17 Ecological Relationships-s-pogil-23 Rennel 4n3t6
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Ecological Relationships What symbiotic relationships are seen in ecosystems?
Why? All living organisms need each other in some way to survive. This can include the interactions between predators and their prey, the close associations between and among living things (symbiosis), or the competitive relationships between and among species. All of these relationships may be equally advantageous to the parties involved, or they may be more beneficial to one organism over the other.
Ecological Relationships
1
Model 1 – Predator–Prey Relationships
2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
1935 1930
1925
Ecological Relationships
1920
1915
1910
1905
3
Year
1. Refer to the graph in Model 1. a. What does the y axis on the left represent? THE NUMBER OF HARES b. What does the y axis on the right represent? THE NUMBER OF LYNX c. For both y axes, what value do the numbers on the axes need to be multiplied by? MULTILPLIED BY 1000 2. What was the approximate population of snowshoe hares in 1865? 155,000 3. What was the approximate population of lynx in 1865? 5,000 4. When the number of snowshoe hares is high, what happens to the number of lynx? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. THE NUMBER OF LYNX IS CONSTANTLY HIGH 5. What happens to the population of lynx as the number of snowshoe hares decreases? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. THE POPULTION OF LYNX ALSO DECREASES. 6. Propose an explanation for the apparent cause and effect relationship between the populations of lynx and hares. SINCE THE SOURCE OR FOOD (HARE) IS AVAILABLE THE LYNX TEND TO SURVIVE AND ITS POPULATION INCREASES. 7. What does this information tell you a. about the effect of size of prey populations on the number of predators? OBVOUSLY IF THE SOURCE OR FOOD IS READILY AVAILABLE IT MEANS THAT THE PREDATORS POPULATION WILL INCREASE. b. about the effect of predators on the populations of their prey? THE FOOD OR PREY EVENTUALLY REDUCES ITS POPULATION BECAUSE OF TOO MUCH PREDATORS AND WHEN THIS HAPPENS FOOD BECOMES LIMITED AND THE PREDATROS POPULATION REDUCES. 4
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
8. What other factor would influence the size of the hare population in addition to the size of the population of lynx? THE AMOUNT OR SUFFICIENT RESOURCES FOR THE HARE.
Model 2 – Symbiosis Organis m1
Organis m2
Description of the relationship
Symbiotic Relationship
Dog
Flea
The flea feeds on blood from the dog. There is no benefit to the dog and the itching and bites may lead to infection.
PARASITISM
Fungus
Algae
The photosynthetic algae provide food for the fungus, which in turn provides a suitable living environment for the algae.
MUTUALISM
Termite
Cellulosedigesting bacteria
The bacteria in the gut of the termite breakdown and feed on some of the cellulose taken in by the termite. The termite would be unable to digest cellulose without these bacteria and they gain an additional source of nutrition from the surplus digested cellulose.
MUTUALISM
Shark
Remora
The Remora fish swim alongside the shark and take scraps of food that the shark drops during feeding. The shark does not eat the Remora and appears unaffected by its presence.
COMMENALISM
Cattle
Cattle egret
The cattle egret follows herds of cattle and eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they move through the grassland. The cattle appear to be unaffected
COMMENALISM
Ecological Relationships
5
by the egrets.
Human
Tapeworm
The tapeworm lives in the small intestines where it feeds and grows, robbing the human of essential nutrients. 9. Refer to the information given in Model 2.
PARASITISM
a. In the dog and flea relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? ONLY THE FLEA BENEFITS. b. Is either the dog or the flea harmed by this relationship? THE DOG IS THE ONE HARMED c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the dog and flea? THE HUMAN AND THE TAPE WORM . 10. Refer to the fungus and algae relationship in Model 2. a. Is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? BOTH BENEFIT b. Is either the fungus or the algae harmed by this relationship? NO c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the fungus and the algae? THE TERMITE AND THE CELLULOSE DIGESTING BACTERIA. 11. Refer to the shark and remora relationship in Model 2. a. In the shark and remora relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? ONLY THE REMORA BENEFITS b. Is either the shark or the remora harmed by this relationship? NO c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the shark and the remora? THE CATTLE AND THE EGRET.
Read This!
6
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Symbiotic relationships are identified by how they affect the organisms involved. The three types of symbiotic relationships are listed below. • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other is harmed. • Commensalism: One organism benefits and there is no effect on the other. 12.
Using the information from Read theThis! box, label each of the relationships in Model 2 as
mutualism, parasitism or commensalism. 12. With your group, choose one of the organism pairs from Model 2 and justify why you categorized the relationship as you did. THE COMMENALISM IN THE REMORA AND THE SHARK IS THAT ONLY THE REMORA BENEFITS BY GETTING ITS FOOD WHENEVER STAYS ATTACHED TO THE SHARK. IN THIS WAY THE SHARKS DOESN’T BENEFIT MUCH BECAUSE THERE ISNT A POSITIVE EFFECT ON THEM.
Model 3 – Inter- and Intra-specific Competition Graph A
Ecological Relationships
Graph B
7
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown separately
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia P. coudatum
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown together
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia
P. coudatum 0
20
0
Number of Days
20
Number of Days
Graph C Rate of growth of R. tigrina tadpoles in populations of different sizes.
Ecological Relationships
9
to occur. for metamorphosis Minimum mass needed 5 individuals 40 individuals 60 individuals 160individuals
0.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.2
Mean Body Mass (g) 0
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Time (weeks)
14. What are the names of the species in graphs A and B in Model 3? P. AURELIA AND P. CAUDATUM 15. Which graph shows competition between two different species? GRAPH B 16. Which graph in Model 3 shows population growth for only one species? GRAPH C 17. What is the difference between the growing conditions in graph A and graph B? TWO SPECIES ARE GROWN APART IN GRAPH A AND IN GRAPH B THEY ARE GROWN TOGETHER 18. P. caudatum and P. aurelia are both species of Paramecium, a microscopic protozoan. P. caudatum is the larger of the two species. When grown separately, which of the two species reaches a larger relative population size after 20 days? P. AURELIA 19. When grown separately is there a substantial difference in the relative population size of the two types of paramecia after 20 days? IT IS NOT SIGNIFANT 20. Compare graphs A and B in Model 3. a. Which population of species of Paramecium is more affected when the two species are grown together? When comparing graphs A and B the type of paramecium that is more affected is P. Caudatum. In the other hand P. Aurelia is least or not affected when both species are grown together.
b. Considering that P. caudatum is 50% larger in size than P. aurelia, develop a hypothesis with your group to explain why interspecific competition has an effect on the relative population size of P. caudatum. In the occasion of P. Caudatum that is 50% larger, that type of species is going to auto compete the P. Aurelia species because they are smaller. 21. In a grammatically correct sentence, define interspecific competition.
Ecological Relationships
11
Interspecific competition, is having two types of species competing for resources in the same ecosystem for survival. 22. Refer to graph C in Model 3. a. Describe the species of organism represented by the graph. They are tadpoles of R.Tigrini b. These tadpoles are confined to a limited environment. What are they all competing for in that environment? For resources and territory or space. 23. What is the minimum mean body mass required for metamorphosis of a tadpole to occur? Almost 0.75 g 24. When there are only five tadpoles, how long does it take for metamorphosis to occur? 2-3weeks 25. When the number of individuals is increased to 60, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? 6 weeks 26. When the number of individuals is increased to 160, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? The number of weeks increase 27. Propose an explanation for why the population size affects the number of weeks before metamorphosis of the tadpoles occurs. They tend to compete for food, therefore they grow at a low stage or process if the population size is large. Because of this they tend to not reach the size a normal metamorphosis.
28. The type of competition represented by graph C is referred to as intraspecific competition. What is different about this compared to the competition seen in graph B? This type of competition involves the same type of species.
12
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Ecological Relationships
13
Extension Question 29. An investigation was carried out into competition between two species of grass, Bromus madritensis and B. rigidus. Equal numbers of seeds of B. madritensis were sown in a number of different pots. In each pot, an equal number of seeds of B. rigidus was then sown a different number of days after B. madritensis. The results are shown in the graph below. Given that the total dry mass of plant material was the same in each pot, summarize the main conclusions that can be drawn from this investigation. Suggest 100 an explanation for the results when the delay before sowing B. rigidus was 30 days. 80
60
Percentage contribution of B. madritensis to total dry mass after 45 days
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
Delay before planting B. madritensis/days n
B.rigidus seems to auto compete B. Madritensis which only asserts 20% from the total mass afer 45 days., this happens when they are grown together. Therefore B. Madritensis eventually becomes active and starts competing against B. Rigidus whenever it is planted on time. B. Rigidus doesn’t grow at all if it is it delayed after 30 days, this means that B. Madritensis will be avialble to the 100% of dry mass after 45 days.
14
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Why? All living organisms need each other in some way to survive. This can include the interactions between predators and their prey, the close associations between and among living things (symbiosis), or the competitive relationships between and among species. All of these relationships may be equally advantageous to the parties involved, or they may be more beneficial to one organism over the other.
Ecological Relationships
1
Model 1 – Predator–Prey Relationships
2
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
1935 1930
1925
Ecological Relationships
1920
1915
1910
1905
3
Year
1. Refer to the graph in Model 1. a. What does the y axis on the left represent? THE NUMBER OF HARES b. What does the y axis on the right represent? THE NUMBER OF LYNX c. For both y axes, what value do the numbers on the axes need to be multiplied by? MULTILPLIED BY 1000 2. What was the approximate population of snowshoe hares in 1865? 155,000 3. What was the approximate population of lynx in 1865? 5,000 4. When the number of snowshoe hares is high, what happens to the number of lynx? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. THE NUMBER OF LYNX IS CONSTANTLY HIGH 5. What happens to the population of lynx as the number of snowshoe hares decreases? Use actual data from the graph to your observation. THE POPULTION OF LYNX ALSO DECREASES. 6. Propose an explanation for the apparent cause and effect relationship between the populations of lynx and hares. SINCE THE SOURCE OR FOOD (HARE) IS AVAILABLE THE LYNX TEND TO SURVIVE AND ITS POPULATION INCREASES. 7. What does this information tell you a. about the effect of size of prey populations on the number of predators? OBVOUSLY IF THE SOURCE OR FOOD IS READILY AVAILABLE IT MEANS THAT THE PREDATORS POPULATION WILL INCREASE. b. about the effect of predators on the populations of their prey? THE FOOD OR PREY EVENTUALLY REDUCES ITS POPULATION BECAUSE OF TOO MUCH PREDATORS AND WHEN THIS HAPPENS FOOD BECOMES LIMITED AND THE PREDATROS POPULATION REDUCES. 4
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
8. What other factor would influence the size of the hare population in addition to the size of the population of lynx? THE AMOUNT OR SUFFICIENT RESOURCES FOR THE HARE.
Model 2 – Symbiosis Organis m1
Organis m2
Description of the relationship
Symbiotic Relationship
Dog
Flea
The flea feeds on blood from the dog. There is no benefit to the dog and the itching and bites may lead to infection.
PARASITISM
Fungus
Algae
The photosynthetic algae provide food for the fungus, which in turn provides a suitable living environment for the algae.
MUTUALISM
Termite
Cellulosedigesting bacteria
The bacteria in the gut of the termite breakdown and feed on some of the cellulose taken in by the termite. The termite would be unable to digest cellulose without these bacteria and they gain an additional source of nutrition from the surplus digested cellulose.
MUTUALISM
Shark
Remora
The Remora fish swim alongside the shark and take scraps of food that the shark drops during feeding. The shark does not eat the Remora and appears unaffected by its presence.
COMMENALISM
Cattle
Cattle egret
The cattle egret follows herds of cattle and eats the insects that the cattle stir up as they move through the grassland. The cattle appear to be unaffected
COMMENALISM
Ecological Relationships
5
by the egrets.
Human
Tapeworm
The tapeworm lives in the small intestines where it feeds and grows, robbing the human of essential nutrients. 9. Refer to the information given in Model 2.
PARASITISM
a. In the dog and flea relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? ONLY THE FLEA BENEFITS. b. Is either the dog or the flea harmed by this relationship? THE DOG IS THE ONE HARMED c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the dog and flea? THE HUMAN AND THE TAPE WORM . 10. Refer to the fungus and algae relationship in Model 2. a. Is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? BOTH BENEFIT b. Is either the fungus or the algae harmed by this relationship? NO c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the fungus and the algae? THE TERMITE AND THE CELLULOSE DIGESTING BACTERIA. 11. Refer to the shark and remora relationship in Model 2. a. In the shark and remora relationship, is there a benefit for one of the organisms or for both? ONLY THE REMORA BENEFITS b. Is either the shark or the remora harmed by this relationship? NO c. Which other relationship in Model 2 is similar to that between the shark and the remora? THE CATTLE AND THE EGRET.
Read This!
6
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Symbiotic relationships are identified by how they affect the organisms involved. The three types of symbiotic relationships are listed below. • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other is harmed. • Commensalism: One organism benefits and there is no effect on the other. 12.
Using the information from Read theThis! box, label each of the relationships in Model 2 as
mutualism, parasitism or commensalism. 12. With your group, choose one of the organism pairs from Model 2 and justify why you categorized the relationship as you did. THE COMMENALISM IN THE REMORA AND THE SHARK IS THAT ONLY THE REMORA BENEFITS BY GETTING ITS FOOD WHENEVER STAYS ATTACHED TO THE SHARK. IN THIS WAY THE SHARKS DOESN’T BENEFIT MUCH BECAUSE THERE ISNT A POSITIVE EFFECT ON THEM.
Model 3 – Inter- and Intra-specific Competition Graph A
Ecological Relationships
Graph B
7
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown separately
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia P. coudatum
8
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
P. aurelia andP. caudatum grown together
Relative Population Size
P. aurelia
P. coudatum 0
20
0
Number of Days
20
Number of Days
Graph C Rate of growth of R. tigrina tadpoles in populations of different sizes.
Ecological Relationships
9
to occur. for metamorphosis Minimum mass needed 5 individuals 40 individuals 60 individuals 160individuals
0.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.2
Mean Body Mass (g) 0
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Time (weeks)
14. What are the names of the species in graphs A and B in Model 3? P. AURELIA AND P. CAUDATUM 15. Which graph shows competition between two different species? GRAPH B 16. Which graph in Model 3 shows population growth for only one species? GRAPH C 17. What is the difference between the growing conditions in graph A and graph B? TWO SPECIES ARE GROWN APART IN GRAPH A AND IN GRAPH B THEY ARE GROWN TOGETHER 18. P. caudatum and P. aurelia are both species of Paramecium, a microscopic protozoan. P. caudatum is the larger of the two species. When grown separately, which of the two species reaches a larger relative population size after 20 days? P. AURELIA 19. When grown separately is there a substantial difference in the relative population size of the two types of paramecia after 20 days? IT IS NOT SIGNIFANT 20. Compare graphs A and B in Model 3. a. Which population of species of Paramecium is more affected when the two species are grown together? When comparing graphs A and B the type of paramecium that is more affected is P. Caudatum. In the other hand P. Aurelia is least or not affected when both species are grown together.
b. Considering that P. caudatum is 50% larger in size than P. aurelia, develop a hypothesis with your group to explain why interspecific competition has an effect on the relative population size of P. caudatum. In the occasion of P. Caudatum that is 50% larger, that type of species is going to auto compete the P. Aurelia species because they are smaller. 21. In a grammatically correct sentence, define interspecific competition.
Ecological Relationships
11
Interspecific competition, is having two types of species competing for resources in the same ecosystem for survival. 22. Refer to graph C in Model 3. a. Describe the species of organism represented by the graph. They are tadpoles of R.Tigrini b. These tadpoles are confined to a limited environment. What are they all competing for in that environment? For resources and territory or space. 23. What is the minimum mean body mass required for metamorphosis of a tadpole to occur? Almost 0.75 g 24. When there are only five tadpoles, how long does it take for metamorphosis to occur? 2-3weeks 25. When the number of individuals is increased to 60, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? 6 weeks 26. When the number of individuals is increased to 160, what is the effect on the time taken for metamorphosis to occur? The number of weeks increase 27. Propose an explanation for why the population size affects the number of weeks before metamorphosis of the tadpoles occurs. They tend to compete for food, therefore they grow at a low stage or process if the population size is large. Because of this they tend to not reach the size a normal metamorphosis.
28. The type of competition represented by graph C is referred to as intraspecific competition. What is different about this compared to the competition seen in graph B? This type of competition involves the same type of species.
12
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
Ecological Relationships
13
Extension Question 29. An investigation was carried out into competition between two species of grass, Bromus madritensis and B. rigidus. Equal numbers of seeds of B. madritensis were sown in a number of different pots. In each pot, an equal number of seeds of B. rigidus was then sown a different number of days after B. madritensis. The results are shown in the graph below. Given that the total dry mass of plant material was the same in each pot, summarize the main conclusions that can be drawn from this investigation. Suggest 100 an explanation for the results when the delay before sowing B. rigidus was 30 days. 80
60
Percentage contribution of B. madritensis to total dry mass after 45 days
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
Delay before planting B. madritensis/days n
B.rigidus seems to auto compete B. Madritensis which only asserts 20% from the total mass afer 45 days., this happens when they are grown together. Therefore B. Madritensis eventually becomes active and starts competing against B. Rigidus whenever it is planted on time. B. Rigidus doesn’t grow at all if it is it delayed after 30 days, this means that B. Madritensis will be avialble to the 100% of dry mass after 45 days.
14
POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology
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