Three Phase Fault Analysis 5l604t

G.S.M Based Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset

CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................6 1.1 FUNCTIONALITY...............................................................................................................7 1.2 PROBLEM CONTEXT.........................................................................................................8 1.3 CHALLENGES IN THE PROJECT......................................................................................8 1.3.1 New technology need to be learnt:..................................................................................9 1.4 TANGIBLE BENEFIT & INTANGIBLE BENEFITS..........................................................9 1.4.1 TANGIABLE BENEFIT.................................................................................................9 1.4.2 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS...........................................................................................10 1.5 Need of such system................................................................................................................10 1.6 TARGET S.................................................................................................................10 1.7 Report Layout..........................................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 2: PROJECT MANAGEMENT.................................................................................12 2.1 TIME MANAGEMENT......................................................................................................12 2.2 PERT CHART......................................................................................................................16 2.3 TIMELINE...........................................................................................................................16 2.4 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT ISSUE.........................................................................16 CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................18 3.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................18 3.2 NEED OF LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................18 3.3 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION: PREVIOUS STUDIES & RESEARCH....19 3.4 FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE..................................................................................22 3.4.1 Impedance-Based Methods...........................................................................................23

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3.4.2. Traveling Wave-Based Methods...................................................................................24 2.4.3 Detection and Location Using Magnetic Field Sensors................................................24 2.5 FAULT CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE.........................................................................25 3.6 CONCLUSION OF LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................26 Chapter 4: fault in transmission line..............................................................................................28 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO 3-PHASE FAULT...........................................................................28 4.2 REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF FAULT.................................................29 4.3 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT & SIGNIFICANCE OF NEGATIVE, POSITIVE SEQUENCE & ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT......................................................................31 4.4 USE OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT METHOD IN FAULT ANALYSIS................33 Chapter 5: mathematical modeling................................................................................................34 5.1 THE A OPERATOR.............................................................................................................34 5.2 THE J OPERATOR..............................................................................................................34 5.3 FAULT CALCULATION IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM...................................................34 5.3.1 Three- phase fault..........................................................................................................34 5.3.2 Single Phase to ground Fault.........................................................................................35 5.3.3 Line –to –Line fault.......................................................................................................35 5.3.4 Line- to-Line –ground fault...........................................................................................35 5.4 THE PER UNIT SYSTEM..................................................................................................36 CHAPTER: 6 MATLAB Simulation & Block Explanation..........................................................38 6.1 KEY FEATURES OF MATLAB.........................................................................................38 6.2 THE ROLE OF SIMULATION IN DESIGN......................................................................38 6.3 MATLAB SIMULATION....................................................................................................39 6.4 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK...............................................................................................39 6.5 MATLAB SIMULATION RESULT....................................................................................45 Pritesh Kumar

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6.5.1Three phase to ground fault............................................................................................45 6.5.2 Line –Line –ground fault...............................................................................................45 6.5.3 L-G Fault.......................................................................................................................46 6.6 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................46 Chapter 7: system design...............................................................................................................47 7.1 SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCUIT & EXPLANATION....................47 7.2 EXPLANATION..................................................................................................................47 7.3 LIST OF COMPONENT.....................................................................................................48 7.4 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN................................................................................54 7.4.1 Ideal Power supply system design.................................................................................55 7.4.2 Prototype Power supply system design.........................................................................56 7.5 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM....................................................56 Chapter 8: System Implementation...............................................................................................59 8.1 SOFTWARE TO BE USED FOR SOFTWARE SIMULATION........................................59 8.2 PROTEUS SIMULATION..................................................................................................60 8.3 WAVEFORM OF LINEAR NON LINEAR LOAD & RELAY..........................................61 8.3.1Input Voltage of Linear & Non- Linear Load.................................................................61 8.3.2 Output voltage of Relay................................................................................................62 8.4 COMPONENT ASSEMBLY...............................................................................................63 Chapter 9: Hardware testing..........................................................................................................69 CHAPTER: 10 Calcuation.............................................................................................................71 CHAPTER: 11 REFLECTIVE SUMMARY & OVERVIEW.......................................................73 Chapter 12: conclusion..................................................................................................................75 CHAPTER 13: COST ESTIMATION...........................................................................................76 13.1 COST ESTIMATION FOR THE DEVLOPER.................................................................76 Pritesh Kumar

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13.2 Software required...................................................................................................................77 References......................................................................................................................................78 Appendix A....................................................................................................................................82 Appendix B....................................................................................................................................84 Appendix D....................................................................................................................................94 Appendix c: Heath Safety and Ethical Assessment.....................................................................104 Appendix D: manual...........................................................................................................106 APPENDIX E : REVIEW & RESERCH PAPER.......................................................................108

TABLE OF FIGURE Figure 1 : Developed hardware........................................................................................................6 Figure 2: Transmission line.............................................................................................................6 Figure 3: Project Management Flow chart....................................................................................14 Figure 4: Pert chart........................................................................................................................16 Figure 5: flow chart of fault detection method..............................................................................22 Figure 6: Various method for detecting fault.................................................................................22 Figure 7: fault detection using magnetic field sensor....................................................................25 Figure 8: fault classification algorithm..........................................................................................26 Figure 9: L-L Fault representation.................................................................................................29 Figure 10: Sequence network of line to line fault..........................................................................29 Figure 11: L-G fault representation...............................................................................................30 Figure 12: Sequence network of line to ground fault....................................................................30 Figure 13: L-L-G fault representation...........................................................................................30 Figure 14: Sequence Network of L-L-G fault...............................................................................31 Figure 15: unbalanced network.....................................................................................................32 Figure 16: Positive sequence representation..................................................................................32 Figure 17: Negative sequence representation................................................................................33 Figure 18: Zero sequence representation.......................................................................................33 Figure 19: Flow chart of fault analysis using Matlab....................................................................39 Figure 20: Matlab simulation of developed interface....................................................................39 Figure 21: Simplified Synchronous Machine................................................................................40 Figure 22: Three-Phase Series RLC Load.....................................................................................40 Figure 23: three phase transformer two winding...........................................................................41 Figure 24: Three phase breaker.....................................................................................................41 Pritesh Kumar

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Figure 25: Distributed parameter line............................................................................................42 Figure 26: Three phase V-I measurement......................................................................................43 Figure 27: Three phase sequence analyzer...................................................................................43 Figure 28: scope.............................................................................................................................43 Figure 29: Three phase fault..........................................................................................................44 Figure 30: Three phase fault Matlab Waveform............................................................................45 Figure 31: Line –Line –ground fault Matlab Waveform from scope.............................................45 Figure 32: L-G fault Matlab Waveform.........................................................................................46 Figure 33: Block diagram of Circuit..............................................................................................47 Figure 34: Transformer connection to three phase source in star connection...............................49 Figure 35: Transformer connection to three phase source in wye connection..............................50 Figure 36: Op-Amp........................................................................................................................50 Figure 37: Switch...........................................................................................................................51 Figure 38: Resistor.........................................................................................................................51 Figure 39: Capacitor......................................................................................................................52 Figure 40: LED..............................................................................................................................52 Figure 41: Relay............................................................................................................................52 Figure 42: Diode............................................................................................................................53 Figure 43: Three Phase supply.......................................................................................................54 Figure 44: Working of GSM Modem.............................................................................................54 Figure 45: Ideal block diagram of power supply...........................................................................55 Figure 46: PROTOTYPE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN................................................56 Figure 47: Transmission line.........................................................................................................56 Figure 48: Step by step component used.......................................................................................57 Figure 49: Proteus Simulation.......................................................................................................60 Figure 50: Wave Form of Linear Load..........................................................................................61 Figure 51: Waveform of Non Linear Load....................................................................................61 Figure 52:5.Output voltage of the 12v dc supply..........................................................................62 Figure 53:6.Output voltage of the 12v dc......................................................................................62 Figure 54: Power supply from three phase source.........................................................................63 Figure 55: Input Supply.................................................................................................................63 Figure 56: Assembly for single phase............................................................................................64 Figure 57: Assembly for six transformer.......................................................................................65 Figure 58: Connection of 555 timer & Lm358..............................................................................66 Figure 59: Connection of Op-amp & transistor with 555 timer & relay.......................................67 Figure 60: Completed Assembled Circuit......................................................................................68 Figure 61: Final circuit..................................................................................................................68

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise. Fault in power system is deviation of voltage or current from its nominal value and Pritesh Kumar

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state which happens more often leading to the failure of many equipment or may even be life threatening to the operating personal, so to overcome this engineers have developed a system to analysis the fault in power system. The fault analysis of power system is required in order to provide information to selection of safety gear.

Figure 1 : Developed hardware Faults usually occur in a power system due to either insulation failure, flashover, physical damage or human error. These faults, may either be three phase in nature involving all three phases in a symmetrical manner, or may be asymmetrical where usually only one or two phases may be involved.

Figure 2: Transmission line Fault analysis usually carried out in per-unit quantities (similar to percentage quantities) as they give solutions which are somewhat consistent over different voltage and power ratings, and

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operate on values of the order of unity. Relating to one single phase gives information related to two or three phase as well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do calculation in one phase. This project system will be designed to develop an automatic griping mechanism for three phase supply system. The output will reset automatically when there is brief interruption (temporary fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of permeant fault. To reach the aim following are the field required in which researcher is to work on: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Fault detection in three phase transmission line. Fault classification in three phase transmission line. Fault location in three phase transmission line. Best fault calculation method to be implemented for calculation Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal.

1.1 FUNCTIONALITY A transmission line is an important component of the electrical power system & its protection is necessary for ensuring system stability.    

Fault detection Fault classification Fault location SOS message

Fault detection performs an important role in minimizing damaging equipment due to short circuit & fast detection of fault in any line condenses to quick isolation of faulty line from service and hence protecting it from harmful effect of the fault. Fault classification determines the type of fault that may occur on transmission line & hence knowledge of fault type essentially be required on fault location procedure. Fault location- when fault occur in transmission line, finding the fault location id an essential problem in order to make necessary repair & restore power as soon as possible.in locating fault, information produced from classification section could be used for accurate fault location & evaluate the necessary repairing procedure to be carried out. Usual method of fault location are under:

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 The measurement of time between sending & receiving an electric pulse reflected from fault location.  The measurement of fundamental periodic component of voltage & current in terminal of the line. SOS message- In case if the operating personal is not near the operating system when the fault occurred the proposed system will send SOS message to the individual with the help of GSM modem installed in the system ensuring that operating act as soon as possible.

1.2 PROBLEM CONTEXT Transmission line protection is an important issue in power system reason behind it is 85-87% fault occur in transmission line. Fault detection & classification is an important step to safeguard power system. an automated analysis approach which can automatically characterized fault and subsequent relay operation is required is fault detection play an important role in damaging equipment due to short circuit and fast detection of fault In any line conduces to quick isolation of faulty line from service and hence protecting it prom harmful effect of fault is required. So, the proposed system is required to act fast to the fault condition.

1.3 CHALLENGES IN THE PROJECT Many challenges were to be faced to develop the proposed system “G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise”. Among the major challenge in the proposed system was to choose the method for calculation of fault current or which technique to use for fault classification & location. Weather to stick with the traditional impendence based method or to choose the technology which was developed the recent past like artificial neural network technology or synchronized sampling or fuzzy based. Many challenges need to face for the development of this project by researcher as a student. The major and the foremost challenge in building this system the conventional fault analysis tool with the proposed system. A deep study of the technologies is required to overcome the drawbacks of the existing system and prepare a system which will be better in every respect from

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the existing system. To fulfil this need, several technologies need to be learned to address the fault prevention system. 1.3.1 NEW TECHNOLOGY NEED TO BE LEARNT: Developer needs to learn new technology for development of project which includes various fault analysis method proposed in recent time such as synchronized sampling or K-NN based analysis. The researcher has to understand various interfacing concepts of components relay as it play the most significant role. Interfacing requires proper understanding of architecture of controller and components. GSM technology has to be interfaced with the fault analysis tool giving the proposed system an upper hand then all other system. So researcher has to go through the concept of how GSM technology works and how it can be interfaced in the proposed system

1.4 TANGIBLE BENEFIT & INTANGIBLE BENEFITS Below mentioned are tangible and intangible benefit to the rational: 1.4.1 TANGIABLE BENEFIT i. ii.

Increasing the power system safety making it more efficient. The proposed system will speed up the development and features related to three phase

iii.

fault analysis tool. SOS message of the proposed system alarms the operating personal by delivering

iv. v.

message telling them to operate in the faulty area. Proposed system is reliable and cost effective GSM based fault analysis tool. Proposed system act’s automatically in case of permanent fault the system will isolate the faulty phase from rest of phase making sure no equipment gets damaged.

1.4.2 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS i.

The proposed system will help to reduce the injury or death caused due to line to ground fault in transmission line especially in short distance transmission line in urban

ii.

area making the system tripped. The proposed system will automatically respond to transient fault making the power

iii.

system to run smoothly. The system trips or isolates the line permanently till the permanent fault is being restored.

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iv.

The proposed system will provide more safety as it will avoid because of its auto tripping mechanism.

1.5 NEED OF SUCH SYSTEM 83% of fault in power system is in transmission line caused by system problem (i.e. failure of any electrical equipment or human error) or external hindrance such as lightning to overcome such fault is not within our reach but the fault which occur in system due to system failure can be controlled. Many type of to control such problem a proper automated device is required which can sense the fault and perform the subsequent relay operation. Making such device can ensure the reliability of power system

1.6 TARGET S This system is designed to save life when there is fault in transmission line such as earth to ground or double line to line fault. Since this fault are in high voltage transmission which is at least 60 KM long short transmission line carrying heavy voltage can take life whosoever come in (person, animal ,etc.) will be life threatening so it is necessary to isolate the phase for less damage. This system is specially designed for  Power sector i. Power generation plant (power plant) ii. Transmission substation iii. Distribution substation

1.7 REPORT LAYOUT The report comprises of a survey on three phase fault analysis tool. A detailed discussion on the application of fault detection system is included. Chapter 3 contains the detailed discussion & literature review. Chapter 4 includes introduction to various kind of fault in power system Chapter 5. Contain mathematical modeling of power system to compute driftnet type of fault in power system Pritesh Kumar

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Chapter 6 includes Matlab simulation & result After Chapter 6 further chapters 7, 8 and 9 includes System design, implementation, testing and evaluation along with the output results are also included in the report. The testing and evaluation results are discussed in the end and then final conclusion is reached. References, and appendices are also attached at the end of the document. This project is one year work and an estimation of approximately 274 days was decided to complete it. Different time slots are allotted for different chapter of the report. Refer to pert chart and Gantt chart given in appendix-E for the detailed time management plan of the project.

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT MANAGEMENT The main objective of this project is to build an intelligent device for power system transmission line network which can classify detect and respond to the fault and respond accordingly depending weather it is transient fault or permanent fault and even send SOS message to the operating personal that some problem is there. Condition & time both actually demands this kind of system because power demand is increasing in urban area so continues power flow is required to meet the increasing demand and a condition of fault is not at all useful to that so the proposed system dose a bit to meet the demand in transmission line fault detection in better way. Pritesh Kumar

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A perfect fault analysis tool should be able to perform the following task 1. Fault detection in three phase transmission line. 2. Fault classification in three phase transmission line. 3. Fault location in three phase transmission line. Interfacing two technology 4. Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal

2.1 TIME MANAGEMENT To achieve project objective time management is to be taken care of seriously from the very beginning. The first step is to project in serval part or task that has to be performed. This process should be completed before the implementation of the project. For the proposed project, it is necessary to create a time plan be setting the objective and then subdividing them into manageable sequence with a deadline attach to it. The first step for the researcher is to identify how to perform the specific schedule activity to be performed & time period needed to complete those activity. The researcher must be aware of all the task need to be carried out to achieve the objective. The amount of time each task will take to complete should also be estimated clearly. The next step is to decide which work is most important and set the priorities accordingly. As management analysis is concern Gantt Chart & PERT chart are useful tool for any project. The researcher is using two time management tool namely A. Gantt chart B. Pert chart C. Timeline Gantt chart is a very useful tool while the project is going on to check whether the project is meting it’s time limit which are the area which is to focused more on in order to complete project in allotted time and necessary steps to achieve that. The overall project is broken down in serval part with possible duration for every task. The breakdown list of the plan for the project is are as follows: 1. Project commencement Duration: Task performed: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Idea generation for the approval to topic for the final year project. Preparation of draft proposal form. Submission of draft proposal form. Investigation related to the project to make a healthy project proposal form. Finalization of project proposal form.

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In the allotted period of time, the project idea was developed by the researcher after going through various journal related to fault detection & classification which will provide the pillar for the complication of the project. To make topic more justifiable various library resource, book, E-book were used by the researcher. 2. Project planning Duration: Task performed i. ii.

Feasibility study Planning of the research method to be adopted.

In this period of time, project planning was done by the researcher & the feasibility study about the topic and the methodology to be used was performed. Planning for primary and secondary research method which will be adopted was done in this period of time again for this purpose various book, E-book, library resource was used by the researcher. 3. Requirement analysis & research Duration: Task performed i. Preparation of questionnaire ii. Question to be asked in interview. iii. Literature review. 4. Project management Duration: 7 days Task performed: i. Cost estimation ii. Time estimation iii. Health & risk management. This will take a week and the work done in this week are time estimation, cost estimation.

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Figure 3: Project Management Flow chart 5. Project methodology Duration: 7 days Task performed: i. Overview of block diagram ii. Component analysis. This week take a week to make block diagram and analysis component to be used in the project. 6. Analysis Duration: 6 days Task performed iii. Analysis of questionnaire conducted iv. Analysis of interview conducted This include analysis of primary research both interview and questionnaire Pritesh Kumar

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7. Midpoint submission Duration: 9 days Task performed i. Documentation More than a week was taken to complete mid-point submission 8. Implementation Duration: 99 days Task performed:  Software implementation i. Code generation ii. Simulation  Hardware implementation i. Layout design ii. Hardware integration This section include hardware and software implementation. 9. Testing & evolution Duration: 30 days Task performed i. Hardware testing ii. Performance validation. This section should be performed as it is the final testing. 10. Project editing Duration: 19days Task performed i. Documentation ii. Submission of final year project This stage include final documentation for the final year report. Gantt chart is included in appendix.

2.2 PERT CHART For the proposed project researcher has used pert chart to deal with time management for the project. ECT-The Earliest Completion Time (ECT) i.e. the minimum amount of time needed to complete all the activities that precedes every event is mention in the upper part of the circle and the Latest Completion Time (LCT) which is the latest time needed at which the event can occur without delaying the overall project is mention in the

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The critical path is the path of the tasks which cannot be delayed and project will not move forward without completing these tasks. In the pert chart drawn below, black lined tasks which are from task 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. Task 8 is dependent upon task 9 and 3 and task 7 depends upon 6. It means 9 cannot be starting before task 8 is not completed.

Figure 4: Pert chart

2.3 TIMELINE For the proposed project researcher has used a timeline to evaluate time properly and distribute the work load matrix. Time line has been included in the appendix section at the end.

2.4 PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT ISSUE  No proper planning Proper planning is one of the key aspect for any project to succeed, if it is not done so it might lead to risk of not meeting the project deadline or if the cost estimation is not done properly it might lead to out project. So proper planning is one of the aspect where researcher should focus primarily.  Almost all type of component available on simulation software It is not possible to test directly on hardware so researcher use a simulation tool to achieve that without wasting money. But in many cases the component to be used in circuit is not available in simulation software or simulation software provides many type of component. So this can cause delay in project. If the researcher tries to design the circuit directly in hardware there are certain chances that circuit might not work  lack of component in market Sometime the component become unavailable in the as these component are used frequently. This situation can be very risky resulting in delay of project falling to meet the Pritesh Kumar

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deadline. It is very much obvious that hardware implementation take much time (maximum) out of all the work distribution of the project.  Relay or not working Relay is the mastermind of the project as it carries the most important role in the device to detect and classify fault. So researcher must take a note on this. Taking this is mind researcher should select the proper relay meeting system requirement and should be first then applied in system.

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CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL LITERATURE REVIEW A good literature review will help you justify researcher’s research and develop your thesis position. The literature review deals with critical analysis of any published piece of knowledge through study of the literature and comparison of those prior research findings to draw a conclusion which s the proposed research project. Literature review has to be the essential part of any project so same apply for the project titled ‘G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise’ as this review provides a complete overview of the technical perspective of project that is to be developed. With increase number of research journal’s power system transmission line fault it clearly shows the increase in interest related to this topic as fault is one major thing which is to be dealt with. The literature review also gives an outlook of the technology to be used for the implementation of the project.

3.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review helps in understanding the problem faced by the researcher to understand various problem related to topic Review helps the researcher to frame the problem related to topic. Some of the important purpose of literature review helped the researcher to get the final result are: 1. Literature review did provide a context for the research related to G.S.M based three 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise It helped establish a theoretical framework for related topic. Help’s to define key , definitions and terminology Helps to justify the research topic. Enable the researcher to learn from previous theory related to the topic. Helps to develop much needed fault analysis system for the power system.

3.2 NEED OF LITERATURE REVIEW The proposed system is being developed to analysis various fault occurring in power system with interfacing another technology GSM which will send the SOS message to operating personal. So Pritesh Kumar

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the literature review of this project will clearly focus on various approach related to fault problem and there limitation. Some of them are mentioned below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Various fault occurring in transmission line Method used to detect fault Method used to classify fault Use of fault limiting device Dose any running system has interfaced fault with GSM technology.

3.3 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION: PREVIOUS STUDIES & RESEARCH 1. Transmission line fault detection & classification this paper presents a technique to detect and classify shunt fault which will be achieved with the help of programming tool called “PSCADA” the method through which this is achieved is by discreet wavelet transform. (Manohar Singh 2011) DWT wavelet transform is applied for decomposition of transient fault because of its ability to extract signal from transient signal simultaneously both from time & frequency domain. After extracting the useful features from measured signal a decision of fault or no fault is carried out using SVM classifier. (B.K. Panigiri, 2011) 2. Analysis of the unbalanced fault in three phase transmission line using Flux coupling type SFCL” using symmetrical co-ordinate method in this paper researcher discusses the sizes of fault currents limited by flux coupling type SFCL using the symmetrical coordinate method in the case of unbalanced faults such as a single and double line-to ground faults in the power system. An unbalanced current of three phase was indicated by three balanced symmetrical components using the symmetrical coordinate method comparing the component sizes. Controls unbalanced fault by changing primary secondary coil turn, it can even reduce the current value of symmetrical component. (Byung-Ik-jung, Hyo-Sang-choi, Doungchul chung 2012) 3. Transmission line fault analysis using synchronized sampling in this research paper the author discusses an automated analysis approach which can automatically characterized fault and subsequently relay operation is performed this is achieved by changing the

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instantaneous power on all three phase connected at two end of transmission line using synchronized voltage & currnet sample. ( Mladen Kezunovic, 2014) 4. Fault analysis is transmission line using K-nearest neighbor algorithm in this paper researcher discusses that that fault detection and classification is done in time domain using K-nearest neighbor algorithm using PSCADA software this is achieved by for fault detection a k-NN module is designed. Input to the k-NN module is fundamental component of currents of three phases. Half cycle of post fault samples are given as input to train the network. Output of the fault detection module is ‘0’ for no fault and ‘1’ for fault.( Anamika Yadav, 2014) 5. Fault classification & location of power transmission line using artificial neural network in this paper researcher discusses fault location strategy based on ANN and this method is not dependent on fault inception angle and the process of ANN is achieved by MATLAB/Neural network tool box. ( M. Tarafdar, K. Razi, 2007) 6. Improved fault location algorithm for multiple fault location in compressed transmission line in this paper researcher proposes a method which is combined discrete WT & A-NN based fault location algorithm in this method unlike other fault location scheme this method does not require fault classification i.e. fault type and faulty phase information. The main significant contribution is it not only pin point the location of shunt fault occurring at single location but also find the location of multi-location and transforming fault that to using single terminal data (Anamika Yadav, 2015) 7. Advance distance protection scheme for long transmission line in electrical power system using multiple classifier ANFIS network in this paper researcher discusses the advance application of artificial intelligence approach which is achieved through ANFIS classifier. This ANFIS classifier has 8. Improved fault location algorithm for multi-location fault , transforming fault & shunt fault in Thyristor controlled series capacitor compensated transmission line” discusses “combining two method discreet WT & ANN fault method reduces the fault classification( fault type & faulty phase(s) information for fault location estimation most important significance is that it not only locate shunt fault but also find location of multilocation fault & transforming fault that too using single terminal data.”

(Yadav,

Swerpadama,2015)”

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9. Recent techniques used in transmission line protection: a review “discusses “The ANN, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, SVM and wavelet based techniques have been quite successful but are not adequate for the present time varying network configurations, power system operating conditions and events. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant scope of research in AI techniques which can simplify the complex nonlinear systems, realize the cost effective hardware with proper modification in the learning methodology and preprocessing of input data and which are computationally much simpler. Also development of reliable software and communication system will pave the way” (Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)” 10. A Combined Wavelet-ANN based fault classifier has been investigated for electrical distribution systems “discusses some fault condition wore taken to identify by this the proposed approach. It is shown that the technique correctly recognizes and discriminates the fault type and faulted phases with a high degree of accuracy. (0. Dag & Ucak, 2003) “ 11. Multiple failure analysis for complex electrical power system in this paper researcher combines the two method to form a new algorithm they are  Virtual node method  The compensation method And its benefits are when compared to traditional algorithm new algorithm has a complete fault calculation system but has lower reliability than tradition method. The proposed algorithm is to read the network model and fault condition after this is done analyze the status quo of the fault to choose an appropriate algorithm once this is done get the ittance matrix for n port three sequence impedance matrix with this done n port matrix can be formed with the help of formula and later at later stage impedance matrix for virtual note can be can be calculated. (Xiao hen Liu, 2012) Below is the flow chart of the proposed method

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Figure 5: flow chart of fault detection method

3.4 FAULT DETECTION TECHNIQUE Fault detection technique is one of the main objective of power system to run continuously. Quick fault detection can help to protect equipment by allowing the disconnection of faulted lines before any major damage is done. Accurate fault location can help utility personnel remove persistent faults and locate areas where faults regularly occur. Various fault detection and location schemes have been developed in the past, a variety of algorithms continue to be developed to perform this task more accurately and more effectively.

Figure 6: Various method for detecting fault Most analysis methods depends on the values of either current or voltage phasor measured by means of current or voltage transformers at substations or switching stations. To collect this information, at least three transformers are typically required at each end of the sub transmission Pritesh Kumar

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or transmission line. These transformers are expensive, especially when the system involves high voltage lines. Some algorithms mainly fault impedance-based algorithms require both current and voltage information. Some fault detection technique:

Sr.

Method

Type

Function requirement

One terminal

Impedance of transmission is used in this

No. 1. Impedance method

method Two terminal 2. Travelling wave

One terminal

One-terminal depends upon timing between reflection of voltage/current while

Two terminal Two terminal depends upon time delay at the end of transmission line 3. Magnetic field

In this two sensing coils at each end of the transmission line. One detect the vertical magnetic field intensity and the other detects horizontal field intensity Table 3.1: some fault detection technique

3.4.1 IMPEDANCE-BASED METHODS No table of figures entries found.Traditional impedance-based fault location methods use the voltages and currents at one or both ends of a transmission line to determine where a fault has occurred. The impedance of the transmission line per unit length is usually required in these calculations. One of the major problems with basic one-terminal impedance-based fault location methods – those that only use measurements from one end of the transmission line is that the fault impedance must be near-zero for the result to be accurate, since the fault impedance affects the impedance seen at the end of the transmission line. This problem has been mitigated in Pritesh Kumar

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several different ways. One of the best-known of these ways is the Takagi method. This changes the calculation to include the difference between the current measured before the fault and the current measured after the fault (which is the fault current). This eliminates the fault impedance from the analysis, thus removing this significant source of error. However, the angle of the fault current and the angle of the current during the fault at the relay terminals are assumed to be equal; if this is not true, there may be errors in the fault location. Two-terminal impedance-based fault location methods, or those that use measurements from both ends of the transmission line, can also significantly improve the accuracy of the fault location estimate. Two-terminal methods require communication between the locators at both ends of the transmission line to transfer information about the currents, voltages, and source impedances in order to perform the fault location. 3.4.2. TRAVELING WAVE-BASED METHODS Traveling wave-based fault location methods, like impedance-based methods, can be divided into one-terminal and two-terminal methods. With traveling wave analysis, however, the entire method of location rather than simply the equations change between the one- and two-terminal methods. One-terminal methods rely on the timing between reflections of voltage or current at impedance discontinuities – in this case, the fault – to find the distance between the sensor and the fault while two-terminal methods work based on the time delay between arrivals of information at the ends of the transmission line. 3.4.3 DETECTION AND LOCATION USING MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS Due to the simple relationship between current and magnetic field intensity, it is understandable that magnetic field sensors have previously been used in fault detection and location schemes. These schemes often use magnetic field sensors in place of current transformers since magnetic field sensors can be installed independently from a substation or switching station with a minimum amount of additional equipment One possible use of this relationship is simply replacing each current transformer with a Hall Effect transducer. This transducer would typically need to be within the electrical arcing distance of the conductors to produce enough voltage for analysis and would thus require insulation. To remove this need for insulation, the transducer can be located between two tapered pieces of Pritesh Kumar

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ferromagnetic material in order to concentrate the magnetic field into the transducer; as a result, the transducer does not need to be located within the arcing distance of the conductors. The measured magnetic field result can then be used similarly to a current measurement for fault detection and location.

Figure 7: fault detection using magnetic field sensor

3.5 FAULT CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE Fault classification plays an important role in any fault analysis tool. For a reliable protection of transmission line fault classification has to be taken seriously. There are different issue of fault classification. Fault type like line-to-ground or line to line fault is one aspect & other is fault direction estimation. Importantly the classification of fault area in a series compensated line is another challenging task. Different neural network, fuzzy based, synchronized sampling are generally used to classify fault. Fault occur in different places of transmission line. All data are collected from sending end of the system.

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Below shown figure is the simple flow chart use for classification technique of fault in transmission line.

Figure 8: fault classification algorithm

3.6 CONCLUSION OF LITERATURE REVIEW As concluded from the above researches done by various researchers, fault detection & fault classification is the need of the hour. The similar projects discussed in the review, one fulfils the feature of fault detection and other project is meant for fault classification purpose. Thus the Pritesh Kumar

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researcher concluded that automation power system is the need to of the hour by reviewing the 'fault cases round the world. The fault detection and classification both the factors seem to be very important in power system. The research proves that 65% of fault in power system occur in transmission line thus proving the researcher’s hypothesis true. So the researcher has decided to a fault detection tool which can detect and classify fault with emphasis on cost efficiency and affordability in the proposed project with some further enhancements if possible.

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CHAPTER 4: FAULT IN TRANSMISSION LINE 83% fault in power system is in transmission line so in order to safeguard power system & make it reliable it is essential to analysis the type of fault & resolve the problem quickly & continue the power supply. To safeguard power system it is essential to have good knowledge of fault in transmission line.

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO 3-PHASE FAULT Transmission line Fault can be of two type 1. Shunt fault 2. Series fault Shunt Fault are of 4 type namely I. II. III. IV.

Line to Line Fault. (L-L) Line to Ground (L-G) Line to line to Ground (L-L-G) 3-Phase

Series or Open Conductor Fault are of two type namely I. II.

1 conductor open 2 conductor open

Note L-L, L-G,L-L-G are unsymmetrical type of fault & 3-Phase fault,1 Conductor open, 2 conductor open are symmetrical type of fault Symmetrical fault In this type of fault all fault all three phase are simultaneously short circuited hence the network remain balanced. Unsymmetrical fault The fault in power system which gives rise to unsymmetrical current (i.e. unequal fault current in line with unequal phasor displacement) is known as Unsymmetrical fault. Pritesh Kumar

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4.2 REPRESENTATION OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF FAULT Line to line fault In this type of fault two phases are short circuited Boundary condition: Ifa =0

Figure 9: L-L Fault representation The boundary condition are Ia0=0 , Ia1+Ia2=0 & Va1=Va2 indicates a sequence network where the positive & negative sequence are in parallel & the zero sequence is open circuited as shown in figure below

Figure 10: Sequence network of line to line fault Line to Ground fault In this type of fault 1 phase gets in with the ground so potential then becomes infinite Boundary condition: Ifb=Ifc=0

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Figure 11: L-G fault representation Below figure shows sequenc netork which show that the three netwok must be connectd in series

Figure 12: Sequence network of line to ground fault Line to line to ground It is assumed that the fault has occurred at node k of the network. In this the phase’s b and c got shorted through the impedance Zf to the ground. Boundary condition: 3Ifa=Ifb+If

Figure 13: L-L-G fault representation Under the fault condition Ia =Vb=Vc=0

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Ia0+Ia1+Ia2+=0 These condition are taken together& can correspond to all three sequence network connected in parallel

Figure 14: Sequence Network of L-L-G fault 3-Phase fault

Figure 4: Phase fault representation

4.3 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT & SIGNIFICANCE OF NEGATIVE, POSITIVE SEQUENCE & ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT Power systems are always analyzed using per-phase representation because of its simplicity. Balanced three-phase power systems are solved by changing all delta connections to equivalent wye connections and solving one phase at a time. The remaining two phases differ from the first by 120°. To analyze an unbalanced system, the system is transformed into its symmetrical components for per-phase analysis. Charles Legeyt Fortescue developed a theory which suggests that an unbalanced system can be well defined using the symmetrical components. These three symmetrical components are positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence. They are

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represented by “+”, “-”, and “0” or “1”, “2”, and “0” for positive, negative and zero sequence respectively.

Figure 15: unbalanced network A system of three unbalanced phasors can be resolved in the following three symmetrical components. 1. Positive sequence component: (VA+,VB+,VC+)  Three phasors  Equal in magnitude  Displaced by 120o in phase  Having the same sequence as the original phasors (abc)

Figure 16: Positive sequence representation 2. Negative sequence component: (VA-,VB_,VC-)  Three phasors  Equal in magnitude  Displaced by 120o in phase  Having the opposite sequence as the original phasors (acb)

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component: (VA0,VB0,VC0) magnitude phasors same phase shift ( in phase)

3. Zero sequence  Equal in  Three  Having the Figure 17: Negative sequence representation

Figure 18: Zero sequence representation

4.4 USE OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT METHOD IN FAULT ANALYSIS Faulted power systems do not have three phase symmetry, so it cannot be solved by per phase analysis. To find fault currents and fault voltages, it is first transformed into their symmetrical components. This can be done by replacing three phase fault current by the sum of a three phase zero sequence source, a three phase positive sequence source and a three phase negative sequence source. Each circuit is solved by per phase analysis called a sequence networks.

CHAPTER 5: MATHEMATICAL MODELING 5.1 THE A OPERATOR As the symmetrical component theory involves the concept of 120 displacement in the positive sequence set & negative sequence set, therefore, it is desirable to involve some operator which could cause 120 rotation. For the purpose, operator ‘a’ (symbols h or  are sometime used instead of ‘a’) is used. It defines as under: The operator ‘a’ is one, which when multiplied to a vector rotates the vector through antilock direction at 120. Property of operator A 

1+a2+a2=0

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

a –a2=j3

5.2 THE J OPERATOR In polar form, j =1∠90 . Multiplying by j has the effect of rotating a phasor 90 without affecting the magnitude Property Of operator J 1 = 0.1 + j 0.0 j =1∠90 j2=1180 = -1 j3=1270=-j -j=1-90 J=1

5.3 FAULT CALCULATION IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM To calculate symmetrical & unsymmetrical fault firstly we need to calculate positive sequence component. The fault current of sequence have been determined by using the reactance (Z1, Z2, Z0) have been calculated. The current & voltage value of other phase could be calculated via these component. 5.3.1 THREE- PHASE FAULT Ea Ia1= zi Ia0=0 Ia2=0 Where Ea & Zi are phase voltage & positive sequence reactance. 5.3.2 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT Ea Ia1= Z 0+Z 1+Z 2 Ia0= Ia2= Ia1 Where Z0 & Z2 are zero & negative sequence reactance.

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5.3.3 LINE –TO –LINE FAULT Ea Ia1= Z 1+ Z 2 Ia0= -Ia1 Ia2=0 Where Z0 & Z2 are zero & negative sequence reactance. 5.3.4 LINE- TO-LINE –GROUND FAULT Ea Ia1= Z 1+ z 0 z 2 z 0+ z 2 Ia0= --

Ia2=

Z0 Z 0+Z 2

Ia1

−Z 0 Z 0+Z 2 Ia1

The current have been calculated using positive negative & zero component of phase –a for each fault using equation ¿ V a0 I a0 0 Z0 0 0 2 ( V a1 ) = Ea − 0 Z 1 ¿ 0 ¿ Z ¿ I a1 0 I a2 V a2

( )( )

()

Additionally, the symmetrical component of phase a has calculated by using X1(T) = 1 (( X d} - {1} over {Xd} right ) e+ left ({1} over {X'd} - {1} over {Xd} right ) e+ left ({1} over {X d ) )

Other phase voltage has been determined via the voltage of phase a. the positive sequence reactance must be calculated using for time variation of signal

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Where Xd” Xd’, Xd direct axis sub transient, transient, & synchronous reactance Td”, Td’ direct axis fault sub transient & transient time constant. Ea, E: complex RMS value of phase –a voltage of synchronous machine terminal before fault occurrence. Below table could be used for calculating & drawing the fault current & voltage. The signal must be drawn by taking into the real part of current equation. After finding the symmetrical component of a phase current, the value of current & voltage can be calculated.

Table 2: Symmetrical – component circuit constant & fault current L0 R

Ta=

X2=ⱷL2 X0= ⱷL0 Ea=2Ec Where Ta is armature time constant L(0)= initial inductance at t,0,Ra & R0 are armature resistance & zero phase sequence resistance.L1(t), L2 & L0 are positive negative & zero phase sequence respectively .

5.4 THE PER UNIT SYSTEM In many engineering situations it is useful to scale, or normalize, dimensioned quantities. This is commonly done in power system analysis. The standard method used is referred to as the perunit system. Historically, this was done to simplify numerical calculations that were made by hand. Although this advantage is eliminated by the calculator, other advantages remain.    

Device parameters tend to fall into a relatively narrow range, making erroneous values conspicuous. Using this method all quantities are expressed as ratios of some base value or values. The per-unit equivalent impedance of any transformer is the same when referred to either the primary or the secondary side. The per-unit impedance of a transformer in a three-phase system is the same regardless of the type of winding connections (wye-delta, delta-wye, wye-wye, or delta-delta)

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



The per-unit method is independent of voltage changes and phase shifts through transformers where the base voltages in the winding are proportional to the number of turns in the windings. Manufactures usually specify the impedance of equipment in per-unit or percent on the base of its nameplate rating of power (usually kVA) and voltage (V or kV)

The per-unit system is simply a scaling method. The basic per-unit scaling equation is Per –Unit =

ActualVaule Base value

The base value always has the same units as the actual value, forcing the per-unit value to be dimensionless. The base value is always a real number, whereas the actual value may be complex. The subscript pu will indicate a per-unit value. The subscript base will indicate a base value, and no subscript will indicate an actual value such as Amperes, Ohms, or Volts. Per-unit quantities are similar to percent quantities. The ratio in percent is 100 times the ratio in per-unit. For example, a voltage of 70kV on a base of 100kV would be 70% of the base voltage. This is equal to 100 times the per unit value of 0.7 derived above.

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CHAPTER: 6 MATLAB SIMULATION & BLOCK EXPLANATION The name MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB was written originally to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the (Linear system package & Eigen system package projects). MATLAB is a high performance language for technical computing.it integrates computation, visualization & programing environment where problem & solution are expressed in familiar mathematical notation.

MATLAB has many advantage to conventional computer language

example (C, FORTRAN) for solving technical problem.

6.1 KEY FEATURES OF MATLAB     

High level language for technical computing. Development environment for managing code, files & data. Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design & problem solving. 2D & 3D graphic function for visualization data. Tools for building custom graphical & interface.

6.2 THE ROLE OF SIMULATION IN DESIGN Electrical power system are combination of electrical circuit & electromechanical device like motor & generator. Engineers working in the discipline are constantly improving

Figure 19: Flow chart of fault analysis using Matlab

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6.3 MATLAB SIMULATION

Figure 20: Matlab simulation of developed interface

6.4 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK Simplified Synchronous Machine

Figure 21: Simplified Synchronous Machine The Simplified Synchronous Machine block models both the electrical and mechanical characteristics of a simple synchronous machine.

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The electrical system for each phase consists of a voltage source in series with an RL impedance, which implements the internal impedance of the machine. The value of R can be zero but the value of L must be positive. Three-Phase Series RLC Load Implementing a three-phase series RLC load with selectable connection.

Figure 22: Three-Phase Series RLC Load The Three-Phase Series RLC Load block implements a three-phase balanced load as a series combination of RLC elements. At the specified frequency, the load exhibits a constant impedance. The active and reactive powers absorbed by the load are proportional to the square of the applied voltage. Three-Phase transformer (Two-Winding) Implementing a Three-Phase transformer with configurable winding connection.

Figure 23: three phase transformer two winding Three-Phase transformer (Two-Winding) block implements a three phase transformer using three single phase transformer. We can simulate the saturable core or not simplify by setting the appropriate check box in the parameter of the block. Three Phase Breaker

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Implementing a three-phase circuit breaker opening at the current zero crossing. Three-Phase Breaker block implements a three-phase circuit breaker where the opening and closing times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal (external control mode), or from an internal control timer (internal control mode). The Three-Phase Breaker block uses three Breaker blocks connected between the inputs and the outputs of the block

Figure 24: Three phase breaker This block can be used in series with the three-phase element that one wants to switch. If the Three-Phase Breaker block is set in external control mode, a control input appears in the block icon. The control signal connected to this input must be either 0or 1, 0 to open the breakers, 1 to close them. If the Three-Phase Breaker block is set in internal control mode, the switching times are specified in the dialog box of the block. The three individual breakers are controlled with the same signal. Distributed Parameter Line Implementing an N-phase distributed parameter transmission line model with lumped losses

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Figure 25: Distributed parameter line The Distributed Parameter Line block implements an N-phase distributed parameter line model with lumped losses. The model is based on the Bergeron's traveling wave method used by the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). In this model, the loss less distributed LC line is characterized by two values (for a single-phase line): the surge impedance Zc= (L/C) and the phase velocity v= 1/√ (LC) . The model uses the fact that the quantity e+Zi (where e is line voltage and i is line current) entering one end of the line must arrive unchanged at the other end after a transport delay of τ= d/v, where dis the line length. Three-Phase V-I Measurement Measures three-phase currents and voltages in a circuit

Figure 26: Three phase V-I measurement The Three-Phase V-I Measurement block is used to measure three-phase voltages and currents in a circuit. When connected in series with three-phase elements, it returns the three phase-toPritesh Kumar

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ground or phase-to- Phase voltage & the three line current. The block can output the voltage & current in per unit value or in volt & ampere. Three-Phase sequence analyzer Measures the positive negative & zero sequence component of the three phase signal

Figure 27: Three phase sequence analyzer The three phase sequence analyzer Output the magnitude and phase of the positive (denoted by index 1), negative (index 2) & zero (index zero) sequence component of a set of three balanced or unbalanced signals. The signal can contain harmonics or not. Scope Displays signal generated during simulation

Figure 28: scope The scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The scope block can have multiple axes. All axes have one common time range with independent y axis. If the scope signal is discreet the scope produces a stair- step-plot. The scope prove toolbar button which enables to zoom on its display data display all the data input to the Scope, preserve axis settings from one simulation to the next, limit data displayed, and save data to the workspace. Three-Phase Fault Implementing a programmable phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground fault breaker system

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Figure 29: Three phase fault The Three-Phase Fault block implements a three-phase circuit breaker where the opening and closing times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal (external control mode), or from an internal control timer (internal control mode). The Three-Phase Fault block uses three Breaker blocks that can be individually switched on and off to program phase-to-phase faults, phase-to-ground faults, or a combination of phase-to-phase and ground faults.

6.5 MATLAB SIMULATION RESULT Following are the graph obtained from scope of different type of fault

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6.5.1THREE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT

Figure 30: Three phase fault Matlab Waveform 6.5.2 LINE –LINE –GROUND FAULT

Figure 31: Line –Line –ground fault Matlab Waveform from scope

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6.5.3 L-G FAULT

Figure 32: L-G fault Matlab Waveform

6.6 CONCLUSION A MATLAB/GUI based education tool has been developed to calculate the short-circuit faults in transmission systems by using symmetrical components method. This software provides a friendly interface to help the student to understand the symmetrical components and fault calculations. After the entering of the system parameters, the student chooses one of the four fault options. By choosing the fault type, all the calculations of fault currents and voltages have been performed After the MATLAB simulation for faults, it was observed that the voltage and current waveforms were transient in nature in the initial period after the occurrence of faults. During the initial part of short circuit, the short circuit current was limited by sub transient reactance of synchronous Pritesh Kumar

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machine and impedance of transmission line between the machine and point of fault. After that, it was limited by transient reactance of synchronous machine and impedance of line. Finally, the short circuit current settled down to steady state short circuit value limited by synchronous reactance of the machine and line impedance. The negative and zero sequence components were present initially only and they disappeared after the circuit breaker cleared the fault

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CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM DESIGN Design phase starts from making a block diagram of the proposed fault analysis in three phase transmission line with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise. The circuitry deg and the explanation of components to be used is done in the design phase of the project

7.1

SIMPLIFIED

BLOCK

DIAGRAM

OF

THE

CIRCUIT

EXPLANATION

Figure 33: Block diagram of Circuit

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&


7.2 EXPLANATION The project is designed to check fault that occur mainly in transmission line. A 3-phase supply with frequency 50Hz is fed through voltage drop arrangement stabilized be Zener diode to a logic circuit comprising NAND & OR gate to detect the proper sequence of RYB by series of pulse fixed duration. Suppose if the sequence is changed from YB to YRB the combination of NAND & or gate creates an output with a missing pulse during the fixed time duration. This pulse is used in triggering a monostable 555 timer. Thus, while the sequence is not there the triggering to the timer is missed which is indicated by an LED driven from the output of the 555 timer. DC requirement of the circuit is powered from a step down transformer along with a bridge rectifier and filter capacitor. The project uses 6numbers step-down transformers for handling the entire circuit under low voltage conditions of 12v only to test the 3 phase fault analysis. The primaries of 3 transformers are connected to a 3 phase supply in star configuration, while the secondary of the same is also connected in star configuration. The other set of 3 transformers with its primary connected in star to 3 phase have their secondary’s connected in delta configuration. The outputs of all the 6 transformers are rectified and filtered individually and are given to 6 relay coils. 6 push buttons, one each connected across the relay coil is meant to create a fault condition either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault. The NC s of all the relays are made parallel while all the common points are grounded. The parallel connected point of NC are given to pin2 through a resistor R5 to a 555 timer i.e. wired in monostable mode. The output of the same timer is connected to the reset pin 4 of another 555 timer wired in astable mode. LED’S are connected at their output to indicate their status. The output of the U3 555 timer from pin3 is given to an Op-amp LM358 through wire 11 and d12 to the non-inverting input pin3, while the inverting input is kept at a fixed voltage by a potential divider RV2. The voltage at pin2 coming from the potential divider is so held that it is higher than the pin3 of the Op-amp used as a comparator so that pin1 develops zero logic that fails to operate the relay through the driver transistor

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This relay Q1 is ‘3CO’ relay i.e. is meant for disconnecting the load to indicate fault conditions.

7.3 LIST OF COMPONENT Following are the list of component used in making the fault detection device:         i.

Transformers Op-amps Switches Resistors Diodes Capacitors LEDs Relays Transformer: In simple line transformer can be defined as an apparatus for reducing or increasing the voltage of an alternating current. In the proposed system transformer is connected in two different type of connection with three phase supply for obvious reason: a) Three transformer connected in star connection- three transformer are connected in star connection because fault may occur at any point to take care of fault which may occur at any point over 120km three transformer are connected in star connection. Star connection is preferred in long transmission line network i.e. Over 120 KM. because it is having a neutral point, during balanced condition there will be no current flowing through the neutral line and hence there is no use of the neutral terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the three phase circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current through to the ground and protect the transformer.

Figure 34: Transformer connection to three phase source in star connection

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b) Three transformer in delta connection: three transformer are connected in delta connection because fault may occur at any point as mentioned above which could be in region less than 60km to take care of that fault which may occur three transformer are connected in delta connection. Normally delta connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of unbalanced current in the circuit. The figure is shown below for delta connection. In the load station, ground can be used as neutral path if required.

Figure 35: Transformer connection to three phase source in wye connection . ii.

Op-Amp: use of Op-Amp is to perform the following task I. Signal conditioning II. Signal filtering III. Perform mathematical operation (+, -, ∫, dy/dx). Op-Amp is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device.it will do the same in the above proposed circuit.

Figure 36: Op-Amp  Switches: Switches

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A set of switches will be used in the system to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip

Figure 37: Switch A switch is a component which controls the open-ness or closed-ness of an electric circuit. They allow control over current flow in a circuit (without having to actually get in there and manually cut or splice the wires). Switches are critical components in any circuit which requires interaction or control. iii.

Resistor: A resistor is a ive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistor will be used in proposed system so that it can reduce current flow &, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits

Figure 38: Resistor iv.

Capacitor:

Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric charge. The capacitor is made of 2 close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material. The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power source

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Figure 39: Capacitor v.

LED’S: LED will be used to show the fault which will occur in system such as line to line fault or line to ground fault, etc. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current es through it. An LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct , forming a region called the P-N junction.

Figure 40: LED vi.

Relay: A relay is electrical switch whose use in the proposed system is to isolate the faulted section instantaneously & should cover protected circuit & fault resistance with some margin to take care of error in measurement.

Figure 41: Relay Some type of fault & operation are mentioned below in the box. S. No. 1

Type of fault Phase to ground fault (earth fault)

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2

Phase to phase fault

Related phase overcurrent

3

Double phase to ground fault

relay. Related phase overcurrent & earth fault relay

Table 3: some fault operation vii.

Diode In the proposed system use of diode is allowing an electric current to in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction) condition which will be used to block fault condition. It will help the fault current to go get grounded preventing transformer from getting damaged. A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium.

Figure 42: Diode viii.

Three phase supply- Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternatingcurrent electric power generation, transmission, and distribution across worldwide so the researcher has tried to propose system which work for three phase simple reason behind it single phase cannot handle heavy load while three phase can.

Figure 43: Three Phase supply ix.

G.S.M modem

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A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone. When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages.

Figure 44: Working of GSM Modem

7.4 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN It is seen that the supply from the ac power socket cannot be supplied directly to the circuit as it may damage the electronic components of the system which operated at very low voltage. So there is a necessity to design a power system that can convert the ac supply coming from the supply socket. For this purpose, there exists an ideal power supply design and following that ideal power supply system, the prototype power supply system is used for this project that can fulfill the power supply requirements of the system. 7.4.1 IDEAL POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN Ideally the power supply coming from the socket is firstly stepped down using step down transformer. Then it is rectified as there is a need of ac to dc conversion as most of these electronics devices operate at dc voltage. This is done by using rectifier circuit. After ac to dc conversion there are some ripples remaining in the voltage signal so to suppress these ripples and to obtain ripple free voltage, filters are used is used. As there is a requirement to design a

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regulated power supply so a voltage regulator is used to regulate the voltage. Thus the ideal power supply system should contain all these blocks.

Figure 45: Ideal block diagram of power supply 7.4.2 PROTOTYPE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN The system is firstly given the power of 220V ac supply from the power socket. This supply is then stepped down using a step down transformer and connected to a bridge rectifier which converts the power supply from ac to dc and gives the 12 V. This 12 V supply is further transferred to a voltage regulator to reduce the voltage level to 5V approximately. Now this power 5V will be provided to all the components of the circuitry which includes sensors, microcontroller, LCD display, ignition system etc. as all these components work at 5V.

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Figure 46: PROTOTYPE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN

7.5 FAULT DETECTION & CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Figure 47: Transmission line When system encounter fault (i.e. when push button is pressed to create a fault condition) automatic tripping mechanism start but to have a detection system work system need to clarify which nature of fault it is weather  

Transient in nature or Permanent fault.

This is the main part which is done by the following component Pritesh Kumar

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     

Push Button Relay Resistor Capacitor Resistor Op- Amp

If the push button is released after pressing for a while (i.e. it is released immediately) the U1 pin of relay connected in monostable mode the output disables the U3 pin the output U3 the astable timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off three phase load. Below shown figure show the systematic connection how the system works

Figure 48: Step by step component used The output of Op-amp remains high indefinitely through a positive provided for its pin1 to pin3 through a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. This results in the relay permanently switched on to disconnect the load connected at its NC s permanently off. In order to maintain the flow of DC supply the star connected secondary set DC’S are paralleled through D8, D9 & D10 for uninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12v DC and 5v DC derived out of voltage regulator IC 7805

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CHAPTER 8: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION After the completion of design phase in chapter 6, it is important to implement the system on software and hardware. The following section will include the discussion about the software used to implement the system, input devices used, relay unit, and led are output devices used in the circuit. It will include the implementation of different prototype design systems on software and hardware both.

8.1 SOFTWARE TO BE USED FOR SOFTWARE SIMULATION The researcher is familiar with Multisim and Proteus software for simulation purpose. Multisim includes all necessary tools to take a design from the beginning stage to the finishing of the project. It is simple software in which you just need to place the components by selecting them and dragging it to appropriate places and simulation can be seen by pressing RUN button. This software has a database of most commonly used components (more than 16,000 components) but still some useful components which will be used in this Accident Prevention Project are missing. So the developer has decided to use Proteus for simulation of the project due to its following advanced features. Justification of using Proteus in the project •Proteus has the feature to combine various components and 555 timer IC which will facilitate the simulation of the complete automatic tripping mechanism load design. •It provides the facility to interact with the design using LED, switches and this simulation takes place approximately with the real time parameter. So it will help to evaluate the design and its parameters before actual hardware implementation. Technical manual explaining the usage of software as well as hardware is attached in appendix. Below is Proteus simulation

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8.2 PROTEUS SIMULATION

Figure 49: Proteus Simulation

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8.3 WAVEFORM OF LINEAR NON LINEAR LOAD & RELAY 8.3.1INPUT VOLTAGE OF LINEAR & NON- LINEAR LOAD

Figure 50: Wave Form of Linear Load

Figure 51: Waveform of Non Linear Load

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8.3.2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF RELAY

Figure 52:5.Output voltage of the 12v dc supply

Figure 53:6.Output voltage of the 12v dc

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8.4 COMPONENT ASSEMBLY Power supply Power supply to the hardware is given through three phase ac source (R, Y, and B). The input 220V is step down with the help of 12V step down transformer. Below shown figure shows the initial connection of hardware from three phase supply

Figure 54: Power supply from three phase source Input Supply The input supply to hardware is given after stepping down the voltage to 12V its voltmeter reading is noted

Figure 55: Input Supply

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Assembly For single phase Laying component in PCB firstly one single three phase source is used which is fed by three transformer each transformer has (R, Y, B phase source respectively) which is then rectified individually & & fed push button which is connected to 12v relay

Figure 56: Assembly for single phase Assembly for all six transformer Similarly, above step is repeated to six transformer source which has the same connection as shown in the above figure These 3 transformers are connected in star connection of both primary as well as secondary side of transformer. The output of that 3 transformer is given to the 3 relay coils with rectified and filtered individually. The 3 push buttons are used to create a fault condition and they are connected across the each relay coils. These 3 push buttons are created a single L-G fault and LL-G fault simultaneously. The NC is connected in parallel and all the common points are connected to ground. Below is the shown figure:

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Figure 57: Assembly for six transformer Connection of 555 timer with relay After completing the transformer connection & voltage rectification switches & relay are connected. Relay nc is left open & whose output is fed to 555 timer. The parallel connected NC output is given to the pin 2 through a resister R5 to a timer IC 555 i.e. wired in mono stable mode. The output of that timer is given to the reset pin 4 of another timer 555 wired it is having in actable mode. The input of op-amp LM 358 is taken from pin 3 and which is the output of U3 timer 555 through wire 11 and d12 to the non-inverting input pin 3, the inverting input is kept at a fixed voltage by a potential divider. Below is the shown figure

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555 Timer

Figure 58: Connection of 555 timer & Lm358 Connection of Op-amp & transistor with 555 timer & relay Below shown figure shows the connection of Op-amp which is fed by pin 7 of 555 timer IC. The output of Op-amp remains high indefinitely through a positive provided for its pin1 to pin3 through a forward biased diode and a resistor in series. This results in the relay permanently switched on to disconnect the load connected at its NC s permanently off. In order to maintain the flow of DC supply the star connected secondary set DC’S are paralleled

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through D8, D9 & D10 for uninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12v DC and 5v DC derived out of voltage regulator IC 7805

Op-Amp

Transistor

Figure 59: Connection of Op-amp & transistor with 555 timer & relay Completed Assembled Circuit If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed is released immediately the U1 monostable disables U3 the output of which goes to zero in the event of any push button kept pressed for a longer duration the monostable output provides a longer duration active situation for U3 the astable timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the comparator goes high that drives the relay to switch off three phase load. Below is the shown figure:

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Figure 60: Completed Assembled Circuit Final circuit

Figure 61: Final circuit

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CHAPTER 9: HARDWARE TESTING .Conductivity Test: In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows (that it is in fact a complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small voltage (wired in series with an LED or noise-producing component such as a piezoelectric speaker) across the chosen path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged components, or excessive resistance, the circuit is "open". Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multi meters which measure current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more basic devices, generally with a simple light bulb that lights up when current flows. An important application is the continuity test of a bundle of wires so as to find the two ends belonging to a particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible resistance between the "right" ends, and only between the "right" ends. This test is the performed just after the hardware soldering and configuration has been completed. This test aims at finding any electrical open paths in the circuit after the soldering. Many a times, the electrical continuity in the circuit is lost due to improper soldering, wrong and rough handling of the PCB, improper usage of the soldering iron, component failures and presence of bugs in the circuit diagram. We use a multi meter to perform this test. We keep the multi meter in buzzer mode and connect the ground terminal of the multi meter to the ground. We connect both the terminals across the path that needs to be checked. If there is continuation then you will hear the beep sound Power ON Test: This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is according to the requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode. that this test is performed without ICs. Firstly, if we are using a transformer we check the output of the transformer; whether we get the required 12V AC voltage (depends on the transformer used in for the circuit). If we use a battery then we check if the battery is fully charged or not according to the specified voltage of the battery by using multimeter. Then we apply this voltage to the power supply circuit. Note that we do this test without ICs because if there is any excessive voltage, this may lead to damaging the ICs. If a circuit consists of voltage regulator then we check for the input to the voltage regulator (like 7805, 7809, 7815, 7915 etc) i.e., are we getting Pritesh Kumar

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an input of 12V and a required output depending on the regulator used in the circuit. EX: if we are using 7805 we get output of 5V and if using 7809 we get 9V at output pin and so on. This output from the voltage regulator is given to the power supply pin of specific ICs. Hence we check for the voltage level at those pins whether we are getting required voltage. Similarly, we check for the other terminals for the required voltage. In this way we can assure that the voltage at all the terminals is as per the requirement

Figure 62: Functional Circuit

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CHAPTER: 10 CALCUATION For L-G Pbase =

Pbase V base× √ 3

500 = 250 × √ 3

Vbase =

V base I base × √3

12 = 1.255 × √ 3

Zpu =

1.255KA

=

=

5.52

Z actual Z base

6 = 5.52 = = 1.08 Mva Zpu- transformer=base Transformer Mva × Z /100 500 6 × =0.06 500 100 Base Mva Zpusource 12 = 1.08 =11 Mva Line to neutral voltage on the secondary of the transformer 12 =6.92 V √3 Fault KA Fault Mva 3 × Vl−N Pritesh Kumar

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11 √ 3 ×6.92 =0.917A Basemva=

10000 =1 Mva 1000

Mva value=

1 Mva 1 =16.66 A = 0.06 √ Zpu

ittance method to calculate fault current 1 1 1/Transformrer = Utility mva Mva 1 1 1 + = 500 16.66 Mva 1 0.002+0.06= Mva 1 Mva= 0.002+ 0.06 Mva=16.129A Fault current at 230V =

16.129 =4 A 1.66∗0.23

16.129 Fault current at 12V = 1.66∗0.12 =8A

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CHAPTER: 11 REFLECTIVE SUMMARY & OVERVIEW Fault protection system has become fundamentally important due to its ability to prevent economical losses. The main purpose of a protection system is to process the voltage and/or current signals to determine whether a fault is present, to classify what kind of fault it may be, to estimate the fault location, and to take action to remove the fault from the power transmissionline system. The continuity service depends heavily on the possibility of detecting, classifying, locating, and isolating faults in the power transmission-line system. Conventional methods for relay to protect the transmission-line system were to monitor distortions in voltage and/or current signals in time and frequency domains. Protection systems generally fit into three categories: 1. quantitative model-based approaches 2. qualitative model-based 3. approaches, and data-driven approaches The quantitative model- and qualitative model-based approaches showed superior performance in the simulation studies. However, they delivered poor performance in case of the presence of noise in the fault voltage or current signals or led to uncertainties due to the variations of system parameters. Therefore, measurement and system noises are key factors that can affect the capabilities of these methods, resulting in high false positives or false negatives. It is necessary to understand the gravity and after effects of a line failure. To overcome these, we are proposing a GSM based transmission line fault detection System. Whenever the preset threshold is crossed, the microcontroller instantly initiates a message to be sent to the area lineman and the Control Station stating the exact pole to pole location. This helps us to realize a almost real time system The hardware will be valuable in many ways 

will save equation from damaging the component when the flashover is encountered in

 

line by tripping the line will save the transmission line when there is fault due to overload Will save the load side & equipment from getting damaged due to various fault such as L- L, L-G, L-L-G fault.

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CHAPTER 12: CONCLUSION This project is designed in the form of Hardware for three single phase transformers 230v to 12V of output for to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system while temporary fault and permanent fault occurs. Here we used 555 timer with relay for the fault is temporary or permanent. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault. The electrical substation which supply the power to the consumers, have failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent. These faults lead to substantial damage to the power system equipment. In India it is common, the faults might be LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L (Three lines) in the supply systems and these faults in three phase supply system can affect the power system. To overcome this problem a system is built, which can sense these faults and automatically disconnects the supply to avoid large scale damage to the control gears in the grid sub-stations. This system is built using three single phase transformers which are wired in star input and star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections, having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers are used for handling short duration and long duration fault conditions. A set of switches are used to create the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip. Fault on the transmission line needs to be restored as quickly as possible. The sooner it is restored, the less the risk of power outage, damage of equipment of grid, loss of revenue, customer complaints and repair crew expenses. Rapid restoration of service can be achieved if precise fault location algorithm is implemented. Many algorithms have been developed to calculate the fault distance on the transmission line. This paper gives the general overview of fault location calculation on transmission line using impedance based method and traveling wave method. It discussed the transmission line model, its sequence components, symmetrical components for fault analysis, fundamental principal of travelling wave. Pritesh Kumar

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CHAPTER 13: COST ESTIMATION Cost estimation plays a vital role in project management and is one of the most difficult responsibility. The researcher must take a close view on this section. The purpose of cost estimation is simple that is to precisely estimate required resource which would allow the researcher to implement and develop the proposed system. Not giving importance or underestimating the section may result in exceeding the estimated budget of the project, poor quality & even researcher might fail to complete project on time. Importance of Cost Estimation Cost estimation is significant for the reason that each project has the possibility of added cost that was not considered during the proposal such as failure of electrical device while making hardware of short circuit would result in damaging the system forcing the researcher to make system one more time exceeding the estimated cost. For the proposed project i.e. ‘ G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise’ cost estimation is required because a project can only be successful if it is completed in desire time & budget. So to achieve this appropriate cost estimation is required. For this researcher has to evaluate the cost of component which will be used in the system. Then the expenditure for the industry that will make the project for the real time scenario & finally the expense that has to pay will be evaluated.

13.1 COST ESTIMATION FOR THE DEVLOPER Sr.

Component

No.

Description

Cost

Purchased

4.

Transformer

6

(in Rupees) 120~150

(in rupees) 720~900

5.

Op-amp

6

80~100

480~600

6.

Switches

4~6

30~50

180~300

7.

Capacitor

20~40

8~10

200~400

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Unit Total

cost

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8.

Resistor’s

8~10

1~2

20

9.

Diode

10~12

1~2

10~20

10. LED’S

6

5~10

30~60

11. Relay

6

30~40

~200

12. PCB

1

30

~30

13. 555 Timer

2

40~50

~100

14. GSM module

1

900~1200

900~1200

Total Cost:

~3100

13.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRED As a student researcher we get software free of cost from the college itself. By this cost be paid by the industry. Sr.

Software

Description

1.

Matlab/Simulink

Software that is used to make block diagram

2.

Free- student version Proteus-Free for Software that is used for simulation of system & layout

No.

students

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REFERENCES 1. Wadhwa, C.L, 2005. electrical power system . 5th ed. delhi: New Age International Publisher. 2. T. Takagi, Y. Yamakoshi, M. Yamamura, R. Kondow, T. Matsushima, “Development of a New Type Fault Locator Using the One-Terminal Voltage and Current Data,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 8, August 2015, pp. 2892-2898. 3. D. A. Tziouvaras, J. B. Roberts, G. Benmouyal, “New Multi-Ended Fault Location Design for Two- or Three-Terminal Lines,” in Developments in Power System Protection (IEE), Conference Publication No. 479, Amsterdam, 2014, pp. 395-398. 4. . Gross, charles , 2011. power system analysis. 5th ed. delhi: willey india edition. 5. IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES), IEEE Guide for Determining Fault Location on AC Transmission and Distribution Lines, IEEE Std. C37.114TM-2004. 6. K. Zimmerman, D. Costello, “Impedance-Based Fault Location Experience,” in 2005 58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005, pp. 211-226 7. J. Grainger , John, 2006. power system analysis. 5th ed. delhi: Mc-Graw hill. 8. K. Zimmerman, D. Costello, “Impedance-Based Fault Location Experience,” in 2005 58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005, pp. 211-226. 9. singh, manohar, 2011. Transmission Line fault detection & classification . Ieee, 3, 6. 10. El-Harway, Mohamed E. Electrical power system: design & analysis. 11. P. F. Gale, P. A. Crossley, X. Bingyin, G. Yaozhong, B. J. Cory, J. R. G. Barker, “Fault Location Based on Travelling Waves,” in Fifth International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, 2013, pp. 54-59. 12. P. F. Gale, P. A. Crossley, X. Bingyin, G. Yaozhong, B. J. Cory, J. R. G. Barker, “Fault Location Based on Travelling Waves,” in Fifth International Conference

on

Developments in Power System Protection, 1993, pp. 54-59. 13. M. Aurangzeb, P. A. Crossley, P. Gale, “Fault Location on a Transmission Line Using High Frequency Travelling Waves Measured at a Single Line End,” in Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol. 4, 2000, pp. 2437-2442. 14. A. Elhaffar, M. Lehtonen, “Travelling Waves Based Earth Fault Location in 400kV Transmission Network Using Single End Measurement,” in Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering, 2004, pp. 53-56.

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15. Kejariwal, et al. Fault Detection and Location System for Power Transmission and Distribution Lines. The Research and Development Institute, Inc. at Montana State University. Patent 5,343,155. 30 August 2014. 16. M. Vintan, “Fault Current Distribution Computation on Overhead Transmission Lines,” in Proceedings of the Fifth International World Energy System Conference, vol. II, 2004, Oradea, Romania, pp. 273-279. 17. J. Jiang, Y. Lin, J. Yang, T. Too, C. Liu, “An Adaptive PMU Based Fault Detection/Location Technique for Transmission Lines—Part II: PMU Implementation and Performance Evaluation,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 4, October 2000, pp. 1136-1146. 18. J. Jiang, Y. Lin, J. Yang, T. Too, C. Liu, “An Adaptive PMU Based Fault Detection/Location Technique for Transmission Lines—Part II: PMU Implementation and Performance Evaluation,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 4, October 2000, pp. 1136-1146. 19. M.B. Djuri6, Z.M. Radojevi6 and V.V. Terzija, Member IEEE, “Distance Protection and Fault Location Utilizing Only Phase Current Phasors”, October 1998 20. Javad Sadeh, N. Hadjsaid, A. M. Ranjbar, and R. Feuillet, “Accurate Fault Location Algorithm for Series Compensated Transmission Lines”, July 2000 21. Mokhlis1, Hasmaini Mohamad, A. H. A. Bakar1, H. Y. Li, “Evaluation of Fault Location Based on Voltage Sags Profiles: a Study on the Influence of Voltage Sags Patterns”, 2011 22. D. A. Tziouvaras, J. B. Roberts, and G. Benmouyal, “New multi-ended fault location design for two- or three-terminal lines,” in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. Developments in Power System Protection, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2001, pp. 395–398, Conf. publ. no. 479.Shi J. and Malik J., „Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation‟, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Learning, 888-905, 2000. 23. Tumanski, S., Induction Coil Sensors – a Review, Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007 18 R31. 24. S. Sajedi, F. Khalifeh, Z. Khalifeh, T. karimi, “Application of Wavelet Transform for Identification of Fault Location on Transmission Lines,” 2011 25. M. Dewe, S. Sankar, J. Arrillaga, “The Application of Satellite Time References to HVDC Fault Location”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 8, 1295-1302 (1993) 26. F. H. Magnago, A. Abur, “Fault location using wavelets ,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 13, 14750-1480 (2016) 27. Emmanouil Styvaktakis, Mathias H.J. Bollen, Irene Y.H. Gu , “A Fault Location Technique Using High Frequency Fault Clearing Transients”, 1999 Pritesh Kumar

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28. S.M. Kay, S.L. Marple, “Spectrum Analysis: A Modem Perspective,” Proceedings of the ZEEE, vol. 69, no. 11, hov. 1981, pp. 1380- 14 1 9 29. D. C. Robertson, 0. I. Camps, J. S. Mayer, and W. B. Gish, “Wavelets and Electromagnetic Power System Transients”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 1050-1058, April 1999 30. H. Mokhlis1, Hasmaini Mohamad, A. H. A. Bakar1, H. Y. Li, “Evaluation of Fault Location Based on Voltage Sags Profiles: a Study on the Influence of Voltage Sags Patterns”, 2011 31. M.S Sachdev, FIEEE, R.Agarwal, St. MIEEE, “ A Technique for estimating transmission line fault locations from digital impedance relay measurements”,2009 32. M. KezunoviC, B. PeruniEiC, “Automated Transmission line fault analysis using synchronized sampling at two ends ", 2012 33. Joe-Air Jiang, Jun-Zhe Yang, Ying-Hong Lin, Chih-Wen Liu,” An Adaptive PMU Based Fault Detection/Location Technique for Transmission Lines”, 2015 34. A. A. Girgis, D. G. Hart, and W. L. Peterson, “A New Fault Location Technique For Twoand Three-Terminal Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 98– 107, January 1992 35. D. Novosel, D. G. Hart, E. Udren, and J. Garitty, “Unsynchronized Two- Terminal Fault Location Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 130–137, January 1996 36. Javad Sadeh, N. Hadjsaid, A. M. Ranjbar, and R. Feuillet, “Accurate Fault Location Algorithm for Series Compensated Transmission Lines”, July 2012 37. A. Gopalakrishnan, M. Kezunovic, S. M. McKenna, and D. M. Hamai, “Fault Location Using the Distributed Parameter Transmission Line Model”, October 2000 38. Erikson, L., Saha,M.M and Rockfeller, “An accurate fault locator with compensation for apparent reactance in the fault resistance resulting from remote end infeed”, IEEE Trans., PAS104, 1985, pp. 424435 39. Scheweitzer, E.O., 111, “Evaluation and development of transmission line fault locating techniques which use sinusoidal steady state information”, Computers & Elec. Engng USA, 1983, IO, (4), pp. 269-218 40. Cook,V,“Fundamental aspects of fault location algorithms used in distance protection”, IEE Proc. C, 1986, 133, (6), pp. 359-368 41. Jeyasurya, B., Rahman,M.A, “Accurate fault location of transmission line using microprocessors”, IEE Conf. Publ. 302, 1989

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42. Lawrence, D.J., and Waser, D.L, “Transmission line fault location using digital fault recorder”, IEEE Trans., 1988, PWRD-3, (2). pp. 496-502 43. M. Kezunovit, J. Mrkic, B. PeruniEiC, “An Accurate Fault Location Algorithm Using Synchronized Sampling,” May 1994

APPENDIX A Title – G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained trip otherwise. Description- fault in power system is deviation of voltage or current from its nominal value and state which happens more often leading to the failure of many equipment or may even be life threatening to the operating personal, so to overcome this engineers have developed a system to analysis the fault in power system. The fault analysis of power system is required in order to provide information to selection of safety gear. Faults usually occur in a power system due to either insulation failure, flashover, physical damage or human error. These faults, may either be three phase in nature involving all three phases in a symmetrical manner, or may be asymmetrical where usually only one or two phases may be involved. Fault analysis usually carried out in per-unit quantities (similar to percentage quantities) as they give solutions which are somewhat consistent over different voltage and power ratings, and

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operate on values of the order of unity. Relating to one single phase gives information related to two or three phase as well so it is more obvious & sufficient to do calculation in one phase. This project system will be designed to develop an automatic griping mechanism for three phase supply system. The output will reset automatically when there is brief interruption (temporary fault) or remain tripped otherwise in case of permeant fault. Function  Automatic reset in case of temporary fault  Trip when permeant fault.  Send message to the operating personal when fault encountered. Requirement to make such systemThis system will be built using three single phase transformers which are wired in star input and star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections, having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers are used for handling short duration and long duration fault conditions. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Three single phase transformer ( wired star input and star output) Three transformer ( delta connection, input 220V & output 12V) 555 ( for handling short duration and long duration fault) Switch set to create fault I. Line to line fault (LL occurring 5-10%) II. Line to ground fault (LG major of all fault occurring 60-65%) III. Double line to ground fault (LLG occurring 15-20%) IV. Line to line to line fault (LLL kind of symmetrical fault occurring 2-5% but results in damaging major equipment’s ) 5. OP-amps 6. Resistor 7. Diode 8. Capacitor 9. LED 10. Relay 11. G.S.M technology to send SMS to operating personal Targeted audience – this system is designed to save life of the operating personal operating the power system moreover it can be a life saver when there is wrath of nature like thunder storm, lightning which result in damaging the power system by uprooting the transmission line as a result of which live wire comes in with the ground.it can save many important costly equipment of power system. Research area Pritesh Kumar

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    

Power flow analysis Power system fault Power system stability Matlab to simulate the system design G.S.M technology

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APPENDIX B PROJECT PROPOSAL FORM Pritesh Kumar, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Supervisor- Vijyendra Sharama

TitleG.S.M interfaced three phase fault analysis tool with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained trip otherwise.

Objective – To reach the aim following are the field to work on A perfect fault analysis tool should be able to perform the following task 6. Fault detection in three phase transmission line. 7. Fault classification in three phase transmission line. 8. Fault location in three phase transmission line. Interfacing two technology 9. Interfacing G.S.M technology with transmission line to alert the operating personal.

Explanation of the project:  Fault detection on transmission line are important task to safeguard electrical power system. Fault detection is essential to the safe operation of electric power transmission and distribution systems. Without some sort of fault detection, the automated removal of short circuits from a transmission system would be impossible. As a result, these faults might persist until essential electrical equipment is damaged or destroyed so it is a must process for fault analysis in transmission line, result is clear protection of power system equipment.

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

Transmission line protection is an important issue in power system engineering because 85~87% fault occur in transmission line. Seeing from other prospective it’s a must process to save people & governments money.

Technology to be used:      

G.S.M Artificial neural network. Artificial Intelligence can be used if system has more complexity. K-Nearest Algorithm for fault calculation. Or synchronized sampling for fault calculation. Wavelet approach

It is important to note that K-nearest algorithm, synchronized sampling & Wavelet approach are different technology for fault calculation. Software to be used

 Matlab/ Simulink  GSM module software depending upon GSM module used while implementation of technology on board. Hardware to be implemented:          

Transformer Op-amp Switches Resistor’s 555 timer Diode Capacitor LED’s Relay GSM module

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Block diagram of proposed device

START

VOLTAGE & CURRNET SIGNAL

WAVELE/A-NN/L-NEAREST NEIGHOUR TOOLBOX

COMPONENT FILTERING BOTH VOLATAGE & CURRNET SIGNAL

WEATHER FAULT OCCURRED OR NOT?

Print no fault SELECT Z depending on fault

Stop

Calculate z

Calculate

Show distance Pritesh Kumar

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How analysis will be done? A typical fault analysis tool should be able to perform fault classification, fault detection fault location. Fault detection Various method is there for fault detection gathering information will be viable to achieve the final output. Some of the proposed method for fault location are proposed below:  Impedance- based method  Travelling Wave based method  Detection using magnetic field sensor Fault detection will perform the following operation:  Record the time at which fault occurred.  If some abnormality is recorded at both ends of the transmission line, then the 

location of the fault is computed based on the difference in detection times. If the abnormality is recorded at only one end of the transmission line, then the

possibility that an error might have occurred is recorded in the memory.  Fault classification Many method are there for classification of fault such as  Wavelet method can again be used  K-nearest Neighbor Algorithm  Fault location The current fault location methods for cables can be divided into offline and online methods. The offline methods require special equipment, trained personnel and that the faulted cable is out of service before the methods can be used. The online methods utilize information in the current and voltage measured at the fault locator terminal (FLT) between fault incipience and fault clearance  On-line method- The online fault location methods can be subdivided into two primary categories;  Impedance method.-The

impedance-based

fault

location

methods

compares most often pre-known line parameters to the impedance measured in the case of fault. Based on this comparison the fault location can be estimated.

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

Travelling wave method. When a fault occurs on a cable system, transient voltage and current waves will travel from the fault location in both



directions towards the terminals to where the cable is connected Of-line method- The offline methods can be divided into two categories— terminal methods and tracer methods. The terminal methods do, as the name indicates, rely on analyzing measurements performed from one or both ends of the cable. The tracer methods rely on the other hand on measurements performed by a trained person walking the cable route.

Literature review Inspiration for working on this project come when observing a transmission line (long) which almost resemble like a clan carrying wire with bended hand through which a quest was developed how whole system work, later while searching this topic a fact appeared which shows major ~80-85% of fault in transmission line occur in transmission line. While searching for previous research fault analysis in transmission line several interesting fact was known such as:  (Yadav 2014)”Fault analysis in three phase transmission line using K-Nearest neighbor algorithm “discusses “ in K-NN algorithm method K-NN uses the nearest neighbor to calculate the fault. This method compares the value from nominal value and henceforth decision is taken, it is important to mention that detection time is within half to one cycle and of the proposed method is 99%.”  (Singh & Pnaighari, 2011)”Transmission line fault detection classification by “discusses” proposed method uses the sample of current & voltage extracted from the fault point. Wavelet transform is used to extract transient energy from the sample moreover it is free from tradition

neural network approach such as

genralizarion”  (Jung,Choi ,Cho & chung,2012) “Analysis of the unbalanced fault in transmission line in Three-Phase Flux coupling type SFCL using the symmetrical coordinate method” discusses “ in unsymmetrical or unbalanced fault in power system when flux coupling type SFCL was applied , use of SFCL limit the fault current using the symmetrical co-ordinate method in case of fault state by changing the primary Pritesh Kumar

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secondary turn ratio of the flux coupling type SFCL(superconducting fault current limiter).”  (Hagh,Razi,Taghizadeh ,2007) “Fault classification & location of power transmission line using Artificial Neural Network” discusses “the present method is not dependent on fault inception angel. Modular ANNs are considered with three hidden layer and then those are tested with various distance & resistance of fault for each type of fault. Line to ground, double line to ground & line to line fault are considered. Maximum absolute error for line to ground fault was 0.3324%, for double line to ground it was 0.4926% & for line to line 0.348% for three phase fault.”  (Dutta,Kezunovic,2014)”Transmission line fault analysis using synchronized sampling” discusses “ synchronized sampling of both voltage and current is one of the simple yet most efficient fault analysis method by using prevent & post event sample to detect fault moreover it does not require elaborated parameter setting for detecting threshold, since method depends on accurate representation of a transmission line model &, therefore produce very accurate fault location method because of modern circuit breaker fault is detected within two cycle.”  (Yadav, Swerpadama,2015)”Improved fault location algorithm for multi-location fault , transforming fault & shunt fault in Thyristor controlled series capacitor compensated transmission line” discusses “combining two method discreet WT & ANN fault method reduces the fault classification( fault type & faulty phase(s) information for fault location estimation most important significance is that it not only locate shunt fault but also find location of multi-location fault & transforming fault that too using single terminal data.”  (Singh,Tripathi,Vekataramana,2013)”Recent techniques used in transmission line protection: a review “discusses “The ANN, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, SVM and wavelet based techniques have been quite successful but are not adequate for the present time varying network configurations, power system operating conditions and events. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant scope of research in AI techniques which can simplify the complex nonlinear systems, realize the cost effective hardware with proper modification in the learning methodology and preprocessing of input data and which are computationally

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much simpler. Also development of reliable software and communication system will pave the way”  (0. Dag & Ucak, 2003) “A Combined Wavelet-ANN based fault classifier has been investigated for electrical distribution systems “discusses “Some fault condition wore taken to identify by this the proposed approach. It is shown that the technique correctly recognizes and discriminates the fault type and faulted phases with a high degree of accuracy”. Methodology most probably to be used

~~

Ia mZ

B U

(1-m)Z

S

B U S

Faulted transmission line Fault analysis is carried out in per unit quantity. Since information related to single phase gives the information related to three or two phase as well so it more than sufficient to do calculation in one phase only as it will give information related to other two phase as well. The proposed system will be built using three single phase transformers which will be wired in star input and star output, and 3 transformers are connected in delta connections, having input 220 volt and output at 12 volt. The concept of low voltage testing on fault conditions is followed as it is not advisable to create on mains line. 555 timers shall be used for handling short duration and long duration fault conditions. A set of switches will be used to create the fault stress will be more on LL, LG and 3L fault in as LG fault has maximum fault condition nearly 65% of overall fault in transmission line followed LL, 3L.( more symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault condition can be implanted on the device if it is not followed by time constrain. Low voltage side, for activating the tripping mechanism. Short duration fault will returns the supply to the load immediately called as temporary trip while long duration shall result in permanent trip.

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GSM technology will be used to send message to the authorities via SMS by interfacing a GSM modem. Earlier work done on the topic: Traditional way of analyzing fault in transmission line was based on change on voltage current 1and impudence with respect to present value to identify the fault. Many technology has overtaken the traditional approach such as  ANN (artificial neural network) which would be used in the project for calculating fault. This ANN technology need huge amount of training cases to achieve good performance.  Synchronized sampling-method depends on accurate representation of transmission line model & therefore produces a very accurate fault location result.  ANFIS network- adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system  Wavelet transform- this method utilizes sample of current & voltage extracted from the fault point. This technology is free from tradition neural network approach such as “generalization”.  Symmetrical coordinate method- this technology uses a device called SFCL (superconducting fault current limiter). SFCL uses symmetrical coordinate method in case of unbalanced fault Possible enhancement to be done in the existing topic A deep research will be done by the researcher for understanding the fault analysis perfectly, a perfect fault analysis tool perform the following important function  Fault detection  Fault classification  Fault location All the above described method need huge amount of calculation so, Artificial intelligence technique can be used to solve the complex non –linear system for ease of the calculation.  Interfacing the viable GSM technology with the fault analysis tool would be helpful in many ways such as in case of fault occur the GSM technology will automatically inform the operating personal via sort message service (SMS), moreover interfacing this technology could be life savior to many for human’s & animals too. Pritesh Kumar

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Target audience: this system is designed to save life of the operating personal operating the power system moreover it can be a life saver when there is wrath of nature like thunder storm, lightning which result in damaging the power system by uprooting the transmission line as a result of which live wire comes in with the ground.it can save many important costly equipment of power system.

Feasibility: Cost feasibility: To complete the project various electrical component such as transformer and electronics component such as diode will be used, so the final cost cannot be accurately predicted at this stage but an average cost of the component to make hardware can be predicted which is described below S.no

Equipment

Average

No.

Equipment cost

component

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10

Transformer Rs.120~150 Op-amp Rs.50~100 Switches Rs.30~50 Resistor’s Rs.1~2 Diode Rs.1~2 Capacitor Rs.20~40 LED’s Rs.5~10 Relay Rs.30~50 GSM module Rs.900~1200 555 Timer Rs.40~50 555 timer Minimum cost will be ~ Rs.3100.

required 6 6 4~6 8~10 10~12 8~10 6 6 1 2

of Average cost in RS 720~900 300~600 180~300 20 10~20 200~400 30~60 200 900~1200 100~ Rs.3100~

Time feasibility:  After background research, literature review will be done which is basis of any research & then technical research.  Questionnaire & interview will be done.  And will be followed by implementation on hardware.  At last documentation will be done. Pritesh Kumar

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Gant chart

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APPENDIX D PERT CHART1

F IGURE 1: PERT CHART

For this project, the researcher has used activity on arrow pert chart to evaluate the time management of the project. The Earliest Completion Time (ECT) i.e. the minimum amount of time needed to complete all the activities that precedes every event is mention in the upper part of the circle and the Latest Completion Time (LCT) which is the latest time needed at which the event can occur without delaying the overall project is mention in the lower part of the circle. The critical path is the path of the tasks which cannot be delayed and project will not move forward without completing these tasks. In the pert chart drawn below, black lined tasks which are from task 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 indicates the critical path and these task cannot be delayed. Task 4 is dependent upon task 2 and 3 and task 8 depends upon 6 and 7. It means task 8 cannot be starting before task 6 and 7 is not completed. Critical path is that when the earliest completion time and the latest completion time is same for a particular task. Pritesh Kumar

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TIMELINE

S. No

Contents

Starting Date

Deadline

1

Conduct background research work Literature review from 10 research paper , journal ,etc. related to project Read concept of basics of fault analysis in three phase transmission line. Preparing project proposal form. Go through Reach of Circuit breaker & read the concept of Relay Concept of Calculation of fault Read basics of GSM module & go through some research paper related to it. Finding of Secondary research. Read MATLAB/Simulink for implementing proposed topic. Preparation & distribution of questioner for primary research. Analysis of data Interview for primary research Focused group research for primary research.

26-8-2015

1-9-2015

2-9-2015

10-92015

13-9-2015

20-9-2015

28-9-2015

1-102015

4-10-2015

13-10-2015

14-10-2015

19-10-2015

20-10-2015

28-10-2015

29-10-2015

2-11-2015

3-11-2015

-11-2015

-11-2015

-11-2015

-11-2015 -11-2015

13-11-2015 -11-2015

14-11-2015

17-11-2015

2

3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11 12 13

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14

Documentation of 17-11-2015 mid-point submission

23-11-2015

QUESTTIAIRE ANALYSIS This questionnaire is regarding the transmission lines fault analysis and tool used in doing so. The answers are expected for an academic project on ‘G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto-reset on temporary fault or remained trip otherwise’. The answers shall only be used for academic purpose and the identity of the interviewee shall be disclosed only by his/her consent. If any question is unanswerable by the participant, he/she may skip it. PERSONAL INFORMATION Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………. Working Place: …………………………………………………………………………... Designation: …………………………………………………………………………….... E mail: ……………………………………………………………………………………. TECHNICAL INFORMATION 1. The highest transmission voltage used by this substation? a) 220Kv b) 400Kv c) 765Kv ANALYSIS: highest transmission voltage used by the substation is 400Kv. In fact major of the substation in India voltage transmission is 400Kv. 2. Which of the following factor is major concern for the substation. a) Over-load b) Lightning c) Faulty equipment d) Insulation failure e) Short circuit current

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Sales

9%

1st Qtr

10%

2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

59%

23%

Analysis: from the above figure it is clear that major of the fault in transmission line occur due to overload & short-circuit 58% to be exact. 23% time fault is due to Lightning causing many type of fault like earth to ground fault and line to line or triple line to line fault. 19% of the fault in the substation was due to faulty equipment. 3. Which fault limiting device is used in system? a) Relay b) Circuit breaker c) Fuse d) Lightning power protection device e) If any other please specify……………………………………………………. Analysis: when asked about which fault limiting device is used in system the answer was relay and circuit breaker. 4. Dose the system has any device installed to detect fault? a) Yes b) No Analysis: yes, system had automatic device to detect fault in this case when the fault is encountered in the system there is a buzzer sound so that it can be restored properly. 5. Dose the system has any device installed to classify fault? a) Yes b) No Pritesh Kumar

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Analysis: yes, the system was installed with device to classify fault automatically like which type of fault it is, where it occurred, nature of fault etc. 6. Dose the system has installed any automation device to detect and classify fault automatically? a) Yes b) No Analysis: yes the system was installed with automated device to detect and classify fault. (If answer to question 6th is ‘yes’ then please proceed.) 7. In which year the automation device was installed in the system? …………………………………………………………………………………………… Analysis: the fault automated device was installed in the system in the year 2012. So it can be clearly visualized that in India almost all system must have been installed with automated device in near 2010. 8. Was the automation device installed useful? a) Very useful b) Useful c) Moderately useful d) Less useful e) Not useful Analysis: yes the automated device installed in the system was found to be very useful for the operating personal. 9. What is the reach of fault protection device used in the system? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Analysis: the reach of the device is device into zones namely: zone 1, zone 2, zone 3, depending upon the location of fault zone is categorized and subsequently operation is performed. 10. What is the reaction time of fault protection device to detect and classify fault? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Analysis: the time taken by the fault limiting device to respond is in mille seconds and either the buzzer is alarmed and subsequent operation is performed by the relay depending upon the fault. 11. Which method is used for calculation of fault? a) DWT b) SFCL Pritesh Kumar

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c) Synchronized sampling d) Time domain using K-NN nearest neighbor algorithm e) If any other please specify……………………………………………………. Analysis: the operating personal do not know the technical specification of relay how it performs and how it takes the fault, it was being said by the recipient that all calculating is done by relay (numerical relay). 12. Dose the installed automated device send message to the operating personal when fault encountered? a) Yes b) No Analysis: major system installed in power system does not send notification. 13. Give a brief detail about installed automated device ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Analysis: fault encountering device installed in the system are basically relay some of them are MI com P-422, P-141, P-632, P-142 Alstom- REL 670 L&T- Sem special energy T141 All of the above mentioned are numerical relay. 14. In what ways dose the installed automated device in the system has been useful? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Analysis: when asked about what ways the device was useful it was mentioned that it was because it can encounter and automatically respond to the fault. 15. Is there any possible upgradation required in system? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Analysis: At present operation of CBE is to be done, it is the reason why many fault are missed by the automatic device. (Thank you very much for sparing your precious time. The answers given are of great value for this project. It is assured that the answers given here shall be used only for academic purpose and following all the ethical rights of participants.)

For question number 11 SFCL-symmetrical coordinate method DWT-discreet wavelet transform. K-NN (nearest neighbor) algorithm

Interview question analysis: The interview was conducted by the operating personal at BBMB Hariender Kumar Deshwal posted in executive engineering post. Below are the question that was asked by the interviewer along with the analysis based on answer: Video has been include in the C.D attached with the document.

Technical question 1. Why fault detection & classification is important in power system? Analysis : when asked it was responded with a very simple but obvious answer i.e. that knowing the fact that major of the fault occur in power system in transmission line nearly 80%~ it should be a continuous running process to get the continuous supply and keep the power system running . 2. What is the approach of operating personal find there is fault in the system? Analysis: whenever there is any fault in the system the device gives the alarm and the person checks the fault and trips the connection & later some person is send to operate the faulty area or to restore it. 3. What better method could be used to improve fault detection & classification? 4. Why automated device has upper hand than manual calculation? Pritesh Kumar

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Analysis: in case of automated device chances of error are less as it is done by the computer program so computer takes the value up to decimal place living less space for error while when human operate chances of error are more. Response time is less for the computer case. 5. Which is the more conventional way of calculating fault? Analysis: substation has nothing to do with the fault current they do not calculate the fault current only prime focus is to restore the faulty equipment as soon as possible. 6. What are your views on automated fault detection & classification installed in system? Analysis: numerical relay perform an extra vital role in maintaining the power system error free so that it can run smoothly, there are various numerical relay available. 7. Could you please share what are the problem faced while handling fault scenario? Analysis: common error faced is that as it is substation there are various line and fault may occur at any line making it difficult to classify so major problem is to classify in which section the fault occurred as there are many relay (numerical ) installed depending upon the zone type. 8. Are you satisfied with fault detection & classification device installed in system? Analysis: yes the operating personal was satisfied with the fault limiting device. 9. How does the operating personal (if manual) or computer detect which type of fault it is? Analysis: all fault are scenario are dealt by numerical relay and the substation has nothing to do with fault current calculation. 10. In which season dose the fault occur the most? Analysis: most fault cases are encountered in the winter season as because of corona effect major fault occur in the system ionized by the charge particle present in the air. 11. Which was the most severe fault encountered by this substation in near past? Analysis: recent fault encountered by the system was due to the human error as some person taped the wire cause of short circuit it worked for a while and later it again

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burnet causing more problem had the case been dealt the very time with serious intension serious fault could not have encountered. 12. BBMB dose provide supply to Indian railway which is traction in nature if fault occur in that line how it is resolved? Analysis: there is separate section for the railway line as it traction is nature had the same line given to the public commercial line it would provide a uneven load. 13. What is the approach when multiple fault is encountered in the system? Analysis: when multiple fault is encountered by the system numerical relay take care of it by dealing with the zone case if the first fault is in zone 1 it clears the fault and the remaining fault is dealt by zone 2 & zone 3. 14. In a recent report published it has been mentioned that BBMB has replaced Porcelain insulators with Polymers insulators why it is done so? Analysis: reason behind the replacement was because porcelain insulator punchers to quickly while 15. After what interval of time all fault detection devices are tested? Analysis: all fault detection device is tested once every four month and is mandatory check. 16. Is there any auxiliary fault detection tool when the primary one fails? Analysis: yes there is auxiliary device installed in case the primary device fails.

Appendix B Transmission line in power system model in Simulink is represented by distributed parameters line. It implements an N-phases distributed parameter line model. The R, L, and C line parameters are specified by [N x N] matrices. Resistance presented by: resistance per unit length (Ohms/km) with [N x N matrix] - [0.01273 0.3864]. Inductance presented by: inductance per unit length (H/km) with [N x N matrix] - [0.9337e-3 4.1264e-3]. Capacitance presented by: capacitance per unit length (F/km) with [N x N matrix] [12.74e-9 7.751e-9].

Three-phase transformer model in Simulink was built by specifying

parameters for winding 1 and winding 2, and also magnetization characteristics which are the following: Pritesh Kumar

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  

Winding 1 parameters [V1 Ph-Ph(Vrms), R1(pu), L1(pu)]: [735e3, 0.15/30/2, 0.15*0.7]. Winding 2 parameters [V2 Ph-Ph(Vrms), R2(pu), L2(pu)]: [ 16e3, 0.15/30/2, 0.15*0.3]. Magnetization resistance Rm (pu): 500; magnetization inductance Lm (pu): 500.

AC voltage source model in Simulink was presented by three-phase ideal sinusoidal voltage source With amplitude.

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APPENDIX C: HEATH SAFETY AND ETHICAL ASSESSMENT       

Risk Area: Implementation Soldering Iron Burn Burning of Components Risk Area: Fabrication Itching of PCB Risk Area: testing Electric Shock

There are several risks involved in the proposed project ‘G.S.M based three phase fault analysis with auto reset on transient fault or remain tripped otherwise ‘which were mentioned in the risk assessment form which is attached in the appendices section of the document along with the level of risk involved. Risk area: Implementation In the implementation phase there are two types of risks involved for the researcher himself while implementing the hardware design. Soldering Iron Burn Soldering process is used to connect the components on PCB on the traces provided. It is done to make the two wires short and connect them with each other. While doing the soldering of components on the PCB, the researcher may encounter the soldering iron burn if the soldering iron is not handled with care or if the hot part of the soldering iron is touched with bare hands. This process may lead to minor injury to the researcher, so it is recommended to carefully do the soldering of the components. Burning of Components The component such as transformer can burn any time if proper connection is not done to the transformer resulting in damaging the transformer and other component as well. If two wire are connected to terminal then it might result in short circuiting and burning of equipment.

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Risk Area: Fabrication Itching of PCB In the fabrication process, the risk involved is in the Itching of PCB. PCB itching involves the with the Ferric Chloride Acid at to draw the layout on the copper PCB, it should be kept dipped in the solution for about 4-5 hours. When the layout is complete the PCB should be taken out from the solution and unwanted copper should be removed from the PCB. Sometimes this solution may burn the skin of the researcher and may lead to minor injury. This injury is caused when the hand comes in direct with the chemical. It is recommended to use gloves while inserting and removing the PCB from the chemical so that the injury can be minimized up to some extent. Electric Shock All the components mainly used to in the circuit operates either at 12 V or at 5 V but the AC which is supplied to the circuit is 230 V. it should be firstly converted to 12 volts using step down transformer and then using voltage regulator it is converted to 5V. But there are electric shock hazard if the ac is directly touched with bare hands or somewhere the is developed with direct AC supply. The electric shock may occur sue to this direct AC supply so it is recommended to use gloves while connecting AC and not to touch it with bare hands or feet. But the risks involved in the project are minor risks and can be adequately controlled if necessary measures are taken. The level of risks is described in the risk assessment form which is attached in the appendices section. There are no serious health issues involved in the project so the researcher is performing it as per ethical guidelines.

APPENDIX D: MANUAL A guide or 's guide, also commonly known as a manual, is a technical communication document intended to give assistance to people using a particular system Pritesh Kumar

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Since this is a three phase analysis so electrical lab is required to provide the hardware three phase source through which analysis will be done. 

The hardware has to be powered from three phase source, if given single phase or DC input hardware will not work.

Figure 63: Powering hardware from three phase source 

When push button will be pressed which is connected across relay it disconnects that relay and in the process in common s moves to the NC position to provide a logic low at trigger pin of 555 timer to develop an output that brings the U3 555 timer which is used in astable mode for its reset pin to high such that the astable operation takes place at its output which is also indicated by flashing D11 LED. Pushing the switch for a long time will trip the circuit permanently

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

If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e. if the push button pressed is released immediately the U1 monostable disables U3 the output of which goes to zero in the event of any push button kept pressed for a longer duration the monostable output provides a longer duration active situation for U3 the astable timer the output of which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the output of the comparator goes high that drives



the relay to switch off three phase load. If system encounter any type of fault LED Will glow weather it is line to ground or line to line depending upon the push button being pushed for longer duration.

APPENDIX E : REVIEW & RESERCH PAPER

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