no doubt wondering how the oscillating circuit and the radio-cellulooscillator act upon the cosmic waves. As we will point out later, it is the cosmic waves that have created and maintain life by oscillating the cellular circuit. In the same way that all natural electromagnetic waves, light, heat, storm discharges, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, radioactive rays, etc., possess the property of reacting with each other and with cosmic waves. Now, we know from experience that the intensity of cosmic waves is not constant, but is greatest at night about 11 p.m. and lowest at noon, because the daytime radiation of light weakens it. These variations are very injurious to the maintenance of the oscillatory equilibrium of the cells and produce disease and death.

Thanks to the action of the radio-cell-oscillator or simply the oscillating circuit that picks up the radiant energy in the atmosphere and by means of the electromagnetic field thus created, the excess of cosmic waves is absorbed.

In the following paragraphs, we will study what cosmic waves are and how they affect the development of living beings.

discharge stabilises and the leakage stops (e.g. after four days in certain

experiments). It continues, however, if the air is changed or a new amount of air is introduced.

It has also been noted that the greater the pressure, the greater the dispersion.

Many scientists have studied this phenomenon, especially Geitel, Wilson, Campbell. Their observations led them to suppose that the air was made conductive by a special cause: this is what is called the phenomenon of spontaneous ionisation.

In order to search for the causes of this ionisation, scientists have studied and shown the influence of radioactive radiation coming from the walls of the vessel and dependent on the nature of these walls: In short, they have determined the nature and manifestations of all these actions and have observed the following phenomena:

The spontaneous ionisation of air placed in a closed, clean (polished and washed) container is not constant: it varies with the time of day and peaks at around 11 p.m. This ionisation frequently presents sudden, unexplained variations and occurs during the day as well as at night, in both the city and the countryside.

Spontaneous ionisation, on the other hand, varies in the same way as the electrostatic potential of air.

Finally, an even more extraordinary phenomenon, after having slightly decreased in intensity as one rises in the air up to 500 or 700 m, it then gradually increases with altitude. Hess and Kohlhorster studied the phenomenon up to 5000 and

9000 m and obtained absolutely similar results. The spontaneous ionisation increases rapidly with height, so that at 5000 m it is seven times greater than at the ground surface.

PENETRATING RADIATION. - One is therefore naturally led to conceive the existence of radiation of an extra-terrestrial nature, coming from the sun, for example, or even extra-cosmic. This has been called penetrating radiation.

Such radiation is involved in the progressive ionisation of the atmosphere. It is now known that the intensity of the cosmic field increases with height. It is natural to it that these two phenomena are in immediate relation and have the same cause.

This hypothesis is confirmed by the existence of a conductive atmospheric layer, called the Heaviside layer and located at an altitude of 80 or 100 km. This conductive zone, which is involved in the propagation of electromagnetic waves, is well known to all radio technicians.

Where does this radiation, this energy come from? Does it perhaps come from the sun, the centre of attraction of our planet and the immediate source of all energy on earth? This is very probable. Or does it come to us from other more or less distant stars? It is still quite possible. But in any case, one fact is certain: this radiation exists.

SOLAR RADIATION AND PHOTOLYSIS. - I say even more and claim that the atmosphere in which we live is bathed by a multitude of vibrations, electrical or other oscillations, of known or unknown origin, of essentially different and generally very high frequencies.

As we saw earlier, sunlight is but a part, it occupies but a very limited area of this whole range of vibrations that surround us and whose origin is probably the sun. Perhaps also the other stars and the Milky Way.

It is impossible to deny the influence of the stars in this matter. Do not the tides, caused twice a day by the combined action of the moon and the sun, teach us that the most formidable mechanical work known on earth is of astral origin?

Why, then, would the earth not receive radiation of very small magnitude from distant stars, and particularly from the Milky Way, which can produce an infinitesimal amount of work?

Nature is home to an infinity of phenomena that are believed to be non-existent or unexplainable because we only discern them little by little, but whose causes nevertheless exist.

I therefore assume that there is a multitude of radiations that belong to all frequencies, constantly ploughing through our atmosphere and coming from interplanetary spaces. It is the universion, as I shall define it further on.

Some of these radiations, the luminous vibrations, transmit part of the sun's energy to us with their rays and produce plant synthesis due to chlorophyll assimilation. This extremely general phenomenon, which includes the entire plant kingdom, was called photolysis by the late Daniele Berthelot. Thus light would appear to play an important part in plant and animal life. In fact, vegetative life carries out the synthesis of organic matter from simple or uncomplicated elements and with the help of the energy transmitted directly by solar radiation (light, heat, infrared, ultraviolet and cosmic radiation) which carry out this metamorphosis.

PENETRATING RADIATION (COSMIC WAVES) AND LIFE. - It is precisely this very high-frequency radiation, invisible and imperceptible to our senses, which acts, in a way that we have yet to study, on the metallic spiral that we mentioned in the description of my experiment on geraniums suffering from cancer. It was this radiation which healed one of the inoculated subjects by reestablishing the oscillatory balance between the healthy cells and the diseased cells. These radiations, which healed the treated subjects, emanated from my radio-celloscillator in the first experiments. In the following experiments, carried out with the metal spiral, it was more simply the cosmic waves filtered 'by the spiral, which worked and brought life to the dissolving cells of the geranium.

The effect of this radiation is to maintain, by resonance and interference, the vibration of healthy cells and to restore the vibration of unhealthy cells by destroying the radiation of microbes whose vibration differs in frequency and amplitude.

It is this radiation that maintains animal and plant life.

COSMIC WAVES AND THE UNIVERSE. - The penetrating radiation hypothesis has recently been confirmed by the work of numerous astrophysicists, mainly in America. Penetrating radiation is henceforth identified with 'cosmic waves', these natural waves that come to us from the sky over an immense range of frequencies.

The discovery of gamma rays in the atmosphere a few years ago led to the initial belief that it was an emanation of radium from the earth's crust. But later, experiments carried out in a balloon by Gockel showed that this radiation was at least as intense at an altitude of 4000 m as at ground level, instead of weakening as a function of height. Later, it was found that this radiation was about 8 times stronger at an altitude of 9 km than at ground level. In the United States,

Millikan and Bowen resumed their measurements in 1922 and 1925, up to an altitude of 15 km and equally deep at the bottom of Lake Muir at an altitude of 3540 m, below Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the region. The experimenters showed that under 30 m. of water the intensity of the radiation was still sufficient to discharge the electroscope very considerably. Assessing at 7 m. of water the absorption resistance of the atmosphere below the lake, it resulted that the "cosmic" waves could through more than 37 m. of water, a thickness equivalent to that of 1 m., 80 of lead in relation to the absorbing power of this metal. Thus these cosmic waves appear 100 times more penetrating than the hardest X-rays.

The astrophysicists repeated their experiments in Lake Arrowhead, which was deeper than the previous one, then on Piks Peak, where they verified that the cosmic waves have no preferred direction; but appear to come from all orientations of space.

These waves form a spectrum that extends over an octave width, and their highest frequencies are about 2000 times greater than those of half X-rays. These radiations are placed on the wave scale as far from X-rays as X-rays are from light waves. But on touching the earth, these rays are partially transformed into softer secondary rays, which are less penetrating.

The most precise data on cosmic radiation were brought to the International Congress of Physics, held in Conio in September 1927, by Professor Millikan. The research he undertook with Dr. Cameron enabled him to establish the intensity of cosmic radiation in ions per square centimetre and per second at sea level. Up to that time the determinations of this magnitude were imprecise and varied between 1 and 10. For this purpose Professor Millikan used apparatuses eight times more sensitive than previous ones and fixed at 1.5 per square centimetre and per second the number of pairs of ions, positive and negative, of cosmic origin at sea level.

The frequencies of cosmic radiation have been extended to two octaves of the electromagnetic spectrum. Astrophysicists have shown, in fact, that these rays, twice as hard as previously thought, were still detectable after ing through 53 in. of water and 4 m. of lead. It results from the formulas of Compton and Dirac, that the smallest wavelength of cosmic radiation is less than that corresponding to the union of 4 atoms of hydrogen to form one atom of helium.

However, this ultimate wavelength is 15 times longer than that corresponding to the assimilation of matter by the union of a negative electron and a positive ion. It seems, therefore, that we are not yet close to achieving our goal in the investigation of the most penetrating waves of cosmic radiation. I believe, on the other hand, that certain ranges of cosmic waves can through the whole earth.

According to Prof. Millikan, the origin of ultra-penetrating radiation lies in the most varied molecular and atomic changes taking place in space. This is the reason for its extremely general name of 'cosmic radiation'.

The interplanetary void is therefore but a fiction, since it appears to be flat in all directions of cosmic waves sent by all the stars and asteroids, and also by the spiral nebulae and particularly the Milky Way.

Two French scientists, Alphonse Berget and A. Nodon, have recently given some figures for the wavelength of ultra-penetrating radiation. The first estimates them to be between 10 and 15 millimetres. The second gives 10 centimetres, a figure that the imagination can hardly conceive of.

All this research by astro-physicists shows that the existence of a network of cosmic waves through all regions of space and up to intersidereal regions is positively established.

The interstral "vacuum" is an abandoned notion, since we know that this vacuum is the seat of a remarkable radiant energy, the more intense the farther it is from the atmosphere, and which propagates infinitely in all directions and at all frequencies of vibration. On the other hand, this radiation, which ploughs through the ether of physicists, traverses and impregnates all material bodies, even the most compact, as we have seen. All the manifestations of energy which we know on earth are, directly or indirectly, but emanations of these cosmic waves, which are only intersidereal vehicles. In particular, the force of the earthly elements, the concentration of matter, and the appearance of life in its animal and vegetable forms, are but manifestations of these waves. But more than this: all the movements of the stars are maintained by the energy transmitted by these cosmic waves.

Thus I have not wished to associate the idea of omnipotence, contained in these cosmic waves, with the notion of absolute emptiness figured by the ether of physicists. I believe that this ether is not the negation of all substance, but the synthesis of all radiating forces, and it is for this reason that I believed in giving the name of universion to the universal network of all cosmic waves.

The universion is the global conception of the infinitely large, symbolised by the boundless universe, and the infinitely small granule of electrified substance, symbolised by the ion, which is itself a world. The infinitely large universe is in fact nothing more than the integration of the infinitely small ions.

I have, on the other hand, fully developed the definition and properties of this universion in an original work L'Universion on cosmic waves and their relation to the constitution of the world.

It must be conceived as the immaterial promateria that created matter, the true raison d'être of the universe, since it alone ensures inter-astral continuity, the

living secret of the movement of the stars in the absolute void, which, without it, would be identical with nothingness and death.

The universe is everything and everywhere. At every step, every minute, we have evidence of its presence, as real as it is silent. The material universe and life are such unstable phenomena. A given change in temperature is enough to annihilate life and dissociate matter, drawing ions and electrons back into the bosom of the universe, whence they are again drawn by cosmic waves to form other new material combinations and other living organisms.

Dissociation by temperature, pressure, vacuum, electrolysis, photolysis, chemical, electromagnetic, and radioactive, electrical, photoelectric and fullelectric actions: such are the constant proofs of the existence and ubiquity of the universe.

Let us not lose sight of the fact that the universion is the medium that disrupts our positive knowledge, that in which the elements of disaggregated matter take refuge, resolving themselves into a few electrified corpuscles.

These notions should not surprise us, since they reveal only different degrees of condensation in the continuity of the universe.

The study of electromagnetic phenomena has overturned our old conceptions of matter.

In turn, the study of the Universe and cosmic waves will expand the boundaries of science and provide, I am intimately convinced, the solution to the exciting problems of life, telepathy and thought transmission.

CHAPTER EIGHT - INFLUENCE OF SUNSPOTS AND COSMIC RADIATION ON LIFE AND HEALTH

Since the earliest times of our era, men have itted the influence of the stars on our lives. In the centuries when science existed only in an embryonic state, these essentially intuitive and empirical notions gave rise to astrology. Nowadays, it is natural that this body of beliefs and observations should be sifted by science.

Now, we have pointed out in the previous chapter, an intangible and impalpable medium, the universion, which is the true substratum of the cosmic waves that propagate in it in all senses and at all frequencies. The cosmic waves are the direct or indirect emanation of the stars, and it is quite clear that, since they come from everywhere, go everywhere, and penetrate everything, they spontaneously influence our conditions of existence, just as they do for physical phenomena.

We have to search scientifically to what extent these waves control us and what their effects are.

Before dealing with the general problem, it is not unnecessary to examine the special cases of special cosmic radiations: those of the sun and moon, which represent, in relation to the earth, a singular and preponderant part.

The geophysical actions of astral radiations are well known. It is unnecessary to recall the function of the sun and moon in the appearance of terrestrial and maritime tides.

Recently, a Belgian engineer, P. Vincent, demonstrated, according to the results of the Meudon Astrophysics Observatory, that the moon's radiation caused interference with the waves of terrestrial radioelectric stations. Every week, the return of the moon's phases makes it possible to observe maxima and minima of intensity in the reception of electromagnetic waves.

We all too often forget that the sun not only sends us light, heat, actinic (ultraviolet) rays, but also electrical and magnetic waves, mainly during the eruptive periods of its protuberances or sunspots.

Let us briefly recall that these spots are nothing more than volcanoes of the sun and that the crater of just one of these volcanoes can measure 200,000 km in diameter, i.e. more than 15 times the diameter of the earth.

In addition to light and heat, the sun sends us radio waves, whose magnetic force disrupts the earth's magnetism and disturbs comes.

On the other hand, the electrical force of these waves generates telluric currents in our globe, whose intensity is sometimes so great that it is impossible to telegraph or telephone. Magnetic hurricanes and telluric currents have the effect of bringing about serious disturbances in electrical communications, whether wireless or not. On the other hand, it is known that the ionisation phenomena produced by the cosmic radiations emanating from the sun have the direct consequence of hindering the propagation of the waves to the surface of the earth. The result is an ionisation of the upper layers of the atmosphere, which renders it conductive, refractive and reflective, and which produces the "atmospheric parasites" of such unpleasant fame among nonphilists.

Another tangible proof that the sun and the stars send us other radiation besides light and heat waves is the formation of polar auroras, which frequently accompany magnetic storms. It is known that this is a fluorescence of the upper regions of the atmosphere produced by cathode rays and X-rays that are part of the cosmic wave beam emanating from the solar protuberances.

Under the direction of Mr Deslandres, director of the Meudon Observatory, astrophysicists have linked the frequency and intensity of sunspots, a major source of cosmic waves, to a number of concomitant physical phenomena. They have observed that terrestrial cataclysms, mainly cyclones and earthquakes, seem to originate from sunspots and that the presence of these spots, which are brought back to the terrestrial plane approximately every 27 days, is of such a nature as to explain the frequency of the sun's 'lunations'.

The cause of these perturbations is produced by the interference of these waves with the normal field of cosmic waves, which are the essential part in all interstral mechanics.

Plotting, as a function of the years, the graphs indicating the variation of the intensity of the geophysical phenomena we have mentioned, of electrical phenomena (ionisation, conductivity of gases, polar auroras), of magnetic phenomena (deviation of comes and galvanometers, disturbance of terrestrial magnetism and electromagnetic phenomena, perturbation of wave propagation, intensity of atmospheric and telluric parasites), it can be seen that these different curves, brought back to comparable scales, are very noticeably parallel and that these phenomena follow more or less the variations that sunspots follow.

It is easy to see above these curves that the variations of these phenomena are almost periodic and that their pseudo-period has an approximate duration of 11.5 years.

Without seeking the reason for this periodicity, we are led to think that the cosmic radiations emanating from the sun must not limit their action to physical phenomena in the domain of electricity, magnetism, electromagnetism, the physics of the globe and celestial mechanics. They must necessarily affect biological phenomena, which are intimately connected with the above. It is fatal that a phenomenon, which exerts an action in one physical domain, equally provokes a repercussion in the other orders of natural facts.

In this order of ideas, observations have been made since ancient times, but these have not had plausible explanations.

After physics, meteorology became interested in the effects of solar disturbances. In 1651, Riccioli announced a relationship between the appearance of sunspots and the state of the sky. In 1881, Herschel confirmed this observation.

The astrophysicist Baxendell pointed out in 1887 how the average temperature at the surface of the earth was related to the annual number of sunspots, a law that was verified by Dr. Stone at the Cape and by Piazzi-Smith in Edinburgh in 1870.

On the other hand, Dr. Meldrum of Mauritius showed in 1871 that in tropical regions the number of sunspots influences the number of cyclones. However, this law could only be verified exactly under the tropics, where the maximum and minimum of hurricanes regularly accompany the maximum and minimum of sunspots.

For tropical rains too, Meldrum and Sir Norman Lockyer reported in 1874 a cycle similar to the elevenfold periodicity of the sun's prominences. In 1893, Mr.

Gonzales, director of the Bogota Observatory, was able to that in that region, since 1610, the rainy years coincide with the years of maximum sunspots and the dry years coincide with the years of minimum sunspots.

Also for tropical regions where, due to the rarity of clouds, the effects of the sun are more direct, simpler and easier to analyse, W. Koppen demonstrated in 1873 that during the year preceding a minimum of spots, the thermometer marks 0°,41 C. above the average, while during the year preceding the maximum of these spots, the thermometer marks 0°,32 below the average. Blandford explains this fact by pointing out that the excess of thermal energy transmitted by the sun causes an excess of evaporation of the seas, thus a drop in temperature:

Canon Th. Moreux, director of the Bourges Observatory, demonstrated in 1895 that this law is defective for large continental surfaces, where the increase in temperature progressively follows the appearance of sunspots.

But all these meteorological laws are, precisely because of their nature, much less exact than the physical laws. Nevertheless they remain, as far as the effects of solar radiation are concerned, a very precious indication. On the other hand, when one speaks of sunspots, one deals much less with the qualifying and morphological aspect of these spots than, in a much more general way, with the total solar activity that brings cosmic waves into play.

Moreover, the periodicity of solar activity is not simple and could not be represented by a pure sine curve. One notices, on the contrary, harmonic waves that interfere with the former and bring evidence that the periodicity proper to the sun is impressed by that of other cosmic wave-generating stars. On the period of 11 and a half years is thus grafted, by interference, a period of 33 to 35 years, noted in his time by Briickner in the rainy regime (17 years of drought followed by 17 years of rain). Observations made in Madras, Washington and in more than 100 different observatories have shown that outside the tropics, solar radiation produces two reciprocal alternatives of rain and drought in about 35

years.

These examples, which are as curious as they are precise and indisputable, could be multiplied ad infinitum. The same periodicity has been noted for the drift of icebergs, for the variation of the level of lakes that total rainfall. In particular, the period of 11 and a half years is very apparent for lakes Victoria and Albert, in Equatorial Africa, while that of 33 years seems to dominate the regime of European lakes.

Generally speaking, evidence of direct solar activity is easily recognised by all these natural phenomena.

Canon Th. Moreux has indicated, about 1902, that most of these phenomena could find their cause in certain radiations emitted by the sun, particularly the ultraviolet radiation, which ionises the upper atmosphere and which increases by about 60 per 100 at the moment of the maximum of solar activity. But it seems difficult to immediately link the phenomena observed at the surface of the earth to the ionisation produced at an altitude of 500 or 600 km. M. Moreux claims that ions and electrons can be abruptly ejected from the surface of the sun by the volcanic explosion of sunspots. But it seems unlikely that such corpuscles would cross such considerable distances as that from the sun to the earth.

I believe - and the recent observations of Millikan and the astrophysicists of his school point to this - that one should not consider one radiation rather than another, but rather the total effects of the different cosmic radiations emanating from the sun and other stars.

The domain of meteorology serves as a natural transition between physics and biology. It was therefore logical to seek the extent to which cosmic waves, which influence physical and meteorological phenomena, also influence physical-

logical phenomena.

This idea seemed to resonate with some scientists at a time when all the sun's activity was attributed to its spots and when cosmic waves were completely ignored.

William Herschel wrote in 1801 that 'it seems probable, by examining the period between 1650 and 1713, that a rarity of vegetation occurred according to the normal course of the grain, when the sun had no spots'.

Officially, it has been known for some time that the great famines in India occur every 11 years or so, between heat and rain alternatives.

In 1901, Th. Moreux noted that wheat production in and around the world roughly follows variations in solar activity. From 1901 to 1909 he tried to find out whether this activity does not react on human organisms and here is how he expresses himself in this regard:

"I was in a very favourable position for observation, as I was a professor in a college with many pupils. Now, without being a medical doctor, I was able to ascertain that the recurrences of arthritic manifestations, rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, coincided not with the spots of the sun, but with the strong magnetic deviations due to solar activity. And better still: the total number of punishments was a function of the deviation of the magnetized needle, which caused a certain abnormal nervous agitation in the pupils, and perhaps in the teachers, at times of activity of the central star. I immediately deduced that there might be a relationship between the wars and the sun. I have published this last curve many times before and after the Great War of 1914".

I had the idea of releasing, both from my own observations and from those of astro-physicists who had the insight, the laws to which the biological influences of cosmic waves, and especially those that translate solar activity, obey.

By comparing the graphs of solar activity from the Meudon Observatory, which I have already mentioned, with the statistics of wine production in Burgundy and Beaujolais, I was able to demonstrate the parallelism that exists between these statistics and these graphs and conclude that the remarkable years for wine coincided with the years of recurrence of sunspots.

This work was the subject of an original note on the "influence of astral waves on the oscillation of living cells, which Professor d'Arsonval presented on my behalf to the Academy of Sciences on 28 March 1927 and which I reproduce below in its entirety.

Influence of astral waves over the oscillation of living cells.

Communication by Mr Giorgio Lakhovsky, presented on 28 March 1927 to the Academy of Sciences by Professor d'Arsonal.

"In my work, Origin of Life, Radiation and Living Beings, which Professor d'Arsonval did me the honour of presenting to the Academy of Sciences at the session of February 15, 1926, I set forth my theory of the influence of penetrating (cosmic) rays on living beings. I showed, in fact, that the nucleus of every living cell, presenting itself in the form of a tubular filament of dielectric matter filled with a conducting substance, could be assimilated to an oscillating circuit endowed with electrical self-inductance, capacity, and resistance. Living cells can thus oscillate at very high frequencies under the influence of cosmic rays emitted by the stars.

"I have tried to the accuracy of this theory by studying the influence of radiation from the stars (sunspots, comets, interference from astral radiation, etc.) on biological matter.

Graph showing the coincidence of remarkable vintages of good wines with the intensity of the waves emitted by the sun and corresponding to variations in intensity: Of sunspots. - Perturbations of the Earth's magnetism. - Polar auroras. The graph was established for red Bordeaux wines; the maximum intensity corresponds to good vintages; the minimum intensity to mediocre vintages. A similar graph can be established for other bottoms, especially for wines from Burgundy and Beaujolais.

"My findings were made in relation to the curves recorded by the astrophysicists of the Meudon Observatory, curves that have reflected the activity of sunspots, the frequency of magnetic disturbances and the frequency of polar auroras since 1845.

"These three curves are noticeably parallel. I have proposed to study the correlation which exists between these astral radiations on the one hand and the development of vital activity in plants and animals on the other. Just as periods of fatigue and sickness alternate with periods of good health in a given individual, so it is with fruit and crops in general that there are years of good quality alternating with years of mediocre quality.

"With regard to wine, from documents drawn up by the Chamber of Commerce of Bordeaux and Burgundy, I have ascertained that from 1845 to 1915, the best years corresponded exactly to a maximum of sunspot activity, as the curves on the figure below show. (fig. 18).

"The results for red Bordeaux wine are as follows:

Maximum of 1848: notable years 1847 and 1848;

Maximum of 1858: remarkable vintages 1857 and 1858;

Maximum of 1869: notable vintages 1869 and 1870;

Period from 1880 to 1889; Philoxeric period; Maximum of 1893: quite good vintages from 1890 to 1893;

Maximum of 1906: good vintages of 1906 and 1907.

"We would also like to point out the famous wine of 1811, which was called "Comet wine" and whose excellent quality can be attributed to the radiation of this comet. The same can be said of the white wines of Bordeaux and Burgundy".

In the same vein, a communication was made to the Academy of Medicine by Dr Maurice Faure and Dr Sardou. These scientists recorded for each day and each month the number of cases of sudden death and plotted the curve of this phenomenon as a function of time. By comparing this curve with the curve representing the activity of solar energy, which we have just mentioned, they verified that these two curves were noticeably parallel. In this connection, Professor d'Arsonval remarked that the observation of Mr Maurice Faure seemed to be a special case of my theory of the oscillation of living beings.

It is not absurd to pretend that the interference produced by the sunspots can cause, if not disease, at least fatigue or transient disturbances. I have indicated that periods of fatigue of the organism, of sickness and, in general, of

disturbances in the state of health could be ascribed to such interference, which breaks the oscillatory equilibrium of living cells. It is thus that I have thought of explaining, by means of the interference of astral radiations, the modes which are observed in the growth and development of living beings, whether animal or vegetable. It is probable that the taste of a fruit, for instance, must be influenced by these interferences. And if all vintages do not resemble each other from the point of view of agricultural production, we certainly owe this to variations in the state of cosmic radiation. Thus it can be explained that there are years of apples, of grapes, of plums, years remarkable both for the quality and the quantity of the fruit.

If I have insistently recalled this abundant documentation, it is to show that if the question of the influence of solar radiation on the development of living organisms is not new, if the first observations were made more than a century ago, it is only today that the theory of cellular oscillation allows a rational explanation to be given, thanks to the knowledge of the interference that this radiation causes on cosmic waves.

It has already been objected that the action of light and heat on plants and animals has been known for a long time. No doubt; but light and heat are but particular radiations, not very extensive in the range of cosmic waves. The proof that light and heat do not reflect all solar activity is precisely that the curves of temperatures, as measured in the different meteorological observatories, are modified by multiple local circumstances, and moreover are very different from each other and very dissimilar from the curve that translates the solar activity in general. On the other hand, as we indicate in the next chapter, the cosmic radiation is strongly influenced by the geological nature of the soil, which in turn causes interference.

Although the influences of light and heat are perceptible and tangible, they sometimes have only secondary effects in relation to those of cosmic radiation, which is nevertheless invisible; intangible, insensible. And it is perhaps for these reasons that cosmic radiation has ed unnoticed until the present day, while

its effects are preponderant.

CHAPTER NINE - INFLUENCE OF SOIL NATURE ON THE COSMIC WAVE FIELD. CONTRIBUTION TO THE ETIOLOGY OF CANCER

HOW THE PROBLEM ARISES. - The work I have been doing for many years on the development and treatment of cancer has led me to seek out the etiology of this disease, which is certainly, at the present time, both the most incurable and the most mysterious.

I shall show how my researches in this way have led me to establish that the nature of the soil modifies the field of cosmic waves at the surface of the soil. This condition is sufficient to provoke in living organisms an imbalance, which is liable to give rise to carcinosis. Inversely, the study of the alteration of the cosmic waves has enabled me to imagine the employment of preventive and prophylactic means, the results of the application of which form the object of the following chapter.

As no proof could be given of the contagiousness and heredity of cancer, it seemed natural to me to seek for the part played in the development of this disease by purely physical agents. It is understood that we denote by the name of cancer or carcinosis the whole of the diseases of cancerous tumours, sarcomas, epitheliomas and other malignant pathological affections which refer to it.

The most recent reports from the medical profession indicate the presence of cancer almost everywhere on the surface of the earth. But the forms in which it has appeared vary from region to region.

For a long time, observers have believed that they can attribute a singular part to different geographical factors, such as orography and hydrography.

In 1869, Haviland stated: 'The Thames and its tributaries run through a vast field of cancers'. Professor Roussy, a chancrological scientist, reports this opinion as a document and without adding credence to it.

In 1897, in his thesis "On the topography and contagion of cancer", Mr Lèon Noèl took up the question again, bringing new facts and observations.

From a long time ago and even from remote antiquity, it has been noted that the morphology of living beings is closely linked to the nature of the soil on which they live. The question of races is proof of this. Race is a very marked physiological character, which is transmitted by inheritance to a certain extent. But if the conditions of existence change, the characters of the race are transformed, while remaining linked to the nature of the soil and the climate.

Dr Henri Bouquet recently recalled the important function of the geological nature of the soil in differentiating types. The Breton breed and the Provençal breed correspond to well-defined characters.

On the other hand, in a more recent epoch, we have the example of a race of North Americans characterised, though originating from the assimilation, on the soil of the United States, of an amalgam of all the European races. But, conversely, these characteristics tend to diminish in relation to the numerous cross-breeds and the abandonment of the land. Thus it is that for centuries the Jews, one of the most ancient races, who have been dispersed in all countries, have taken in each of these countries the characters proper to the race: thus a Dutch Jew, generally blond and white in colour, bears no resemblance to the Portuguese or Turkish Jew, who is brown and has retained the Semitic type. The

same applies to his character and mentality.

The very term 'terroir', which is used to describe the taste of a barrel of wine, a fruit harvest or other agricultural product, implies precisely the preponderant influence of the soil in the production of these products.

The comments made in this respect are numerous.

Georges Bohn and several eminent botanists found that the shape of the plants varied extraordinarily according to the soil on which they were grown. Tubers, which, when grown in the soil of a fertile plain, sprout at a height of 3 or 4 m, become dwarf plants when grown on the arid soil of a mountainside. Not only the length of the branches varies, but also the shape of the leaves, their position, their colouring, their thickness. The same applies to the flowers.

Most plants germinate indiscriminately on sand, as observed in the Fontainebleau forest. On the contrary, a strict selection of species appears on clay, on limestone.

Recently, a breeder noticed that it was not possible to successfully breed a certain breed of well white spotted horses other than in a certain region. Animals bred outside that region quickly lost this characteristic of their coat.

Dr. Sigaud has shown that a man born on a desert land is obliged to physical efforts that give his muscles a special development.

Mr. Baroux and Mr. Sergeant also explain that the ear of the Picardy inhabitant, made for the echo of the hills, is straight and of an animated shape, while the Flemish ear, made for the plains, is formed of simple lines.

As early as 1832, a pioneering naturalist, Nèrèe Boubèe, demonstrated to the Academy of Sciences that the cholera epidemic afflicting the country at the time was closely linked to the geological nature of the soil. Here, moreover, is a characteristic age from his report

"In my yearly travels in classical geology, I had often observed that in countries where various endemic diseases reign, as in those where various epidemics and epizootics break out, these diseases most often stop, in each country, at the geological limit of the formations that predominate there; and I had already been able to form this conviction that each geological basin constitutes as it were a natural reservoir for such and such a disease, in a word, that the medical constitution of each country depends in a certain way on its geological and topographical constitution".

In 1849, de Fourcault came to the same conclusions as Boubèe, on different diseases.

Elementary considerations make it easy to realise the influence of the geological nature of the soil and its components. The waters that run through a country reflect exactly the chemical composition of the substances that make up the soil. The same sodium and lime salts are found in these waters as in the soil. Now, the nature of water influences the development of living organisms. In this respect, Dr Henri Bouquet points out certain precise details.

"No one is ignorant of the fact that in countries where there is a lack of calcium salts, hens lay eggs with a thin and weak shell, to such an extent that breeders do

not omit to provide their chickens with food laden with lime, in order to make up for this inconvenience. Now, what happens to the egg of the hen, happens also to the skeleton of man, which has an equal need of lime. The necessity of these salts for the good constitution of the bones and the general health of the individual was emphasised by Ferrier, who, in 1900, showed that, in countries where water is used which does not contain carbonate of lime, the inhabitants all have bad teeth and a light and fragile skeleton for which he created the name of osteicia. A more recent work by Hotel brings us even more curious facts. They concern a village in the Ardennes, built on an impermeable clay plateau, in which there is no spring water. The only water used is rainwater, collected in cisterns, into which no limestone filtration can penetrate. The result: an extraordinary fragility of the skeleton of the inhabitants of this agglomeration. There are fractured bones in the proportion of 10% of the inhabitants, and there are examples of people who have fractured their legs just by getting out of bed a little abruptly. These cases are to be placed with those of the 'glass men' of whom we spoke recently.

"Conversely, it seems that water overloaded with lime salts may lead to the abnormal frequency of stone formation in the bladder, kidneys or bile ducts. The formation of bladder stones, for example, is often attributed to constitutional causes, which is really too vague a word. It should be possible to investigate what part an abundance of lime salts can play in this predisposition.

The influence of the nature of the soil on the formation of the goitre and, in a general way, on the hypertrophy or atrophy of the glandulars due to the excess or deficiency of a given mineral substance in the soil of the habitation should also be recalled. It is known that goitre is a hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, which appears in regions where iodine is deficient.

Although sometimes indirect, the influence of the soil is no less evident. It is not unknown for certain diseases to exist in an endemic and latent state in certain soils, where they remain localised. This is particularly the case with cholera, malaria and typhoid fever. These observations were thought to be nullified by

noting that these essentially contagious diseases are only transmitted by means of microbes. It remains to be shown, however, why certain microbes have a particular predilection for certain soils and certain organisms, such as mosquitoes in these soils. However, it remains to be shown that cholera develops preferentially on alluvial soils and intermittent fevers on impermeable soils (clay or marl).

The influence of the soil does not only concern pathological issues, but also hygiene and demography. A few years ago, a military doctor, Mr Russo, attempting to establish the effect of the soil on the health of the race, took as his criterion the 'good preservation of infants', i.e. the probability of an infant reaching adulthood. He was able to show that the most favourable conditions for development are found in soils of recent tertiary or quaternary formation. In descending order, the primary soils are granites, gneisses, Jurassic and Cretaceous calcareous soils.

In a different vein, Mr Stèlys, in a communication presented by Professor d'Arsonval to the Academy of Sciences, highlighted carcinogenic soils, i.e. soils likely to cause cancer in living organisms. Mr Stèlys observed that in the town of Clermont-Ferrand, the houses where the highest number of cancers had been found were distributed along a slope caused by a volcanic fissure, around which gushed springs of water saturated with bicarbonate. The author of this observation puts forward the hypothesis that the emanations of carbonic acid, by diminishing the proportion of oxygen contained in the air, give rise to cancer by cellular reaction. We shall return later to the explanation of these facts, proposing a general theory of the influence of the geological nature of the soil, which accords with the facts observed, although they are numerous and varied.

It seemed to me then that we already had sufficient documentation to these different hypotheses and to coordinate the different results obtained in this way.

I therefore carried out a great deal of research in this direction, which I published in my work entitled: "Contribution a l'Etiológie du Cancer", presented on 4 July 1927 to the Academy of Sciences by Professor d'Arsonal èd in which I explained the reasons why cosmic radiation depended on the nature of the soil.

My research was based on documents of a different nature: communications, memoirs, demographic studies, such as the "Statistical Yearbook of the City of Paris" (1925), geological maps, and especially the new "Atlas gèologique des vingt arrondissements de Paris", published in 1926 by Mr E. Gèrards, and the geological map of .

To co-ordinate the observations and statistical facts, it was enough for me to appeal to what we know about cosmic waves and the propagation of short waves through different terrains.

The aim of the publication was to demonstrate the extent to which the distribution of cancer can be caused by the physical nature of the land on which the subject lives.

In the preceding chapters of this work, the reader will find all the documentation on biological problems, radiation of living beings and cosmic waves, which will enable him to follow the exposition of the question without difficulty.

The problem of the etiology of cancer, considered from this point of view, could thus be traced to the following three precise studies:

Demographic study of cancer distribution statistics, revealed by cancer density or cancer lethality, calculated in number of cases per thousand inhabitants.

Geological study indicating the soils on which cancerous diseases are most likely to develop.

Finally, the physical, and especially electrical, study of the mineral substances that make up the soils in question and their reactions to the penetration of cosmic waves.

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CANCER. - In order to examine this breakdown more conveniently, I have divided the demographic study into three parts relating respectively to Paris, the department of the Seine and the principal cities of and the neighbouring regions. From the Statistical Yearbook of the City of Paris (1925), which contains tables of the principal causes of death by district for Paris, by Commune, by the Seine and by city for , I have deduced, on the basis of the official census of 1921, the average density of mortality from cancer, per thousand inhabitants and per year, for the years 1921 and 1922. I found that the figures for these two years were comparable and likely to provide a serious average. On the other hand, for Paris, the large cities and the communes of the Seine, the average density, in relation to the large number of cases, has a precise value. In this connection it is important to point out that the deaths, from cancer or other causes, which occurred in the hospitals, are reported in the statistics to the district where the patient lives and not to that of the hospital where he died, which would distort the results. However, it is clear that most of the people itted to the old or incurable people's homes, such as the Salpetrière, Ivry, Nanterre, no longer have a personal address.

On the other hand, the census figures are known with more than enough approximation.

The value of statistics in medicine has been challenged and it has been claimed

that there is no basis for relying on them. Now, a statistic, even an imperfect one, is a datum that we have no right to disregard. It is a positive indication infinitely superior to the absence of any data.

If it is almost certain that in the villages and in the countryside it is not possible to establish exact statistics, it is not the same in the towns where precise information is available and where the abundance of cases is the surest guarantee of a considerable approximation. The records of the civil status doctors and hospitals cannot be questioned. For some decades now, cancer has been determined with great precision, both in hospitals and in laboratories, by means of very precise histological analyses and radiological examinations, which makes it possible to group all neoplastic diseases, sarcomas and epitheliomas under the name of "cancer". The material errors that inevitably occur are therefore necessarily very small and could not change the order of magnitude of the conclusions.

On the other hand, all the work I have undertaken is based solely on statistics collected in major cities or agglomerations.

If we take the figures indicating the density of cancerous tumours obtained in this way to the different districts of Paris, we can see that these figures, far from being distributed at random or as if by the roll of the dice, as the calculation of probability would seem to indicate, appear on the contrary to vary continuously, in the algebraic sense of the word, without abrupt solutions of continuity.

The same result appears clearly on maps from municipality to municipality, from town to town. Under these conditions, it is natural to have an intuition of a geological or geographical distribution of the cancer.

Geographical distribution must be discarded immediately. It could only be

hydrographic or orographic. Now it does not appear at all on the plan of Paris thus established that the proximity of the Seine or the height represent from this point of view a privileged part.

On the contrary, the geological breakdown immediately leads to positive results.

It is a question of explaining why there is a relatively high density of cancers in the east and south-west and a relatively low density in the centre and north-west.

It now appears that the low densities observed in the 8th, 16th and 17th districts (0.5; 0.6; 0.8) coincide with a vast extension of sand and sandstone from Beauchamp, which borders on coarse limestone. The still low averages observed in the Chaussèe d'Antin (0,8) and Gaillon (0,3) districts also correspond to a sandy core in Beauchamp. Slightly higher densities, although relatively weak, can be observed at Clignancort (1,1) and Saint-Fargeau (1,04) where the only two sand outcrops of Fontainebleau appear.

It can be seen, on the contrary, that high-density neighbourhoods, such as Auteuil (1.76), Javel (1.61), Grenelle (2.08) and Saint-Lambert (1.57), rest on plastic clay. The others, such as Saint-Vincentde-Paul (1.97), Hospital SaintLouis (1.44), Père-Lachaise (1.58), and Charonne (1.41), are established on chalk marls and green clays.

The observed proportionality between cancer densities and the nature of the terrain cannot, of course, be mathematically exact, since the geological distribution of the subsurface is as complex as meteorological phenomena. Various disturbance factors must be taken into , particularly the arrangement, surface, depth of strata and rocks, the continuous variation in the nature of most sediments and the great variety of overlying sediments.

The Maison-Bianche district, for example, with an average density (1.7), contains clay, chalk marl, coarse limestone, Beauchamp sand and recent alluvium in its subsoil. The same applies to Clignancourt (1.01) and America (1.34), which contains Fontainebleau sand, Brie limestone, Saint-Ouen limestone, chalk marl and recent alluvium.

As for the districts located on the edges of the Seine, which are superficially covered by recent alluvium, their density of carcinoses reflects the composition of the lower sedimentary strata. The same results are observed in the Seine department, despite the greater diversity in the nature of the rocks.

It can be seen that the municipalities with a low or medium density of cancerous tumours are built: some, such as Sceaux (0.8), Chatenay (0.6), Bagneux (1), Fresnes (0.39), Suresnes (1.1), on the sands of Fontainebleau: others, such as Garenne-Colombes (0.78); Vanves (1.18), Malakoff (0.98), Arcueil (1.27), Maisons-Alfort (1.29), over the coarse limestone or sandstone of Beauchamp; others finally, especially in the North-East of Paris, over recent alluvial soils and over chalk.

On the other hand, high-density communes are built: some, such as Issy (2), Ivry (3.26), over plastic clay: others such as Les Lillas (1.63), Bagnolet (1.47), Pavillons - sous - Bois (1.92), Nogent (1.08), Fontenay - aux - Roses (1.73), Fontenaysous-Bois (1.70); Romainville (1.85), Thais (3.36)

Rungis (1.78), Bry (1.6), on Brie limestone and chalky marls: others finally, such as Neuilly (2.25), Ile-Saint-Denis (2.16); Le Perreux (1.87) - Bonneuil (3.33) on silty alluvium and clay soils.

I did the same research for the main cities in and neighbouring countries, and collected the information provided by the 1:80,000 geological map, international demographic statistics and the disinterested and courteous contribution I received directly from the municipal authorities.

These results have been grouped together in the form of synoptic tables, which make it possible to see at a glance how the density of carcinosis varies according to the geological nature of the soil.

These tables show the order in which the different soils are placed according to the increasing density of carcinosis. It can be seen that low-density cities are built on sand, limestone, chalk, sandstone, certain primitive crystalline rocks and certain recent alluvium, rich in gravel and sand. That, on the other hand, cities of high density are built on plastic clay, on marls and chalk, on Jurassic marls, on phosphate clay and iron pyrite, on carboniferous soils, on schists, on iron ores such as ferruginous oolite and the like.

It is easy to observe, both on the tables and on the map of , that the density of cancerous tumours is not distributed at random, but by natural regions, corresponding to the geological nature of the area.

Geneva, Berne, Brussels, Antwerp and Toulouse are built on regions of medium or low density, made up of alluvial sands and gravel, Fontainebleau and Beauchamp sands and sandstone, friable sandstone, coarse limestone near some marls.

On the other hand, the upper cretaceous plateau, which includes all of Normandy, the Country of Caux, and Picardy, has five cities that are notable for their high density of cancer: Le Havre, Rouen, Amiens, Arras and Lille.

The east of also includes several cores with a high density, characterised by the presence of iron ore (oolites, clays, sandstone and ferruginous manias) in Nancy and Metz, and carboniferous strata in Strasbourg. The cancerous centre of the Lyon region, with the agglomerations of Lyon and Saint-Etienne, is also established on Jurassic and carboniferous soil.

INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF THE SOIL ON COSMIC RADIATION

AND ON THE ETIOLOGY OF CANCER. - The relationship between the geological nature of the soil and the density of cancer having been demonstrated by the findings and statistics we have reported, it remained to show by what mechanism a change in the nature of the soil can bring about a change in the etiology of cancer.

Now, I have generally indicated, with regard to cellular oscillation, that cancer is a reaction of the organism against a change in its vibratory equilibrium state under the influence of cosmic radiation.

On the other hand, the field of cosmic waves is constantly influenced by the variations that come from interference between the different astral radiations, from the rotation of the earth, both upon itself (diurnal effect), and around the sun (annual effect), and from the phases of the moon, as we have already indicated. It also appears that the variation of cosmic waves is the cause of disease and death. I am convinced that if their field were invariable, the division of living cells would always operate normally without accident.

and that we could then live for centuries without suffering any sickness or feeling any fatigue.

It is therefore natural that we look for the influence of the soil on carcinosis in the alteration of the field of cosmic waves through their absorption in the soil.

We have seen, in fact, that the oscillatory equilibrium of the cell is modified and sometimes even interrupted when cosmic radiation varies both in intensity and frequency. But I showed() that it was possible to re-establish this oscillatory equilibrium by reinforcing or diminishing, or more exactly by filtering, by means of appropriate systems, the cosmic radiation. The proof is provided by my first experiments in the treatment of geraniums affected by experimental plant

cancer, which have been described in Chapter VII, devoted to the nature of radiant energy.

As regards the absorption of cosmic waves in the ground and the reaction that follows in the field of these waves, we are very accurately informed by the work of radio- and astro-physicists who, like Millikan, have studied their penetration. On the other hand, it is important to consider not only the ultra-penetrating waves, but the whole range of cosmic waves, from the longest to the shortest.

It has been found that cosmic waves, according to their penetrability, can have any influence upon the organism. Now, cosmic waves present such a character of universality that it is evident, even a priori, that nothing can escape their influence. We know, moreover, that it is not necessary to stop a wave completely in order to discover its effects. If this were so, it would not be possible to discover the radio waves of telegraphy and radiophony without having immense and very thick metallic walls capable of absorbing them completely. For this purpose, a simple wire stretched in the air is always used, which only retains a fraction of energy, absolutely inappreciable but nevertheless sufficient, when the wave es.

In the same way the living organism does not need to be compared to a leaden rod of 10 m. thickness to be sensitive to the induction of cosmic waves, and this all the more because these waves are shorter and the living cells are smaller. It is also evident that because of the excessively high frequency of these cosmic waves, the cells are the seat of a formidable electromagnetic induction.

Since it is possible, as Millikan has shown, to discover cosmic waves at depths of more than 50 m, it is obviously not the total absorption that is important to consider and which, in practice, has no significance whatsoever, since it will always depend on the sensitivity of the apparatus used for the measurement. It is almost certain, as we have seen before, that there are cosmic waves so penetrating that they can cross the whole earth, a hypothesis that seems to be

imposed to explain the celestial mechanics.

What is important, however, when looking for the influence of a phenomenon on the conditions of life, is to examine the conditions and variations of the cosmic field at the ground surface, and consequently, the absorption of the sediment layers, the secondary radiation of these layers and the interfering field. This secondary radiation is no more negligible in the case of cosmic radiation than in that of ionisation radiation tubes, which produce cathode rays and X-rays.

The influence in cities of building materials such as stone, bricks, masonry, bitumen, asphalt and pavements should not be taken into , as these substances are eminently dielectric and do not stop waves.

Now the waves penetrate the soil more easily, the more insulating the soil is, which is in line with what we know about wave propagation. It is known that above 16,000 m. of wavelength, penetration is sensitive up to 80 m. of depth in insulating soil (sand, coarse limestone, etc.), while it does not reach 2 m. in very conductive sea water and a few tens of metres in plastic clay and very conductive minerals.

The depth at which the wave penetrates the ground is inversely proportional to the square root of the product of its pulse and the conductivity of the ground. The variation in penetration is therefore much more sensitive on short waves than on long waves.

Conductive soils behave more or less like metal shields and absorb waves to the maximum.

Dielectric soils, on the other hand, favour the penetration of waves to a very great depth.

It is thus easily explained that these wave-permeable soils, such as sand or gravel, which absorb radiation over a great depth, give no appreciable reaction on the cosmic field at the ground surface, as whenever a wave es through a practically quite homogeneous and unlimited environment.

On the other hand, when radiation is absorbed above a shallow depth, as is the case for wave-impermeable conducting soils; clay, marl, mud, carboniferous strata, iron ore, this rapid absorption causes tense currents at the surface of the conducting layer that react on the surface cosmic field.

One can imagine that this absorption gives rise to refraction, as is the general case in physics when the constants of the propagating environment vary, for example for light rays ing from air into water. Or it is a more complex phenomenon whereby absorption of cosmic radiation in the ground is followed by secondary radiation or reradiation.

However, it is beyond dispute that the secondary radiation reflected, refracted or scattered by the conducting layer interferes with the incident radiation to give a complex radiation field different from the initial field (Fig. 20).

In contrast, on insulating soils, cosmic radiation is not altered due to the absence of secondary fields (Fig. 21).

Since the appearance of cancer is linked to the oscillatory imbalance produced by the variation of the cosmic radiation field, it is understood that cancerosis is weak on insulating media and strong on conducting media that alter the field.

In analysing the influence of the soil on carcinosis, it all boils down to the degree of conductivity.

Thus, there is a weak carcinosis on the sands of Fontainebleau and Beauchamp, which are pure and very insulating sills, on the sandstones of Beauchamp and the sand similar to refined sandstone of Bruelles; the gravels of Geneva; the friable sands and sandstones of Berne; the micaschists, gneisses and granites of Nantes; the gypsum of the Paris region to the North-East of Paris.

Medium to strong carcinosis is observed on fairly conductive soils, such as modern alluviums that contain conductive mud, and especially plastic clay, due to its chemical nature, water and the foreign minerals it contains.

It grows on soils such as chalk and Jurassic marls, impermeable clays, ferruginous limestones, clay with pyrite, Turonian clay. It is highest on salts covering minerals and coal seams, as observed in Saint-Etienne, Metz and Nancy.

I have shown in Figure 22 the mechanism of wave absorption through the different stoneware. They are slightly retained by layers C and D of limestones and marls and totally absorbed by the very conductive sediments or layers E or G.

The function of water is very special. It is known that pure water is very insulating, as is fresh water that runs through sandy soils and sandstones. On the other hand, water laden with salt, such as mineral water and sea water, is more or less conductive and sometimes very conductive. It is this polymorphism of water that allows us to understand why some waters seem to cause cancer and others have no influence on its development.

Many neighbourhoods and even towns built on the water are not among the most cancerous. In Paris, near the Seine, one observes sometimes the highest and sometimes the lowest densities of carcinosis, which proves that there is no correlation. I can cite cities with very low carcinosis which are, like Antwerp, built on a wide river, close to a vast estuary and, like Geneva, built on the banks of a raging torrent and a large lake, on an alluvial bed. In contrast, cities such as Nancy, Saint-Etienne and Strasbourg, built on small rivers, have a high density of cancer.

These findings seem to prove that water does not intervene in the distribution of cancer except when its electrical constants and the form in which it occurs (pool of water, interposing water, etc.) are of such a nature as to influence the cosmic radiation field and disrupt the balance of cellular oscillation.

In the light of these facts, it is possible to explain why numerous reputable authors have frequently reported the existence of 'cancer houses', 'cancer districts', 'cancer streets' and 'cancer cities'. It is easy to see from the above that the nature of the soil plays a predominant role in this apparently rather paradoxical cancer localisation. It is easy to demonstrate that in the soil of these localities one can find, at varying depths, particularly conductive soils: plastic clays, ferruginous and arsenic minerals, carboniferous layers and others.

The cancer scientist Dr Hartmann showed that Dr Baufle had been affected by

the frequency of cancer in the Ognon valley. It is known that this river flows over a Jurassic bed in which conductive plastic clays abound. Dr Grandclèment also reported five cases of cancer observed in the same valley.

I have proposed, with regard to the very special influence of water on the development of cancer, the following electrical explanation:

Water, which is neutral in its pure state, takes on the conductive properties of the substances on which it dwells or which it es through, just as from a chemical point of view, aqueous solutions offer sometimes acidic, sometimes basic properties of dissolved substances.

Now, mineral waters contain, dissolved, the mineral chemicals they encounter on their way: sulphides, carbonates and bicarbonates, iron salts, arsenicals and others. Such water has the same chemical and electrical constants as the soil from which it emerges.

If proof of this is needed, we need only recall that the characteristic oscillations of mineral waters are revealed by the radioactivity of these waters in the immediate vicinity of the springs. Radioactivity results from the oscillatory imbalance of certain mineral substances which, as they leave the ground, do not oscillate in resonance with cosmic waves. Doctors have long noted that the efficacy of mineral waters is most evident in the vicinity of springs, due to the resonance between the subject's cellular oscillation, cosmic radiation and the radioactivity of the spring.

My theory on this point is on the other hand confirmed by numerous observations. Dr. Frederick L. Hoffmann has observed in the United States that, while the mortality rate from cancer averages 0.85 per 1000 and even 1.199 in Boston in 1915, this proportion is no more than 0.467 in Memphis. Now, another

author, Shannon, has been able to establish that the city of Memphis is fed by water from an artesian well dug in the very soil of the city. He attributes the rarefaction of carcinosis to the function of the water in these wells, explaining that it is free of protozoa. But no one has been able to prove that the formation of cancer is due to protozoa.

From what we have seen, the water from this artesian well is a mineral water that possesses precisely the characteristics of the soil on which the inhabitants of Memphis live. These inhabitants, using this water for their food, for their ablutions and for all their needs in general, are thus automatically placed in such a condition that their cells have the same electrical and chemical constants as the soil of the inhabited area, and are thus in resonance with the local field of cosmic radiation.

In , numerous similar observations this view. In Luxeuil, Dr Thomas found that cancer was almost completely absent. Now, due to the lack of fresh drinking water, the inhabitants of this spa town consume only the mineral water of the establishment, which comes out of the very depths of the town's soil.

Recently, the same observation of the absence of cancer was made at ChatelGuyon. At the beginning of September 1928, a commission of French and foreign carcinologists went to this hydro-mineral station to look for the causes of the absence of this terrible disease. We now know that the water supply of this town does not come from a distant spring, but is instead taken from the same agglomeration, at Mont Chalusset. The same explanation as for Memphis and Luxeuil seems to apply to Chatel-Guyon.

In the same order of ideas, we must that the inhabitants of Geneva use, as drinking water and as food, the same water as Lake Geneva, which is drawn from a great depth, and which therefore possesses the same electrical constants as the soil and the lake on which this city is built. Now, the density of

cancerous tumours is very low (0.50 per 1000), which does not stop the proposed explanation.

The counterpart to these observations is Dr Simeray's following note. The population of an entire village ignored the misdeeds of cancer so long as they made exclusive use of drinking water taken from wells dug for that purpose. When, by decision of the municipal council, an external water supply replaced the use of wells, a series of cancer cases appeared in the village. It seems, therefore, that the appearance of cancer coincides with the use of water from a distant spring, which does not have the same electrical constants as the town's soil and therefore causes in those who use it the oscillatory imbalance of the cells in relation to cosmic radiation.

I was able to personally this counter-evidence of Dr Simeray in the particular case of two neighbouring Seine-et-Oise communes, the communes of Thiais and Orly. Both are established on the same soil - Brie travertine - which is quite conductive and therefore characteristic of strong cancer. Now, the density of cancer is 3.36 per 1000 in Thiais and only 0.36 in Orly. This case is moreover the only one, for all the communes of Seine-et-Oise, which seemed to elude my theory. Now, having visited the place for this purpose, I have been able to ascertain, after enquiry and with the kind assistance of the mayors of these communes, that at Thiais the water comes from an adduction of the Seine taken at Alfortville, while at Orly most of the inhabitants draw their water from the ground in the centre of the commune.

CHAPTER TEN - THE THERAPEUTICS OF CELLULAR OSCILLATION

In the previous chapters, I have shown that every living organism, whether animal or vegetable, can be likened to a system of very high frequency oscillating circuits, because it is made up of cells that are themselves elementary oscillators.

I have indicated what the nature of the radiation of living beings is and how the waves react on these organisms. In particular, what the function of cosmic radiation is and how it is affected by various physical phenomena such as soil conductivity and the effect of astral radiation, which causes interference.

All the work I have undertaken seems to confirm that diseases are oscillatory imbalances which come from the alteration of the cosmic wave field, due to interference with a secondary field at its ground surface or an astral radiation (solar, lunar) or, what is then the same, from the alteration of the electrical constants of the living cell. I have thus been led to devise a new therapy whose aim is to re-establish purely and simply the cellular oscillatory balance compromised by the disease. Depending on the case, it may be recommended to act either directly on the diseased organism by means of biomagnomobile or substances designed to restore to the cell the appropriate electrical and magnetic constants (capacitance, self-inductance and resistance of the oscillating circuit of the nucleus), or indirectly by modifying the field of cosmic waves around the diseased by means of wave collectors and appropriate electrical filters.

The purpose of this action is to regularise the electric and magnetic field in the interior of organic tissues, in particular by reconstituting the positive and negative asteries of each cell nucleus and by purifying these biomagnomobiles

by oscillation. It is known, in fact, that the magnetic field is due to the rotary movement of electrons, which is a special kind of oscillation.

My research into cancer has led me to the conclusion that this terrible disease is absent in places where living organisms are in harmony, that is, in oscillatory equilibrium with the soil of the settlement, as I have shown in previous chapters.

So there seems to be a universal principle here which is useful to refer to in therapy.

And it is indeed less a principle of therapeutics than a principle of general hygiene.

In my study on la Contribution à l'étiologie du cancer, I showed that favourable conditions were achieved when inhabitants fed themselves with water from the depths of the soil on which they lived. I am convinced that if everyone could feed himself exclusively on the fruits and vegetables gathered from the garden surrounding his house, and drink and use for food the water taken from the wells dug near his house, cancer and most diseases would become negligible. Don't we usually see farmers becoming centenarians in spite of the deplorable conditions of hygiene in which they live? One can explain this longevity by the fact that these farmers have no water supply and do not go to the market to buy their food.

The inconvenience of water supply, already pointed out earlier in the chapter on the geological influence of the soil, could be combated in cities by digging artesian wells, such as those that exist in Paris in Place Lamartine, Avenue de Breteuil and the Bois de Boulogne. As for the new artesian wells in Blomet street, it would be better to use its water as a drink in this street, rather than to feed a swimming pool.

When the conditions of habitation are exceptionally bad and variable, one may, as I have just indicated, restore or rather tune the electrical constants of the cell by means of appropriate substances, in relation to the physical and chemical nature of the soil on which the subject lives. These substances might be introduced by hypodermic injections or rather absorbed by the mouth.

One could also, during the night, tie the subject to the ground by means of an appropriate earth plug, and during the day place a metal plate in the sole or heel of the shoes which, by ing through the shoe, would put the foot in electrical with the ground.

In most cases, it seems more rational and more effective to act electrically by filtering the cosmic wave field around the subject.

I advocated the use of special wave collectors, such as metal antennas stretched inside, in flats or outside houses, ground sockets, s, wire mesh mats and, preferably, appropriate oscillating circuits.

On the other hand, the filtering of cosmic radiation operated systematically by these oscillating circuits is naturally produced by radiation of greater wavelengths, such as light rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and radium emanations. This explains the success of certain actin therapy, radiotherapy and radiation treatments.

practitioners, who make these cures, thus act without their knowledge by filtering cosmic waves, in the same way as Mr Jourdain did with prose.

The experimental research I have done has confirmed the correctness of this view. I have reported above, in Chapter VI concerning the alteration of cells, my attempts at experimental cancer treatment of plants. Let us recall that geraniums inoculated with Bacterium tumefaciens and then treated with radiation from my radio-cellulo-oscillator could be cured after a few treatment sessions.

I have now shown that the disease develops through the oscillatory imbalance produced by the excess of cosmic waves. The very short waves produced by my cell-oscillator bring the field of cosmic radiation back to a convenient value by interference, as happens with light, ultraviolet, radiological and radioactive rays.

I later indicated in Chapter VII on the nature of radiant energy how I had performed the same treatment on geranii by suppressing the radiocelloscillator and installing only an isolated copper spiral around the subjects to be treated. This spiral presents the simplest and most general form of the oscillating circuit which I advocated for the filtration of cosmic waves in the treatment of diseases and the fight against cancer.

The results I have obtained in the treatment of these plants by means of the oscillating circuit have sured my hopes. Professor d'Arsonval presented a very categorical communication on this subject to the Academy of Sciences at its session of 2 April 1928, of which I shall give a brief summary. The Professor recalled that, at the beginning of January 1925, I had arranged an oscillating circuit consisting of a copper spiral insulated in air and held by an ebonite around any of the geraniums inoculated with cancer on 4 December 1924. On 30 January 1925, the tumour developed normally, but the plant continued to grow without perishing, whereas all the others had died as a result of the tumour. By the end of February 1925, the plant had healed and the necrosed tumour had detached. On 23 March 1928, the same plant, still surrounded by its oscillating circuit, was photographed. Comparison of the photographs of 30 January 1925 and 23 March 1928, reduced to the same scale, shows the abnormal development of the plant, which in three years had increased tenfold in height, reaching approximately 1.40 m.

In full activity, this Pelargonium flowers even in winter and is very robust. It should not be forgotten that Bacterium tumefaciens tumours generally cause cachexia and death, even after surgical ablation.

After this first essay, numerous other researches were carried out in the same direction according to my methods and experience and were successfully taken up by Mr Labergerie, at the School of Agriculture in Montpellier; and then in Italy,' in America and by numerous experts in and outside.

I myself extended my research from plants to animals and humans and was fortunate to find that my methods were successfully applied by eminent experts in laboratories and hospital clinics.

Among the numerous reports that were drawn up following these experiments, special mention must be made of the report presented at the Congress of Radiology in Florence (May 1928) by cancer scientist Prof. Sordello Attilj, of the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia in Rome.

I can only give a brief extract from this long and characteristic report, which begins with a very clear exposition of my theory and methods, to which I need not return. The second part of this work is devoted to the clinical observations made by Professor Attilj in his hospital.

The scientist practically made extensive use of the open oscillating circuits that I have suggested, in the form of necklaces, bracelets and belts.

The crucial observations made by Prof. Sordello Attilj, analysed in the report in question, concern six subjects, five suffering from cancer and the sixth from polysarcia. The cases of cancer, on the other hand, are very different: 78-year-old subject, suffering from an ulcerated epithelioma of the palate of the mouth, with sub-maxillary metastasis. 25-year-old subject with recurrent sarcoma of the left hand. 28-year-old subject with recurrent sarcoma of the right breast. 60-year-old subject with ulcerated epithelioma of a genital organ. 40-year-old man with pain and motor disturbances after breast cancer excision. Small metastasis on scar.

It was immediately apparent that all these cases of cancer were complicated by recurrences or secondary manifestations (metastases), which were aggravating circumstances. However, a few weeks after the application of the necklace, Prof. Attilj noticed a decrease in pain, a progressive reabsorption of the sores, the total disappearance of the hardening of the tumours.... In most "cases, the annoying tingling sensation that occurs when the tumours develop, disappears when the oscillating circuit is applied. The cure according to my method acting when no surgical observation can be attempted, appears a priori primordial in its beginnings.

The sixth case, and perhaps the most curious, is that of the 61-year-old patient with polysarcia. Weighing 120 kg, she suffers from excruciating pain in the lumbar region and moves so hardly that it takes her three or four minutes to get up when she is sitting down. Three days after the application of the oscillating belt, the pains disappeared, the patient regained her appetite and after three months of treatment she could move easily, get up with ease and resume her normal occupations.

Allow me to quote the conclusion of this preliminary report, which is particularly interesting because of the personality of Professor Attilj and the authority he enjoys in the world of scientists:

"The few cases cited, which represent the beginning of the work we wish to

develop, show that the use of Lakhovsky oscillating circuits is truly effective. When one thinks of the tragic fatality of cancer patients, who are rapidly on their way to death amidst pains that are sometimes impossible to alleviate in any way, and with disturbances in all organs, one can say that whatever symptoms are alleviated, they represent a source of benefit for the poor sick person".

Prof. Attilj thus recognises the effectiveness of the application of open oscillating circuits in restoring cellular oscillatory balance, not only in cancer patients, but also in those suffering from the circulatory system and nutrition in general.

For some years now, I have been able to make similar observations and collect the minutes of a large number of experts who, without preconceived ideas and in the interest of the progress of science, have wished to test my methods and communicate to me the results of their application.

In general, these are the observations that recur most frequently in their narratives:

Insomnia, whether due to exhaustion or as a result of illness, is effectively combated.

The pain of various diseases is generally reduced, sometimes suppressed, even in cases of cancer.

There is a warming sensation that comes from the activation of the circulation. Examination of the blood shows an increase in globular numbering, i.e. the proportion of red blood cells in the blood. This is a very effective way of

combating anaemia and the cooling of the extremities.

The different digestive, stomach and intestinal functions are accelerated. Vegetarians and frugivores can transgress their diet without any inconvenience and eat meat in their meals.

Stomach acidity decreases along with intestinal sluggishness, dizziness and the pain that sometimes accompanies digestion.

In people with deafness; there is an improvement in hearing and sense of direction.

Muscle activity is also strengthened and sluggishness of the limbs is combated.

There is also a recovery of appetite, weight gain, an improvement in the overall condition and a marked rejuvenation.

A French professor, a famous radiologist and expert, made a very curious observation while applying my systems in a large hospital in Paris, where he is head of service and where all diseases, cancer, etc., are treated. This professor carried out numerous and frequent examinations of a strictly scientific nature on the sick: every eight days he noted the weight, the globular and nuclear number, the arterial tension. The general state was noted and followed daily.

Now, during a period of eight days, this scientist noticed a very definite arrest in the evolution of the improvement of all the sick. He immediately deduced from

the generality of this phenomenon that it was an external cause. Looking at the calendar, he observed that this abnormal period coincided with the phase of the full moon.

Of this phenomenon I have been able to give the following explanation, which confirms my theories. We know that the moon, like any radiation, has the power of making the field of cosmic waves vary considerably, as I have shown for the tides in the Universion in the preceding chapters of this volume. Now, the oscillating circuit has the effect of absorbing the excess cosmic waves, which cause the oscillatory unbalance of the cells.

As the moon modifies the field of these waves, this interference affects the absorption of the necklace, whose action is diminished. Thus it is observed that the effect of the oscillating circuit carried by the patient is in close relation to the field of the cosmic waves.

Where this effect is diminished, the desired result is achieved by using several circuits (necklaces, bracelets, belts).

In general, I have been able to observe that in all patients equipped with oscillating circuits and living on very conductive soil, that is naturally carcinogenic, such as those of Grenelle, Javel, Auteuil, Neuilly, the action of the necklace is immediate and rapid, whereas in people living on insulating ground such as Dauphine, Champs-Elysées, Gaillon, La Plaine Moncean, the action is much slower and its effects do not become apparent until some time later.

Thus, the action of the oscillating circuit being closely linked to the intensity of the cosmic wave field, one arrives at this paradoxical result that, by grace of the circuit one carries, the bad grounds become the best grounds. By automatically and naturally re-establishing the oscillatory balance, the oscillating necklace acts

as a regulator of cosmic waves.

There can be no doubt, therefore, that the application of open oscillating circuits is able to halt the development of cancer, even at its most advanced stage, to suppress pain, and even to cure this terrible disease effectively. And, what is even more wonderful, similar results are obtained in the treatment of many other diseases which, at least apparently, have no connection with cancer. It may therefore be affirmed a fortiori that the oscillating circuit, by absorbing the excess of cosmic waves, is a sure means of prophylaxis and a most effective preventive.

I am aware, after many years of experimenting on thousands of subjects by doctors according to my instructions and thanks to the remarkable results obtained, that I have succeeded in alleviating and even suppressing numerous sufferings.

I have the firm hope that, in the future, all these diseases from which mankind suffers can be successfully prevented and cured.

CHAPTER ELEVEN - ORIGINS OF LIFE

CONDENSATION OF WATER VAPOUR AND MINERAL ELEMENTS. - In the geological periods when life had not yet appeared on the surface of the earth, our globe, which had at one time received the condensation of all the water vapour of the atmosphere, was partly or wholly covered by the oceans.

The various elements and chemical compounds that had dissociated under the action of heat, then condensed, were found scattered everywhere. We find them, almost in their entirety, in sea water, the analysis of which reveals all the complexity that we know: chlorides, bromides, iodides, sulphates and most of the salts of the main metals: sodium, potassium, magnesium and many others. And it is thanks to the moisture found in the vicinity of the sea or in the sea itself that life arose and the first protozoa appeared.

Since the biological sciences have proved that the first stage of life is the cell, I shall begin by showing how the first cell had to be formed, taking as a basis the theory I set out of the oscillation of cellular circuits.

It is necessary in the first place to consider that the salts, simple bodies, and other chemical compounds which existed in a state of considerable dilution in the masses of saturating water and vapour, were therefore strongly dissociated and ionised, both in the form of atoms and of molecules, more or less electrified. Thus each 0.003-0.004 mm. globule of water, surrounded by its saturating vapour, formed a small microcosm, containing, in a state of extreme dilution, a great variety of chemical elements.

Moisture, we must not forget, was recognised as necessary for life, it was the

first condition of its appearance.

INFLUENCE OF COSMIC RADIATION ON THE ORIENTATION OF CELLULAR ELEMENTS. - Now, the causes that produce cosmic waves already existed at the origin of the earth. The radiations which produce them, whether from the sun or from other stars, have not changed. On the other hand, our globe, at that time as well as now, must have been charged with negative electricity.

The process of the appearance of life is therefore probably as follows: under the action of these electromagnetic radiations of cosmic origin, some molecules of compound bodies and some atoms of simple bodies, contained in these globules of water vapour, found themselves oriented on the lines of force of the electric field coming from any positively charged star and leading to the negatively electrified earth.

We note that, owing to the multiplicity of the astral electric fields, the orientation of the molecules could be produced either according to a line of force coming from the sun, or according to a line of force coming from the moon, Mars, Jupiter, or any other planet or star.

The unconscious wanderings of astrology, which made every living being correspond to the movements of a planet or a constellation, seem to respond, thanks to this new theory, to a scientific basis: being born under a lucky star. From now on, it no longer seems absurd that a cell is born 'under the sign' of a constellation.

Then, these molecules of conducting substances, containing iron, iodine, potassium, chlorine and their various chemical combinations, automatically grouped together under the influence of chemical affinity or electrostatic causes. They began to form on the line of force 'a small agglomeration of electrified

molecules, on which other molecules were again added. But these welds took place in a definite direction: that of the electromagnetic line of force which, coming from the celestial spaces, led to the negatively electrified earth, as modern science has proved.

This agglomeration of oriented conducting molecules was thus brought together according to a curved line element, very short, it is true. Around this bait a number of molecules of insulating bodies came to attach themselves, probably because of their weight, which formed a sheath around this agglomeration of conducting molecules.

CONSTITUTION OF THE CELL'S OSCILLATING ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. - Due to the rotation of the earth, the orientation of the agglomerated molecules folded and, as a result of its rotational movement, the earth thus helped to form, after 24 hours, or perhaps several days, a filament that was no longer straight but curved, sometimes in the form of a coiled ball, as shown in Figure 23.

The new parts of this filament were always formed along the line of magnetic force that was unchanging in direction, while the parts that had already been formed were pulled along by the movement of the earth. As this conducting filament was formed, the insulating sheath surrounding it continued to grow and consolidate at the same time as it did. And this happened in the microscopic globule of vapour 3 microns in diameter. It is this insulating sheath which, once the circuit is completed, prevents the ends or the different rings of the filament from touching each other, and also from making electrical with the inner conducting centre. The filament, the nucleus of the cell, was made up of.

The formation of this cellular circuit is due, in short, to the presence of lines of force coming from the celestial spaces and its configuration is due to the rotation of the earth.

The circuit thus formed was endowed, by its construction, with self-inductance and capacitance. It immediately began to vibrate under the sustained action of external electromagnetic radiation and penetrating rays, between which was a frequency equal to its own frequency and with which it vibrated in resonance. This microscopic globule of mineralised and already organised water is then chemically completed with its other organs: protoplasm, cytoplasm, mycelia, vacuoles, etc. .... always by association of molecules.

And because this globule vibrated and radiated, it lived: the cell was born.

CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF LIVING SPECIES. - It is understood that, as a consequence of this formation, every cell, or at least every characterised species of cells, having a nucleus and a protoplasm, oscillates at a frequency well determined by the very dimensions of its filament, defined by its own wavelength. Thus, as a consequence of its shape and the size of the filament, each cell, like each microbe, possesses a wavelength of its own, which characterises its species. But all these cellular wavelengths, although different, are of the same order of magnitude and are close to each other in this narrow zone of the whole scale of vibrations.

This definition of the cell species according to my theory carries one of the first consequences that follow. If, by any process, we succeed in modifying the duration of the formation of a cell, that is to say, in modifying the constitution of its filament or of its conducting capacity, either by chemical elements or by electromagnetic methods, we modify at the same time its frequency of vibration, and thus the species of the cell at the same time as all its particular characters: what is produced, I believe, in the case of cancer, of the diseases of old age, etc., etc.

Cell transmission would thus be realised.

It seems that experience has proved us right.

On the other hand, this is what occurs, I believe, in the action of certain medicines of mineral, vegetable or animal origin, which have the effect of curing certain diseases by strengthening either the conductivity of the nucleus or its

chemical character, which causes the oscillatory imbalance.

CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND INHERITANCE. - The most varied hypotheses have been put forward on the constitution of protoplasm.

According to Naegeli, bodies are composed of units, which he calls 'micelles'.

Others, such as Darwin, Haeckel, Spencer, Hertwing, de Vries, Wiesner, were obliged to it a physiological unit superior to the micelle, the idioblast. The sum of the idioblasts forms the idioplasm.

Hertwing, in order to prove that the hereditary substance does not reside in the protoplasm but in the nucleus, relies on what Pfluger called the isotropy of the egg: that is, that the egg is homogeneous and that none of its parts corresponds to a part of the future animal.

Weismann's theory is that of ancestral plasmas.

On the other hand, the problem of the specific differentiation of cellular elements has given rise to a wide variety of hypothetical solutions. (Theories of His, Hansemann, Hertwing, Naegeli, De Vries, etc.).

In my opinion, the hereditary substance does not reside in the protoplasm, the idioplasm or the micelles, but rather in the nucleus, and the specific differentiation of the latter comes from its aptitude to vibrate on a certain wavelength or on another, according to the diameter of the circuits of which it is

formed and the value of its capacity. In procreation, the male or female cell that dominates is the one whose wavelength is closest to the normal afferent to its sex.

This is what explains the hereditary and ancestral phenomena that come from the nucleus whose diameters do not change through the generations, their wavelength and the chemical composition of the protoplasm forming capacities and thus always remaining the same. This is the reason why one finds, through generations, resemblances, defects, qualities, characters etc., in short, what is called atavism.

INFINITESIMAL VALUE OF OSCILLATING CELLULAR ENERGY. - I have previously posed the question of knowing what waves the energy of cellular radiation comes from? I shall now answer this question and with this last point of view I shall conclude the exposition of my theory.

Given the microscopic dimensions of cells and their filaments, dimensions that are indicated in fractions of a micron, it is easy to understand that the oscillation of such a circuit requires only extremely weak energy. It seems in any case difficult for the mind to estimate the extraordinary smallness of this energy. But the very smallness of the power brought into play during these oscillations in no way affects the range reached by these extremely short waves, thanks to the considerable induction realised at such high frequencies.

Let us recall only for the sake of memory the great ranges achieved in wireless telegraphy by means of waves qualified as short, although they are very long in relation to the cellular oscillations. Amateurs of wireless telegraphy use for these tests a power of a few tens of watts. Some have even been able to lower it to a few watts, or even less, while communicating over 2000 kilometres.

Some physicists have done studies on very short frequency waves with powers of the order of a hundredth and even a thousandth of a watt. In Nichols' and Tear's experiments, for the production of electromagnetic waves of 300 microns, the energy of these radiations was so weak that a special optical procedure had to be used to measure their length.

It is therefore necessary to make a certain effort to understand the weakness of the energy used to make the circuits of our cells oscillate, which only appear to us under microscopes that are 300 and 500 times magnified.

We will not even attempt to measure this energy in figures: it is infinitesimal for each cell, for each circuit. But we know that the wavelength of cosmic waves is extremely small, and that the radiant atmospheric energy is sufficient to make cells oscillate.

When a Hertzian wave, emitted in Australia, for example, with a power in the antenna of a few tens of watts, radiated in all directions, since the emission is not directionally driven, is received in Europe over a small antenna, is not the high frequency energy picked up by the receiving antenna also infinitesimal?

It is all the more so because energy decreases theoretically in inverse proportion to the square of the distance and practically much faster.

INDUCTION OF FIXED OSCILLATING FIELDS. How is it that such a receiving antenna, while picking up so little energy, nevertheless manages to oscillate itself sufficiently to drive the receiving apparatus at such great distances? This circumstance is largely due to the very high frequency of these short waves, whose weak length is closer than that of the large waves of the wavelength of cosmic radiation.

It is known that the process of receiving waves is as follows: the receiving antenna and the quadrant are bathed by the variable electromagnetic field created by the waves propagating from the transmitter. It is this variable electromagnetic field at a very high frequency which, by induction, causes oscillating electric currents of the same frequency in this antenna or quadrant.

It is precisely because of this same mechanism that our cells oscillate, and I will show where the energy comes from.

It is not unnecessary to recall first two essential circumstances relating to the induction phenomena of maintained oscillations.

For oscillating electric currents to be created in a circuit, the following two conditions must be fulfilled:

- 1°) Existence of an electrical circuit capable of oscillation (circuit possessing self-inductance and capacitance);

- 2) Existence of an external cause capable of causing the circuit to oscillate.

We have seen that the first condition was realised in every cell. As for the second, the cause of oscillation can be extremely different. It is particularly sufficient that the self-inductance of the circuit in question is bathed in an oscillating magnetic field or that the capacitance is placed in an oscillating electric field.

Each of these two phenomena of electrical or magnetic induction can itself be generated in two ways.

In the first case, the self-inductance of the circuit is fixed and the external magnetic field (or the electric field, if it is a capacitor) is variable at a very high frequency. This variation of the field then produces, by induction in the circuit, currents whose frequency responds exactly to its own wavelength. The action can, in fact, come from a multitude of fields each having its own frequency: induction is produced only by the field whose wavelength coincides with that of the circuit.

In the second case, the self-inductance is mobile and moves with very great speed in the magnetic field. An electric field would act similarly on the capacitance of the circuit.

The electric or magnetic field in question may be time-varying and present precisely the same frequency as the currents induced in the circuit.

Or this field can be spatially variable, for example a wavy field with a fixed value on which discontinuities, interruptions, overlap.

Or the field may be fixed, while the oscillating circuit itself is mobile. It is on these phenomena that the construction of industrial alternators is based: in certain cases the impeller part consists of the direct current inductor circuit, whose magnetic poles move at great speed in front of the fixed coils of the induced circuit. Induced alternating currents then arise in the circuits of the fixed part which, due to the rotation of the impeller inductor, are subjected to variable magnetic fields.

The same happens with the frame of a radio receiver, the spirals of this quadrant act by induction, like the secondary circuit of a transformer, whose primary would be the transmitting antenna. Induction is produced by the variable magnetic field propagated by the waves coming out of the transmitting station.

It is thanks to the same process that the radiant energy of cosmic waves animates our cells.

INDUCTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE CELL. - We have seen that cells possess their own oscillating circuit, made up of filaments, as I have shown above, according to morphological studies.

Now all these cells are spinning in space, pulled by the movement of the earth, at a speed of 27 km per minute, at the equator.

But in what field do these cells run?

Not in the earth's magnetic and electric fields, of course, for these fields are driven at the same time as these cells, in the same rotary motion. They revolve in the variable electric and magnetic fields which come from outside the earth, in the atmospheric radiations which offer the full range of frequencies of vibration, in short in this famous cosmic radiation which modern science has revealed and which comes to us either from the sun, or from the Milky Way, or from all celestial spaces.

In conclusion, the existence of variable magnetic and electric fields at all

frequencies emanating from celestial spaces shows us that any radiation energy at the earth's surface ultimately comes from the electromagnetic induction born of our globe's rotation in outer space.

Let us now examine what relationship exists between the chemical composition of the cell and its radiation. We know that all living beings, animal and vegetable, in a word that every cell contains all the chemical atoms with their varying complexity. Numerous works have been published on this subject. As I have already mentioned in connection with the relations between the differentiation of the cell and heredity, the elementary units which constitute the cell and the protoplasm have been given the most varied names: micelles, idioplasm, ancestral plasma, mitochondria, etc., etc. etc. Raphael Dubois calls them vacuolides.

As for me, I will call them biomagnomobiles, to recall in this way their biological origin, their essential mobility and the electromagnetic cause that gives them energy and makes them live.

Take, for example, the phenomenon of electroplating where two metal electrodes are immersed in a conductive liquid. The metal atoms are dragged by the current: they detach themselves from one electrode to rest on the other, and this as a result of elementary electrostatic charges, each atom being dragged by electrons moving from one pole to the other. When there is no more current, there are no more moving atoms.

Well, in our living cells, the number of these particles that make up a single one is incalculable. Thus, according to Raffaele Dubois, one author has calculated that it would take 250 million years, assuming that one million could be counted every second minute, to number the units making up a silkworm egg.

But whatever their number, these units are in constant movement in our organism; thus a brain cell may ask a stomach cell to on to it a few hundred trillion of its biomagnomobile units (derived from phosphorus, chlorine, arsenic, etc.), which immediately through the most diverse parts of our body. These molecules are first supplied by food or formed within the body from the simple elements.

And all these molecules move, attracted or repelled by the play of cellular oscillations, in the same way as a galvanoplastic movement.

On the other hand, the organism is made up of nothing but living biomagnomobiles, constantly at work chemically and electromagnetically.

All these movements can only be effected by the harmony and general organisation of the cells and their oscillations, which have their seat in the nucleus.

It is this overall harmony that puts every molecule in its place.

As for the energy needed, it comes from the electrical vibration of the cells, maintained by cosmic waves.

A doctor friend of mine, to whom I was expounding my theory, asked me: "And what do you do with toxins?". I replied: "Toxins are the waste products of dead cells and microbes. Since they are no longer alive and thus form inert matter, this waste cancels out the oscillatory movement of neighbouring cells and weakens them or causes them to die in their turn. This inert matter attracts living particles to itself; in any case, its proximity changes the electrical capacity of living cells,

which can no longer oscillate at their specific frequency, hence the disease or death.

The same doctor asked me what, in my opinion, was the principle of the microbe's action on the cell.

I replied that it was not through the mouth that the microbe destroyed neighbouring cells; in fact, the microbe is not an animal that has a mouth which it uses to devour its neighbour. But this is done by induction, and we shall now see how.

Let us examine what is the most biologically rational explanation for the electrical induction of the microbe on the cell. When the microbe and the cells are analysed chemically, similar compositions are found. It would therefore seem that it is difficult to give an a priori chemical explanation for the microbe's action.

Now, if one examines the chemical composition of the microbe and the cells, the breakdown of the different substances allows one to find the key to this radiation warfare that I have already mentioned in the course of this work.

In fact, we know that the constituents of the living cell and the microbe can be classified into three categories: nitrogenous matter, ternary matter and mineral matter.

And so, for example, the analysis of a cell from the fruiting receptacle of A ethalium septicum, according to Reinke and Rodewald, gave the following proportions:

Nitrogenous matter 30

Ternary materials 41

Mineral materials 29

It is now found, according to Hennegy, in the nitrogenous materials plastin, vitellin, myosin, peptones, pepsins, lecithin, guanin, sarcin, xanthine and ammonia carbonate.

In ternary matter: paracolesterine, a special resin, a yellow colouring matter, amylodextrin, a non-reducing sugar, fatty acids and neutral fatty bodies.

Finally, in mineral substances: lime combined with fatty and lactic acids, acetic, formic, oxalic, phosphoric, sulphuric and carbonic acids: phosphates of potash, magnesia, sodium chloride, iron salts.

And, in a general way, all chemical compounds contained in seawater are found in our bodies.

As for me, from the point of view of electrical oscillation, I will classify all the above substances entering the cell into two categories:

- 1) The conductive materials.

- 2) Insulating materials.

In general, insulating substances are found in nitrogenous and ternary materials, and conducting substances in mineral materials. Thus, for example, plastine, paracolesterine, resin, certain fats, are insulators. On the other hand, most mineral materials and especially salts (sulphates, phosphates, sodium chlorides, magnesium, iron, etc.) are more or less conductive.

In the light of this classification, we will see how the microbe can, through its induction, modify cellular oscillation.

We know that the oscillation of a circuit depends on its conductivity (electrical resistance) and its permeability to waves (specific inductor power and capacity). Now we have seen that the cell of A ethalium septicum , already examined, possesses the following chemical composition: nitrogenous matter, 30; ternary matter, 41 (most being insulating); mineral matter, 29 (most being conductive).

Let us suppose that a microbe approaches this cell whose mineral part is 40 instead of 29. Its oscillating power is, consequently, not the same as that of the cell. Thus, by its induction, it modifies the oscillation of the cell, causing its destruction and death. Or again, the cell instead of dividing normally by karyokinesis into daughter cells, divides according to the same frequency as the microbe, that is, into the species of this microbe itself.

In the absence of any microbe, if the cell nucleus is too conductive (excess iron and phosphorus produced by the corpuscles) and if the external agent - in this

case the excess of cosmic waves - causes the cell to divide too quickly, the healthy cell turns into a neoplastic cell (cancer).

We see from what has been said that in the healthy organism there must be found in every tissue a constant proportion of the constituent elements (conductors and insulators), of which I have called the atomic units biomagnomobile. It may be asked how these units are distributed in the organism in such a way as to lead the insulating substances into the envelope of the nucleus, and the conducting substances into the interior of the filament, etc., in such a way as to lead the conducting substances into the envelope of the nucleus.

It is precisely because of the force of its oscillation that the cell calls for its needs all the insulating and conducting substances that are distributed, by this oscillation, to the places where they are necessary to ensure life itself. In the same way, in an electroplating bath, the substances and the force of the current are dosed to obtain the desired effect according to the nature of the metal used.

Such is the last consideration with which I shall end my exposition of my theory.

My experiments on this subject are an established fact: they cannot now be explained by classical theories of science today, while my new theory suffices to make them understandable.

To sum up, my theory can be condensed in the form of the following threefold principle:

"Life was born from radiation,

"Maintained by radiation,

"Suppressed by any oscillatory imbalance".

In every way, I think that I have opened up a new avenue for the activity of prospectors, and particularly for biologists. No one can foresee what the future holds for us in this respect, but I hope that, above all, more good will result for suffering humanity.

CONCLUSION

In concluding here the exposition of my theory and its practical applications, I wish to address all physicists, all seekers, all men of science in general, for it is in them that the source of all progress lies.

They are the ones who particularly came up with the modern wonder that is the wireless telephone.

Let us not forget that anyone who predicted forty years ago that it would be possible to hear speech and music in all their nuances over great distances, that it would be possible to transmit images wirelessly over a distance, as my excellent friend Mr Belin has done, would surely have been treated as a man. And yet these inventions are today accomplished facts and we find these phenomena quite natural. Such is the power of science that it always far exceeds even the most optimistic predictions.

I ask them, these seekers, as I shall endeavour to do myself, to find the eye, the objective, in a word the apparatus that we lack, to discover the unknown radiations of which we speak here, an eye that we possess only for luminous radiations.

Which allows us to explore this natural target in the immense range of radiation, nothing more than a small zone stretching from 375 to 750 trillion vibrations per minute per second. And yet, what social upheaval this target holds in store for us, liable to uncover in general all the wave ranges, known and unknown, that are beyond our control!

Philosophy has said of man: 'I think, therefore I am'.

This too laconic definition must not, however, make us forget that man, though superior to the animal in certain respects, and especially in thought, is nevertheless inferior to it, for the time being, in the narrow range of vibrations that he is capable of discovering. Man can only see and hear at a feeble distance; he can only convey his thought by expressing it in speech. Certain animals, on the other hand, move in a straight line, thousands of miles away, towards a goal which we cannot see; they communicate with each other without recourse to speech, by means of vibrations which they discover and which the organs of our bodies cannot perceive.

One of our means of exploring the external world is vision. The eye is the physiological lens that has irably copied itself and revealed to us the infinitely small as well as the infinitely large.

By means of this narrow range in the scale of light radiations, we are able to discern the subtleties of the most delicate hues.

When we see a peach or a bunch of grapes, doesn't the velvety hue of their colour immediately give us the taste of these fruits?

And does not the sight of a beautiful painting give us the most diverse impressions and feelings? Does it not demonstrate the talent and visual ability of the artist?

And indeed, that the wavelength of each of those colours, of each note of this visual harmony excites the cells of our brain and by the great variation of their oscillation makes them vibrate at the same wavelength. Through the combined and synthetic action of all these wavelengths, we experience all the visual impressions and sensations that light gives us.

Similarly, the sight of human beings inspires in us sympathy, love, or contempt. Do not these different feelings come to us from certain variations in the radiation that comes from these beings?

This biological eye, an irable instrument, has been physically copied by the lens, which also captures light radiation to reproduce, by means of ordinary photography, colour photography, cinematography, etc., all the sensations that our eye gives us directly.

It is thus that for centuries and centuries vision alone has revealed to us only a small part of Nature. Man could believe that, apart from light and darkness, there was nothing else. However, one day he realised the immensity of the range of radiation: invisible chemical rays, electric waves, X-rays, radium rays and cosmic waves that can be most fruitful for our research.

In particular, man did not possess a sense responding to electrical waves, and this realm would have been closed to him forever had not scientists of genius created the electric eye, which opened the door to a new and indefinitely wonderful world: radioelectricity.

For this is always the case: the higher we climb in the study of the unknown in search of truth, the more we discover distant horizons hidden in mist and darkness; then suddenly the veil is torn and everything is illuminated and the darkest corners are bathed in clear light.

What to think now of life and cellular oscillations, and who is going to give us the eye, the discoverer of vital and cerebral oscillations, for, as I have already said in this volume, I think we are dealing here also with oscillations.

On that day we will be masters of these oscillations: not only from the biological and therapeutic point of view, these radiations, which are the object of this work, will make it possible to obtain results and applications which are indisputably useful for humanity, but also from the social point of view, they will bring about very profound changes. We shall submit them to our needs and bring about the transmission of thought, communications with the blind, with deaf-mutes, we shall know what others think, we shall correspond with each other with our own waves and perhaps with animals. We shall thus discover offenders at a distance, by means of the wavelength of their radiation.

For we cannot deny that the mystery exists: do we not see birds, insects, animals in general, which do not possess language, reveal themselves as wonderful and at the same time inexplicable workers and organisers, as entomological scientists such as Fabre and Maeterlinck have revealed to us? Can we not therefore conclude that there is a transmission of thought between all animals?

The instinct of preservation, the instinct that keeps them alive, is but a word that certainly conceals a reality, the primary cause of their existence: the range of radiation, unknown to us, that they are susceptible to emit and receive.

We confidently await the day when this eye or this apparatus will come to reveal to us, in all its complexity and in all its majestic grandeur, this new world of which science is just beginning to lift the infinite veils.

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to those with whom I have worked and who have propagated my ideas.

The eminent Prof. d'Arsonval, who was my initiator and who presented my work to the 'elite' and the world of scientists.

Professor Gosset, the famous surgeon of the Salpètrière, who is always at the forefront of the fight against cancer, wanted, having heard about my theories, to ask for my collaboration and asked me to work with him at his clinic.

My excellent friend Besredka, the eminent professor at the Pasteur Institute, invited me to do experimental research with him on bacilli, using my methods. With such a scientist, I worked with the greatest profit.

Prof. Dr. Sordello Attilj, a cancer scientist and director of the radiological service at the Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia in Rome, who achieved such remarkable results by applying my oscillating circuits to his hospital's clinic.

Count Palagi del Palagio, who became an apostle of my systems in Italy and promoted their application with boundless devotion and disinterest.

Mr. Michele Adam, who has competently presented my theories and works to the general public with numerous articles in scientific and popular journals.

Professor Boutaric, of the Faculty of Science in Dijon, who with his glowing articles wanted to propagandise my theories.

Dr. Foveau de Courmelles, who has written countless articles on my work.

Mr Henri Weiss, the distinguished vulgarian of technical printing, Mr M. C. M. Savarit and many others who have taken an interest in my research.