17 Ecological Relationships-s-pogil-23 1r5s13
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Corinne Cal Ecological Relationships What symbiotic relationships are seen in ecosystems?
Why? All living organisms need each other in some way to survive. This can include the interactions between predators and their prey, the close associations between and among living things (symbiosis), or the competitive relationships between and among species. All of these relationships may be equally advantageous to the parties involved, or they may be more beneficial to one organism over the other.
Model 1 – Predator–Prey Relationships Relationship between Snowshoe Hares and Lynx
Ecological Relationships
1
4
6
2
20 0
2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
1845 1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935
Year
1. Refer to the graph in Model 1. a. What does the y axis on the left represent? Number of Hares b. What does the y axis on the right represent? Number of Lynx c. For both y axes, what value do the numbers on the axes need to be multiplied by? By 10 2. What was the approximate population of snowshoe hares in 1865? Approximately 1600 3. What was the approximate population of lynx in 1865? Approximately 600 4. When the number of snowshoe hares is high, what happens to the number of lynx? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. When hares are high, lynx population starts to increase 5. What happens to the population of lynx as the number of snowshoe hares decreases? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. The lynx population starts to decrease
6. Propose an explanation for the apparent cause and effect relationship between the populations of lynx and hares. They are predator (Lynx) and prey (Hare) and also because of the availability of food (hare) more Lynx are likely to survive and their population can increase 7. What does this information tell you a. About the effect of size of prey populations on the number of predators? As the prey population increase, so does the lynx population b. About the effect of predators on the populations of their prey?
Ecological Relationships
3
As the predator population increase, the hare population begins to decrease 8. What other factor would influence the size of the hare population in addition to the size of the population of lynx? Availability of flood for the hare, spread of disease, weather, and seasons.
Model 2 – Symbiosis Organis m1
Organis m2
Description of the relationship
Symbiotic Relationship
Dog
Flea
The flea feeds on blood from the dog. There is no benefit to the dog and the itching and bites may lead to infection.
Parasitism
Fungus
Algae
The photosynthetic algae provide food for the fungus, which in turn provides a suitable living environment for the algae.
Mutualism
Termite
Cellulosedigesting bacteria
The bacteria in the gut of the termite breakdown and feed on some of the cellulose taken in by the termite. The termite would be unable to digest cellulose without these bacteria and they gain an additional
Mutualism
4
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
source of nutrition from the surplus digested cellulose.
Shark
Remora
The Remora fish swim alongside the shark and take scraps of food that the shark drops during feeding. The shark does not eat the Remora and appears unaffected by its presence.
Commensalism
Cattle
Cattle egret
The cattle egret follows herds of cattle and eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they move through the grassland. The cattle appear to be unaffected by the egrets.
Commensalism
Human
Tapeworm
The tapeworm lives in the small intestines where it feeds and grows, robbing the human of essential nutrients. 9. Refer to the information given in Model 2.
Parasitism
a. In the dog and flea relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? Only for one – the Flea b. Is either the dog or the flea harmed by this relationship? The dog is certainly harmed by this relationship c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the dog and flea? Humans and Tapeworms 10. Refer to the fungus and algae relationship in Model 2. a. Is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? For both because mutual benefit b. Is either the fungus or the algae harmed by this relationship? None are harmed c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the fungus and the algae? Ecological Relationships
5
Termite and Cellulose-digesting Bacteria 11.
Refer to the shark and remora relationship in Model 2.
a. In the shark and remora relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? Only one of the organism benefits, the remora b. Is either the shark or the remora harmed by this relationship? Neither c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the shark and the remora? Cattle and the cattle egret
Read This! Symbiotic relationships are identified by how they affect the organisms involved. The three types of symbiotic relationships are listed below. • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other is harmed. • Commensalism: One organism benefits and there is no effect on the other. 12
. Using the information from Read theThis! box, label each of the relationships in Model 2 as
mutualism, parasitism or commensalism. 13. With your group, choose one of the organism pairs from Model 2 and justify why you categorized the relationship as you did.
6
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Model 3 – Inter- and Intra-specific Competition Graph A
Ecological Relationships
Graph B
7
Relative Population Size
grown togethe
P. caudatum
P. coudatum
and
P. aurelia
P. aurelia
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown separately
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia P. coudatum
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
0
20
0
Number of Days
20
Number of Days
Graph C Rate of growth of R. tigrina tadpoles in populations of different sizes.
Ecological Relationships
9
to occur. for metamorphosis Minimum mass needed 5 individuals 40 individuals 60 individuals 160individuals
0.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.2
Mean Body Mass (g) 0
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Time (weeks)
14.
What are the names of the species in graphs A and B in Model 3?
P. Aurelia and P. Coudatum 15.
Which graph shows competition between two different species?
Graph B 16. Which graph in Model 3 shows population growth for only one species? C 17. What is the difference between the growing conditions in graph A and graph B? In Graph A each paramecium species is grown separately whereas in Graph B they are grown together 18. P. caudatum and P. aurelia are both species of Paramecium, a microscopic protozoan. P. caudatum is the larger of the two species. When grown separately, which of the two species reaches a larger relative population size after 20 days? After 20 days P. Aurelia reaches a larger population. 19. When grown separately is there a substantial difference in the relative population size of the two types of paramecia after 20 days? While some difference is seen, it is not significant. 20. Compare graphs A and B in Model 3. a. Which population of species of Paramecium is more affected when the two species are grown together? The population of P. caudatum is dramatically affected when it is grown with P. Aurelia. Where as little effect is seen on the relative population size of P. Aurelia when grown together with P. caudatum. b. Considering that P. caudatum is 50% larger in size than P. aurelia, develop a hypothesis with your group to explain why interspecific competition has an effect on the relative population size of P. caudatum. Larger species (P. Caudatum) requires more nutrients to survive. It is unable to complete with smaller species that has a lower nutrient requirement 21. In a grammatically correct sentence, define interspecific competition. Interspecific competition can be defines as a completion between two or more different species of organisms. 22.
Refer to graph C in Model 3.
Ecological Relationships
11
a. Describe the species of organism represented by the graph. Tadpoles of R. tigrina b. These tadpoles are confined to a limited environment. What are they all competing for in that environment? Food and space 23. What is the minimum mean body mass required for metamorphosis of a tadpole to occur? Approximately 0.75 g 24. When there are only five tadpoles, how long does it take for metamorphosis to occur? Between 2 and 3 weeks 25. When the number of individuals is increased to 60, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? It increases to 6 weeks 26. When the number of individuals is increased to 160, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? It increases even more to between 8 and 9 weeks 27. Propose an explanation for why the population size affects the number of weeks before metamorphosis of the tadpoles occurs. The tadpoles are all competing for limited amount of food so they will not be able to grow as quickly and reach the minimum size require for metamorphosis.
28. The type of competition represented by graph C is referred to as intraspecific competition. What is different about this compared to the competition seen in graph B? Intraspecific completion only involves one specie.
12
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Extension Question 29. An investigation was carried out into competition between two species of grass, Bromus madritensis and B. rigidus. Equal numbers of seeds of B. madritensis were sown in a number of different pots. In each pot, an equal number of seeds of B. rigidus was then sown a different number of days after B. madritensis. The results are shown in the graph below. Given that the total dry mass of plant material was the same in each pot, summarize the main conclusions that can be drawn from this investigation. Suggest an explanation for the results when the delay before sowing B. rigidus was 30 days. 100
80
Percentage contribution of B. madritensis to total dry mass after 45 days
60
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
Delay before planting B. madritensis/days
When grown together from day one, B. rigidus was unable to out – compete B. madritensis, which only s for 20% of thte total mass after 45 days. When the time take to plant B. rigidus is increased, the B. madritensis is able to gain a competitive advantage and eventually out-competes the B. rigidus. If the delay is 30 days, then the B. rigidus is not able to grow at all and the B. madritensis s 100% of the dry mass after 45 days.
Ecological Relationships
13
Why? All living organisms need each other in some way to survive. This can include the interactions between predators and their prey, the close associations between and among living things (symbiosis), or the competitive relationships between and among species. All of these relationships may be equally advantageous to the parties involved, or they may be more beneficial to one organism over the other.
Model 1 – Predator–Prey Relationships Relationship between Snowshoe Hares and Lynx
Ecological Relationships
1
4
6
2
20 0
2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
1845 1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935
Year
1. Refer to the graph in Model 1. a. What does the y axis on the left represent? Number of Hares b. What does the y axis on the right represent? Number of Lynx c. For both y axes, what value do the numbers on the axes need to be multiplied by? By 10 2. What was the approximate population of snowshoe hares in 1865? Approximately 1600 3. What was the approximate population of lynx in 1865? Approximately 600 4. When the number of snowshoe hares is high, what happens to the number of lynx? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. When hares are high, lynx population starts to increase 5. What happens to the population of lynx as the number of snowshoe hares decreases? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. The lynx population starts to decrease
6. Propose an explanation for the apparent cause and effect relationship between the populations of lynx and hares. They are predator (Lynx) and prey (Hare) and also because of the availability of food (hare) more Lynx are likely to survive and their population can increase 7. What does this information tell you a. About the effect of size of prey populations on the number of predators? As the prey population increase, so does the lynx population b. About the effect of predators on the populations of their prey?
Ecological Relationships
3
As the predator population increase, the hare population begins to decrease 8. What other factor would influence the size of the hare population in addition to the size of the population of lynx? Availability of flood for the hare, spread of disease, weather, and seasons.
Model 2 – Symbiosis Organis m1
Organis m2
Description of the relationship
Symbiotic Relationship
Dog
Flea
The flea feeds on blood from the dog. There is no benefit to the dog and the itching and bites may lead to infection.
Parasitism
Fungus
Algae
The photosynthetic algae provide food for the fungus, which in turn provides a suitable living environment for the algae.
Mutualism
Termite
Cellulosedigesting bacteria
The bacteria in the gut of the termite breakdown and feed on some of the cellulose taken in by the termite. The termite would be unable to digest cellulose without these bacteria and they gain an additional
Mutualism
4
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
source of nutrition from the surplus digested cellulose.
Shark
Remora
The Remora fish swim alongside the shark and take scraps of food that the shark drops during feeding. The shark does not eat the Remora and appears unaffected by its presence.
Commensalism
Cattle
Cattle egret
The cattle egret follows herds of cattle and eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they move through the grassland. The cattle appear to be unaffected by the egrets.
Commensalism
Human
Tapeworm
The tapeworm lives in the small intestines where it feeds and grows, robbing the human of essential nutrients. 9. Refer to the information given in Model 2.
Parasitism
a. In the dog and flea relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? Only for one – the Flea b. Is either the dog or the flea harmed by this relationship? The dog is certainly harmed by this relationship c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the dog and flea? Humans and Tapeworms 10. Refer to the fungus and algae relationship in Model 2. a. Is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? For both because mutual benefit b. Is either the fungus or the algae harmed by this relationship? None are harmed c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the fungus and the algae? Ecological Relationships
5
Termite and Cellulose-digesting Bacteria 11.
Refer to the shark and remora relationship in Model 2.
a. In the shark and remora relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? Only one of the organism benefits, the remora b. Is either the shark or the remora harmed by this relationship? Neither c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the shark and the remora? Cattle and the cattle egret
Read This! Symbiotic relationships are identified by how they affect the organisms involved. The three types of symbiotic relationships are listed below. • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other is harmed. • Commensalism: One organism benefits and there is no effect on the other. 12
. Using the information from Read theThis! box, label each of the relationships in Model 2 as
mutualism, parasitism or commensalism. 13. With your group, choose one of the organism pairs from Model 2 and justify why you categorized the relationship as you did.
6
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Model 3 – Inter- and Intra-specific Competition Graph A
Ecological Relationships
Graph B
7
Relative Population Size
grown togethe
P. caudatum
P. coudatum
and
P. aurelia
P. aurelia
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown separately
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia P. coudatum
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
0
20
0
Number of Days
20
Number of Days
Graph C Rate of growth of R. tigrina tadpoles in populations of different sizes.
Ecological Relationships
9
to occur. for metamorphosis Minimum mass needed 5 individuals 40 individuals 60 individuals 160individuals
0.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.2
Mean Body Mass (g) 0
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Time (weeks)
14.
What are the names of the species in graphs A and B in Model 3?
P. Aurelia and P. Coudatum 15.
Which graph shows competition between two different species?
Graph B 16. Which graph in Model 3 shows population growth for only one species? C 17. What is the difference between the growing conditions in graph A and graph B? In Graph A each paramecium species is grown separately whereas in Graph B they are grown together 18. P. caudatum and P. aurelia are both species of Paramecium, a microscopic protozoan. P. caudatum is the larger of the two species. When grown separately, which of the two species reaches a larger relative population size after 20 days? After 20 days P. Aurelia reaches a larger population. 19. When grown separately is there a substantial difference in the relative population size of the two types of paramecia after 20 days? While some difference is seen, it is not significant. 20. Compare graphs A and B in Model 3. a. Which population of species of Paramecium is more affected when the two species are grown together? The population of P. caudatum is dramatically affected when it is grown with P. Aurelia. Where as little effect is seen on the relative population size of P. Aurelia when grown together with P. caudatum. b. Considering that P. caudatum is 50% larger in size than P. aurelia, develop a hypothesis with your group to explain why interspecific competition has an effect on the relative population size of P. caudatum. Larger species (P. Caudatum) requires more nutrients to survive. It is unable to complete with smaller species that has a lower nutrient requirement 21. In a grammatically correct sentence, define interspecific competition. Interspecific competition can be defines as a completion between two or more different species of organisms. 22.
Refer to graph C in Model 3.
Ecological Relationships
11
a. Describe the species of organism represented by the graph. Tadpoles of R. tigrina b. These tadpoles are confined to a limited environment. What are they all competing for in that environment? Food and space 23. What is the minimum mean body mass required for metamorphosis of a tadpole to occur? Approximately 0.75 g 24. When there are only five tadpoles, how long does it take for metamorphosis to occur? Between 2 and 3 weeks 25. When the number of individuals is increased to 60, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? It increases to 6 weeks 26. When the number of individuals is increased to 160, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? It increases even more to between 8 and 9 weeks 27. Propose an explanation for why the population size affects the number of weeks before metamorphosis of the tadpoles occurs. The tadpoles are all competing for limited amount of food so they will not be able to grow as quickly and reach the minimum size require for metamorphosis.
28. The type of competition represented by graph C is referred to as intraspecific competition. What is different about this compared to the competition seen in graph B? Intraspecific completion only involves one specie.
12
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Extension Question 29. An investigation was carried out into competition between two species of grass, Bromus madritensis and B. rigidus. Equal numbers of seeds of B. madritensis were sown in a number of different pots. In each pot, an equal number of seeds of B. rigidus was then sown a different number of days after B. madritensis. The results are shown in the graph below. Given that the total dry mass of plant material was the same in each pot, summarize the main conclusions that can be drawn from this investigation. Suggest an explanation for the results when the delay before sowing B. rigidus was 30 days. 100
80
Percentage contribution of B. madritensis to total dry mass after 45 days
60
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
Delay before planting B. madritensis/days
When grown together from day one, B. rigidus was unable to out – compete B. madritensis, which only s for 20% of thte total mass after 45 days. When the time take to plant B. rigidus is increased, the B. madritensis is able to gain a competitive advantage and eventually out-competes the B. rigidus. If the delay is 30 days, then the B. rigidus is not able to grow at all and the B. madritensis s 100% of the dry mass after 45 days.
Ecological Relationships
13
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