Thesis 636r53

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I.

Introduction Drainage are being used as prevention for the accumulation of water that

can lead to flooding. It is designed to drain excess rain water and ground water from impermeable surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. Solid wastes carried off by the rain water are one of the major problems that causes clogging of the drainage. Drainage of surface water is all the more important in hill roads. Apart from the drainage of water from the road formation, the efficient diversion and disposal of water flowing down the hill slope across the road and from numerous cross streams is an important part of hill road construction. If drainage system in hill road is not adequate and efficient, it will result in complex maintenance problems (Chauhan, 2013). Carmel Street is in need of drainage rehabilitation because of its current situation like clogged by waste and incapable of containing normal volume of storm water. The sloping terrain resulted to as more soil erodes that accumulates sediments washed into the drainage pipes during the rain (Engineer Pañares, 2013). To keep the sediments from entering the drainage pipes, an innovative filters are often solution. As water floods the catch basin, small particles that slip through the grate settle to the bottom. Drainage pipes are located above the bottom of this vertical pipe, ensuring that the water that flows into the drains is clear of sediment but it doesn’t help from removing other particles like micro particles. Filters are one of the solution to resolve the problem to keep micro particles

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from going into the main or the city drainage and to improve water quality. Many filters are out in the market that can be used to protect drainage from clogging such as, manufactured, sand, and anthracite filters. These filters may be effective, but the fact that it doesn’t help in recycling, reusing, and reducing environmental waste. Rubber tires have the potential of hazardous fires and causes other health implications. These scrap rubber tires is one of environmental waste that accumulates each year. There are about 280 million of waste tires were produced in year 2000 with yearly growth about 26% in stocked in different states of USA (Sunthonpagasit and Hickman, 2003). Recycling tires may help the environment and reduce the accumulation of waste caused by the rubber tires. These rubber tires has high potential of being used as filter by transforming it into crumbs. Consequently crumb rubber tires as filters could be used for years with high filtration rate. Even the outcome did not reach the goal of removing of the micro waste, the crumb rubber filter could still be handy in of primary treatment technology to improve the effectiveness of the typical filter (Tang, 2005). Crumb rubber tire is the material that is going to be used as a replacement for other filter materials such as manufactured filter, sand, and aggregates. Crumb rubber tires are derived materials from scrap tires to be used as an innovative filter medium. Compared to sand or anthracite filter, there is a significance in the filtration efficiency. As a compressible material, crumb rubber forms an ideal porosity gradient in filters because the top layer of the

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media is least compressed while the bottom layer is most compressed. Crumb rubber filters favors in-depth filtration and allows longer filtration time and higher filtration rate, which substantially increases the filtration efficiency (Graf and Xie, 2000). As a filter medium, crumb rubber allows the porosity of the filter bed to decrease through the filter, resulting in the smallest pore size at the bottom and largest pore size on the top, which is ideal for down-flow filtration. In comparison to both the sand/anthracite and crumb rubber filters were effective in removing large particles (>10 μm and >15 μm). For the sand/anthracite filter, the removal efficiencies for particles larger than 10 μm and 15 μm were 89.4% and 94.5%, respectively. For the crumb rubber filter, the removal efficiencies for particles larger than 10 μm and 15 μm were 86.8% and 93.6%, respectively (Chen, 2004). By transforming these scrap rubber tires into crumbs and use it as to innovate such as filter, will lessen the environmental waste when practiced gradually. II.

Objective of the Study The goal of this research project is to design a drainage with crumb

rubber tires as filter for the advancement of Storm Water Management. In addition, this research will help the environment to reduce the accumulated waste produced by the scrap rubber tires. It specifically aims the following: 1. To present the current drainage layout at Carmel Street. 2. To present the new drainage design with crumb rubber tire filter in the catch basin. 3. To determine the filtering efficiency of the filter by hydrometer test method.

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4. To determine the average actual flow rate of the filter during III.

filtration process. Significance of the Study The study is said to be significant for it give a perspective design of

drainage for Carmel Street. It lessens the waste in the environment produced by scrap tires in of reducing, recycling, and reusing it as filter. IV.

Conceptual Framework The research aims to provide a design of a drainage system with crumb

rubber as water filter for the advancement of water storm management. As shown in the figure 1, Scrap tires served as raw materials for the crumb rubber together with the concept of drainage design. V. VI. INPUT VII. VIII.Drainage IX.

Filtration Using Crumb Rubber Tires

OUTPUT

Quality of Drainage Water

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study V.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study This research study will gather requirements, analysis, test, and design

of the drainage with filter using crumb rubber tires. Provide a detailed deg process and review of the new drainage with crumb rubber tire filter. It will be limited to the design of drainage and testing of the crumb rubber tire filter. VI.

Target Beneficiaries of the Study

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This study will present the effective drainage system in the residence of Carmel Street .The result of this study will be beneficial to the following: Local Government. The study will serve as cooperation in sustaining the city robust and industrial growth and development. Community. The result of this study will provide the people within the Carmel Street an adequate drainage system. Researchers. The result of this study will serve as a basis for the future researchers for the improvement of the water treatment system. Contractor. This study will provide an information to the contractor to execute a design and to be able to do budget proposal. VII.

Review of Related Literature

Drainage During rain, part of the rain water flow on surface and part of it percolates through the soil mass as gravitational water until it reaches the ground water below the water table. Removal and diversion of surface water from the roadway and ading land is termed as surface drainage, while the removal of excess soil-water from the sub-grade is termed as sub-surface water, some water is retained in the pores of the soil mass and drained off by the normal gravitational method and this water is termed as held water (http://www.idoub.com/ Drainage-System-in-Highways). The excess water may occur either on the surface or within the soil and the drainage system must

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be designed to cope with the prevailing conditions. It should be emphasised, however, that the installation of even a very intensive system of drains is no guarantee of success. To ensure the maximum potential production is attainable, each scheme must be scientifically designed and properly installed. If either of these requirements is not fully implemented maximum returns will not be achieved on the drainage investment (Galvin and Taluntais, 1978). Filtration Whether your water is hard or contaminated, there are compelling water treatment advancements prepared to offer assistance. Water molding is the treatment of water to change, upgrade, or enhance it so it meets a particular water quality need, longing, or standard. On the other hand simply call it water treatment. There are a wide range of treatment advancements that take care of business. (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2013). Before disinfection, the filter can also eliminates isolated solids and reduces the possibility of having infection. As per recommended by the National Research Council (1996), crumb rubber filter could be the most reliable ballast water treatment technology. Filtration means to finish expulsion of suspended particles, colloidal matter and also microorganisms by ing water through a porous medium fit for holding the coarse molecule at first glance and the better contaminations in the pores. The channel medium is normally a sand channel comprising of various layers. The layers from the top comprise of fine sand put throughout the following layer of coarse sand took after by fine gravel set in the course of the last layer of coarse gravel. Water from sedimentation tanks is disseminated

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consistently over the whole fine sand bed and to stream by gravity through the distinctive layers. (Sivasankar, 2009). In filtration rate of the crumb rubber filter, there was no apparent relationship between removal efficiency and filter depth. Higher filtration rate resulted in lower removal efficiency and higher head loss (Marine Environmental Research, May 2006). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) recommended that the filtration rate through a typical filter should not be less than 0.4 liters per second

(or

400 liters per square Crumb Rubber Tires As a compressible material, crumb rubber forms an ideal porosity gradient in filters because the top layer of the media is least compressed while the bottom layer is most compressed. Crumb rubber filter favours in-depth filtration and allows longer filtration time and higher filtration rate, which substantially increases the filtration efficiency (Graf and Xie 2000; Xie et al. 2001). VIII. Methodology Presented to this chapter are the research design, constraints of the study research materials, research instruments, and research procedure and data analysis tool. Research Design In order to gather the necessary data, the researchers used applied research method. It includes techniques that used to summarize and describe

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numerical data for the purpose of easier interpretation (Kazmier, 2004). It is a scientific study whereby it seeks to solve problems of a certain locale or community for the betterment of the quality of life.

Constraints of the Study This study focuses on the preservation and improvement of water quality and for the advancement of storm water management that the researchers aimed to attain by the use of crumb rubber tire filter that will meet the desire needs within realistic constraints such as environmental, economic, and sustainability, in accordance with the standards. Economical in a sense that used scrap tires can be recycled to come up with another medium for water filtration- crumb rubber. Moreover, it paved a way to a more environmental approach as to how to dispose tires which are basically hazardous to ones health. And through our attempt for an advanced storm water management, using crumb rubber as water filtration has a great impact for the sustainability of the drainage system for the fact that it can last longer with lesser maintenance. Research Materials The following materials were used in the water treatment facility: Containers. This is employed to gather the water sample from the current drainage for the analysis of water.

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Fine crumb rubber. This was employed for the second stage of the filtration process where it helps in preventing the pretreated water from the contamination of small minerals. Coarse crumb rubber. This was employed for the third stage of the filtration for coarse filtration. Aluminum steel. This was employed for the chamber of the crumb rubber filter so that it will not corrode. Research Procedure The following were the steps and procedure followed in the conduct of the study: Assessment of the existing drainage. The researchers requested a resolution letter from Engineer Diosdado A. Pañares, Jr regarding the drainage of Carmel Street. Engineer Pañares responded that Carmel street drainage is already inefficient when it comes to storm water management because of clogged wastes (See Appendix A). The drainage configurations were also attached on the said letter and was used as the basis of our design. (See Appendix B). Design of drainage. The drainage design considered the following general conditions: 1. The depth of the connection with the main drainage in the street and the grade of the house drain outlet. The depth of the house drain

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outlet can be found by measuring the length of the longest branch of the house drain. 2. The required ground coverings should be 30cm from the top of concrete floor and 40cm of the ground covering without concrete floor. 3. The 2% slope was considered on each horizontal drainage pipe line that was installed at station to the next station. The height of the rise angle of the pipe line could be determined by using the formula: Height = Length x 2% The design conditions mentioned above are customary in every residential drainage design (Fajardo, 1994). Design of Filter. Filter Design was integrated with innovative material which is Crumb rubber tires. Crumb rubber was filled into the cylindrical stainless chamber in 4- layers with different sizes. Crumb rubber sizes are 0.125 in., 0.25 in, 0.375 in. and 0.5 in. The cylindrical G.I. steel filter was manufactured by Weldone Steelworks Corporation as the whole formworks of the filter in the catch basin. The dimensions of filter has a 0.60m diameter and depth of 0.90m. Production of crumb rubber. Crumb rubber tire were manufactured through mechanical grinding. Mechanical grinding is the process of breaking up of a scrap tire using whole car or truck tires in the form of shred or chips, or sidewalls or treads. The rubbers, metals and textiles are sequentially separated out. Tires are ed through a shredder, which breaks the tires into chips. Finer

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rubber particles can be obtained through further grinding in secondary grinding process by using heavy duty meat grinder. Determining the Sizes of Crumb Rubber. Crumb Rubbers consist of particles with various shapes and sizes. (ASTM D6913 – 04) Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis, this test method is used to separate particles into size ranges and also uses a square opening sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil between the 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-m) sieves. Experiment Proper. There were two experiments conducted for the designed filter and these are the Hydrometer Test Method and the Bucket Method Test. Hydrometer test was conducted for the efficiency of the filter by determining the percentage drop amount of fined-grain soils after the filtration process. Bucket method test was used to determine the maximum flow rate of the crumb rubber filter to avoid overflowing of the designed drainage. Hydrometer Test Method. For the efficiency of the crumb rubber filter, (ASTM D422-63) Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils was used to determine the percentage of different grain size of soil before and after ing the crumb rubber filter. This test method covers the quantitative determination of the distribution of particle sizes in soils. The distribution of particle sizes larger than 75 μm (retained on the No. 200 sieve) is determined by sieving, while the distribution of particle sizes smaller than 75 μm is

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determined by a sedimentation process, using a hydrometer to secure the necessary data. Bucket Method Test. In determining the average actual flow rate of the Crumb rubber filter, Bucket method was used. The Bucket method is a simple way to measure the flow rate using household items. It requires a stopwatch, a large bucket or a basin, and preferably two to three people. To measure the flow rate using the bucket method: 1. Measure the volume of the bucket or basin. Keep in mind that a typical 1 liter bucket is often actually less than 1 liter. 2. Put the bucket in the outlet of the filter in order to have the volume of storm water that es through the filter. 3. With a stopwatch, time how long it takes the storm water to fill the bucket. Start the stopwatch simultaneously with the start of the bucket being filled and stop the stopwatch when the bucket fills. The bucket should not be filled by holding it below the surface of the filter because it is not the true flow rate. 4. Record the time it takes to fill the bucket. 5. Repeat steps two and three about 4 or 5 times and take the average. It is a good idea to do a few trial runs before recording any data so that one can get a feel for the timing and measurements required. 6. Only eliminate data if major problems arise. 7. The flow rate is the volume of the bucket divided by the average time it took to fill the bucket. Data Analysis Tool

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Mean is arithmetic average of the scores, calculated by adding all the scores and dividing by the total number of scores. This tool was used to determine the average actual flow rate of the crumb rubber filter. Percentage is a display of data that specifies the percentage of observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. It is a particularly useful method of expressing the relative frequency of survey responses and other data. Many times, percentage frequency distributions are displayed as tables or as bar graphs or pie charts. This tool was used in showing the percentage amount of the distribution fined grain soils. IX.

Results and Discussion Presented to this chapter were the drainage lay-out and the design of the

drainage and its innovative filter. Most of the results were illustrated in tables and statistically analyzed. The following data will be interpreted in accordance with the research objectives and procedures. Current Drainage Lay-out. The current layout of the drainage was presented as per actual assessment at Carmel Street by the researchers. The drainage is an open canal and connecting the drainage flow from Sinai Street to Samaria Street. The directions of the flow of water within the drainage were represented with yellow arrows. There are four catch basins found to be clogged with waste and silts which are marked with red rectangles. Other catch basins which were represented with color blue rectangles are still capable of filtering some silts and is not clogged with waste (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Drainage Layout New Drainage Design. The researches decided to condemn some culvert pipe connected between blocks at the street of Carmel for it to have an easy detection of any clogging between culvert pipes and catch basins which is presented in Plan view (See Appendix F). The drainage has a total length of 183.84m and the length of distance between each catch basin depends on the length of each block in the street and it shown in site development plan (See Appendix F). The drainage was designed with a 1m x 1m x 1.2m catch basin

with a culvert pipe that has 0.46m diameter. The diameter of the RC used by the researchers was the same as the existing culvert pipe and also, the invert elevation was presented in the Profile view(See Appendix F).The drainage uses a hybrid type for it to have an effective distribution of water and higher flow rate between pipes along the street during rain (Lara 2015). The crumb rubber filter is shown in Figure 3, for it to have an accessible maintenance on both catch basin and the filter, a 0.60m x 0.60m manhole is found at the top of the catch basin. The height of the rise of catch basins will depend on the distance

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of between catch basins multiplied by two percent (Fajardo 2000). The filter is placed in the middle of the catch basin which has a diameter of 0.60m and 0.90 depth. The filter has a top cover with a screen at its inlet which can protect larger wastes entering the filter. Silts are being filtered at the bottom part where a 4 layered crumb rubber tires are found.

Figure 3. Cross Sectional and Top View of the Filter with Crumb Rubber Tires Hydrometer

Test.

This test is

performed

to

determine

the percentage distribution of the finer particles contained within a soil. The researchers used the hydrometer method to test the efficiency of the filter by investigating if there are reduction of fine particles present in the sample after it was filtered. There were two set of samples used in this test. One of these was the 1000ml of water with 50g of fined grain soils before it es through the filter and the other one was the 1000ml of water with 50g of fined grain soils but already es through the filter. The researchers will knew if there was reduction of fine particles if the percent finer of the sample after it was filtered is lesser than the percent finer of the sample before it was filtered.

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The observations of the sample before it es through the filter by Hydrometer Test are shown in Table 5. There were 6 hydrometer readings done with its corresponding time, and temperature. Depth L with its corresponding Actual hydrometer value are given in Table 1 (See Appendix C). Table 5. Observations and Data of the 1st Sample.

Hydrometer Elapsed Time, (min)

L , from Table 1

Temperature, ˚C Reading, R actual

0 1 2 4 8 16

8.1 9.2 10.1 11.2 12.4 14.7

50 43 38 31 24 10

30 30 30 29 29 29

As shown in Table 6, percent finer have large values for the fact that the sample used was the water before it es through the filter and it also means that it has much fined grain soils content. Percent finer have also these percentage amount since it is directly proportional to the actual Hydrometer reading value but inversely proportional to the depth L. Table 6. Results & Calculations of the 1st Sample.

Hydrometer

Hydrometer

Ct ,

a,

Velocit

K, from Reading,

Corr. For

from

from

y

Table 3

Table 4

(cm/s)

Table 2 Corr. R

Minescus

Diameter

%

(cm)

Finer ,P)

17

47.8

49

0.01182

3.8

0.98

0

0

93.688

40.8

42

0.01182

3.8

0.98

9.2

0.035852

79.968

35.8

37

0.01182

3.8

0.98

5.05

0.026562

70.168

28.05

30

0.01195

3.05

0.98

2.8

0.019996

54.978

21.05

23

0.01195

3.05

0.98

1.55

0.014878

41.258

7.05

9

0.01195

3.05

0.98

0.9187

0.011454

13.818

The tabulation of data and observations are shown in Table 7. In these observations, the sample used was the water with fined grain soils after it es through the filter. The readings of depth L drastically increasing compared to the 1st sample and it means that the content of fine grain soils in the water were reduced. On the other hand, the actual hydrometer readings radically decreasing with the same elapsed time in the 1 st sample and it is because of the large values of depth L. Table 7. Observations and Data of the 2nd Sample. Hydrometer Elapsed Time, (min)

L , from Table 1

Temperature, ˚C Reading, R actual

0 1 2

11.4 12.2 13

30 25 20

30 30 30

18 4 8 16

14.2 15 15.8

13 8 3

29 29 29

Table 8 shows the results of the hydrometer test for the 2 nd sample which indicates that there were decreased in percent finer in the same elapsed time of the 1st sample. Percent finer percentage shows that there were rapid change in the content of fined grain soils in the water in which it was lessen. Table 8. Results & Calculations of the 2nd Sample.

Corr. R

Hydrome ter Corr. For Minescus

27.8

29

0.01182

3.8

0.98

0

0

54.488

22.8 17.8 10.05 5.05 0.05

24 19 12 7 2

0.01182 0.01182 0.01195 0.01195 0.01195

3.8 3.8 3.05 3.05 3.05

0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

12.2 6.5 3.55 1.875 0.9875

0.041285 0.030135 0.022516 0.016363 0.011875

44.688 34.888 19.698 9.898 0.098

Hydrometer Reading,

K, from Table 2

Ct ,

a,

from

from

Table 3

Table 4

Velocity

Diameter

%

(cm/s)

(cm)

Finer ,P

The determination results of percent finer of the 1st and 2nd sample are shown in Table 9 which shows that there were reduction of fined grain soils after the filtration process in the same elapsed time reading. It was clearly manifested as what are shown in percentage values in percent finer difference. Table 9. Percent Finer Difference between Before and After the Filtration Process.

% Finer ,Pb

% Finer ,Pa

(Before)

(After)

93.688

54.488

% Finer Difference

39.2

19 79.968

44.688

35.28

70.168

34.888

35.28

54.978

19.698

35.28

41.258

9.898

31.36

13.818

0.098

13.72

Bucket Method Test. Average actual flowrate of the filter was determined by bucket method test to check if the filter design is effective and safe. The Bucket method is a simple way to measure the flow rate using household items. It requires a stopwatch, a large bucket, and preferably two to three people. Results & Calculations: In determining the average actual flow rate of the filter, Continuity Equation was used which is defined as; Q = VA = Volume / time

Where;

Q = actual flow rate of the crumb rubber filter V = actual velocity A = cross-sectional area of the crumb rubber filter

The tabulation of the results of the Bucket method test are given in Table 10 and it shows that the numerical value of the average actual flow rate of the crumb rubber filter has close greater value to a typical media filter standard flow rate which is equal to 0.4L/min. This means that there were much greater volume of water that can through the crumb rubber filter which is one way to avoid flooding in the catch basin.

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Table 10. Results & Calculations of the Actual Flow Rate.

Actual Flow Rate, No. of Trials

Volume, mL

Time, min Q (L/min)

Trial 1

1000

2.068

0.483559

Trial 2

1000

2.142

0.466853

Trial 3

1000

2.056

0.486381

Trial 4

1000

2.145

0.4662

Trial 5

1000

2.03

0.492611

Average Actual Flow Rate), Q (L/min)

X.

0.479121

Conclusion This study has fulfilled its objectives. Based on the results, the following

conclusions has been made: 1. Carmel Street current drainage layout was presented and found out that the current drainage is already clogged of wastes and silts based on the actual assessment of the researchers. These wastes and silts were gathered from flowing water ing through the street of Carmel. 2. The proposed drainage design was based on the assessments acquired by the researchers from Engr. Diosdado A. Pañares Jr., a volunteered engineer who is knowledgeable about road drainage system

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configuration. And for the drainage catch basin, it was improved by deg it with innovative crumb rubber filter. As a result of the tradeoff analysis for the filter design, the researchers came up with a conical shape filter with 4 layers of crumb rubber tires. The use of crumb rubber tires served as filter medium that leads to reduction of silts and fined grain soils as well as the waste caused by tires in the environment. Therefore, the drainage design is efficient and effective in of its environmental aspect as well as the economical aspect. 3. As what have shown in the Hydrometer Test, Crumb Rubber tires as a medium filter is proven to be effective in reducing silts and fined grain soils since the percent content of the fined grain soils present in the storm water has decreased. 4. The filter’s average actual flow rate was determined and presented and it is equal to 0.479121 L/min which has close greater value to a typical media filter which is equal to 0.4 L/min, this means that there will be greater volume of water that can through the crumb rubber filter. Therefore, filter design in of its filtration rate is efficient enough XI.

to avoid flooding in the catch basin. Recommendations The researchers recommended to remove the clogged wastes in the

drainage that is blocking the flow of water. Based on the findings and conclusions, the filter with crumb rubber tires is recommended to be placed at the catch basin of the drainage. The researchers who would like to follow this study, further study such as improving its efficiency and performance as a filter media through Turbidity Test can be executed.

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For the environmental perspective of this study, the proponents recommended to use crumb rubber tires to lessen the waste of scrap tires since it is hazardous to health and it causes air pollution in some aspects. Rubber tire is a non-biodegradable material that ones being exposed to the environment with greater chance of toxic chemical contaminants can highly threatened the environmental sustainability but if so to be used in an effective way such as filter, it surely helps the rapid growth of industrialization without compromising its effect, may it be good or bad, to the environment.

REFERENCES Aronson, G., D. Watson, and W. Pisaro. 1983. Evaluation of Catch Basin Performance for Urban Stormwater Pollution Control. EPA-600/2-83043. Brinkmann, W. L. F. (1985). “Urban Stormwater pollutants: Sources and Loadings.” GeoJournal 11:3, pp. 277-283 MacLure, R. S. (2009). Performance of Catch Basin Filter and Leachate frimBiocidal Media for Stormwater Treatment.Published Master’s thesis, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Morgan, R. A., Edwards, F. G., Brye, K. R., and Burian, S. J. (2005). “An Evaluation of the Urban Stormwater Pollutant Removal Efficiency of Catch Basin Inserts.” Water Environment Research 77: 5, pp. 500-510.

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Claudio, L. E. (2015). Wastewater Management in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_ip_mnl_15/wipo_ip_ mnl_15_t4.pdf Interagency Catch Basin Insert Committee (ICBIC). 1995. Evaluation of Commercially-Available Catch Basin Inserts for the Treatment of Stormwater Runoff from Developed Sites. Seattle, WA.

Lager, J., W. Smith, R. Finn, and E. Finnemore. 1997. Urban Stormwater Management and Technology: Update and s’ Guide. US EPA. EPA-600/8-77-014. 313 pp. Sunthonpagasit, N., & Hickman, H. L., Jr. (2003). Manufacturing and utilizing Crumb rubber from scrap tires. MW Management, 13. Xie, Y. F., Killian, B. A., & Gaul, A. S. (2001). Using crumb rubber as a filter Media for wastewater filtration. In Proceedings of the 160th American Chemical society rubber division technical meeting, Cleveland, USA. Hsiung, S. -Y. (2003). Filtration using a crumb rubber medium. MS thesis, Environmental Engineering at Penn State University, PA, USA. Sunthonpagasit, N. and Duffey, M. R. (2004) Scrap Tires to Crumb Rubber: Feasibility Analysis for Processing Facilities. Resources Conservation & Recycling, 40, 281. Bressette, T. _1984_. “Used tire material as an alternative permeable Aggregate.” Rep. No. FHWA/CA/TL-84/07, Office of Transportation Laboratory, California Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento, Calif.

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APPENDIX A Letter of Resolution

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APPENDIX B

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Figure 2. Drainage Configuration

APPENDIX C Tables for Hydrometer Test Table 1. Values of Effective Depth Based on Hydrometer and Sedimentation Cylinder of Specific Sizes

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APPENDIX C (continued) Table 2.Values of K for Use in Equation for Computing Diameter of Particle in Hydrometer Analysis

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APPENDIX C (continued) Table 3. Temperature Correction Factors CT

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Table 4. Correction Factors a for Unit Weight of Solids

APPENDIX D Documentation of the Study

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Documentation in rubber grinding:

APPENDIX D (continued) Documentation in rubber grinding:

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APPENDIX D (continued)

32

Documentation in Sieve Analysis of Rubber:

33

34

APPENDIX D (continued) Documentation in Sieve Analysis of Rubber:

35

36

APPENDIX D (continued) Documentation in Hydrometer Test:

37

APPENDIX D (continued) Documentation in Hydrometer Test:

38

APPENDIX D (continued)

39

Documentation in Hydrometer Test:

40

APPENDIX D (continued) Documentation in Hydrometer Test:

41

APPENDIX D (continued) Documentation during the Bucket Method Test:

42

APPENDIX D (continued) Documentation during the Bucket Method Test:

43

APPENDIX E

44

APPENDIX F (continued)

45

PLAN VIEW APPENDIX F (continued)

46

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN APPENDIX F (continued)

PROFILE VIEW

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APPENDIX F (continued)

DRAINAGE SECTION DETAIL